Professional Documents
Culture Documents
people want to learn how to speak English. In your English classes you no doubt learn interesting things
but I’m sure you haven’t heard all of these facts before:
1 ‘E’ is the most commonly used letter in the English language. In fact, as many as one in eight of all the
2 More English words begin with the letter ‘S’ than any other letter of the alphabet.
4 The longest English word that can be spelled without repeating any letters is ‘uncopyrightable’.
5 The following sentence contains seven different spellings of the sound “ee”: ‘He believed Caesar could
see people seizing the seas’.
6 Do you know what is special about the following sentence? ‘The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy
dog’. This type of sentence is called a ‘pangram’ as it uses every letter in the English language.
8 There is no word in the English language that rhymes with month, orange, silver or purple.
1
9 ‘Queueing’ is the only word with five consecutive vowels (five vowels in a row). This is a great word to
use when you play hangman!
11 Due to a printing error, there was a word in the English dictionary from 1932 to 1940 which didn’t
have a meaning. The word was ‘Dord’ and it became known as ‘ghost word’.
13 English is the official language of the sky! It doesn’t matter which country they are from, all pilots
14 There are nine different ways to pronounce ‘ough’ in English. This sentence contains all of them: ‘A
rough-coated, dough-faced, thoughtful ploughman strode through the streets of Scarborough; after
falling into a slough, he coughed and hiccoughed.’
15 The most difficult tongue twister in the English language is “sixth sick sheik’s sixth sheep’s sick”. How
difficult is this for you?
Riddles
Can you work out the answers to these fun English riddles?
clock A 1) backwards) ’made’ (spell Edam 2) (sea) C The 3) teapot A 4) all of them!!
2
Countable vs. Uncountable Nouns
(Brojive I nebrojive imenice)
Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. Most nouns in English are countable.
(Brojive imenice su one koje se mogu brojati. Većina imenica u engleskom jeziku su brojive.)
Examples:
I have two dogs.
Sandra has three cars.
Jessie has ten dollars.
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are not counted in English. Generally, we do not use plural forms of these
words; however some of these words do end in "s", so don't get confused.
(Nebrojive imenice se ne mogu brojati. Generalno, ne koristimo oblike za množinu kod ovih
imenica; ipak neke od ovih reči se zavrsavaju na “S”, pa se nemojte zbuniti.)
Examples:
Mack drinks a lot of water.
Cindy gives great advice.
Paul enjoys politics. Ends with "s" but uncountable
*Nebrojive imenice su: gradivne (milk, wood, air…), apstraktne (love, intelligence, fear…) I
zbirne (money, police, cattle…)
Uncountable Plurals
Sometimes in English, we do use uncountable nouns in plural forms. This is most commonly
done with liquids and substances.
(Ponekad možemo koristiti nebrojive imenice u množini. To je najčešće slučaj kod tečnosti I
materijala.)
Examples:
We'll have two coffees. Cups of coffee
I bought three waters. Bottles of water
The company produces two leathers. Types of leather
3
EXERCISE
4
British English and American English
If you are planning a trip to America but you’ve been studying British English (or vice versa), you
could have a few problems on your trip. For example, imagine one day that you really want to
If you ask someone in the UK where you can buy ‘chips’, they’ll probably send you to a local fish
and chips shop or to MacDonald’s. However, if you ask someone in America the same question,
they will probably tell you to go to a supermarket, thinking you want this ->
Although technically we all speak the same language (English), there are many differences
between British English and American English:
Pronunciation – Although the word might be spelt the same, it is possible that people from the
UK and America pronounce it differently. E.g. the word ‘tomato’ is pronounced ‘tom-ah-to’ in
the UK but ‘tom-ay-to’ in the USA and the word ‘mobile’ is pronounced ‘mow-bile’ in the UK but
‘mow-bl’in the USA.
Spelling – There are a few major spelling differences between British and American English. This
is because British English has generally kept the spelling of words that it has taken from other
languages but American English has changed the spelling to look more like how the word
actually sounds when you say it.
For example: colour – color, centre – center, organize – organize, programme – program
5
Grammar – There are many grammatical differences between American and British English. For
example, if someone asks if you are hungry but you have just finished your lunch, in British
English you would need to use the present perfect tense, “No, I’ve eaten already”, but in
American English you can use the past tense, “No, I ate already” (this would be incorrect in
British English).
Vocabulary – As you can see, there are many differences between British English and American
English. However, the most complicated for English language learners is probably the
differences in vocabulary, including idioms and phrasal verbs. Below you will see a few of the
main vocabulary differences between British and American English:
6
Simple Present Tense
FORM
Examples:
USE (UPOTREBA)
Examples:
I play tennis every Sunday.
She always forgets her purse.
We go to the seaside every summer.
Examples:
Cats like milk.
Florida is in America.
Windows are made of glass.
3. Descriptions (opisi)
Examples:
She is beautiful.
The house is huge.
He is very funny.
4. Scheduled Events in the Near Future (planirani, rasporedom utvrđeni događaji u bliskoj
budućnosti)
Examples:
The train leaves tonight at 6 PM.
The party starts at 8 o'clock.
Class begins at 2.
7
* REMEMBER! Kod 3. lica jednine (he, she, it), potvrdnog oblika, na glagol dodajemo nastavak
-S
He wears sunglasses.
She goes to work every day.
It looks perfect.
+
I like English. We like English.
You like English. You like English.
He/She/It likes English. They like English.
-
I don’t Like English. We don’t like English.
You don’t like English. You don’t like English.
He/She/It doesn’t like English. They don’t like English.
?
Do I like English? Do we like English?
Do you like English? Do you like English?
Does he/she/it like English? Do they like English?
* SLOŽENA PITANJA (sadrže upitne reči why, when, where, what, how…)
Why do you like English? (na prosto pitanje samo “nalepimo” upitnu reč)
EXERCISE
8
Read the following text and answer the questions:
David wants to buy a Christmas present for a very special person, his mother. David's
father gives him $5.00 a week pocket money and David puts $2.00 a week into his bank
account. After three months David takes $20.00 out of his bank account and goes to the
shopping mall. He looks and looks for a perfect gift.
Suddenly he sees a beautiful brooch in the shape of his favourite pet. He says to himself, "My mother
loves jewelry, and the brooch costs only $17.00." He buys the brooch and takes it home. He wraps the
present in Christmas paper and places it under the tree. He is very excited and he is
looking forward to Christmas morning to see the joy on his mother's face.
But when his mother opens the present she screams with fright because she sees a
spider.
Hello everybody! My name .......... (be) Stewie and this .......(be) my family.
My mother’s name .......(be) Louis. She ....... (be) a housewife. She ............... (get up) at 7o’clock every
morning and ................ (prepare) breakfast. She .............. (clean) our house and ............. (feed) our dog.
She usually............ (meet) her friends at home and she .............. (make) delicious cakes. She ....... (be)
the best mom and I ............ (love) her very much.
My father’s name .......(be) Peter. He....... (be) fat. He .............. (work) at a factory. The factory
............ (make) cars. My father ............. (like) watching football matches on TV but he can’t play football.
He really ......... (like) his job but he ................................. (not earn) much. He ....................... (come back)
home at 7 o’clock in the evening and ..........(play) with me. I love him as well.
Every morning I ........... (get up) at 7 o’clock. I ......... (wash) my face and ............(brush) my teeth. Then, I
................... (get dressed) and ..........(have) my breakfast. I ............ (leave) home at 8 o’clock and
............(wait for) the school bus. After school I ...........(go back) home by bus and I ............ (get off) the
bus at 4 o’clock. I ...........(change) my clothes and .............(go out) at 4:30.I .........(go) to the playground
and .........(play) football with my friends. We .......... (have) dinner at 8 o’clock. After dinner I .......(do) my
homework and ............. (watch)cartoons.
9
Prepositions of Time (in, on, at)
(Predlozi za vreme)
We use:
AT IN ON
*In American English, "on the weekend" and "on Christmas" is used
10
Native Americans - From Nomad to Farmer
Many scientists believe that the earliest people in North Americans may have traveled here from the
continent of Asia many thousands of years ago.
At that time, Earth was experiencing an Ice Age. Much of the water that separates the northern parts of
Asia and North America would have been frozen at the time. It may have formed an ice bridge that
people were able to walk across.
Perhaps they were hunters following their food. Perhaps they were adventurous. We do not know for
sure. Their migration to North America, however, may make them the grand forefathers of the people
we call Native Americans.
We do know that the earliest North Americans were nomads. They traveled from place to place instead
of settling in one place. Eventually, these nomads began to find permanent settlements. They had
already learned to gather plants growing in the wild forests. After a time, they began to learn about
agriculture. Agriculture is raising plants and animals for human
use. With better sources for food, they didn’t need to move
around to look up for it so much.
1. In what state was much of the water that separated the northern parts of Asia and North
America?
2. Some people think that the North Americans migrated because ……..
3. What took them a while to learn?
4. What did the tribes do every time they moved to a new place?
5. Where were most early villages located?
11
History of Thanksgiving
Modern Thanksgiving has its direct origins in American history.
On Sept. 6, 1620, a group of Puritans left England and set sail on a ship called the Mayflower.
They arrived in the New World after 65 days.
They settled in a town called Plymouth in what is now Massachusetts. The Pilgrims' first winter
was so harsh that less than half of the group survived the season.
On March 16, 1621, an Abnaki Indian named Samoset entered the Plymouth settlement. He
welcomed the Pilgrims in English, and the next day returned with another American Indian
named Squanto, who spoke English well. With Squanto's help, the Pilgrims were able to survive
in the New World. He taught them how to avoid plants that were poisonous and how to plant
corn and other crops.
In 1970, some American Indians began observing a Day of Mourning on Thanksgiving Day to
remember the violence and discrimination suffered by their ancestors. The Day of Mourning is
observed by gathering at the top of "Coles Hill," which overlooks Plymouth Rock.
12
TRUE OR FALSE?
1. Pilgrims arrived in the New World on the Mayflower after sailing from Europe for 65
days
2. The first Native American Indian that the pilgrims met did not speak English
3. Squanto helped the pilgrims survive in the New World
4. The first harvest of the pilgrims was very successful and they had enough food for the
winter
5. The pilgrims had a feast to celebrate their good harvest, but they did not invite the
Native American Indians who helped them with their crops
6. Many people view the first Thanksgiving as a symbol of the pilgrims eventual
persecution of the Native American Indians
13
Present Continuous Tense
FORM
[am/is/are + present participle (verb+ing)]
Examples:
You are watching TV.
Are you watching TV?
You are not watching TV.
USE (UPOTREBA):
1. To express the idea that something is happening now (da izrazimo nešto što se dešava sada,
u ovom trenutku)
Examples:
You are learning English now.
You are not swimming now.
I am sitting.
Examples:
I am studying to become a doctor.
I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.
We are working on a special project at work.
Examples:
I am meeting some friends after work.
She is going to the party tonight.
They are coming tomorrow.
Examples:
She is always coming to class late.
He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.
I don't like them because they are always complaining.
14
+
I am watching TV. We are watching TV.
You are watching TV. You are watching TV.
He/She/It is watching TV. They are watching TV.
_
I am not watching TV. We are not (aren’t) watching TV.
You are not (aren’t) watching TV. You are not (aren’t) watching TV.
He/She/It is not (isn’t) watching TV. They are not (aren’t) watching TV.
EXERCISE
Complete the sentences below using the appropriate tense, Pres. Simple or Pres. Continuous:
6. I'm sorry I can't hear what you (say) because everybody (talk) so
loudly.
7. Justin (write, currently) a book about his adventures in Tibet. I hope he can
find a good publisher when he is finished.
15
8. Jim: Do you want to come over for dinner tonight?
Denise: Oh, I'm sorry, I can't. I (go) to a movie tonight with some friends.
9. The business cards (be) printed by a company in New York. Their prices
(be) inexpensive, yet the quality of their work is quite good.
10. This delicious chocolate (be) made by a small chocolatier in Zurich, Switzerland.
It’s a rainy Saturday. It’s raining a lot and Mary and her family are spending the afternoon at
home. Her uncles are visiting them. Mary and her father are in the living room. Mary is drawing
and her father, Mr. Harris, is surfing the net. They are also
talking.
Mary’s older brother, Peter, is in his bedroom playing
computer games. He is a computer fanatic and he spends
much time playing on the computer. His little brother, Jim,
is also in the
living room. He is playing with his dinosaurs’ collection.
Sometimes he teases Mary, he is a
really naughty boy.
Mary’s mother, Mrs. Harris, is in the kitchen preparing a
snack for all of them. She is making
some tea and talking to Mary’s uncles – Luke and Tom.
They are from the nearest town and stopped by to say
hello.
Fluffy, the family cat, is sleeping on the kitchen’s sofa. He is one lazy cat.
16
Present Simple and Continuous Taboo topics game
Taboo questions challenge
Useful language
Politely refusing to answer a question
“I’d rather not answer that” “I’d rather not say”
“I’m afraid that’s a bit personal”
Impolitely refusing to answer a question
“(That’s) none of your business!” “Keep your nose out (of other people’s business)!”
“I could tell you, but then I’d have to kill you”
17
Common English Idioms Part I
An idiom is a phrase that has a meaning which is different from the meanings of each individual
word in it. For example, if someone says to you “I’m pulling your leg”, you might think it is
strange because you would definitely be able to feel if someone was holding your leg and
pulling it! This idiom actually means that they are teasing you or playing a joke on you.
Meaning:
To be in a very difficult situation and to have to make a hard decision between two things that
are equally unpleasant.
Examples:
“Someone drove into my car yesterday and now I’m stuck between a rock and a hard place – I
can either drive around with a big dent in my car or pay lots of money to have it repaired.”
Meaning:
A person cannot change who they are (their character), no matter how hard they try.
Example:
The waiter tried to be friendly to his customers but a leopard can’t
change its spots and he was still very rude.
18
Let the cat out of the bag
Meaning:
To reveal a secret or a surprise, usually by accident.
Examples:
“It’s a secret. Try not to let the cat out of the bag.”
“Well the cat’s out of the bag now. Everyone knows Amy will be given the lead role in the play.”
Meaning:
To be in a bad mood – to be grumpy or unpleasant from the moment you wake up for no
obvious reason.
Examples:
“Why are you in such a bad mood today? Did you get up on the wrong side of the bed?”
“I feel terrible. I definitely got up on the wrong side of the bed today. Actually, maybe it was all
the wine I drank last night!”
Meaning:
If something is not your cup of tea, you do not like it or you are not interested in it.
Examples:
“Some people love playing cricket, but it’s not my cup of tea.”
“I know that horror films are not your cup of tea, but you should definitely see this one – it’s
amazing!”
19
A piece of cake
Meaning:
Something which is very easy to do.
Examples
“I’m sure the test next week will be a piece of cake for me. I’ve
been studying for weeks!”
“The football match today was a piece of cake! All the best players in the other team had
injuries so we scored 6 goals!”
Meaning:
To feel ill/unwell.
Examples:
“Hi John, it’s Simon. Sorry but I can’t come to your party – I’m a bit under the weather.”
“I’ve been feeling a little under the weather today. I had to wait outside in the rain for 2 hours
last night and I think I may have caught a cold.”
Meaning:
To make yourself do something difficult or unpleasant that you have been
avoiding doing.
Examples:
“I can’t believe I haven't found a new job yet. I'm going to have to bite the bullet and sell my car
so I can pay my rent!”
“My teacher knew I cheated so I had to bite the bullet and admit it.”
20
Sleep on it
Meaning:
To spend time (usually at least a day) thinking about something carefully before making a
decision.
Examples:
Mr. Davis: “So Tom, would you like to work here?”
Tom: “I’m not sure. Can I sleep on it and let you know tomorrow?”
“She told me she would sleep on it and let me know her decision but it’s been 3 days now and
she still hasn’t called!”
Test yourself
21
Google
Unlike Xerox, Google wasn't the first company to invent their product, not by a long shot. Lycos
released their search engine in 1993. Yahoo! came out in 1994. AltaVista began serving results
in 1995. Google did not come out until years later, in 1998. Though a few years difference may
not seem like much, this is a major head start in the fast moving world of tech. So how did
Google do it? How did they overtake their competitors who had such huge leads in time and
money? Maybe one good idea made all the difference.
There are millions and millions of sites on the internet. How does a search engine know which
ones are relevant to your search? This is a question that great minds have been working on for
decades. To understand how Google changed the game, you need to know how search engines
worked in 1998. Back then most websites looked at the words in your query. They counted how
many times those words appeared on each page. Then they might return pages where the
words in your query appeared the most. This system did not work well and people often had to
click through pages and pages of results to find what they wanted.
Google was the first search engine that began considering links. Links are those blue underlined
words that take you to other pages when you click on them. Larry Page, cofounder of Google,
believed that meaningful data could be drawn from how those links connect. Page figured that
websites with many links pointing at them were more important than those that had few. He
was right. Google's search results were much better than their rivals. They would soon become
the world's most used search engine.
It wasn't just the great search results that led to Google becoming so well liked. It also had to
do with the way that they presented their product. Most of the other search engines were
cluttered. Their home pages were filled with everything from news stories to stock quotes. But
Google's homepage was, and still is, clean. There's nothing on it but the logo, the search box,
and a few links. It almost appears empty. In fact, when they were first testing it, users would
wait at the home page and not do anything. When asked why, they said that they were,
"waiting for the rest of the page to load." People couldn't imagine such a clean and open page
as being complete. But the fresh design grew on people once they got used to it.
22
These days Google has its hands in everything from self-driving cars to helping humans live
longer. Though they have many other popular products, they will always be best known for
their search engine. The Google search engine has changed our lives and our language. Not only
is it a fantastic product, it shows that one good idea (and a lot of hard work) can change the
world.
a. Lycos released their search engine. b. Yahoo! released their search engine.
c. Google released their search engine. d. Xerox released their copy machine.
2. Which statement would the author of this text most likely disagree with?
c. Google wasn't the first search engine, but it was the best.
d. Google's success may not have been possible without Larry Page.
c. Many smart people have worked on search engines over the years.
d. Google's other products are now more important to its success than search.
23
Comparison of Adjectives (Poređenje prideva)
There are three forms of comparison:
positive
comparative
superlative
We use -er/-est with the following adjectives (Koristimo -er/-est za ove prideve):
24
2. Comparison with more/the most
We use more/the most with adjectives with more than one syllable ( Koristimo more/the most
za višesložne prideve)
Some adjectives have two possible forms of comparison (Neki pridevi se porede na oba načina)
25
EXERCISE
Put in the adjective in bold from the first sentence into the second sentence in its correct form
(comparative or superlative):
Fill in all the gaps with the correct forms of the adjectives:
1. → longer →
2. → → worst
3. modern → →
4. → → nicest
5. → → nearest
6. → → flattest
7. popular → →
8. → happier →
9. many → →
10. exciting → →
26
Read the article and look for comparative adjectives.
Yesterday my brother and I went to see a football game. We watched our two favorite teams,
the Eagles and the Hawks. It was the second week of the season and the day was much colder
than the week before. We were excited because I love the Hawks and he loves the Eagles.
The seats were good, but I wanted something closer to the field. However, we sat and enjoyed
the game. Well, we enjoyed it until we started arguing. The problem with my brother and I is
that we both think our team is better than the other team. He always says to me that the
Eagles are faster, stronger, and smarter than the Hawks. I never agree. On this day, he was
wrong. The Hawks played a lot better than the Eagles. They looked stronger and tougher than
the Eagles.
One thing I didn’t like was that the food and drinks were much more expensive than other
places, and tasted much worse. I was surprised that a hotdog and a drink cost $7. Also, the
hotdog was smaller than normal hotdogs. So I was a little sad about my meal, and hoped to get
something tastier after the game. But I was happy because the Hawks beat the Eagles by 15
points.
27
REVISION 1
Harold Black is a famous pianist. He________________(give) two or three concerts every week.
He ________________(travel) a lot and this week he is in New York. He________________
(stay) at an expensive hotel. He is at his hotel now. He________________(have) his breakfast in
the dining−room. He________________(drink) a cup of coffee and he________________(read)
a newspaper. Harold is always very busy. He________________(play) the piano regularly.
He________________(practice) for four hours every day. He________________(go) to bed late
and he always ________________(get up) early. But he sometimes________________(get)
dressed too quickly, and this morning he________________(wear) one blue sock and one red
one!
4. Fill in the blanks using the correct preposition (in, on, at):
28
Let's do it _______________ the weekend.
I can't work _______________ night.
I'll be there _______________ 10 minutes.
Let's meet at the park _______________ noon.
I saw her _______________ my birthday.
I like going to the beach _______________ the summer.
bad
regular
exciting
happy
wonderful
clever
friendly
beautiful
clear
few
fast
good
little
strong
29
Simple Past Tense
FORM
Examples:
USE (UPOTREBA):
Examples:
Examples:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met the others
at 10:00.
Examples:
30
+
I went to the cinema. We went to the cinema.
You went to the cinema. You went to the cinema.
He/She/It went to the cinema. They went to the cinema.
_
I didn’t go to the cinema. We didn’t go to the cinema.
You didn’t go to the cinema. You didn’t go to the cinema.
He/She/It didn’t go to the cinema. They didn’t go to the cinema.
EXERCISE:
31
Write the past forms of the irregular verbs:
Meet _______________
Drive _______________
Speak _______________
Put _________________
Write _______________
Sing ________________
Do _________________
Run ________________
Stand _______________
Conversation questions:
32
Reading Comprehension
Robert "Bob" Nesta Marley is the greatest ever reggae singer. He spread reggae
and his message of love and unity to a worldwide audience. His live
performances were legendary for their passion and energy. Marley’s album
‘Exodus’ was voted by ‘Time’ magazine as the best of the 20th Century. The BBC
declared his song ‘One Love’ as the song of the millennium.
Marley was born in 1945 in a small village in Jamaica to a white father and black mother. The racist
bullying he received as a child had an impact on his songwriting. He left school at the age of 14 to make
music. He met members of his future band The Wailers at a jam session. It took several years before
they became famous.
The Wailers' first album ‘Catch a Fire’ was released in 1973 and sold well. Another album followed a year
later which included the song ‘I Shot The Sheriff’. Eric Clapton’s cover of the song in 1974 brought
Marley a lot of global attention. In 1975, Marley released his breakthrough song ‘No Woman, No Cry’,
still regarded as a classic today.
Marley left Jamaica for England in 1976 to record his ‘Exodus’ and ‘Kaya’ albums. He toured the world
and performed to campaign against apartheid in South Africa and to celebrate Zimbabwe’s
independence. He died of cancer in 1981, aged 36. He was given a state funeral in Jamaica according to
the Rastafari tradition. He continues to be an important influence on today’s music.
QUESTIONS:
Match the words from the article on the left with their synonyms on the right:
1. unity a. famous
2 legendary b. well-known
3. declared c. influence
4. impact d. a number of
5. several e. harmony
6. famous f. announced
33
Write the past tense of the verbs:
7. As I was running, I didn’t see the log and (fall) ________________ down.
16. Are you sure Dana (forgive) __________________ her boyfriend last night?
19. The Olympic Games were (hold) __________________ in Sydney a few years ago.
34
Henry Ford Biography
(1863–1947)
Born on July 30, 1863, near Dearborn, Michigan, Henry Ford created the Ford Model T car in
1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the
industry. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous company head.
In 1903, Henry Ford established the Ford Motor Company. Ford introduced the Model T in
October of 1908. However, more than for his profits, Ford became renowned for his
revolutionary vision: the manufacture of an inexpensive automobile made by skilled workers
who earn steady wages. Simple to drive and cheap to repair, half of all cars in America in 1918
were Model T's.
When it comes to his political views, Henry Ford was quite a controversial person. He opposed
World War I, because he was concerned that those who financed the war were just looking to
make a profit at the expense of human life. Ford opposed America's entry into World War II as
well. In the early 1920s, Ford sponsored a weekly newspaper that published strongly anti-
Semitic views. He also expressed admiration for Adolf Hitler and Germany, and in 1938
accepted the Grand Cross of the German Eagle, the Nazi regime’s highest medal for a foreigner.
Henry Ford died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 7, 1947, at the age of 83.
35
Match the words with their meanings:
promptly disagree
skillfully famous
establish respect
renowned immediately
inexpensive set up
oppose competently
admiration cheap
36
Past Continuous Tense
FORM
Examples:
You were studying when she called.
Were you studying when she called?
You were not studying when she called.
USE:
4. Atmosphere (atmosfera)
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on
the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting.
5. Repetition and Irritation with "Always" (ponavljanje, često iritantno sa prilogom always)
37
+
I was reading. We were reading.
You were reading. You were reading.
He/She/It was reading. They were reading.
_
I wasn’t reading. We weren’t reading.
You weren’t reading. You weren’t reading.
He/She/It wasn’t reading. They weren’t reading.
EXERCISE
Put the verbs into the correct tense (past simple or past continuous):
38
Choose the correct time expression used with the past continuous tense:
Put the verbs into the correct tense (past simple or past continuous):
39
Prepositions of Place: at, in, on
In general, we use:
at for a POINT
in for an ENCLOSED SPACE
on for a SURFACE
*At is also used for place where you are to do something typical (watch a film, study, work)
at a concert, at the party
at the movies, at university, at work
On tells us that someone/something is located on a surface. Use on when one thing is attached
to or touching something.
40
EXERCISE
41
The Griffins’ House
The Griffins are a family of fictional characters from the animated television series “Family
Guy”. Peter and Lois Griffin have three children: Meg, Chris and Stewie. Their teenage
daughter, Megan, isn’t very popular and Chris, their teenage son, is very fat, not very smart and
looks like a younger version of his father. Stewie is their youngest and diabolical child. Living
with the family is Brian, the family dog, who walks on two legs and talks to people.
The Griffins live at 31 Spooner Street in Quahog in a detached house with a green roof and
yellow walls. We can see five windows and also two dormer windows on the roof. The two
windows downstairs have got wooden shutters. On the ground floor, there’s a sunroom with a
glass door. There’s also a garage on the left side of the house. Peter sometimes leaves his car in
the driveway. Next to the garage there’s a picket fence to keep people and animals out. Around
the house there’s a garden with a green lawn. There are some bushes and trees in the garden,
but there are no flowers.
The house is in an attractive and classical style and it looks spacious. The bathroom and the
bedrooms are upstairs. Peter and Lois sleep in the master bedroom. The children also have a
room of their own. The rooms are kept clean and tidy by Lois. Only Stewie’s room is sometimes
a mess. He leaves his toys all over the floor. The kitchen and the dining room are downstairs.
There’s a staircase that leads to the first floor. Next to it is the living room where the family
enjoys watching TV. The Griffins live in a friendly neighborhood.
42
TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)
Correct the false sentences
43
COMPLETE THE SENTENCES WITH THE CORRECT PREPOSITIONS:
44
Organic Foods
Organic food is very popular nowadays. It is also quite expensive. Some organic food costs twice
as much as non-organic food. New parents and pet owners pay up to 200% more for organic
food, whereas some people think organic food is a waste of money.
There is one main difference between organic and non-organic food. Organic farms do not use
agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides. In many countries organic foods have special labels.
These guarantee that the products are natural.
Some people think organic means locally grown. Originally this was true. Over time organic
farming became more difficult. The demand for organic food grew larger than the supply. Small
companies had to sell out to large companies. There wasn't enough organic ingredients. This
made it difficult for many organic companies to stay in business. Today, many large companies
have an organic line of products.
Is organic food more nutritious? This is part of the debate. Many farmers and consumers
believe it is. They think agricultural chemicals cause health problems such as cancer or allergies.
However, lots of health professionals disagree. Few studies prove that organic foods prevent
health problems. Health specialists worry more about bacteria, such as E.coli and salmonella.
These can come into contact with both organic and non-organic food. That is why doctors
recommend washing produce very carefully, no matter where it comes from.
Most people agree that naturally grown food tastes better. But is tastier food worth the extra
money? This is a matter of opinion. Whether it is healthier or not may require more research.
However, organic consumers argue it is better to be safe than sorry.
45
Vocabulary quiz
What is a debate?
When something is "nutritious" it is ____________________
Some people think paying extra for organic food is a ______________________
What is the meaning of “better safe than sorry”?
What does it mean to stay in business?
Reading comprehension
46
Present Perfect Tense
FORM
Examples:
You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You haven’t seen that movie many times.
USE:
1. An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present (radnja koja je
počela u prošlosti i nastavlja da traje i u sadašnjosti)
2. Experience (iskustvo)
3. An action that was completed in the very recent past (radnja koja je završena u veoma
bliskoj prošlosti)
4. An action in the past that has direct impact on the present (radnja u prošlosti koja ima
direktan uticaj na sadašnjost)
47
+
I have worked. We have worked.
You have worked. You have worked.
He/She/It has worked. They have worked.
-
I haven’t worked. We haven’t worked.
You haven’t worked. You haven’t worked.
He/She/It hasn’t worked. They haven’t worked.
?
Have I worked? Have we worked?
Have you worked? Have you worked?
has he/she/it worked? Have they worked?
PRACTICE
48
Change the verb into the correct form of the past simple or present perfect
1) Last night I (lose) _________________ my keys – I had to call my flatmate to let me in.
5) I (know)__________________ my great grandmother for a few years - she died when I was
eight.
49
Saving Lives
My name’s Albert and I’m a lifeguard. I’ve worked here for 4 years and I really love my job. I’ve
saved some lives and that’s really rewarding. It’s nice to know that my job is important to keep
people safe while they’re resting and having fun at the beach.
I also like to know that my advice is useful to keep people free from being assaulted, injured or
even sunburned. I work from Tuesday to Saturday, from 9 to 5 and rest two Sundays a month.
Twice a month I work from 9 to noon because while people rest I have to do my job.
My friends think I should quit and have the opportunity to rest and go out during the weekend,
but I can’t imagine doing anything else.
When Albert says “I’ve worked here for 4 years” is he referring only to the present or is
he referring to the past and the present?
If he said: “I worked there 4 years ago.” would it be a reference to the past or present?
We use the present perfect with for to talk about the duration of an action (for five years); we
use the present perfect with since to refer to the beginning of an action (since July). Complete
with “for” or “since”:
50
History of Snowboarding
Highlight Tenses used in the Text
Past Simple - action or situation in the past
(emphasizes who did something)
Present Perfect - action or situation over a
period of time (from the past to the present)
Present Simple - situation now
To say who actually invented the sport of snowboarding would be impossible because people
have always loved to slide down a snow-covered hill. Soaring through the snow on some kind of
seat or board is nothing new. The ways to enjoy the snow are numerous, and people have
devised ways to turn garbage can lids and cardboard into ‘snow boards’ to enjoy an afternoon
outdoors. The various ways to glide through snow have become more sophisticated and have
evolved into using polished boards in much the same manner as a surfboarder would ride a
wave.
There have been many attempts at developing a modern snowboard. In 1965, the ‘Snurfer’ (a
word play on ‘snow’ and ‘surfer’) was developed as a child’s toy. Two skis were bound together
and a rope was placed at the front end to afford control and stability. Over 500,000 ‘Snurfers’
were sold in 1966 but they were never seen as more than a child's plaything even though
organized competitions began to take place.
In 1985 the first magazine dedicated specifically to snowboarding hit the newsstands with huge
success and furthered the popularity of this exciting sport. Hoards of fans began to organize
regional events and pretty soon snowboarding events were held in all parts of the world. In the
year 1994 snowboarding was finally declared an Olympic event, much to the delight of fans.
By 1998 snowboarding constituted almost 50% of all winter activity. Today, all ski resorts accept
snowboarders.
From the first crudely built snowboards to the advanced models available today, snowboarders
have carried a ‘bad boy’ image. This rebel reputation is still common today in spite of the fact
that snowboarding appeals to men, women, and children of all nationalities and social groups.
At most major ski resorts you can find snowboarding gear, information, and lessons.
51
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
PRACTICE
52
Spend Your Weekend Wisely
How many times have you realized it’s Sunday night and wondered where your weekend went?
Don’t let this happen to you ever again.
1. Plan it out.
Sure, you need to pick up your dry cleaning and shop for groceries on Saturday morning. But
your chores will take up time, even if they should be quick and easy. If you can, do your chores
during the week. Not an option? Limit them to an hour or two on one day, so you have at least
one full day off to relax.
3. Stay healthy.
Contrary to popular belief, that 500-calorie piña colada doesn’t magically get healthier on
Saturday night. While you can indulge on occasion, don’t drink, eat or sleep in excess just
because it’s the weekend. You’ll undo the hard work you put in over the week and nurse a
major hangover on Sunday – not productive.
4. Be happy.
After sex, eating and relaxing, one study found that exercise, socializing, and participating in
spiritual activities made people the happiest. If you can, do all of these activities this weekend.
Not the religious type? Meditation or some soul-searching counts as spiritual activity too.
While having some plans each weekend is great, don’t overdo it. Make sure you have enough
‘me time’ so you can relax and recharge for the week ahead.
53
5. Consider leaving.
If you’ve had a rough week, why not take a mini-vacation? Whether it’s a day trip or a night
away, there are several nearby adventures waiting to be discovered.
Don’t spend Sunday nights wallowing because the weekend’s almost over. Instead, make a list
of things you want to accomplish in the next week, and make sure you actually do them.
Creating a list helps you look forward to the week ahead and gives you some control over your
life. Still can’t beat the Sunday night blues? Schedule something fun for that time, like a nice
dinner or a relaxing massage.
What did you do last weekend? Was it busy or quiet? Tiring or relaxing? Boring or fun?
Give details
1. Read the questions about the weekend. Write 1-4 for how often you do each activity.
1 = I never do this.
2 = I sometimes do this.
3 = I usually/often do this.
4 = I always do this.
* work or study?
* do housework or go shopping?
* sleep until noon?
* stay home and just relax?
* eat out?
* see relatives?
* have a house party or barbecue?
* go out with friends to a bar or club?
54
Do you ever:
* go to concerts?
* go to museums?
* go to the movie theater?
* read books?
Do you ever:
* go away on a business trip on the weekend?
* visit relatives in another city?
* go to the mountains or to the beach?
* spend the weekend in another city?
55
Modal Verbs
Modals are special verbs which behave irregularly in English. They give additional information
about the function of the main verb that follows it.
Modal verbs are used to express certainty, possibility, willingness, obligation, necessity,
ability.
1. CAN
2. COULD
3. MAY
56
4. MIGHT
Modal verb MIGHT is used to express:
5. MUST
obligation You must stop when the traffic lights turn red.
logical conclusion He must be very tired. He's been working all day long.
6. SHOULD/OUGHT TO
7. WOULD
8. NEED NOT
57
EXERCISE
58
The Story of Helen Keller
I’d like you to know the story of Helen Keller, who could neither see nor hear from the time she
was a baby. Yet the brilliant girl was able to overcome all those handicaps, to graduate from a
college with honors and become a useful citizen.
I must say there was nothing wrong with Helen Keller when she was born. She could walk when
she was a year old; she could say a few words. But one day the child fell ill. For days she had a
high fever and soon the parents learned that their darling would never be able to see and hear.
The little child was now doomed to a life of silence and darkness. She could not hear what was
said to her and did not know how to talk, she was unable to play with other children.
When Helen was 6 years old her parents took her to Washington to famous doctors to find out
if they could do something to make her hear and see again, but the doctors could do nothing.
The child was hopelessly deaf. Dr. Bell said the Kellers should address the Perkins Institution for
the blind in Boston and ask if they could send someone to help the child.
It was a wonderful day for Helen Keller when Ann Sullivan arrived in March 1887. Helen was
nearly seven, Ann Sullivan was past twenty. Ann Sullivan found a way to make herself
understood. She gave the child a doll, and taking Helen’s hand she slowly spelled out "d-o-l-l".
The child learnt for the first time that things must have names. During the next 3 months, she
learned 300 words and could even put some of them into sentences. By means of the hand
language, Helen and her teacher were able to talk to each other.
Helen learned to read books that were printed for the blind with raised letters. She also learned
to use the typewriter to write what she wanted to say. When Helen was 10 she was determined
that she would learn to speak. At first she learned only the sounds of the letters of the
alphabet, but soon she was able to say words and sentences. Helen practiced speaking day
after day until at last she developed a clear voice.
At the age of 20 Helen Keller passed all the difficult entrance exams to Radcliffe College. She did
extremely well in her classes and could keep up with the other students. Helen wrote “The
Story of My Life” while she was in college. In her writings and lectures she did everything she
could to help and encourage others who were blind.
59
Was Helen Keller born blind and deaf?
What had happened to her?
What did her parents do?
Who finally helped Helen learn how to read and speak?
Why is her story so fascinating?
Do you know any other examples of extraordinary people?
60
What would be the very first thing to buy if you won the lottery?
If you could travel in time, would you go to the past or the future?
What would you change about your appearance if you could choose one thing?
61
REVISION 2
1. Write the past simple and past participle form of the verbs:
2. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous:
The thieves (hide) in the kitchen when the police (come) in.
____________________________________________________________________
Yesterday I (go) to the library, next I (have) a swim and later I (meet) Julie for coffee.
__________________________________________________________________________
62
3. Put in the correct preposition (at, in, on):
4. Put the verbs into the correct tense (simple past or present perfect simple):
Mother: I want to prepare dinner. (you / wash) ______________________ the dishes yet?
Daughter: I (wash) _____________ the dishes yesterday, but I (have / not) _______________
the time yet to do it today.
Mother: (you / do /) __________________ your homework?
Daughter: No, I (come / just) ________________ home from school.
Mother: You (come) ___________________ home from school two hours ago!
Daughter: Well, but my friend Lucy (call) _______________ when I (arrive) ______________
and I (finish / just) _________________ the phone call.
63
7 Ways to be Successful
Many people want to be successful in life, but it's easier said than done. There are so many
distractions in life that it can be challenging to accomplish our goals. By keeping the following
advice in mind, however, you can dramatically increase your chances of becoming successful in
whatever you choose to pursue.
1. Imagine yourself being successful. Einstein said that the imagination is more important than
knowledge. The more vividly and accurately you imagine your success, the easier it will be to be
successful.
2. Surround yourself with other people who are successful. When you're surrounded with
people who are highly-driven, it's encouraging.
3. Stay away from distractions. There are so many distractions in this world that you really
don't need. Whenever you are doing something that is
not useful or productive, imagine yourself as a loser with
shattered dreams and push yourself away.
5. Take risks. Step out of your comfort zone. Successful people think big and act big. It can be a
scary thing to do, but if you don't, then will you ever be successful? Successful people make big
investments (in their careers, in their businesses, in their education) and all investments involve
risk. But don't be reckless. Study your risks, make sure the odds are in your favor, then take a
leap.
6. Be persistent. Don't give up. If your first attempt didn't work, don't quit. Always keep in mind
the following sentence: "If you don't give up, you cannot fail".
7. Remove fear and doubt from your way of thinking, and focus on keeping positive in every
situation. You will be more effective if you keep a positive mind and stay focused on your goal.
Remember, you can be your own best friend or your own worst enemy.
64
Vocabulary
What would make you feel the most successful? Rank these successes in order from 1(the
best) – 8 (not so amazing).
Free Discussion
1. What is your biggest success in life? What small successes do you have every day?
2. Would you sacrifice happiness or love for the opportunity to be successful in your job?
Why/Why not?
3. Who do you think are the most successful people you know? Why do you consider them the
most successful?
4. What would you do with 5 Million dollars?
65
The Secrets of Success - Read each statement and discuss your feelings
What do you think about this I think there's some truth to it because ____________
statement, “_____”? I think that's completely wrong because ___________
What should I do?! Read these problems and try to give advice
2. I want to get married and have a family, but I can't find the right person.
66
Present Perfect Continuous
FORM
Example:
I have been waiting here for two hours.
Have I been waiting here for two hours?
I haven’t been waiting here for two hours.
USE
1. Duration from the past until now with emphasis on duration (trajanje od prošlosti do sad)
2. General meaning of "lately" (kada označavamo nešto što se dešavalo u skorije vreme)
+
We have been talking.
She has been talking
-
We haven’t been talking.
She hasn’t been talking.
?
Have we been talking?
Has she been talking?
67
EXERCISE
R: Look at that couple over there, they (be, only) _____________________________ here for
five or ten minutes and they already have their food.
1. It (rain) _________________ all week. I hope it stops by Saturday so we can go to the beach.
2. Where is Gary?
He ________________________ (study) at the library for his German test on Wednesday. In
fact, he (review) _________________________ for the test every day for the last week.
3. You look really great! (You, exercise) ___________________________ at the fitness center ?
4. Frank, where have you been? We (wait) ___________________________ for you since 1 PM.
6. You look a little tired. (You, get) _______________________________ enough sleep lately?
68
How to Decide if Your Friend is a True
Friend
True friends offer supportive comments and encouragement. Real friends make you feel
needed, confident, and happy. Everyone needs a little positive energy here and there. Even
when they disagree with you, they still support you the best they can. If your friend gives you
genuine compliments, on everything from your new outfit to your work ethic, it's a good sign. If
your friend always dismisses your successes and/or doesn't believe you can succeed, then they
aren't a true friend.
True friends listen to you. Sometimes all you need is for someone to shut up and listen. True
friends know how to close their mouths and open their ears, as long as you can do the same
from time to time. Notice who does most of the talking. In an ideal friendship, both friends
should roughly share the same amount. If you feel like you are always the one listening to your
friend's problems, then you're not getting your fair share of the friendship.
True friends communicate openly with each other. With true friends, you happily share
embarrassing stories and secrets, and they share them back. When things get rough, true
friends don't beat around the bush, they have mature, honest conversations that get to the
point. If you feel the need to hide things from him or her, can't trust them with secrets or big
news, or feel like they don't open up to you about their lives, you're facing yet another not-so-
true friend.
True friends make time for you. Life can be nuts, and it's hard enough to find time to sleep,
work, and eat, let alone socialize. But a true friend will always make time for you. If they can't
find the time to hang out or talk on the phone, then why are they even your friend?
True friends make you feel good about yourself. Your friend doesn't have to agree with
everything you've done, but your friendship should make you feel good about who you are as a
person.
69
VOCABULARY
DISCUSSION
Discuss your opinions about the following quotes about friends and friendship:
“A friend is someone who knows all about you and still loves you.”
“Cutting people out of your life is easy, keeping them in is hard.”
“Friends are the family you choose.”
“Be slow in choosing a friend, slower in changing.”
“Friendship is as delicate as glass, once broken it can be fixed but there will always be
cracks.”
Tell a story about one of your friendships, choose from one of the themes below:
Below are some different qualities people think are important for their friends to have. Rank
them in order of importance for you, giving reasons and examples for your choices.
70
What Would a Good Friend Do?
In the situations below, discuss what a good friend would do when confronted with this
problem.
1) Your friend suffers from very bad body odour, and seems unaware of the problem.
2) Your friend wants to borrow money from you, but you know that they will be spending the
money on drugs or gambling.
3) You know that your friend’s partner has been having an affair.
4) Your friend has just won the lottery, great news, but their attitude has changed a lot – they
are now very arrogant and always bragging about their wealth.
5) Your friend has found a new religion. You disagree with nearly everything they now believe
in.
6) Your friend constantly calls you for advice and help, though is unavailable when you need the
same in return.
7) In an argument with a friend you said something that really upset them, and now they refuse
to answer your calls.
8) Your friend is getting married, but you have a bad feeling about their future spouse.
9) Your friend’s partner keeps hitting on you.
10) You love seeing your friend – but not their child, who is always rude and demanding when
you get together.
71
QUANTIFIERS
A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to indicate the amount or quantity:
'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples of quantifiers.
many
a few/few/very few ** (few, very few mean that there is not enough of something
a few means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough)
a number (of)
several
much
a little/little * (little means that there is not enough of something
a little means that there is not a lot of something, but there is enough)
a bit (of)
a great deal of
a large amount of
With Both
all
enough
more/most
less/least
some
any
a lot of
lots of
plenty of
72
USING SOME/ANY
EXERCISE
73
A: There are _________13 (not any/not enough) recycling banks
and there are ______ 14 (not much, no) recycling laws in our
country.
B: Our main problem is that ___________15 (loads of/ too many)
people do not care about saving energy, reducing rubbish or
recycling it. I think there’s __________16 (plenty of/
hardly any) information about the need to recycle.
However, only __________ 17 (few/ little) of my friends
care for saving energy, nowadays.
A: I should be more responsible as a citizen but I’ve just
made _______ 18 ( a little/ little) progress I promise I’ll
buy a recycling box and start recycling ________19
( much/ a lot of) stuff.
B: I’m glad you agree. Look! There’s ____________20 (loads of/ several)
paper, ___________ 21(loads, several) plastic bottles and jars in
your bin.
Here are some more sentences. For each of them, complete the sentences using the correct
quantifier:
We must buy _______________ bananas! There are only __________ in the basket.
74
Male models earn 75% less than female models
It is common knowledge and an obvious example of sexual inequality that men get paid more
than women for doing the same job. One industry in which the reverse is true is modeling. The
gender pay gap for male models and their female counterparts is gigantic. A well-known
modeling agency has claimed that male models are paid as much as 75 per cent less than
female models. Elizabeth Rose from the UK's Premier Models said women could be paid
£40,000 for appearing in a top fashion show, while men could only get £10,000. Ms Rose said: "I
think it's the only industry where men get paid less than women. It's unfair for men, but I
wouldn't say it's female empowerment."
Rose says the situation is slowly changing and pay is getting better for men. She explained that
advertisers are more willing to promote men's
products as men are getting more into fashion.
She said: "More and more, male models are
being used for grooming products. Men are
taking a lot more care of themselves.
Generally, in the 2000s, it's fine to take a long
time doing your hair. It's fine for men to use
moisturizer and wear make-up." One
consolation for men is that they are able to
work as a model for longer than women. Rose
said: "Men have a longer career path,
definitely. The male models that make the
most are probably in their 30s." Female
models tend to make their money in their twenties.
SYNONYM MATCH:
1. obvious comfort
2. reverse enthusiastic
3. counterparts unjust
4. gigantic without doubt
5. unfair equivalents
6. willing clear
7. products be inclined
8. consolation enormous
9. definitely goods
10. tend opposite
75
BEING A MODEL: Rank these by putting the things that are most important to be a model at the
top
beautiful skin
a nice smile
being fit
hardworking
straight, white teeth
beautiful hair
being tall
confidence
DISCUSSION:
76
The importance of clothes
All over the world, clothing has been invented and adapted to fulfill a rich variety of roles.
Despite what some people might say, clothes matter. There are people who don’t seem to think
much about what they wear and it might be easy to believe that they don’t mind what they put
on in the morning. This may well be true, but it is true to say that they have the choice of what
to wear, even if they don’t think about it. It is when that choice is taken away that clothes
suddenly become an issue.
The way we dress often says a lot about who are, what we believe, and where we come from.
Clothing is a basic human need not just for the body, but also for the inner person. That’s why it
matters.
For many people, what they wear is merely a matter of habit, but when we dress in the
morning it might pay us to be a little more careful in the choices we make. Doing something
different with your clothes might be a way of changing the impression others have of you. Our
clothes make a huge difference to what people think about us. It is important to choose our
dress style carefully because people will make all sorts of assumptions and decisions about us
based on the clothes we wear.
What you wear can inform passersby of your type of employment, as well as your ambitions,
emotions and spending habits. Your clothing style says a lot about your personality. It can speak
volumes about you before you even open your mouth. So, what does your clothing say about
you?
77
CLOTHING VOCABULARY
78
Accessories
Jewelry
79
Definitions
DISCUSSION:
80
Future Tenses: WILL vs. GOING TO
FORM:
[will + infinitive]
[verb to be + going to + infinitive]
USE:
WILL GOING TO
Decision at the moment of speaking: Prior plan (decision made before the moment
of speaking):
I’m thirsty. I will get some water. I’m going to travel to Spain this summer.
I think the Conservatives will win the next It’s very cloudy. It is going to rain.
election.
A future fact:
+
I will do that. I am going to do that.
She will do that. She is going to do that.
-
I will not (won’t) do that. I am not going to do that.
She will not (won’t) do that. She isn’t going to do that.
?
Will I do that? Am I going to do that?
Will she do that? Is she going to do that?
81
EXERCISES
Martha: What a horrible weather today. I'd love to go out, but I think it __________(1) continue
raining.
Jane: Oh, I don't know. Maybe the sun _____________(2) come out later this afternoon.
Martha: I hope you're right. Listen, I______________(3) have a party this Saturday. Would you
like to come?
Jane: Oh, I'd love to come. Thank you for inviting me. Who______________(4) come to the
party?
Martha: Well, some people haven't told me yet. But, Peter and Mark ______________(5) help
out with the cooking!
Jane: Hey, I____________(6) help, too!
Martha: Would you? That would be great!
Jane: I_______________(7) make lasagna!
Martha: That sounds delicious! I know my Italian cousins _______________ (8A) be there. I'm
sure they _________________(8B) love it.
Jane: Italians? Maybe I_______________(9) bake a cake...
Martha: No, no. They're not like that. They________________ (10) love it.
Jane: Well, if you say so... __________ there _____________(11) be a theme for the party?
Martha: No, I don't think so. Just a chance to get together and have fun.
Jane: I'm sure it___________________(12) be lots of fun.
82
Let’s talk about the FUTURE
Do you think scientists will find a cure for AIDS and cancer?
Do you think aliens will ever visit the Earth? When? What will happen?
What new inventions would you like to see in the future? Give reasons
83
New Year, New Life
Lots of people make New Year’s Resolutions at the beginning of a new year. What’s a
Resolution? Well, it is like a promise to yourself that you are going to change your life a little by
doing something new or by stopping some bad habits. People think it is a good time to try and
change as it’s the beginning of a new year and so the beginning of new things. Here are some
kids talking about their New Year’s Resolutions.
I love sport especially football. I play football but I want to get better, I want to play for Real
Madrid. This year I am going to join a club and do more exercise. I’m also going to stop eating
junk food because I think this will help me to play well. Plus, I want to be a good person so I’m
going to be kind and help other children...........Jack 12yrs old
When I am older, I want to be a dentist. I have to pass all my exams to get a place at University
and work hard there. So this year I’m going to revise and do extra lessons. I’m also going to stop
surfing the Internet on schooldays, I think this will help me to focus on my studies. I want to
help my mum, so this year I’m going to help her more, I’m going to do more chores around the
house......Mary 14yrs old
I’m going to travel to Spain next summer with my family. I want to be able to speak to Spanish
people and perhaps make some friends so this year I’m going to learn Spanish, I’m going to
start a language course and read Spanish books in my free time. Also I’m going to stop shouting
at my little brother, sometimes he takes my things but he’s only five so I’ m going to be patient
with him........Joe 14yrs old
What is a Resolution?
Why do lots of people make resolutions in January?
Do you think it’s a good idea to make Resolutions?
Do you usually make any?
Make some resolutions now
84
MY PLANS FOR THE FUTURE
I very often think about my future: What will happen to me? Who would I like to be in the
future? What to do next in my life? You are going to think carefully about your future plans
and share them.
Be specific with details. Where? When? How? Who? How many children? Married or Single?
Specializations? Where? How ? Pets? Travels? Where? When? Sports, Places you are going
to visit, job…
Use the connectors: First, however, moreover, besides, therefore, after that, next, then,
before, and, finally. And adjectives of feelings: Worried, interested, excited, disappointed,
nervous, scared, confused, proud, confident…
I often think about my future…. When I finish…/I never think about my future but I
will try to do I first…./ My future plans are: First/ When I finish….
I don’t know where I’m going to live in the future. I would like to have a flat/house./
I would like to live near the beach/downtown because… /I’m going to live in …….
because…
85
Vacation from Hell
(phrasal verbs practice)
Jane and I were sad, and our boss said we should go on a vacation to a beautiful coast if we
didn’t mind the cost. Then we came across a picture on Facebook of an old friend sitting on a
boat he’d bought in the Philippines. We couldn’t get over how gorgeous it was. We
immediately phoned the travel agent, who we were quite fond of, and told him to set us up a
flight using our joint savings fund.
Our plane was to take off the following week, and that is when our plans started falling apart.
Our plane got delayed due to bad weather and we ended up sleeping in a tiny bed in a bad part
of town in a crummy hotel. The next day, on the way back to the airport, wouldn’t you guess,
our taxi ran out of gas.
Thirty hours later we finally arrived at our hut on the beach and settled in. We took a nap and
woke up to some strange man in a robe who we thought was going to rob us, but he just
wanted to rub our backs. I don’t know how he got into our room.
For dinner, the restaurant only served ox head, which they cut off with an axe right in front of
our eyes. It was terrifying.
We ran into our old friend after dinner. He got drunk and started screaming at us but we
couldn’t make out what he was saying. The next morning our wallet and purse were stolen.
We decided we’d had enough. We couldn’t put up with any more trouble. We went home the
next day and never looked back.
86
Match the phrasal verbs with their meanings:
A. to separate part of something from the rest by cutting it with a knife or something sharp
B. to meet sb by chance
C. to arrange and plan
D. to get comfortable in a new place
E. to understand
F. to begin to fly
G. to break into pieces; to go wrong
H. to have no more of something
I. to finally be in particular place or situation without intending to
J. to accept an unpleasant situation or person without complaining
K. to stop feeling unhappy about something (ALSO used informally to express that you are
really surprised or impressed by something)
L. to meet or find sb or sth by chance
87
Moving to another world
It is the year 2083. The world has been destroyed and only you and 12 other
people are alive. You have a rocket that will take you to a planet similar to Earth
where you must start life again. However, there is only space for you and 5 other
people.
88
Kim Lee Matthew Pedro
Kim Lee is 45, Matthew is Pedro is 39
from South 34 and is an and is a
Korea, and expert on professional
was a professor of physics. He nanny and a
Chemistry at Harvard has 320 qualified
University, before going science books in his psychologist. He knows
to prison for burning his luggage. When he arrived how to hunt and he
ex-wife’s house down. He at the rocket, he was in speaks 11 languages
can be quite violent. handcuffs with a fluently. He hates gay
policeman, but the people and won’t travel
policeman was shot dead with them.
for “looking at somebody
funny”. As he died, he
screamed “you must not
take this man! He is very
dangerous!”
89
RELATIVE CLAUSES (odnosne rečenice)
We use relative clauses to give additional information about something without starting
another sentence. By using a relative clause, your text becomes more fluent and you can avoid
repeating certain words.
Koristimo odnosne rečenice da bismo dali dodatne informacije o nekome ili nečemu bez
započinjanja nove rečenice. Na taj način izbegavamo ponavljanje.
Imagine, a girl is talking to Tom. You want to know who she is and ask a friend whether he
knows her. You could say:
It would be easier with a relative clause: you put both pieces of information into one sentence.
In the second example we used relative pronoun WHO and formed just one sentence.
Defining relative clauses give detailed information and define a general term or expression.
Defining relative clauses are not put in commas.
In these sentences who and which are subject of the verbs in the relative clauses.
Sometimes who and which are objects of the verbs. They can be dropped.
The man who I wanted to see wasn’t there. OR: The man I wanted to see wasn’t there.
Have you found the keys that you lost? OR: Have you found the keys you lost?
90
2. Non-Defining Relative Clauses
Non-defining relative clauses just give additional information on something, but do not define
it. Non-defining relative clauses are put in commas.
The house in our neighborhood, which has been empty for five years, has just been sold.
Mr. Jason, who has worked for the company for 20 years, is retiring next week.
3. Relative Pronouns
91
EXERCISE:
A holiday in Scotland
We spent our holiday in Scotland last year. Scotland is in the north of Great Britain.
Last year we spent our holidays in Scotland, which is in the north of Great Britain.__________
Arthur Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh. He wrote the Sherlock Holmes stories.
Arthur Conan Doyle ____________________________________________________________
We then travelled to a mountain. The mountain is near the town of Fort William.
We then ______________________________________________________________________
The mountain is the highest mountain in Great Britain. It is called Ben Nevis.
The mountain __________________________________________________________________
92
Charles Dickens
Later Dickens’ books were based on people he had known and places he had lived in. For
example in ‘David Copperfield’ he wrote about the prison visits he paid to his father. In ‘Oliver
Twist’ he described children who were poor and he wrote about orphans – children whose
parents had died.
Dickens, who was also a good actor, often read his stories himself to audiences in England and
America.
He married a woman whose name was Catherine and whose father was, in fact, Dickens’ first
publisher.
In 1865, Dickens was in a train accident and never fully recovered. In 1870, Dickens had a stroke
and, at age 58, died at his country home in Kent, England.
93
Romantic love lasts only a year
Researchers discovered that levels of a chemical called Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) greatly
increase when a person first falls in love. NGF comes from the rush of adrenalin that occurs
when new love blossoms. The chemical fades over a year or so after people become more
secure in a relationship.
Research leader Dr. Enzo Emanuele reported: “We have demonstrated for the first time that
levels of NGF are elevated among people in love.”
His team analyzed 58 volunteers who had recently fallen in love. The researchers compared
NGF in this group with those in people who were single or in steady relationships. They found
increased levels of NGF in the new romantics. They also said NGF caused sweaty palms and
butterflies in stomachs, and perhaps made young men buy red roses and candlelit dinners.
Vocabulary
94
Comprehension questions
Free Discussion
95
Past Perfect Tense
FORM
Examples:
USE
Completed action before something in the past (završena radnja u prošlosti koja se desila pre
neke druge radnje u prošlosti)
Examples:
+
They had met 10 years before they got married.
-
They hadn’t met 10 years before they got married.
?
Had they met 10 years before they got married?
96
EXERCISE
Put the verbs into the correct tense (Simple Past or Past Perfect):
4. My sister (see / not) _________________ the note that I (put) ________________ on the
kitchen table for her
7. He (hear) ____________ the news, (go) ______________ to the telephone and (call)
_______________ a friend
8. When she (start) ______________ learning English, she (already / learn) _________________
French.
9. By the time he (arrive) ________________ at the pub, they (run) _______________ out of
beer
10. I (know) ________________ him for a long time before I (meet) ________________ his
family
11. It (be) _______________ cloudy for days before it finally (begin) ________________ to rain
97
REVISION 3
Can you bring soda to the picnic? I don't have ____________ (some / any).
Yeah, I think I've got _____________ (some / any) left over from the party.
How do you feel about your new job? Do you have as __________ (much / many)
responsibilities as you used to?
The job is great. I have about the same ___________ (amount / number) of work to do as
before, but I have __________ (less / fewer) stress and __________ (less / fewer) problems.
1. What are your plans for the weekend? I _____________ my cousins. (visit)
2. Doris is always late. I'm sure she ______________ late tomorrow evening. (be)
3. Would you like tea or coffee? I _______________ coffee. (have)
4. It's Julia's birthday next week, so I _________________ her flowers. (buy)
5. Do you think they _________________ the presents we got for them? (like)
98
New store lets you shop, walk out and pay later
Amazon just unveiled what it describes as the world's most advanced shopping technology.
It is the prime feature of its new-concept grocery store that has no queues or checkout
counters. It is called Amazon Go and is being tested in the company's hometown of Seattle.
The technology works via an app on a shopper's mobile device. The app automatically
checks in when the shopper enters the store. It lets you shop as normal and then scans
what you have bought as you leave the store. Amazon then bills you later and the shopping
gets charged to your Amazon account. There is no waiting in line, no cashiers, and no being
held up by slow customers, credit card transactions or waiting for change.
Amazon Go may revolutionize shopping experience and provide a much-needed boost for
brick-and-mortar stores. The grocery and convenience store markets are extremely tough
nuts to crack. Profit margins are low and competition is intense. However, Amazon seems
confident it can change people's shopping habits.
Rumors are that the online retail giant has plans for 2,000 grocery stores across the USA. It
could also get involved in selling the software for its shopping technology to retailers
worldwide.
Synonym match:
unveiled 1 support
prime 2 billed
trialed 3 assured
charged 4 revealed
held up 5 very
boost 6 indicated
extremely 7 main
confident 8 handy
suggested 9 tested
convenient 10 delayed
99
Comprehension questions
Discussion
100
Left-Handedness
Certainly, by medieval times it had become the custom to greet a traveller or stranger by
shaking hands, with the right hand. This was because the right hand was the one in which
people might carry a weapon. By using the right hand to shake hands it was clear that the right
hand concealed no weapon and that no danger was therefore present. However, a left-handed
person might still be concealing a weapon with his left hand and therefore could not be entirely
trusted.
Customs such as these worked their way into the language too. The Latin for "left" (and
"unlucky") was "sinister". Today "sinister" means "evil", in English. In modern Italian "sinistro"
means "crash or accident" (due to being unlucky). In French, the word for left is "gauche" which
is also used in English to mean "unsophisticated and awkward". "Mancino", the Italian word for
"left-handed" can also be used to mean "deceitful".
In general, it seems that anything to do with the left including actually being left-handed has
negative connotations or is at least considered unlucky as far as history, customs and even
modern words and phrases are concerned.
However, there are some exceptions: apparently the ancient Egyptians thought that entering a
house with your left foot first brought good luck and in ancient Peru the Incas believed that it
was a sign of good luck to be left-handed.
ACTIVITY 1
1. Why did people start using their right hand to shake hands?
2. What is the English word of French origin which means ‘unsophisticated and awkward’?
3. What ancient civilization thought that being left-handed was a sign of good luck?
101
ACTIVITY 2
1. According to some sources the __________ of bad feeling towards "leftness" may go back as
far as the ancient customs of early sun-worshipping civilizations.
2. The figure of God can often be seen dividing __________ into two categories.
3. The right hand was the one in which people might carry a __________.
4. A left-handed person might still be concealing a weapon with his left hand and therefore
could not be entirely __________.
6. "Mancino", the Italian word for "left-__________" can also be used to mean "deceitful".
8. Apparently the __________ Egyptians thought that entering a house with your left foot first
brought good luck.
ACTIVITY 3
102
Used to vs. Be used to
USED TO BE USED TO
Used to expresses that an activity was a past Be used to expresses something that you are
habit; it was occurring at an earlier stage of accustomed to; are familiar with and accept as
life but not now. It is followed by bare normal. It is followed by gerund.
infinitive *It can be followed by a noun too
We used to go camping every spring. (We We are used to going camping every spring.
don’t do it anymore) (It is a family custom)
David used to live in Madrid. (He now lives in David is used to living in Madrid. (He doesn’t
London) mind living there)
EXERCISE
2. This street ________________________ (be) very dark until the new lights were installed.
3. He doesn't have any problem getting to work at 8:00 in the morning because he
_____________________________ (get up) early.
5. I'm now ______________________________ (eat) hamburgers, but at first I didn't like them.
103
Then and now
John
When I was younger I used to go to school. I
used to play football and tennis, I loved sport. I
also used to read a lot of books. Now, I don’t
like reading books and I never play sport-I’m too
tired after work!
Kevin
When I was young I used to be a pilot and I
loved my job because it was interesting. I
used to live in London. Now I’m retired and
live in Scotland.
Paula
When I was younger I used to live in Spain,
that’s where I was born. Now I live in Ireland,
near Dublin. I used to have problems speaking
English but now I understand everything people
say to me.
104
1. What did John use to do when he was younger?
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________
105
Why is drinking alcohol so popular at the high school level?
As a high school student, I think I have a thorough understanding of what is going on.
Most people would agree that alcohol can be dangerous and quite damaging, directly or
indirectly. The only people who believe otherwise are either denying a known fact or are
extremely ignorant.
Most people would agree that being drunk isn't very pleasurable since they lose control over
many of their actions, and afterwards, as a direct result, feel darn sick. Personally, I feel as
though vomiting isn't much fun, but maybe it's me.
Okay, let's be entirely honest. What enjoyment is gained from drinking? I think I have an
answer, and I'll admit now I may be entirely off-base, but I have confidence in my theory:
Drinking gives a sense of infantile satisfaction.
When I was a junior, my English teacher (to make a point) put an envelope on his desk that was
labeled "dirty pictures" and he said nobody was to touch it. A child feels a strong curiosity when
told she or he cannot drink alcohol. Every child loves to disobey the "rules". So she or he is
compelled to try it. The reason why drinking is so popular among high school students is
because it is considered fun and acceptable to break rules.
I have only one piece of advice for these drinkers: take responsibility for yourself and ask
yourself why you are drinking. Teenagers couldn't give an intelligent answer to justify their
actions. And "It's fun!" is not an intelligent answer. To put it nutshell: grow up, you are
impressing no one but other immature people.
A) Find words in the first four paragraphs of the text that mean approximately the same as:
1. comprehensive
2. risky
3. harmful
4. agreeable
5. completely
6. satisfaction
106
B) Find evidence in the text for the following statements.
107
Common English Idioms – Part II
In hot water
This means to be in difficulties, especially in serious trouble
Hold your horses, you might find a better one for the same price in another store.
He tries to be both teacher and friend, but got caught between two
stools.
Cold feet
This means to lose courage to do something you had planned
108
EXERCISE
hold your horses, in hot water, cost an arm and a leg, caught between two stools, cold feet, lose
one’s marbles, see eye to eye
1. If you try to please both your father and mother, you can end up
_______________________________
2. Okay, I’ll tell you what I’m going to do, although you’ll probably think that I have
___________________________________
5. I don’t know how you could afford this sports car. It must have
_________________________________________
109
Brown shoes could mean you fail a job interview
The study was undertaken by the British government's Social Mobility Commission.
Researchers looked at how the industry selected people in job interviews. They found that
the industry was governed by "relatively unclear" codes of conduct. They wrote: "For men,
the wearing of brown shoes with a business suit is generally considered
unacceptable…within investment banking."
The survey suggested that people from working class backgrounds had to change their
behavior to fit in with bankers who were from middle and upper classes. One newly-
appointed banker said: "I felt like my accent was a bit out of place, so I changed it."
The study also said the industry discriminated against those who did not go to elite
universities. The Commission's chairman said: "Bright, working-class kids are being
systematically locked out of top jobs in investment banking because they did not attend a
small handful of elite universities." He added: "It is shocking…that some investment bank
managers still judge candidates on whether they wear brown shoes with a suit, rather than
on their skills and potential."
VOCABULARY
110
CANDIDATE: Rank these. Put the most important things a candidate needs at a job
interview at the top.
1. work experience
2. good clothes
3. politeness
4. a firm handshake
5. nice shoes
6. a nice smile
7. confidence
8. qualifications
Comprehension questions
How old are the unwritten rules the investment banking industry follows?
Who looked at how the industry selected people in interviews?
What was described as being 'relatively unclear'?
What is considered unacceptable in the investment banking industry?
What did one banker have to change to not feel out of place?
What kind of universities do investment bankers usually come from?
Who is being systematically locked out of top investment banking jobs?
What are candidates not being judged on?
Discussion
111
Passive Voice
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known who or
what is performing the action.
In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however,
who did it, or it’s not important.
Form
Examples of Passive
writes a letter.
Simple Present Active: Rita
112
Tense Subject Verb Object
is writing a letter.
Present Continuous Active: Rita
Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two
objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a
subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.
113
EXERCISE
A few weeks later, Mr. Otis, his wife and their children, Washington, Virginia and the twins,
went down to their new home.
They were led into the library of the castle, where they sat down and began to look around.
Suddenly, Mrs. Otis saw a red stain on the floor just by the fireplace and said to the
housekeeper, “I am afraid something has been spilt there.”
“Yes, madam,” said the old housekeeper in a low voice, “blood has been spilt on that spot.”
“How terrible,” said Mrs. Otis; “I don't want any blood-stains in my sitting-room. It must be
removed at once.”
The old woman smiled and answered, “It is the blood of Lady Eleanore de Canterville, who was
murdered on that spot by her husband, Sir Simon de Canterville, in 1575. Sir Simon disappeared
seven years later. His body has never been found, but his ghost still haunts the Castle. The
blood-stain is a tourist attraction now and it cannot be removed.”
“That is all nonsense,” said Washington, the eldest son of the Otis family, “it will easily be
removed by stain remover,” and he took a bottle of stain remover out of his pocket and cleaned
the spot. But as soon as the blood-stain had disappeared, a flash of lightning lit up the room
and thunder made the whole building shake.
114
Rewrite the sentences in passive voice:
115
Hadrian's Wall
Fill the gaps with the correct tenses (active or passive voice):
In the year 122 AD, the Roman Emperor Hadrian (visit) _______________ his provinces in
Britain.
On his visit, the Roman soldiers (tell) ______________ him that Pictish tribes from Britain's
north (attack) _____________________ them.
So Hadrian (give) ________________ the order to build a protective wall across one of the
narrowest parts of the country.
After 6 years of hard work, the Wall (finish) ____________________ in 128.
It (be) _________________ 117 kilometers long and about 4 meters high.
The Wall (guard) ____________________ by 15,000 Roman soldiers.
Every 8 kilometers there (be) ____________________ a large fort in which up to 1,000 soldiers
______________________ (find) shelter.
The soldiers (watch) ___________________ over the frontier to the north and (check)
_____________________ the people who (want) _________________ to enter or leave Roman
Britain.
In order to pass through the Wall, people (must go) ____________________ to one of the small
forts that (serve) ____________________ as gateways.
Those forts (call) ___________________ mile castles because the distance from one fort to
another (be) ____________________ one Roman mile (about 1,500 meters).
Between the mile castles there (be) ______________________ two turrets from which the
soldiers (guard) ________________________.
If the Wall (attack) _____________________ by enemies, the soldiers at the turrets (run)
_____________________ to the nearest mile castle for help or (light) __________________ a
fire that (can / see) _______________________ by the soldiers in the mile castle.
In 383 Hadrian's Wall (abandon) _________________________.
Today Hadrian's Wall (be) _____________________ the most popular tourist attraction in
northern England.
In 1987, it (become) _______________________ a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
116
Read about the dumbest criminals ever. Fill in the gaps with narrative tenses, active or
passive:
Justin Stansfield, 38, a British heroin addict and thief, ______ (break into) a garage. He ________
(intend) to steal anything he could find of value so he could sell and buy some more drugs. While in the
garage he _______ (find) a freezer full of cold beers so he decided to have some fun. Justin _______
(take out) his fake teeth to enjoy a couple of Popsicles which he ______________ (also discover) in the
freezer. Unfortunately, before he left he forgot to put his teeth back in. Later this ______ (cost) him
sixteen months behind bars.
A thief in Portland, Oregon, ______ (break into) a house, ________ (go through) every inch of the
property, _______ (open) all the drawers, and ______(steal) everything of value he could find without
leaving any fingerprints. However, what appeared to be almost the perfect robbery _________ (ruin)
when the thief grabbed a container of orange juice from the refrigerator and took a gulp directly from it,
leaving it in the sink. The container _______ (send) straight to the DNA testing unit at the Oregon State
Crime Lab in Clackamas where forensic scientists found a match. Christopher Lathrop quickly confessed
after he ______ (arrest) and will probably never drink orange juice again.
Fort Myers Beach, Florida, can be proud of producing the worst, and possibly funniest, amateur
American criminal who ever lived. Christopher Kron _______ (create) his own personal “legend” when
he tried to rob a closed restaurant. First he tripped the alarm when he broke in; he didn’t listen to or just
didn’t care about the NON-SILENT alarm; when ADT called the restaurant after receiving the alarm
signal, Kron ________ (answer) the phone and, pay attention here, gave the ADT employee his real
name; when he finally _____ (decide) to leave, all he took was a bottle of Grand Marnier and a beer.
So, you probably think that was the end of it, right? Well there’s more. Believe it or not, Kron managed
to get away with his illegal act but made sure to return to the restaurant the next day where an
employee who ______ (see) the surveillance video recognized him. Kron _______ (arrest) and if there
were an award for the dumbest criminal in history, he would be a very serious contender.
117
Which of these stories do you find the most ridiculous? Which robber is the champion of
stupidity?
Have you ever read any similar stories in the newspapers?
Do you always lock your house? How about your car?
Do you know anyone who has been mugged? Has it ever happened to you?
Do you think your country is a safe place to live? Why or why not?
Are some parts of this city considered more dangerous than others? Which parts?
Do you walk alone at night in your home city?
Is prison an effective punishment? Why or why not?
Have you ever done anything illegal? If so, what did you do?
Is it ever OK to break the law? If so, when?
This criminal
(noun) does this... crime (noun) action (verb)
arsonist sets fire to other people's property illegally arson commit arson
118
This criminal
(noun) does this... crime (noun) action (verb)
robber steals money etc., using force or the threat robbery rob
of force
industrial spy secretly gets information about a company industrial spying spy
stowaway hides on a plane or ship to travel secretly stowing away stow away
and free
119
1) Write the names of criminals and the verbs. 2) What kinds of criminal are these people? Use the
forgery 1___forger____ _______________ words from the box.
mugging 9___mugger___ _______________ 5. She took a wallet from somebody’s bag during the
lunch hour.____________________
kidnapping 10___________ _______________
drug dealing 11___________ ___deal drugs___ 6. He spent five years in prison for making a copy of
banknotes._______________
blackmail 12 __________ _______________
7. John got into the house through an open window
and took some cash and jewellery. _____________
3) Complete the sentences using 6 verbs given on the right in the correct form.
forge
1. Two journalists have been___________________________ by political extremists. forge
steal
2. Someone ___________________ my signature. mug
burgle
3. Sam often ________________ joyriding at the weekend. His parents don’t know about it. burgle
kidnap
4. Mr. Smith’s house was ____________________ while he was on holiday. kidnap
set
5. If he _______________ fire to any more buildings, he will go to prison for sure. set mug
6. Tom was ________________________ just in front his house. go go
_____
120
How Important Is Physical Beauty?
Our desire for physical beauty is an original human feeling, like the desire for food, or
happiness. Just as those other things drive us toward survival, physical beauty is programmed
into our brains as a means of staying alive and furthering our family line. After all, if males and
females weren’t attracted to each other, none of us would even be here.
Physical beauty is important and studies have shown that people tend to judge each other
based on their physical looks. According one theory people associate good traits with attractive
people before they even come in contact with them. A study has shown that attractive people
were rated more socially successful, more financially successful and happier than unattractive
people by those who saw them for the first time.
It’s no secret we are a culture obsessed by image. This even shows in business world. Fifty-
seven percent of hiring managers told NEWSWEEK that qualified but unattractive candidates
are likely to have a harder time landing a job, while more than half advised spending as much
time and money on making sure they look attractive as on perfecting a résumé.
Define beauty? One may as well dissect a soap bubble. We know it when we see it—or so we
think. Philosophers frame it as a moral equation. What is beautiful is good, said Plato. Poets
have something to say about it as well. "Beauty is truth, truth is beauty," wrote John Keats.
Others are more concrete. "People come to me and say: 'Doctor, make me beautiful,'" a plastic
surgeon reveals.
At its best, beauty celebrates. At its worst, beauty discriminates. Studies suggest attractive
people make more money, get called on more often in class, receive lighter court sentences,
and are perceived as friendlier.
But what happens when we overcome that first impression and get to know someone better?
Do we still focus on physical appearance, or something else becomes more important? Henry
James met the English novelist George Eliot when she was 49 years old. "She is magnificently
ugly," he wrote to his father. "She has a low forehead, a dull grey eye, a vast pendulous nose, a
huge mouth, full of uneven teeth…. Now in this vast ugliness resides a most powerful beauty
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which, in a very few minutes, charms the mind, so that you end as I ended, in falling in love with
her."
Yet, the quest for beauty prevails. And it is costly. In the United States last year people spent six
billion dollars on fragrance and another six billion on makeup. Hair- and skin-care products
drew eight billion dollars each, which fingernail items alone accounted for a billion. In the
mania to lose weight 20 billion was spent on diet products and services—in addition to the
billions that were paid out for health club memberships and cosmetic surgery.
SYNONYMS
encounter regard, view
drive characteristic
trait meeting
obsessed triumph
perceive force, urge
prevail preoccupied
DISCUSSION
122
Conditional Sentences
TYPE 1
Use
Conditional Sentences Type I refer to the future. An action in the future will only happen if a
certain condition is fulfilled by that time. We don't know for sure whether the condition
actually will be fulfilled or not, but the conditions seems rather realistic.
Form
if + Simple Present + will-Future
TYPE 2
Use
Conditional Sentences Type II refer to actions that could happen if the present situation were
different. We don't really expect the situation to change, however. We just imagine „what
would happen if …“
Form
if + Simple Past + would + Infinitive
TYPE 3
Use
Conditional Sentences Type III refer to situations in the past. It is impossible that the condition
will be fulfilled because we can’t change the past.
Form
if + Past Perfect + Would have + Past Participle
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EXERCISE
If you do your homework now, we _____________ (go) to the cinema in the evening.
If we ______________ (order) the book now, we will have it tomorrow.
If I had more money, I _____________ (buy) a bigger car.
If I ______________ (meet) my favorite movie star, I would ask him for an autograph.
I _______________ (tell) you if I need your help.
I would go swimming if the weather ______________ (be) better.
If he _______________ (not have) time tomorrow, we will meet the day after.
If I were you, I _________________ (not know) what to do.
If we don't order the tickets soon, there ______________ (not be) any tickets left.
She _________________ (not say) that if she were your friend.
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You are going to read a text about an 85
year-old woman talking about her life.
You see – I’m one of those people who live seriously and sanely hour after hour, day after day.
Oh, I have my moments. And if I had to do it over again, I’d have more of them. In fact, I’d try to
have nothing else, just moments one after another, instead of living so many years ahead of
each day.
I’ve been one of those persons who never goes anywhere without a thermometer, a hot water
bottle, a raincoat and a parachute. If I had to do it over again, I would travel lighter than I have.
If I had to live my life over, I would start barefoot earlier in the spring and stay that way later in
autumn. I would go to more dances and celebrate life.
a. Why do you think the author would dare make more mistakes next time? Find evidences on
the text.
b. How does the author describe herself?
c. Do you think you would regret so many things if you were her age? Why /not?
125
Titanic
On April 10th 1912, the Titanic set sail on its
first trip, from England to New York. At the
time it was made, it was said to be the safest
ship ever built. However, at 11:40 p.m. on
April 12th 1912, it hit an iceberg in the North
Atlantic, and three hours later, at 2:20 a.m., it
sank. There were 2200 people on board, but
only 705 survived; 1503 people died, most from freezing to death in the cold water.
Why did the accident happen and why did so many people die? There is no one single reason;
it was the result of many factors.
•The ship received warnings about icebergs ahead, but didn't slow down; instead it
continued to sail at full speed.
•The lookout sailor didn't have any binoculars with him, so he wasn't able to see the iceberg
until it was too close to miss.
•Although the ship carried 2200 passengers, there were only 20 lifeboats, enough for a
maximum of 1200 people.
•Because the Titanic was thought to be unsinkable many passengers didn't take the danger
seriously and didn't hurry to the lifeboats. Many of the lifeboats left only half full.
•The survivors were picked up by another ship, the Carpathia, which received the emergency
radio message. Another ship in the area, however, which was actually closer to the Titanic than
the Carpathia, didn't hear the emergency call because the radio operator had gone to bed.
If the water had been warmer, more people would have survived..
1) _____________________________________________________________________________________
2) _____________________________________________________________________________________
3) _____________________________________________________________________________________
4) __________________________________________________________________________________________
5) __________________________________________________________________________________________
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Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:
Put the verbs into the most suitable form to make correct conditional sentences:
Do you like jazz music? Because if you (like) ____________________ jazz, you
____________________ (love) New Orleans.
Vanessa hates boat trips. But if she (hate / not) ______________________ boat trips, she
_______________________ (enjoy) a riverboat cruise on the Mississippi.
If the founders of the city (hate) ________________________ the King of France, they
__________________________ (call / not) the place Nouvelle-Orléans in honor of him.
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Shopping: The new Drug
What do you do for recreation? Do you swim, dance, play cards, garden, or read? Many people
today prefer to spend their free time shopping. These people are called recreational shoppers.
Recreational shoppers do not always buy something. They really enjoy the shopping
experience.
Of course, many people like going to indoor malls. However, for recreational shoppers, the mall
is more than stores. For them, the mall represents happiness and fulfillment. For these people,
a visit to the mall is an adventure. In fact, for many recreational shoppers the art of looking for
and buying something is more fun than owning it.
Recently, a group of psychologists studied recreational shopping. First, they used tests to
identify recreational shoppers. Then they compared recreational shoppers with ordinary
shoppers. The psychologists discovered that the two groups were different. Recreational
shoppers were usually younger, less self-confident, and more often female. In addition, they
were more interested in material things and had less self-control.
The recreational shoppers also went shopping when they felt worried, angry, or depressed.
Ordinary shoppers didn't. Most of the recreational shoppers said buying something helped
them feel better-it made them happy. Their negative feelings went away. Many recreational
shoppers also did something unusual while they were shopping. They pretended that they were
different people with different lives.
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B. Discussion
Customer: I’m not sure. I ___________________ (hope) you could help me.
Customer: She ____________________ (love) doing crossword puzzles and is very fond of reading.
Shop Assistant: What about this crossword book? And ______________________ (she/read) Ken
Follett’s latest book?
Shop Assistant: Well, it ______________ (be) very interesting. I _______________ (read) it last week
when I __________ (be) on holiday, so I can recommend it.
Customer: OK, I _____________________ (take) it. Can you gift wrap the two together, please?
Customer: Here you are and thank you so much for all your help.
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Adjectives ending in ED and ING
An adjective that ends in -ING is used to describe: the characteristic of a person, a thing
or a situation
An adjective that ends in -ED is used to describe: a feeling (or how a person feels) or an
emotion. Since only people (and some animals) have feelings, -ed adjectives cannot be
used to describe an object or situation.
This grammar lesson is boring. I am bored reading all about these grammar rules.
I am tired right now. My flight was tiring (because it was a twelve-hour flight).
Public toilets are usually disgusting. I am disgusted by the smell in some of them.
Your speech was very inspiring. I am now inspired to do wonderful things with my life.
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EXERCISE:
131
Helping
people
a) Jane, age 22, is a young professional tennis player who came from a small village but is
on her way to become the first one ever to represent her country at the Olympics. One day, she
fell and suffered severe spinal injuries. She now needs a very expensive surgery she has no
money for, or she will stay in a wheelchair for the rest of her life.
b) A family of six, parents (Kate and John) and kids, Rose (15), Danny (10), Hannah (7) and
Max (2), have suffered a great tragedy. Their house burned down with all their belongings so
they are homeless now. The children had to leave school since only the dad has a job and
education for all of them is very expensive. They need a great amount of money to get a new
place to live and to get back on their feet.
c) Harry (12) and Ginny (21) are brother and sister who lost their parents in a car accident.
Ginny is 21 so she can legally take care of her brother but she doesn’t have a job and a place for
them to stay. They have nobody to help them. They will have to be separated into two different
families unless she finds enough money to provide for them both.
d) Mr. Wilson (52), is one of the most favorite and beloved professors at the University of
California. He has done a lot of scientific research and has been helping his students all his life.
He has been diagnosed with a serious heart disease that made him unable to teach anymore.
Because he is all alone, his students want to raise money for his expensive treatment so he can
come back to the University.
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Decide how you would help them. Make a detailed plan. Here are some
questions that will help you.
Who are you going to help and why?
What kind of event would you organize? (For example a school play, a football game, a
concert, etc.)
How would you attract people? (Advertising your event, interesting activities, etc. )
Who would attend an event? (Students, their parents, teachers, anyone, etc.)
How would you earn profit? (Sell tickets, charitable donations, selling something etc.)
133
Environmental Issues
Read the paragraphs below and match them with the threat they refer to:
2.“Every year humans kill about 100 million sharks, skates and rays, about
half of them caught as unwanted “by-catch” while fishing for other ·Air pollution
species. Sharks are particularly sensitive to overfishing because they grow
slowly, mature late and have few young each generation. As top predators,
sharks play a crucial role in the health of the ocean ecosystems and their
extermination could lead to major ecological changes in the ocean”. ·Overpopulation
3.“ In February 2002, a huge section of the Larsen B Ice Shelf along The
Antarctic Peninsula coast suddenly disintegrated into thousands of
icebergs. The total volume of ice released was the equivalent to 29 trillion ·Water pollution
bags of party ice. Climatologists warn that this dramatic collapse could be a
signal of global climate change and an omen of catastrophic events to
come.”
·Deforestation
4.“ A 1 per cent loss of ozone results in a 2 per cent increase in UV rays
reaching the earth’s surface and could result in about a million extra
human skin cancers per year worldwide.”
·Ozone Depletion
5.“ Every second, on average, four or five children are born somewhere on
the earth. I that same second, two other people die. This difference
between births and deaths means a net gain of roughly 2.5 more humans
per second in the world population. This means we are adding 9,000 per ·Global warming
hour, 217,000 per day, or about 79 million more people per year.”
6.“ Sulfur dioxide and sulphuric acid released by industry causes massive ·Toxic waste
destruction of the vegetation. Rains then wash away the exposed soil,
leaving a barren moonscape.”
7.“Pollution from factory pipes has been vastly reduced but erosion from
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farm fields, construction sites, airborne mercury, sulphur and other
substances are increasingly contaminating lakes and wetlands.”
9.“ How does the air taste, feel, smell, and look in your neighbourhood?
Chances are that wherever you live, the air is contaminated to some
degree. Smoke, dust, corrosive gases and toxic compounds are present
nearly everywhere.”
The Amazon forest covers five million square kilometers, an area as big as the whole Europe
excluding Russia. It contains one third of the world’s trees. However, the trees are
disappearing. By 1974, a quarter of the forest had already been cut down. In the following
year, 1975, four per cent of the remaining trees went. If the destruction of the forest continues
at the same rate, there will be nothing left in a few years.
Scientists say that the disappearance of trees is already
causing changes in the climate. In Peru, there is less snow
than before on the high peaks of the Andes mountains. In
Bolivia there is very little rain.
What will happen if more of the Amazon forest is cut
down? According to climatologists if the Amazon forest
disappears, there will be less oxygen and it will be difficult
for us to breathe, the temperature will rise, the ice-caps at
the North and the South poles will melt. Even the sea level
will rise. Therefore, seaside cities will be flooded.
Scientists do not agree about the calculations which can
be done in different ways with different results. But all the scientists agree that if we destroy
the Amazon forest, it will be an environmental suicide. Life on earth will become difficult, and it
may become impossible.
135
1-Give a title to the text.
______________________________________________________________________________
1-whole a- weather
2-climate b-go up
3-rise c-result
4-consequence d- complete
136
Fill in the gaps in the text below with the words from the table.
Friends of the Earth is the world’s largest international network of (1) ……………………………………….
Groups represented in 68 countries. In the UK, it was the first organization to campaign to save
whales, (2) …………………………………….. species and tropical (3) …………………………………………. .
Friends of the Earth also fought against (4) ………………………………………… rain, (5)
…………………………………… depletion and climate (6) …………………………………………………. .
The organization’s present campaigns cover many more issues, such as protecting the wildlife
and the countryside and cutting air pollution. They promote waste (7)
……………………………………………… and cleaning up of (8) …………………………………………. Rivers. They
also campaign for the reduction of traffic levels and the improvement of public transport.
They lobby politicians and political parties to protect the ozone (9) ……………………………………………
and control dangerous chemicals.
to control dangerous chemicals. Their objectives also include promoting energy efficiency and
(10) …………………………………………….. energy.
Match the words from the two columns to create phrases or collocations.
1. ozone A. waste
2. nuclear B. layer
3. natural C. rain
4. greenhouse D. effect
5. global E. dioxide
6. dumping F. warming
7. carbon G. resources
8. acid H. ground
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REVISION 4
3) Blackpool in England _________________ the most popular tourist destination. These days,
English people prefer to go abroad.
used to be
is used to being
2. Change these active sentences to passive. Choose if you need the agent or not:
138
3. Make the conditional sentences:
2) (Third) If the students ______________________ (not/be) late for the exam, they
_________________________ (pass).
2) It is so (frustrating / frustrated)! No matter how much I study I can’t seem to remember this
vocabulary.
6) She looked very (confusing / confused) when I told her we had to change the plan.
139
Children who work
Neil Freeman, a student from Essex, works 20 hours each week in a fast
food restaurant in which he began working part-time last summer
holiday. He said his grades had decreased since then. “It’s hard to get
the schoolwork done. Lots of times I’m just too tired to do my
homework or pay attention in class”, he said. He keeps his job because
he likes having extra money to buy things like records and clothes.
Several national studies have found that almost half of all school children in UK have part-time
jobs. In 1985, the last year statistics available showed that several thousands 14 to 15-year-olds
who were partimers worked an average of 12 hours per week.
A Department of Education survey found that about 42 percent of secondary students spend
their earnings on personal items such clothing, records and recreation. A few were saving
money for college or contributions to family.
Some teenagers such as Lisa Griffith, whose family depend on her part-time job income, have
no other option but to work.
With so many teenagers working, many parents and other adults are worried that poor grades
will be the result. That’s why they are against allowing students to work while attending school.
But others believe that work teaches teenagers a sense of responsibility and a sense of self-
worth.
One recent survey at a secondary school found that 70 percent of the students worked. One
third of them worked more than 15 hours. Of those that worked more than 15 hours, half had
fail grade in at least one subject. Surveys at other secondary schools have shown no connection
between part-time jobs and fail grades.
Getting good grades and working part-time isn’t a problem for 16-year-old Kimberly Baim. She
does her homework either in her break or after work. Kim spends about 12 hours a week selling
frozen yoghurt in a shopping center. She’s been working there almost a year. “I took this job for
extra spending money”, she says.
Damien Hurst, 14, of Bishop’s Stortford, Hertfordshire disagrees. He quit his job as a cashier in a
local supermarket because his job took up too much of his time. “I was working after school
three days a week and at weekends”, he said. “I had to rush in the mornings to get my
homework done. Since I gave up my job, I have time to study. I have more time to spend with
friends.”
140
1. Where do the students work? Give some examples from the article
2. According to the survey, what do teenagers do with their money?
3. Why do some parents agree with teenagers who work?
4. Who, among students interviewed, is able to balance school and work?
5. “Only poor students should work” Do you agree or disagree? Explain your opinion.
6. Did you work as a student? If yes, what kind of job?
141
Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)
We use reported speech when we want to report what another person has said. The structure
is different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.
Statements
But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported
speech:
Questions
When transforming questions into reported speech, we need to change the position of the
subject and verb, and use IF in yes/no questions.
Requests
*Orders
Direct speech: Sit down!
Reported speech: She told me to sit down.
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Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple “I like ice cream” She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present “I am living in
She said (that) she was living in London.
continuous London”
past “I was walking along She said (that) she had been walking along the
continuous the street” street.
present
“I haven't seen Julie” She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.
perfect
“I had taken English She said (that) she had taken English lessons
past perfect*
lessons before” before.
will “I'll see you later” She said (that) she would see me later.
would* “I would help, but…” She said (that) she would help but...
“I can speak perfect She said (that) she could speak perfect
can
English” English.
“I could swim when I She said (that) she could swim when she was
could*
was four” four.
shall “I shall come later” She said (that) she would come later.
“I should call my
should* She said (that) she should call her mother
mother”
might* "I might be late" She said (that) she might be late
"I must study at the She said (that) she must study at the weekend
must
weekend" OR She said she had to study at the weekend
* doesn't change.
143
Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Change pronouns and time expressions where
necessary:
5. "Go upstairs."
→ Mom told me ___________________________________
144
Einstein's Chauffeur
This is a true life anecdote about Albert Einstein. Complete the text using these words:
After having proposed his famous theory, Albert Einstein would tour the various Universities in
the United States, __________________ lectures wherever he went. He was always
__________________ by his faithful chauffeur, Harry, who would __________________ each of
these lectures while seated in the back __________________. One fine day, after Einstein had
finished a lecture and was coming out of the lecture theatre into his __________________,
Harry addresses him and says,
"Professor Einstein, I've heard your lecture on Relativity so many times, that if I were ever given
the __________________, I would be able to deliver it to __________________ myself!"
"Very well," replied Einstein, "I'm going to Dartmouth next week. They don't know me there.
You can __________________ the lecture as Einstein, and I'll take your __________________
as Harry!"
And so it went to be... Harry delivered the lecture to perfection, without a word
__________________ of place, while Einstein sat in the back row playing "chauffeur", and
enjoying a __________________ for a change.
__________________ as Harry was descending from the podium, however, one of the research
assistants stopped him, and began to ask him a question __________________ the theory of
relativity.... one that involved a lot of complex __________________ and equations. Harry
replied to the assistant
"The answer to this question is very simple! In fact, it's so simple, that I'm going to let my
__________________ answer it!"
145
Choose the correct word:
1. IF / UNLESS you are careful on the internet, you WILL LOSE / WOULD LOOSE all the files.
2. Mr Bell DISCOVERED / INVENTED the telephone.
3. I’m sorry I’m late, but I MISSED / LOST /’VE MISSED /VE’ LOST my plane.
4. The SPECTATORS / AUDIENCE / VISITORS clapped for 5 minutes after the concert
yesterday.
5. My car broke DOWN / UP / OFF, so I MUST / HAD TO call a taxi.
6. We’ve RUN OUT OF / RUN UP OF sugar. COULD / MAY you go to the store and get SOME
/ ANY?
7. My alarm clock didn’t go ON / OFF SO / BECAUSE I was late for THE WORK / WORK / THE
JOB.
8. I studied for the exam, HOWEVER / ALTHOUGH / AND I didn’t PAST / PASSED/ PASS.
9. He isn’t good IN / AT / German, but he speaks Japanese PERFECTLLY / PERFECT / .TO
PERFECTION.
10. It’s not NATURAL / NATURALLY to see that NONE / NO ONE of the students knows
ANYTHING / NOTHING.
11. I don’t want to DO / HAVE NOTHING / ANYTHING with you, and I WON’T / WANT answer
ANY/NO of your questions.
146
Internet addiction sign of mental health
problems
The lead researcher in the study, professor Michael Van Ameringen, explained what kind of
problems he found with students. He said: "We found that students addicted to the Internet
had significantly more trouble dealing with their day-to-day activities, including life at home, at
work or school and in social settings." Professor Van Ameringen added: "People with Internet
addiction also had significantly higher amounts of depression and anxiety symptoms, problems
with planning and problems with time management." The professor said we needed to find out
just how big the problem of Internet addiction is. He also said we needed to find out if mental
health problems caused Internet addiction.
SYNONYM MATCH:
1. survey a. considerably
2. problems b. described
3. regularly c. hazards
4. general d. difficulties
5. dangers e. signs
6. explained f. study
7. significantly g. discover
8. symptoms h. frequently
9. find out i. led to
10. caused j. usual
147
TRUE / FALSE:
PROBLEMS: Rank these. Put the biggest problems with the Internet at the top:
QUESTIONS
How many students did researchers look at? How many had problems?
What did a professor think might cause Internet addiction?
How important is the Internet to you?
What is wrong with spending a long time online?
Will everyone be addicted to the Internet in the future?
What would life be like without the Internet?
What are the signs of being addicted to the Internet?
How dangerous is Internet addiction for children?
Are you addicted to the Internet?
Who is the most Internet-crazy person you know?
What do you mostly use Internet for?
How much time every day do you spend on social media?
Find the examples of reported speech in the text. Find the examples of direct speech and
change it to reported speech
148
Personality traits –Departmental Restructuring
You are a project manager in the human resources department of the local town hall that is
currently undergoing departmental restructuring. Below are the notes you took on 4 workers
that need to be reassigned. Make an assessment of their personalities from the notes you took.
Gladys always knows what’s happening in the world. Her phone has all the latest news apps
from all the press agencies around the world. She is also active in several pressure groups and is
constantly researching things to help the groups in their campaigns. She isn’t the sort of person
to tell jokes and tends to see the dark side in human nature. She is, however, very tolerant. She
believes very strongly in people’s rights and thinks equality should be guaranteed to everybody.
She also has an impressive memory which she can use very effectively when necessary.
Hon has had an interesting work-life. He has been a businessman, teacher and training
manager. He was born in Hong Kong and moved to the UK at the age of 7. He speaks both
Cantonese and Mandarin fluently and has a mathematical mind. He is a little on the innocent
side and has been the victim of several jokes. He always takes the jokes well, though. Despite
his mathematical mind, he can be a little forgetful. He is good with money and is very efficient
in how to use it. He has produced some high quality work but never boasts about it.
Martha has worked in local government for 35 years and has plenty of experience in all areas
of municipal administration. She is very capable and can do virtually anything she is asked. She
is very good with words and has an answer for everything. However, she sees the world as
black and white. She will not bend the rules for anybody and she hates change. However, if she
is happy, she is a good worker and is always patient with less experienced staff. She is highly
respected by her underlings.
William is a very social person and, for the most part, gets on well with his fellow workers.
The problem is that he prefers to sit around chatting to his colleagues rather than get on with
his work. Some of his co-workers actively avoid him when they are busy. Apart from that, he
has a lot of experience in drawing up contracts and has a very quick, legal mind. He knows the
law inside and out and doesn’t think twice when making decisions if he is motivated enough.
For organising events of any sort, from meetings to business lunches, he is rather effective. He
always asks for a pay rise every 6 months without fail.
149
Finance Director
The post of finance director is available to an analytical and statistically minded individual with
a talent for cautious spending and stringent budget operations. The successful candidate should
have a strong grasp of complex financial systems and possess language skills. Being prepared to
travel at a moment’s notice and the ability to pick up a bargain for resources in the Asian
markets would secure a competitive salary and flexible hours along with a team of their choice
to work with.
We need an enthusiastic team leader to help us develop business plans and examine the legal
aspects of business and job creation for the local area. The post entails the drawing up of
business contracts and employment regulation enforcement monitoring service. The
deployment of these services would need to be overseen by an efficient team of municipal
officers under direct control of the post-holder. Strong interpersonal skills are a must. A high
salary and bonus go to the right applicant.
The post of Equal Opportunities Director is a position of critical responsibility. The right person
to fill the post should not take the work that needs to be done lightly. The successful candidate
would be responsible for assessing and setting up equal opportunities compliance and
monitoring programs for all departments within the town hall and beyond. The appropriate
applicant would be able to select and run the team s/he requires with full departmental
support.
The person filling this post should have a broad knowledge of many departments within the
town hall. Flexible deadlines and working hours as well as a very competitive salary are on offer
for the right person. Work must be of an extremely high quality and the successful candidate
should be well prepared to ensure the successful communication our departmental policies to
all training teams.
150
Causative Verbs (Let / Make / Have / Get)
LET
Examples:
John let me drive his new car.
Will your parents let you go to the party?
MAKE
Examples:
My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.
Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?
HAVE
Examples:
Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.
Please have your secretary fax me the information.
GET
Examples:
Susie got her son to take the medicine even though it tasted terrible.
How can parents get their children to read more?
1. Sam really wanted a dog, but his parents wouldn't him have a pet.
2. I can't believe she you look at her vacation pictures again last night. We have to look
at those stupid pictures every time we go to her house.
3. I don't know how you convince your children to clean up their rooms. I couldn't my
children to clean up their rooms if my life depended on it.
4. Professor Yu each of her students write an essay describing their future goals in life.
5. Debbie's husband hates the opera. But after days of nagging, she finally him to go
see the new production of La Boheme.
6. Rebecca Smith requested a copy of that expense report, so I the courier take one
over to her last week.
7. Diane thinks television is a waste of time, so she won't her children watch TV.
8. How did you the doctor to make a house call? I haven't heard of a doctor actually
going to a patient's house in years.
9. Tommy didn't want to go to his cousin's birthday party, but his mom him go.
10. Dr. Jackson the nurse monitor the patient's condition overnight.
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Human rights
The winners were Tawakkol Karman, a leading figure in Yemen, who inspired thousands of
women to rise up in a region where women are considered second-class citizens; Liberian
President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the first elected female president in post-colonial Africa; and
peace activist Leymah Gbowee, from the same country.
This award arrived as women in Africa and the Middle East find themselves at a crossroads,
trying to break away from a history of restrictions fueled by culture and traditions. While
women have become more visible in government and social activism, deep challenges remain
in many areas, including education, employment and access to health care.
Tawakkol Karman called the award “a victory for our revolution, for our methods, for our
struggle, for all Yemeni youth, and all the youth in the Arab world. This will give the people
more strength. Peace is the only way to make a new Yemen,” she said. Her activism is all the
more unusual because it is happening in patriarchal, deeply conservative Yemen, where women
face restrictions and are often treated violently.
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf has been involved in Liberian politics for more than 30 years. As Liberia’s
president, she worked fervently to promote development in her country and the rights of
women and girls. “We are now going into our ninth year of peace, and every Liberian has
contributed to it,” she said. “We particularly give this credit to Liberian women, who have
consistently led the struggle for peace, even under conditions of neglect.”
Leymah Gbowee, the other Liberian laureate, organized Muslim and Christian women who,
wearing white T-shirts, demonstrated together in large numbers. They were instrumental in
bringing an end to Liberia’s civil war in 2003. Gbowee now heads the Women Peace and
Security Network Africa. “I’m shocked, I’m numb, I’m still really feeling like it’s all a dream to
me,” said Gbowee. “There is no way we can negotiate peace and security if we leave out the
women of the world. So there is naturally still a long way to go.”
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Find equivalents in the text for the words/expressions below:
Complete the following text about the importance of women in the world with seven words
from the box below. Use each word only once:
Women are doctors, farmers, engineers, business executives, taxi drivers, architects, authors,
journalists. They a)______________ their countries by being teachers, politicians and soldiers;
and, in many cases, they are also b)________________ for their families.
Despite all this, in many places, women are still victimized because some people believe in
women’s c)________________ to men.
The problems for women in the developing world d)______________ not just from tradition
but also from conflict, poverty and the e)______________ of basic health and educational
facilities.
Addressing the f)___________ of women in the developing world and increasing their
participation in the management of their societies would make an impact. Gender
g)__________ is essential for the development of any society. Women are important. Without
them, no nation can progress.
1) providers
2) disobedience
3) stem
4) lack
5) exist
6) inferiority
7) balance
8) helpers
9) serve
10) unequal
11) needs
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Complete the following text about discrimination with words formed from the ones given in
brackets:
DISCUSSION
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Americans' Trust in Mass Media Sinks to New Low
Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap
in the same line.
Americans' trust and confidence in the mass media "to report the news (0)___________ (full),
accurately and fairly" has dropped to its lowest level in Gallup polling history.
Gallup began asking this question in 1972, and on a (1)_________(year) basis since 1997. Over
the history of the entire trend, Americans' trust and confidence hit its highest point in 1976, at
72%, in the wake of examples of investigative journalism regarding Vietnam and the Watergate
scandal. After (2)__________ (stay) in the low to mid-50s through the late 1990s and into the
early years of the new century, Americans' trust in the media has fallen slowly and steadily. It
has consistently been below a majority level since 2007.
While it is clear Americans' trust in the media has been (3)_____________ (erosion) over time,
the election campaign may be the reason that it has fallen so sharply this year. With many
Republican leaders and conservative pundits saying Hillary Clinton has received overly positive
media attention, while Donald Trump has been receiving (4)_________ (fair) or negative
attention, this may be the prime reason their relatively low trust in the media has evaporated
even more. It is also possible that Republicans think less of the media as a result of Trump's
sharp (5)__________ (criticize) of the press. Republicans who say they have trust in the media
has plummeted to 14% from 32% a year ago.
Democrats' and independents' trust in the media has declined only marginally, with 51% of
Democrats (compared with 55% last year) and 30% of independents (versus 33% last year)
expressing trust. Over the past 20 years, Democrats have generally (6)_________ (express)
more trust than Republicans in the media, although in 2000, the two parties were most closely
aligned, with 53% of Democrats and 47% of Republicans professing trust.
In 2001, younger Americans (55%) were more (7)_________ (like) than older Americans (50%)
to express trust and confidence in mass media. This gap emerged again in 2005 when 53% of
18- to 49-year-olds had trust and 45% of those 50 and older expressed the same sentiment. Yet
in the past decade, older Americans have mostly had more confidence than younger Americans,
and this year, the gap between these age groups is 12 points. And 2016 marks the first time
that confidence among older Americans has dropped below 40% in polling since 2001.
The presidential election this year may be (8)____________ (corrosion) Americans' trust and
confidence in the media, particularly among Republicans who may believe the "mainstream
media" are too hyperfocused on every controversial statement or policy proposal from Trump
while (9)___________ (devotion) far less attention to controversies surrounding the Clinton
campaign. However, the slide in media trust has been happening for the past decade. Before
2004, it was common for a majority of Americans to profess at least some trust in the mass
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media, but since then, less than half of Americans feel that way. Now, only about a third of the
U.S. has any trust in the Fourth Estate, a stunning (10)___________ (develop) for an institution
designed to inform the public.
With the explosion of the mass media in recent years, especially the prevalence of blogs, vlogs
and social media, perhaps Americans decry lower standards for journalism. When opinion-
driven writing becomes something like the (11)__________ (normal), Americans may be wary
of placing trust on the work of media institutions that have less rigorous reporting criteria than
in the past. On the other hand, as blogs and social media "mature," they may improve in the
American public's eyes. This could, in turn, (12)______________ (elevation) Americans' trust
and confidence in the mass media as a whole.
DISCUSSION
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