 Surveying and Levelling

 First year second semester

 2017 Batch

 Supervised by
 Eng. Neelam Memon
Course Break up

 Course Number EN-292

 Credit Hour 2

 Theory 50 Marks

 Practical 50 Marks
 Course outlines

 Introduction to surveying and Leveling

 Survey by Traditional Triangulation method
 Chain Surveys
 Plain table survey
 Leveling and contouring and computation of areas.
 Introduction of theodolite, theory of leveling.
 Curvature and refraction, calculation of area of Volume or cutting and
filling.
 Introduction to GIS system (geographic information system)
Surveying
Land surveying is a technique profession and science of
determine the dimensional relationship as of horizontal
distances elevations directions and the angles on the earths
surface.

OR
The uses or occupation of a person who determines the size
,shape or boundries.
Of a piece of land .
Different uses

 To establish land maps

Boundaries of ownership

Location Like building areas

Surface location of subsurface features

Objective of course

 Youshould be able to understand the

concepts of basic surveying.
 To
introduce surveying techniques and
equipment's in real life problems.
 Toconceptualize how to use a set of tools
for problem solving in an optimal way.
 Cont..

Any artificial or natural Object/ phenomena on,

Below and above the surface on the earth.

Example: Roads
Topography
Towers
parks
Houses
rivers
Methods of Locating a point

 In surveying the relative positions of points are located by measurements

from at least two points of reference whose positions must be known.

 Two points are selected in the field and the distance between them is
measured.
 Classification Based upon the nature of
the field
 Land surveys
 Marine or navigation surveys
 Astronomical Surveys
Classification based upon the object
survery
 Archaeological Surveys for unearthing relies of antiquity.
 Geological surveys for determining different strata in the
earth crust.
 Mine surveys for exploring mineral wealth such as a gold,
coal, etc.
 Military surveys for determining points of strategic
importance both offensive and defensive.
Classification based upon the methods
employed in survey
 Traingulation surveys
 Traverse surveys
practicle

 Differenttypes of instrument has been used

for the surveying practicle.
 Compass

 It is an instrument used for

navigation and orientation that
shows direction relative to the
geographic cardinal
directions, or points.
 Measuring tap

 It is common measuring tool.

 Its design allows for a measure of
great length to be easily carried in
pocket or tool kit and permits one to
measure around curves and corner.
 Theodolite

 A theodolite is an instrument
used to measure horizontal and
vertical distances using lanes and
lines. Theodolites are used for
surveying and construction to
obtain precise readings of
landforms so construction
projects remain level and plumb
with the ground.
Automatic level
 An automatic level is an optical
instrument used to establish or
verify points in the same
horizontal plane.
 It is used in surveying and
building with a vertical staff to
measure height differences and
to transfer, measure and set
heights.
Levelling

The aim of levelling is to determine the relative heights of different objects on

or below the surface of the earth and to determine the undulation of the ground
surface.

Uses of Levelling:
Levelling is done for the following purposes:
To determine contour map for fixing sites for reservoirs dams barrage etc.
And to fix the alignment of roads, railways, irrigation, canals.
Cont..

 To determine the altitudes of different important points on a hill or to know

the reduced levels of different points on or below the surface of the earth.

 To prepare a longitudinal sections and cross sections of a projection order to

determine the Volume of earth work.

 To prepare a layout map for water supply sanitary or drainage schemes.

 Methods of Levelling

 Direct Levelling :Direct measurement precise most commonly used types.

 Simple Levelling: One setup of level to find elevation of points.

 Differential Levelling :Numbers of setups of level to find elevation of non

intervisible points.
 Fly Levelling :Low precision, to find/check approximate level, generally used
during reconnaissance survey

 Low precision to find approximate level.

 Precise Levelling: Precise form of differential levelling.

 Profile leveling : finding of elevation along a line and its cross section.

 Reciprocal leveling : Along a river or pond. Two level simultaneously used, one
at either end.
Indirect Method

 Indirect or Trigonometric Leveling : By measuring vertical angles and

horizontal distance; Less precise.

 Stadia Leveling : Using tachometric principles.

 Barometric Leveling : Based on atmospheric pressure difference; Using

altimeter; Very rough estimation.

Level Plane
 It is a plane parallel to the mean surface of the earth which is spherical
because of the earth is not straight.

 Level line : Any line lying on a level surface is called a level line. This line is
normal to the plumb line( direction of gravity ) at all points.

 Horizontal plane: Any plane tangential to the level surface of any point is
known as the horizontal plane.
Contours

 The term Contour is used to describe a line that is drawn on a map to

represent a line of constant elevation on the ground.
 Contour is a line that would be formed if surface of the ground was intrested
by a level surface.
 For example:
 A good representation of this contour that extends all around the lake at the
same elevation. But, as field engineers, we are not intrested in just one
contour along the edge of the lake; we are intrested in several contours that
indicate the shape of the ground where we are going to be building.
Contour interval

 Contour maps are created to help everyone involved in a project visualize the
configuration of the ground. In making this map, elevations are measured at
the site in a grid pattern, or randomly. Then, the points are plotted, and in
connecting points of similar elevation, Contour lines are drawn. Connecting
the points similar elevation assures that the contour intervals
 ( in otherwords, the vertical distance between each contour line)
 Remains the same all the way around, providing an accurate configuration of
the ground.
Representation by Contours

 Hill
 Depression
 Highway cut
 Highway Fill
 Combination
Contour Characteristics

 A contour on the ground closes on itself

 If a person starts at any point on a contour and follows the path of the
contour, he or she will eventually return to the starting point. A contour may
close on a site plan as indicated, or it may be discontinued at any two points
at the borders of the plan,
Introduction:

Estimation of area is basis to most engineering schemes such as, route, alignment reservoirs,

Construction of tunnels, etc. Area may be required in connection with the purchase or sale of land,
or with the grading of land.

It is frequently necessary as part of engineering surveying projects to determine the area

Enclosed by the boundaries of a site.

I is more common to meet irregular shapes and these require special attention.
Computation of area from a plotted plan

 The area may be calculated in the following two ways.

 Case-1: considering the entire area:
 The entire area is divided into regions of a convenient shape and calculated
as follows:
 (1) by dividing the area into triangles.
 (2) by dividing the area into squares.
 (3) by drawing parallel lines and converting them to rectangles.
Triangle area
=1/2*base*altitude
Area=sum of areas of
triangles.

Each square represents

unit area 1 cm2 or 1
m2
Area=nos. of square
*unit area.
Area =Σ Length of rectangle x
Constant depth
 Middle area+ boundary Area
In this method, a large square or rectangle is formed within the
area in the plan. The ordinates are drawn at regular intervals from
the side of the square to the curved boundary.

Total area A=Middle Area A1+boundary area A2

Middle area can be subdivided into simple geometrical

shapes , such as triangle rectangle , squares, trapezoids
etc and Area of these figures are determined from the
dimensions obtained from the plan.
Boundary area is calculated according to one of the
following rules:

The average ordinate rule

The trapezoidal rule
Simpson rule
The Average-Ordinate Rule :

Lets O1,O2,…..,On=Ordinate or offsets at regular intervals

L=Length of base line
n= Number of divisions
n+=number of ordinates
Area =O1+O2+….+On/n+1*l
=sum of ordinates/no. of ordinates *length of base line
The Trapezoidal Rule

While applying the trapezoidal rule,

boundaries between the ends of the
ordinates are assumed to be the
straight. Thus, the area enclosed
between the base line and the
irregular boundary line are
considered as trapezoids.
 Different types of chains

Metric chains.

Steel band or Band chain.

Gunter's chain or surveyor's chain.

Engineer's chain.

Revenue chain
 Chains

a series of objects connected one after the other, usually in the form of a

series of metal rings passing through one another, used either for various

purposes requiring a flexible tie with high tensile strength, as for hauling,

supporting, or confining, or in various ornamental and decorative forms.

Merits and demerits of Methods of chaining on slope

The method of stepping is more convenient and quicker, and is to be preferred,

If the ground is undulating and the slops are short and varying degree. It is unsuitable when
The ground is gently sloping and the slopes are long. Care should be taken to guard against
The two fruitful sources of error, namely
(1) The difficulty of transferring horizontal lengths to the ground exactly,
(2) The sag in the chain or tape on account of the weight of the chain and insufficient pull.

On the other hand , the indirect methods are quicker and more accurate when the ground
Is gently sloping and the slopes are long and regular. The indirect method 2 in which chain
Is corrected by the hypotenusal allowance is generally employed in route. Surveys.

If the slope of the ground is upto 3 degrees, the ground may be considered as level and there
Is no need to use the method of stepping ,or to apply the slope corrections to the measured
Lengths especially when the chain is used in measurement.
 Method of chaining

To chain a line, the follower places the zero handle of the chain in contact with the peg at the
Beginning of the line and stands firmly on the handle with the heels on it (not toes). The leader,
Taking ten arrows in one hand, and the other handle and the ranging rod in the other, walks off
In the forward direction, dragging the chain after him. When nearly at the end of chain so that
The point to be ranged will be a little short of the chain length, he stands to one side of the line
(never n the line) and holds the rod vertically in contact with the outside of the handle at arm’s
Length and approximately in line, and then faces the follower.
 principles of levelling

1. Simple levelling:

It is the simplest operation in leveling when it is required to find the difference in

elevation between two points both of which are visible from a single position of the
level. Suppose A and b are two such point and level is set up at 0, approximately mid
way between. A and B but not necessary on the line joining them, after finding the
reading on point A and point B, let the respective reading on A and B be 2.340 and
3.315 difference between them is 3.315-2.340=0.795 m.
 Differential Levelling

This method is used in order to find out the difference in elevation

between two points.
1.If they too apart.
2.If the difference in elevation between them is too great.
 Rise and Fall Method

It consists of determining the difference of elevation between consecutive points by

comparing each point after the first that immediately preceding it. The difference
between there staff reading indicates a rise fall according to the staff reading at the
point. The R.L is then found adding the rise to, or subtracting the fall from the reduced
level of preceding point.

Arithmetic check

Sum of B.S. – sum of F. S. = sum of rise – sum of fall = last R. L. – first R.L.
 Plane table surveying

Plane Table Surveying is a graphical method of survey in which the field observations and plotting
are done simultaneously.

It is simple and cheaper than theodolite survey. It is most suitable for small scale maps.

The plan is drawn by the surveyor in the field, while the area to be surveyed is before his eyes.

Therefore, there is no possibility of omitting the necessary measurements.

 Disadvantages of Plane Table Survey

 The plane table survey is not possible in unfavorable climates such as rain, fog etc.

 This method of survey is not very accurate and thus unsuitable for large scale or precise work.

 As no field book is maintained, plotting at different scale require full exercise.

 The method requires large amount of time to be spent in the field.

 Quality of the final map depends largely on the drafting capability of the surveyor.

 This method is effective in relatively open country where stations can be sighted easily.
 Advantages of plane table surveying

It is simple and cheaper than the theodolite survey.

It is most suitable for small scale maps.

No great skill is required to produce a satisfactory map and work may be entrusted to a
subordinate.

It is useful in magnetic areas where compass may not be used.

The mistakes in writing field books are eliminated.

 Construction survey

Construction surveying or building surveying is to stake out reference

points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures such

as roads or buildings. These markers are usually staked out according to a

suitable coordinate system selected for the project.