BILKENT UNIVERSITY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ME 211: THERMO-FLUIDS ENGINEERING I

CH 1. INTRODUCTION to THERMAL and FLUIDS ENGINEERING

Textbook: Introduction to Thermal and Fluids Engineering

D. A. Kaminski and M. K. Jensen

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 1 / 27

 CH 1. INTRODUCTION to THERMAL and FLUIDS ENGINEERING

In thermal–fluids system, the focus is on energy: its conversion, or transmission in one

form to another.
Forms of energy: thermal, chemical, potential, kinetic, magnetic, nuclear, electrical
Consider a car:
• fuel is stored in the tank, which has chemical energy
• fuel is pumped to the engine
• fuel burns
• pump water to cool the engine
• provide electrical power for the CD player, lights, cooling fan motor and fuel pump
To analyze such a system, many disciplines are needed.

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 2 / 27

 THERMO-FLUIDS ENGINEERING

(1) Thermodynamics: The study of energy use and transformation from one form to
another and the physical properties of substances (solids, liquids, gases) involved in
energy use or transformation
(2) Heat transfer: The study of energy flow that is caused by a temperature difference or
phase change
(3) Fluid Mechanics: The study of fluids (liquids, gases) at rest or motion and the
interaction between a solid and a fluid either flowing past or acting on the solid in
some manner.
Thermo–fluid ≡ thermodynamics + heat transfer + fluid mechanics

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 3 / 27

 APPLICATIONS OF THERMO-FLUIDS ENGINEERING

• Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Systems

• Water distribution pipeline network, oil & gas transport
• Road, air, sea, railroad vehicles
• Weather forecast
• Electronics cooling
• Biomedical
• Sports & Athletic Equipment
• Aerospace & defense
• Household appliances
• Energy conversion systems (IC engines, jet engines, power plants, fuel cells etc)

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 4 / 27

 APPLICATIONS OF THERMO-FLUIDS ENGINEERING

~1910 ~1950 ~1970

~1990 2018

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 5 / 27

 APPLICATIONS OF THERMO-FLUIDS ENGINEERING

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 6 / 27

 APPLICATIONS OF THERMO-FLUIDS ENGINEERING
Heat Exchanger: an equipment built for efficient heat transfer from one medium to another.

Shell-and-tube type Tubular type

Plate type Plate type

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 7 / 27

 THERMODYNAMICS

• Thermodynamics is the unifying idea for the solution of thermal-fluids system problems
• Governing equations of the thermodynamics are:
 conservation of mass
 conservation of energy
 second law of thermodynamics

System: It is the portion of the physical universe

chosen for analysis. Everything outside the
system is known as the environment or
surroundings, in which analysis is ignored except
for its effects on the system. The cut between
system and the world is a free choice, generally
made to simplify the analysis as much as
possible.

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 8 / 27

 THERMODYNAMICS

Work: performed by a system is the energy transferred to another system that is measured
by the external generalized mechanical constraints on the system. As such, thermodynamic
work is a generalization of the concept of mechanical work in mechanics. Thermodynamic
work encompasses mechanical work plus many other types of work, such as electrical or
chemical. Later we’ill see the classification
Compression and expansion work, electrical work, shaft Work

Control volume: the region in space that

contains the system
Surrounding: everything outside the system
Boundary: the interface between the system
and the surroundings

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 9 / 27

 THERMODYNAMICS

Open System: both mass and energy crosses boundary

Closed System: no mass crosses

boundary

Isolated System: neither mass nor energy crosses boundary

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 10 / 27
 THERMODYNAMICS
Process occurs whenever some properties of a system changes or if there is energy or mass
flow across the boundary of the system.

Steady process Unsteady (transient) process

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 11 / 27

 THERMODYNAMICS

An electric power plant has an impressive assembly of pumps, turbines, HXs, pipes,
valves, control etc.
Question: How would we start an analysis of such a complex installation?
Answer: Engineer must translate the real picture into something that can be used
in an analysis.

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 12 / 27

 THERMODYNAMICS

Schematics of a gas turbine

Real gas turbine

Blackbox representation of a gas turbine

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 13 / 27
 THERMODYNAMICS

An electric power plant has an impressive assembly of pumps, turbines, HXs, pipes,
valves, control etc.
Question: How would we start an analysis of such a complex installation?
Answer: Engineer must translate the real picture into something that can be used
in an analysis.

Many problems are too difficult to solve with their real complexity. An assumption
or assumptions is/are used to simplify the problem
• enough appropriate assumptions to render the problem solvable
• BUT, not so many as to invalidate the result because simplified system is too
far from the actual situation

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 14 / 27

 THERMODYNAMICS

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 15 / 27

 HEAT TRANSFER
(1) Conduction heat transfer: due to the molecular vibrations within the material
insulation of houses, people
• drying of concrete
• fabrication of metal pieces
(2) Convection heat transfer: due to moving fluid pasts a solid surface that is at the a
temperature different than the fluid
• natural (free) convection
• forced convection
(3) Radiation heat transfer: in the form of electromagnetic waves
• heating of Earth with the Sunlight

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 16 / 27

 FLUID MECHANICS
(1) Fluid Statics (Hydrostatics)
• calculation of the force exerted by the fluid on the surfaces
• shape of the free surfaces force for the fluids in rigid-body motion
(2) Fluid Dynamics
• estimation of the drag force over vehicles
• determination of the size and power of the fan of an air conditioning unit
• design of the turbine blades of hydroelectric power generation
• determination of the efficient distribution of water, the pressures required, the
pipe thickness and power requirement for the water network of a building or a
town.

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 17 / 27

 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)

• CFD is a branch of fluid mechanics which utilize numerical methods and algorithms to
analyze fluid flow problems.
• CFD requires to solution of nonlinear, partial differential equations (PDEs) which
governs to fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics of the fluids (liquids and gases).
The interaction of the fluid with the surfaces defined by boundary conditions.
• With high-speed supercomputers, better solutions can be achieved.
• Experimental validation of the computer results is performed using an experimental
set-up mainly the wind tunnels.

• Some methods to attach the numerical solution of PDEs: Finite Difference Method,
Finite Element Method (FEM), Finite Volume Method (FVM), Spectral Element
Method, Boundary Element Method, Lattice Boltzmann Method etc.

• Commercial softwares are available:

ANSYS Fluent (FVM): ~40000$ (up to 8 cores for an additional 8 core +20000$)
ANSYS CFX (FEM)
Star CCM (FVM): ~50000$ (32 core ~100000$)
COMSOL Multiphysics (FEM): 15000 Euro (parallel computing module 20000 Euro)

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 18 / 27

 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS (CFD)

Videos

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 19 / 27

 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 20 / 27

 MICROFLUIDICS

Digital Microfludics: Multiphase systems in which the

droplets are manipulated inside the micro-channels and
open systems in which the droplets position is
controlled by actuating electrodes arranged in a 2D
array.

Continuous Flow Microfluidics (Lab-on-a-chip): Fluid is

circulating in an assembly of microchannels where
different chemical and biological processes can be
achieved successfully.

The flow is induced by the pressure gradient (from a syringe or micropump) or by

electric field (electro-osmotic flow)

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 21 / 27

 LAB-ON-A-CHIP TECHNOLOGY
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices are the microfluidic platforms which can integrate complex chemical management and
analysis systems onto one chip which is just millimeters or centimeters in size and which can be interfaced with
electronics and optical detection systems.

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 22 / 27

 LAB-ON-A-CHIP TECHNOLOGY

Advantages of LOC Devices

• dramatic reduction in the amount of samples and reagents
• a reduction of cost per analysis
• very short reaction time and analysis time
• detections with high resolution and sensitivity
• improved data quality
• potential to automation and portability

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 23 / 27

 LAB-ON-A-CHIP TECHNOLOGY
Notches&for&PZT& Guide&pins&for&electrodes&

n"DEP&par) cles&
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p"DEP&par) cles&

WASH%
UNIT% SEPARATION%
UNIT% Brass Block

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Electric E
Field
Data$acquisi9on$ PZT Off C Off
A
Syringe$pumps$
Fan$
Function PC$for$video$$ B PZT Off D
generators
capturing$ PZT On C
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Inverted$$ A Field
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PZT$On:$ D
Oscilloscope$ Voltage(=(39.8(Vpp( Electric$Field$On:$
PZT Off
f(=(2.223MHz( Voltage(=(16(Vpp(
Power$amplifier$ QA:(4(μL/min( PZT On f(=(3MHz(
(QB:(1(μL/min(

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 24 / 27

 LAB-ON-A-CHIP TECHNOLOGY

38μm%
25μm%
35μm% 21μm%

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 25 / 27

 MICROFLUIDICS FOR NANOPARTICLE SYNTHESIS

CdSe Nanoparticles under fluorescent light:

2.5nm 4.2nm
• Nanoparticle properties are highly
dependent on their size.

(Bawendi group at MIT)

Microfluidics is a way to
address these problems:
Reagent 1 Reagent 2

Carrier Fluid

• It is very difficult to keep reaction conditions

uniform throughout the beaker.
• They are labor intensive, result in
polydisperse size distributions and imprecise. Droplet Generation
Formation of
Nanoparticles Growth of
Nanoparticles

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 26 / 27

 MECHANICAL ENGINEERING SOCIETY-PROJECTS
Compressed Air Vehicle 3D Printer

Model Altay Tank Meteorology Baloon Model F-22 Airplane

ME211: Thermal Engineering-I | Asst. Prof. Dr. Barbaros Çetin 27 / 27