Y X y X

NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions
6. The equation of L is
5 Equations of Circles 1
y  1   ( x  4)
2
Review Exercise 5 (p. 5.5) i.e. 2 y  2  x  4
x  2y  6  0
  6 2  4(1)(7)
1. ∵
8
0
∴ The equation x2 + 6x + 7 = 0 has two distinct real
roots.
2. ∵   ( 24) 2  4(18)(8)
0
∴ The equation 18x2  24x + 8 = 0 has one double real
root.
3. The graph of y  kx 2  6 x  3 has no x-intercepts.

i.e. The equation kx 2  6 x  3  0 has no real roots.
0
∴ 6  4( k )( 3)  0
2
12k  36
k  3
3x  y  3  0  (1)
4.

x  2 y  8  0
 ( 2)
(1)  2 + (2) : 7 x  14  0
x  2
By substituting x = 2 into (1), we have
3( 2)  y  3  0
y  3
∴ The solution of the simultaneous equations is
(2, 3).
4 x  3 y  4  0  (1)
5.
2  ( 2 )
 y  4x
By substituting (2) into (1), we have
y2  3 y  4  0
( y  4)( y  1)  0
y  4 or y  1
By substituting y = 4 into (1), we have
4 x  3( 4)  4  0
x4
By substituting y = 1 into (1), we have
4 x  3( 1)  4  0
1
x
4
∴ The solutions of the simultaneous equations are
1 
(4, 4) and  ,  1 .
4 
98
3  ( 1)

7. Slope of L 24
2

3
The equation of L is
2
y  ( 1)   ( x  4)
3
i.e. 3 y  3  2 x  8
2x  3y  5  0
3

8. (a) Slope of L (k )
1
3

k
3k  4

Slope of L 3
2 4  3k

3
∵ L1  L2
Slope of L1  slope of L2  1
3 4  3k
  1
∴ k 3
4  3k  k
2k 4
k 2
(b)
L1 : 3 x  2 y  24  0  (1)
L2 : 2 x  3 y  3  0  (2)
(1)  3 + (2)  2: 13 x  78  0
x  6
By substituting x = 6 into (1), we have
3( 6)  2 y  24  0
y3
∴ The coordinates of the intersection are (6, 3).
Quick Practice
Quick Practice 5.1 (p. 5.7)

(a) The equation of the circle is
x 2  y 2  12
i.e. x 2  y 2  1
(b) The equation of the circle is
( x  2) 2  [ y  ( 3)]2  ( 5 ) 2
i.e. ( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  5

(a) ( x  5) 2  ( y  1) 2  25
[ x  ( 5)]2  ( y  1) 2  5 2
∴ Centre  (5, 1) , radius  5
2( x  1) 2  2( y  1) 2  16
(b)
( x  1) 2  [ y  ( 1)]2  8
( x  1) 2  [ y  ( 1)]2  ( 8 ) 2
∴ Centre  (1,  1) , radius  8 (or 2 2)
99
5 Equations of Circles
Quick Practice 5.3 (p. 5.8) (  3 ) 2  4 2  2 3 (  3 )  4( 4)  c  0

 OC
3c  0
Radius of the circle
 (7  0) 2  (1  0) 2 c3
 50
∴ The equation of the circle is
( x  7 ) 2  ( y  1) 2  ( 50 ) 2
( x  7 ) 2  ( y  1) 2  50

 8 4
   , 
(a) Centre  2 2
 ( 4,  2)
2 2
8 4
       ( 5)
Radius 2
  2
 16  4  5
5
2 x2  2 y 2  5x  8 y  1  0
(b)
5 1
x2  y 2  x  4 y   0
2 2
  5 
   
  2 ( 4) 
  ,
2 2 
Centre  

 
5 
  , 2
4 
2
 5 
  2
  2     4   1
 2   2  2
 
 
Radius 25 1
 4
16 2
81

16
9

4

∵ The equation represents an imaginary circle.
2 2
5 7
    F 0
2  2 
∴ 25 49
 F 0
4 4
37
F
2

(a) ∵ The circle passes through P ( 3 , 4) .
∴ By substituting ( 3 , 4) into
x  y  2 3 x  4 y  c  0 , we have
2 2
100
(b) By substituting x = 0 and c = 3 into By substituting (1) into (2), we have

x 2  y 2  2 3 x  4 y  c  0 , we have 8 E  64
02  y 2  2 3 (0)  4 y  3  0 E  8 ......(4)
By substituting (1) and (4) into (3), we have
y2  4 y  3  0 4 D  2( 8)  0  20
( y  1)( y  3)  0
 4 D  4
y  1 or y  3
D 1
∴ The coordinates of Q and R are (0, 1) and (0, 3)
respectively. ∴ The equation of the circle is x 2  y 2  x  8 y  0 .
SQ  SR (radii)
2
2 3  4
2 (a) ∵ The circle touches the y-axis at P(0, 3).
(c)    
  3 ∴ The line joining the centre of the circle and P is
 2   2 
  perpendicular to the y-axis.
Let C(h, 3) be the centre of the circle.
 4 ∵ CQ = CP (radii)
2
(1  h) 2  (5  3) 2  h
QR  3  1
2 (1  h) 2  (5  3) 2  h 2
∵ SQ = SR = QR ∴ (1  2h  h 2 )  4  h 2
∴ △QRS is an equilateral triangle.
2h  5
Quick Practice 5.7 (p. 5.14) 5
h
 mid-point of AB 2
Centre    3  ( 9) ,  4  4 
   5
2
25
 2 2   x    ( y  3)  .
 ( 6, 0)  2  4
5  5
 [ 6  ( 3)]2  [0  ( 4)]2 (b) From (a), coordinates of C   , 3  and radius 
2  2
Radius  ( 3) 2  4 2
2
 5
 25 CR    2    (1  3) 2
5  2
∴ The equation of the circle is (x + 6)2 + y2 = 25 2
(or x2 + y2 + 12x + 11 = 0).  9
     ( 2) 2
Alternative Solution  2
Let P(x, y) be a point on the circle apart from A and B.
∵ AB is a diameter of the circle. 81
 4
∴ AP  BP ( in semi-circle) 4
Slope of AP  slope of BP  1
97
y  (4) y4 
  1 4
x  ( 3) x  ( 9) > radius
∴
( y  4)( y  4)  ( x  3)( x  9) ∴ R(2, 1) lies outside the circle.
y 2  16   x 2  12 x  27 Quick Practice 5.10 (p. 5.17)
x 2  y 2  12 x  11  0 Let (h, 0) be the coordinates of C.
∵ CA = CB (radii)
∴
Let x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 be the equation of the circle.
∵ The circle passes through (0, 0), (0, 8) and (4, 2). [ h  ( 2)] 2  [0  ( 2)] 2  ( h  2) 2  ( 0  6) 2
∴ By substitution, we have ( h  2) 2  4  ( h  2) 2  36
0 2  0 2  D ( 0)  E ( 0)  F  0
h 2  4h  4  4  h 2  4h  4  36
F  0 ......(1) 8h  32
0 2  8 2  D(0)  E (8)  F  0 h4
8E  F  64 ......(2)  CA
( 4)  2  D ( 4)  E ( 2)  F  0
2 2
∴ Radius  [ 4  ( 2)]2  [0  ( 2)]2
 4 D  2 E  F  20 ......(3)
 36  4
 40
∴ The equation of the circle is ( x  4) 2  y 2  40 (or
x 2  y 2  8 x  24  0).
101
Alternative Solution x 2  (2 x  1) 2  7 x  12( 2 x  1)  37  0

Let x 2  y 2  Dx  Ey  F  0 be the equation of the
x 2  4 x 2  4 x  1  7 x  24 x  12  37  0
circle.
∵ The circle passes through two points A(2, 2) and 5 x 2  35 x  50  0
B(2, 6).
∴ By substitution, we have x 2  7 x  10  0
( 2) 2  (2) 2  D( 2)  E (2)  F  0 ( x  2)( x  5)  0
F  2 D  2 E  8 ...... x  2 or x  5
By substituting x = 2 into (3), we have
(1) y  2( 2)  1
2  6  D ( 2)  E (6)  F  0
2 2
3
2 D  6 E  F  40 ......
y  2(5)  1
(2) 9
 D E ∴ The coordinates of the intersections between the
∵ The coordinates of the centre are   ,   and the straight line and the circle are (2, 3) and (5, 9).
 2 2
centre lies on the x-axis.
E
∴ 0
2
E0
By substituting E = 0 and (1) into (2), we have
2 D  6(0)  [2 D  2(0)  8]  40
4 D  8  40
D  8
By substituting E = 0 and D = 8 into (1), we have
F  2(8)  2(0)  8
 24
∴ The equation of the circle is x 2  y 2  8 x  24  0 .
y  4  (1)
(a)
2 2  ( 2)
 x  y  4 x  y  3  0
x 2  42  4 x  4  3  0
x 2  4 x  23  0
For the equation x 2  4 x  23  0 ,
  4 2  4(1)( 23)  76  0
∴ x 2  4 x  23  0 has no real roots.
∴ There are no intersections between the straight line
and the circle.
 y  2 x  1  (3)
(b)
2 2  ( 4)
 x  y  7 x  12 y  37  0
102
 x  2 y  13  0  (5) 4 x  3 y  5  0  (6)
(c)
2 2  (6)
(c)
2 2  (7 )
 x  y  8x  12 y  47  0  x  y  4 x  8 y  11  0
From (5), we have From (6), we have
3 y  5
x  2 y  13  ( 7 ) x
4
 (8)
By substituting (7) into (6), we have By substituting (8) into (7), we have
( 2 y  13) 2  y 2  8( 2 y  13)  12 y  47  0   3y  5 
2
  3y  5 
   y 2  4   8 y  11  0
4 y  52 y  169  y  16 y  104  12 y  47  0
2 2
 4   4 
5 y 2  80 y  320  0 ( 3 y  5)  16 y  16( 3 y  5)  128 y  176  0
2 2
y 2  16 y  64  0 9 y 2  30 y  25  16 y 2  48 y  80  128 y  176  0
( y  8) 2  0 25 y 2  110 y  121  0
y 8
x  2(8)  13
3
∴ The coordinates of the intersection between the straight
line and the circle are (3, 8).
 y  x  6  (1)
(a)
2 2  ( 2 )
x  y  6x  y  7  0
x 2  (  x  6) 2  6 x  (  x  6)  7  0
x 2  x 2  12 x  36  6 x  x  6  7  0
2 x 2  17 x  37  0
For the equation 2 x 2  17 x  37  0 ,
  ( 17) 2  4( 2)(37)  7  0
∴ There are no intersections between the straight line
and the circle.
 x  7 y  8  (3)
(b)
2 2  ( 4)
 x  y  5x  2 y  1  0
From (3), we have
x  7 y  8  (5)
( 7 y  8) 2  y 2  5( 7 y  8)  2 y  1  0
49 y 2  112 y  64  y 2  35 y  40  2 y  1  0
50 y 2  75 y  25  0
2 y2  3y  1  0
For the equation 2 y 2  3 y  1  0 ,
  ( 3) 2  4( 2)(1)  1  0
∴ There are two intersections between the straight line
and the circle.
103
For the equation 25 y 2  110 y  121  0 ,  2 ( 2) 

(a) Centre C    , 
  110  4( 25)(121)  0
2
 2 2 
∴ There is only one intersection between the straight  (1, 1)
line and the circle. 2 2
2 2
      ( 11)
Radius 2  2 
 1  1  11
 y  mx  1
 13
 (1)
(a)
2 2  ( 2)
x  y  12x  2 y  29  0
x 2  ( mx  1) 2  12 x  2(mx  1)  29  0
x 2  m 2 x 2  2mx  1  12 x  2mx  2  29  0
(1  m 2 ) x 2  ( 4m  12) x  32  0
......(*)
∵ L1 is a tangent to C1.
∴ For the equation (*),
0
(4m  12)  4(1  m )(32)  0
2 2
(m  3) 2  8(1  m 2 )  0
m 2  6m  9  8  8m 2  0
7 m 2  6m  1  0
(7m  1)(m  1)  0
1
m or m  1
7
x  2 y  c  0  (3)
(b)
2 2  ( 4)
 x  y  4 x  20 y  21  0
From (3), we have
x  2 y  c  (5)
( 2 y  c ) 2  y 2  4( 2 y  c )  20 y  21  0
4 y 2  4cy  c 2  y 2  8 y  4c  20 y  21  0
5 y 2  ( 4c  12) y  (c 2  4c  21)  0
......(**)
∵ L2 is a tangent to C2.
∴ For the equation (**),
0
2 2
(4c  12)  4(5)(c  4c  21)  0
(2c  6) 2  (5)(c 2  4c  21)  0
4c 2  24c  36  5c 2  20c  105  0
c 2  44c  141  0
(c  47)(c  3)  0
c   47 or c  3
104
(b) By substituting (2, 1) into  2 4

  ,  
x 2  y 2  2 x  2 y  11  0, we have Coordinates of P  2 2
 2 2  ( 1) 2  2( 2)  2( 1)  11  ( 1,  2)
L.H.S.
 4  1  4  2  11
0
R.H.S. = 0
∵ L.H.S. = R.H.S.
∴ A(2, 1) lies on S.
1  1

(c) Slope of CA 2  ( 1)
2

3
3
∴ Slope of the tangent =
2
∴ The equation of the tangent to S at A is
3
y  ( 1)  ( x  2)
2
3
y  x4
2
y  x 1  (1)
(a) (i)
2 2  ( 2)
x  y  2x  4 y  k  0
x 2  ( x  1) 2  2 x  4( x  1)  k  0
x2  x2  2x  1  2x  4x  4  k  0
2 x 2  8 x  (k  5)  0  (*)
∵ L1 is a tangent to S.
0
82  4( 2)(k  5)  0
64  8k  40  0
8k  24
k 3
(ii) From (a)(i), the equation of S is
x2  y2  2x  4 y  3  0 .
2 2
2 4
     3
2 2
Radius
 1 4  3
 2
 1.41 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
(b) Let (0, a) be the coordinates of A.
∵ A(0, a) lies on L1.
∴ By substituting (0, a) into the equation of L1, we
have
a  0 1
1
∴ Coordinates of A = (0, 1)
105
AP  (1  0) 2  ( 2  1) 2 16  
(c) ∴ Centre  (0, 0) , radius   or 4 3 
3  3 
 10  
In △APB, ( 2 x  4) 2  4 y 2  28
∵ ABP = 90 (tangent  radius) (d)
AP 2  AB 2  BP 2 ( x  2) 2  y 2  7
∴ AB 2  AP 2  BP 2 (Pyth. theorem) [ x  (2)]2  ( y  0) 2  ( 7 ) 2

∴ Centre  (2, 0) , radius  7
 ( 10 ) 2  ( 2 ) 2
8
1
AB  8   radius of C1
 2.83 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) 2
1
∵ AC and AB are two tangents drawn to S from A. 3. Radius of C  ( 1  5) 2  ( 2  6) 2
∴
2
2
AC  AB
1
(tangent properties)  36  64
 8
2
 2.83 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
5
Centre of C2 = centre of C1 = (–1, –2)
AM  AP  MP The equation of C2 is
 10  2 [ x  ( 1)]2  [ y  ( 2)]2  5 2
 1.75 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.) ( x  1) 2  ( y  2) 2  25
Further Practice (p. 5.12)

Further Practice  ( 4) 6
  , 
1. (a) Centre  2 2
Further Practice (p. 5.8)  ( 2,  3)
1. (a) The equation of the circle is
2 2
( x  0) 2  ( y  0) 2  ( 7 ) 2 4 6
i.e. Radius        ( 12)
 2  2
x2  y 2  7
(b) The equation of the circle is 5
2 2 2
( x  0)  [ y  ( 3)]  4  8 0
i.e.   ,  
x 2  ( y  3) 2  16 (b) Centre  2 2
(c) The equation of the circle is  ( 4, 0)
[ x  ( 2)]2  ( y  5) 2  ( 2 2 ) 2
2 2
i.e. 8 0
( x  2) 2  ( y  5) 2  8        ( 3)
Radius 2
  2
(d) The equation of the circle is
2  19
3
[ x  ( 4)]2  [ y  ( 5)]2   
2  0 ( 12) 
  ,  
i.e. (c) Centre  2 2 
9
( x  4) 2  ( y  5) 2   (0, 6)
4
2 2
( x  2) 2  ( y  3) 2  36 0   12 
2. (a) Radius    
2  2 
  20
[ x  ( 2)]2  ( y  3) 2  6 2
4
∴ Centre  (2, 3) , radius  6
(d) 4 x  4 y 2  12 x  20 y  8  0
2
x 2  ( y  1) 2  25
(b) x 2  y 2  3x  5 y  2  0
x 2  ( y  1) 2  5 2
 3 (5) 
∴ Centre  (0, 1) , radius  5   , 
2 2 
3 x 2  3 y 2  16 Centre 
 3 5
16   , 
x2  y2   2 2
(c) 3
2
 16 
( x  0) 2  ( y  0) 2   
 3 
 
106
2 2 2. ∵ The equation represents a point circle.

3  5
     2 2
2
4
2
Radius 2  2      k  0
∴  2  2
13  26 
  or  1 4  k  0
2  2 
  k 5
3. (a) ∵ The circle passes through (0, 0).

∴ By substituting (0, 0) into
x2 + y2 – 6x + py + q = 0, we have
0 2  0 2  6(0)  p (0)  q  0
q0
∵ The circle passes through A (6, –5).
∴ By substituting (6, –5) and q = 0 into
x2 + y2 – 6x + py + q = 0, we have
6 2  ( 5) 2  6(6)  p ( 5)  0  0
36  25  36  5 p  0
p5
(b) The equation of S is x2 + y2 – 6x + 5y = 0.
By substituting y = 0 into
x2 + y2 – 6x + 5y = 0, we have
x 2  0 2  6 x  5(0)  0
x 2  6x  0
x( x  6)  0
x  0 or x  6
∴ The coordinates of B are (6, 0).
By substituting x = 0 into
x2 + y2 – 6x + 5y = 0, we have
02  y 2  6(0)  5 y  0
y2  5y  0
y ( y  5)  0
y  0 or y  5
∴ The coordinates of C are (0, –5).
OC
tan OBC 
OB
(c) 5
tan OBC 
6
OBC  39.8 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)

40 02
1. (a) Coordinates of M   2 , 2 
 ( 2, 1)
(b) ∵ AOB  90

∴ AB is a diameter of the circle.
(converse of  in semi-circle)
 AM
Radius  ( 4  2) 2  (0  1) 2
 4 1
 5
Centre = (2, 1)
(x – 2)2 + (y – 1)2 = 5
(or x2 + y2 – 4x – 2y = 0).
107
2. Let C(h, k) be the centre of the circle.

∵ The circle touches the x-axis at A and the y-axis at
B(0, 5).  y  x  9  (1)
∴ CA  x-axis and CB  y-axis 1.
2 2
 x  y  6 x  10 y  c  0  (2)
∴ Coordinates of A = (h, 0) and k = 5
∵ CA = CB (radii)
∴ k 0 h0 By substituting (1) into (2), we have
h5 x 2  ( x  9) 2  6 x  10( x  9)  c  0
Coordinates of C = (5, 5)
Radius = CA x 2  x 2  18x  81  6 x  10 x  90  c  0
2 x 2  2 x  (c  9)  0  (*)
 50
5
(x – 5)2 + (y – 5)2 = 25
(or x2 + y2 – 10x – 10y + 25 = 0).
3. (a) Let C(0, k) be the centre of the circle.
CP  CQ (radii)
( 4  0) 2  ( 2  k ) 2  ( 6  0) 2  (2  k ) 2
16  4  4k  k 2  36  4  4k  k 2
8k  20
5
k 
2
 CP
2
  5 
 ( 4  0)   2     
2
  2 
Radius
81
 16 
4
145

4
2
 5 145
x2   y   
 2  4
(or x  y  5 y  30  0).
2 2
 5
(b) From (a), coordinates of C   0,  
 2
145
Radius 
4
2
 5 
CR  ( 0  6) 2     1
 2 
49
 36 
4
193

4
 radius
∴ R (6, 1) lies outside the circle.
108
∵ L intersects C.
0
4 x  y  0  (1)
3. (a)
2 2
 x  y  4 x  18 y  68  0  (2)
( 2) 2  4( 2)(c  9)  0
4  8c  72  0
8c  76 From (1), we have
y  4x  (3)
19
c
2
 y  2 x  4  (1)
2. (a)
2 2
 x  y  10 x  8 y  1  0  (2)
x 2  ( 2 x  4) 2  10 x  8( 2 x  4)  1  0
x 2  4 x 2  16 x  16  10 x  16 x  32  1  0
5 x 2  10 x  15  0
x2  2x  3  0
( x  1)( x  3)  0
x  1 or x  3
By substituting x = –1 into (1), we have
y  2( 1)  4
6
y  2(3)  4
 2
∴ The coordinates of A and B are (–1, 6) and
(3, –2) respectively.
(b) (i) Let C be the centre of the circle.

( 10)
 ( 8) 
Coordinates of C    2
,
2 


 (5, 4)
46 1
Slope of CA  
5  ( 1) 3
∴ Slope of the tangent = 3
∴ The equation of the tangent to S at A is
y  6  3[ x  ( 1)]
y  3x  9
4  ( 2)
(ii) Slope of CB 
53
3
1
∴ Slope of the tangent  
3
∴ The equation of the tangent to S at B is
1
y  (2)   ( x  3)
3
1
y   x 1
3
109
By substituting (3) into (2), we have 1. (a) The equation of the circle is
x  (4 x )  4 x  18( 4 x)  68  0
2 2
x 2  y 2  42
i.e. x 2  y 2  16
17 x 2  68 x  68  0
(b) The equation of the circle is
x2  4x  4  0
x 2  [ y  ( 2)]2  ( 2 3 ) 2
( x  2) 2  0 i.e.
x 2  ( y  2) 2  12
x2
y = 4(2) = 8
∴ Coordinates of P = ( 2, 8)
16 x  13 y  0  (4)
2 2
x  y  4 x  18 y  68  0  (2)
From (4), we have
16
y x  (5)
13
2
 16   16 
x  
2
x   4 x  18   x   68  0
 13   13 
425 2 340
x  x  68  0
169 13
425 x 2  4420 x  11492  0
25 x 2  260 x  676  0
(5 x  26) 2  0
26
x
5
26
By substituting x  into (5), we have
5
16  26  32
y  
13  5  5
 26 32 
∴ Coordinates of Q    5 , 5 
 
32
8
 5
 26 
2   
(b) Slope of PQ  5 
8

36
2

9
9
∴ Slope of the perpendicular bisector PQ  
2
y-intercept of the perpendicular bisector = 0
∴ The equation of the perpendicular bisector of
9
PQ is y   x.
2
Exercise
Exercise 5A (p. 5.18)

Level 1
110
(c) The equation of the circle is 2 2

0 9
( x  3) 2  ( y  5) 2  7 2 Radius        ( 10)
i.e. 2 2
( x  3) 2  ( y  5) 2  49
(d) The equation of the circle is 81
  10
2 2 2 4
  2   1 4
 x       y      121
  3   3 3 
i.e. 2 2
4
 2  1 16 11
x  y    
 3   3  9 2
( x  1) 2  y 2  24
(c) x2  y 2  2x  7 y  7  0
2. (a)
 (  2) 7
[ x  ( 1)]2  y 2  ( 24 ) 2 Centre    , 
 2 2
∴ Centre  (1, 0) , radius
 7
 24 (or 2 6)  1,  
 2
3x  3 y  25
2 2
25 2 7
2 2
(b) x2  y2  Radius        ( 7)

3  2  2
2
 5  49
x  y  
2


2
 1 7
 3 4
∴ Centre  (0, 0) , radius 81

5   4
  or 5 3 
3  3  9
  
( x  6) 2  ( y  8) 2  100 2
(c)
[ x  ( 6)]2  ( y  8) 2  10 2 2 x 2  2 y 2  4 x  6 y  31  0
(d)
∴ Centre  (6, 8) , radius  10 31
x2  y 2  2x  3 y  0
4( x  2) 2  (2 y  5) 2  49 2
2  2 3
  5  49 Centre    ,  
(d) ( x  2)   y    2   4
2
 2 2
    3 
2 2
   1,  
  5  7  2
( x  2) 2   y       
  2  2 2 2
2 3  31 
 5 7 Radius         
∴ Centre   2,  2  , radius  2 2  2 
  2
9 31
 1 
4 2
3. (a) x 2  y 2  8 x  12 y  27  0
75  5 3
 ( 8) ( 12)    or 
Centre    ,  4  2 
 2 2  
 ( 4, 6)
 CP
2 2
 8   12 
Radius       27 4. (a) Radius of the circle  (  4  0) 2  ( 0  4) 2
 2   2 
 16  16
 16  36  27
 32
 25 ∴ The equation of the circle is
5 [ x  ( 4)]2  y 2  ( 32 ) 2
(b) x 2  y 2  9 y  10  0 ( x  4) 2  y 2  32
 0 9
Centre    ,  
 2 2
 9
  0,  
 2
111
 CP 3  0 3
(b) Slope between A and the centre  
2 2 1 5 4
3   5
   2   1   Slope between B and the centre
2   2
3  ( 6) 3
(b) Radius of the circle  

1 9
 1  ( 3) 4
4 4 ∴ A, B and the centre are colinear.
10

2
2
 3
2
 10 
 x    ( y  1) 2   
 2   2 
 
2
 3 5
 x    ( y  1) 2 
 2  2
2 2
4 8
       ( 7)
5. Radius of the circle  2  2
 4  16  7
 27
Area of the circle   ( 27 ) 2 sq. units

 27 sq. units
6. ∵ The equation represents an imaginary circle.

2 2
6 2
    c  0
∴  2  2 
9 1 c  0
c  10
7. Let C be the centre of the circle.

Coordinates of C  (2, 3)
Radius of the circle  6
2
 5 2
CA   ( 2)    [3  ( 3)]
 2
81
  36
(a) 4
225

4
15

2
 radius
5 
∴ A ,  3  lies outside the circle.
 2 
CB  ( 2  2) 2  (3  1) 2
(b)  16  4
 20
 radius
∴ B(2, 1) lies inside the circle.
 ( 2) 6
Centre    , 
8. (a)  2 2
 (1,  3)
112
9. ∵ The equation represents a real circle. 2 2

6 6
2 2 Radius      2
4 3 2
  2
    k  0
2 2  992
∴ 9 4
4 k  0
4
25
k
4
∵ k is positive.
25
∴ 0k 
4
∴ We can suggest k  1 or 6 (or any positive value
25
satisfying 0  k  ).
4
 ( 5) 8
  , 
Coordinates of C  2 2
5 
  ,  4
 2 
2
 5
CP    2    [4  ( 4)] 2
 2
9

2
2 2
 5 8
Radius        ( c )
 2  2
25
  16  c
4
89 89
  c , where c  
4 4
∵ P(2, 4) lies outside the circle.
CP  radius
9 89
 c
∴ 2 4
81 89
 c
4 4
c  2
∴ We can suggest c  3 or 4 (or any value of c less
89
than 2 and greater than  ).
4
11. (a) By substituting A(1, 3) into x2  y2  6x  ky  2  0,
we have
12  ( 3) 2  6(1)  k ( 3)  2  0
1  9  6  3k  2  0
3k  18
k 6
(b) From (a), the equation of S is x2  y2  6x  6y  2  0.
 6 6
Centre    ,  
 2 2
 ( 3,  3)
113
 5 ( 10)  Radius  CA
Centre    ,  
12. (a)  2 2 
 3 
2
 5      3   [3  (5)]2
   , 5  2 
 2 
81
 4
5
2
  10 
2 4
Radius      c
2  2  97

(b) 4
25
  25  c ∴ The equation of the circle is
4 2
 3 97
125  x    ( y  3) 2 
 c  2  4
4 (or x2  y2  3x  6y  13  0).
125 13
c  16. Let x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F  0 be the equation of the circle.
4 2
∴ ∵ The circle passes through O(0, 0), A(1, 0) and
125 169 B(3, 2).
c 
4 4 ∴ By substitution, we have
c   11 0 2  0 2  D ( 0)  E ( 0)  F  0
F  0 ……(1)
13. (a) By substituting P(a, 2) into x2  y2  3x  y  6  0, 2 2
( 1)  0  D ( 1)  E (0)  F  0
we have
a 2  22  3(a)  2  6  0  D  F  1
a  3a  0
2
……(2)
a (a  3)  0 ( 3) 2  2 2  D ( 3)  E (2)  F  0
a  0 or a  3  3D  2 E  F  13
(b) By substituting x  0 into x  y  3x  y  6  0, we
2 2
……(3)
have By substituting (1) into (2), we have
0 2  y 2  3(0)  y  6  0  D  1
y2  y  6  0 D 1
( y  3)( y  2)  0 By substituting D  1 and (1) into (3), we have
y  3 or y  2
3(1)  2 E  13
∴ The intersections of the circle and the y-axis are 2 E  10
(0, 3) and (0, 2). E  5
∴ The equation of the circle is x2  y2  x  5y  0
14. ∵ C is the mid-point of AB.
  2 2

 2  2 0  6   or  x  1    y  5   13  .
∴ Coordinates of C   ,   
 2  2 2 
 2 2 
 (0, 3)
17. Let x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F  0 be the equation of the circle.
Radius  CA ∵ The circle passes through P(0, 2), Q(0, 6) and R(2, 4).
∴ By substitution, we have
 ( 2  0) 2  (0  3) 2
0 2  2 2  D (0)  E (2)  F  0
 49
2 E  F  4 ……(1)
 13
0  6  D(0)  E (6)  F  0
2 2
∴ The equation of the circle is x2  (y  3)2  13
(or x2  y2  6y  4  0). 6 E  F  36 ……(2)
2  4  D (2)  E ( 4)  F  0
2 2
15. ∵ C is the mid-point of AB.
2 D  4 E  F  20 ……(3)
 3  ( 6) 5  ( 1) 
 , 
∴ Coordinates of C  2 2 
(2) – (1) : 4 E  32
 3  E  8
   ,  3
 2  By substituting E  8 into (1), we have
2( 8)  F  4
F  12
By substituting E  8 and F 12 into (3), we have
114
2 D  4(8)  12  20 18. Suppose the circle touches the x-axis at A. Then CA is
perpendicular to the x-axis.
2D  0
 CA
D0
The equation of the circle is x2  y2  8y  12  0  3
∴ Radius  0    
(or x2  (y  4)2  4).  2
3

2
2 2
 2  3   3
[ x  (5)]   y        
  2   2
2
 3 9
( x  5) 2   y   
 2 4
(or x 2  y 2  10 x  3 y  25  0)
19. (a) ∵ The circle touches the y-axis.

∴ Radius  5
The equation of the circle is (x  5)2  (y  4)2  25
(or x2  y2  10x  8y  16  0).
(b) By substituting y  0 into x2  y2  10x  8y  16  0,
we have
x 2  02  10 x  8(0)  16  0
x 2  10 x  16  0
( x  2)( x  8)  0
x  2 or x  8
∴ The coordinates of A and B are (2, 0) and (8, 0)
respectively.

Coordinates of A  (6, 0) and coordinates of B  (0, 3)
∵ OA  OB
∵ The centre C of the circle is the mid-point of AB.
 6 0 03
 , 
∴ Coordinates of C  2 2 
 3
  3,  
 2
Radius  CA
2
 3 
 (3  6) 2     0 
 2 
9
 9
4
45

4
2 2
  3   45 
( x  3)   y       
2 
  2   4 
 
2
 3 45
( x  3) 2   y   
 2 4
(or x2  y2  6x  3y  0)
115
Level 2 Radius  (1  2) 2  ( 2  3) 2
21. Let x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F  0 be the equation of the circle. 23. (a)
∵ The circle passes through (0, 3), (4, 1) and (6, 1).  1  25
∴ By substitution, we have  26
02  32  D(0)  E (3)  F  0 ∴ The equation of the circle is
3E  F  9 ……(1) ( x  1) 2  [ y  ( 2)] 2  ( 26 ) 2
( x  1) 2  ( y  2) 2  26
( 4)  ( 1)  D ( 4)  E ( 1)  F  0
2 2
 4 D  E  F  17
……(2)
6 2  (1) 2  D(6)  E (1)  F  0
6 D  E  F  37
……(3)
(2) – (3) : 10 D  20
D  2
By substituting D  2 into (2), we have
4( 2)  E  F  17
 E  F  25 ……(4)
(1) – (4) : 4 E  16
E4
By substituting E  4 into (4), we have
4  F  25
F  21
x2  y2  2x  4y  21  0 (or (x  1)2  (y  2)2  26).
22. Let x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F  0 be the equation of the circle.

∵ The circle passes through (1, 5), (6, 2) and
(3, 11).
12  52  D (1)  E (5)  F  0
D  5 E  F  26 ……(1)
( 6)  ( 2)  D ( 6)  E ( 2)  F  0
2 2
 6 D  2 E  F  40
……(2)
( 3) 2  ( 11) 2  D (3)  E (11)  F  0
 3D  11 E  F  130
……(3)
(1) – (2) : 7 D  7 E  14
DE 2 ……(4)
(3) – (2) : 3D  9 E  90
D  3E  30 ……(5)
(4) – (5) : E  32
4
E 8
By substituting E  8 into (4), we have
D8  2
D  6
By substituting D  6 and E  8 into (1), we have
6  5(8)  F  26
F  60
x2  y2  6x  8y  60  0 (or (x  3)2  (y  4)2  85).
116
(b) By substituting x  0 into (x  1)2  (y  2)2  26, we CA  CB (radii)

have
2 2
(0  1) 2  ( y  2)2  26 (1  0)  ( 1  k )  ( 2  0) 2  ( 2  k ) 2
1  y 2  4 y  4  26 1  k 2  2k  1  4  k 2  4k  4
2k  6
y 2  4 y  21  0
k  3
( y  3)( y  7)  0
∴ Coordinates of C  (0, 3)
y  3 or y  7
∴ The coordinates of A and B are (0, 3) and (0, 7)
respectively; or the coordinates of A and B are
(0, 7) and (0, 3) respectively.
(c) AC  BC
(radii)
 26
AB  3  (7)
 10
By the cosine formula,
AC 2  BC 2  AB 2
cos ACB 
2( AC )( BC )
( 26 ) 2  ( 26 ) 2  102

2( 26 )( 26 )
48

52
12

13
ACB  157 (cor. to 3 sig. fig.)
24. (a) Let C(h, 2h  2) be the centre of the circle.
CA  CB (radii)
2 2
[h  (2)]  (2h  2  3)  (h  0) 2  ( 2h  2  7) 2
( h  2) 2  ( 2h  1) 2  h 2  ( 2h  5) 2
h 2  4h  4  4h 2  4h  1  h 2  4h 2  20h  25
20h  20
h 1
∴ Coordinates of C  (1, 4)
 CA
Radius  [1  ( 2)]2  ( 4  3) 2
 9 1
 10
(x  1)2  (y  4)2  10
(or x2  y2  2x  8y  7  0).
CP  (3  1) 2  (5  4) 2
(b)  4 1
 5
 radius
∴ P(3, 5) lies inside the circle.
25. (a) Let C(0, k) be the centre of the circle.
117
 CA (1  r )2  (8  r ) 2  r 2
Radius  (1  0) 2  [ 1  ( 3)] 2 1  2r  r 2  64  16r  r 2  r 2
 1 4 r 2  18r  65  0
 5 (r  5)(r  13)  0
∴ The equation of the circle is x2  (y  3)2  5 r  5 or r  13
(or x2  y2  6y 4  0).
CQ  [0  ( 3)]2  [ 3  ( 2)]2
(b)  9 1
 10
 radius
∴ Q(3, 2) lies outside the circle.
26. (a) ∵ The circle touches the x-axis at A(–2, 0).

∴ The line joining the centre of the circle and A is
perpendicular to the x-axis.
Let E(2, k) be the centre of the circle.
EA  EB (radii)
0k  [ 2  ( 4)]2  [ k  ( 1)] 2
k 2  4  k 2  2k  1
2 k  5
5
k 
2
2 2
  5  5
[ x  ( 2)]2   y       
  2  2
2
 5 25
( x  2) 2   y   
 2 4
(or x2  y2  4x  5y  4  0)
(b) By substituting x  0 into
2
 5 25
( x  2) 2   y    , we have
 2 4
2
2  5  25
2 y  
 2 4
2
 5 9
y  
 2 4
5 3
y 
2 2
y  1 or y  4
∴ The coordinates of C and D are (0, 1) and
(0, 4) respectively.
CD  1  ( 4)
∴
3
27. (a) Coordinates of C  (  r , r )

(b) The equation of the circle is (x  r)2  (y  r)2  r2.
∵ The circle passes through A(1, 8).
∴ By substituting (1, 8) into
(x  r)2  (y  r)2  r2, we have
118
∴ The possible equations of the circle are ∴ k  4

and
( x  5)  ( y  5) 2  25
2
(or x 2  y 2  10 x  10 y  25  0)
( x  13) 2  ( y  13) 2  169
(or x 2  y 2  26 x  26 y  169  0).
28. (a) Let (2k, k) be the coordinates of C.

∵ The circle touches the y-axis at P(0, –1).
∴ CP is perpendicular to the y-axis.
∴ k = –1
Coordinates of C  ( 2( 1),  1)
 ( 2,  1)
Radius = CP  2
( x  2) 2  ( y  1) 2  4
(or x2  y2  4x 2y  1  0).
(b) By substituting y  0 into
( x  2) 2  ( y  1) 2  4 , we have
( x  2) 2  12  4
( x  2) 2  3
x  2 3
∴ The x-intercepts of the circle are 2  3 and
2 3 .
29. (a) Let M be the mid-point of AB.
∵ CM  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt.

of chord  chord)
28

∴ x-coordinate of C 2
5
Suppose the circle touches the y-axis at N.
Then CN is perpendicular to the y-axis.
 CN
∴ Radius
5
(b) Let (5, k) be the coordinates of C.
The equation of the circle is
(x  5)2  (y  k)2  25 ……(1)
By substituting (2, 0) into (1), we have
(2  5) 2  (0  k ) 2  25
9  k 2  25
k 2  16
k  4
For k  4,
coordinates of C  (5, 4)
CP  (5  1) 2  [ 4  ( 2)]2
 16  36  52  radius
But P(1, 2) lies inside the circle.
∴ k  4
For k  4,
coordinates of C  (5, 4)
CP  (5  1) 2  [ 4  ( 2)] 2
 16  4  20  radius
P(1, 2) lies inside the circle.
119
∴ The equation of the circle is 2

5
( x  5)  [ y  ( 4)]  25
2 2   ( 5 )2 :   
4
( x  5) 2  ( y  4) 2  25 25
(or x2  y2  10x  8y  16  0)  5:
16
30. (a) ∵ C1 cuts the x-axis at two points A and B.  16 : 5
∴ By substituting y  0 into
x2  y2  8x  4y  15  0, we have
x 2  0 2  8 x  4(0)  15  0
x 2  8 x  15  0
( x  3)( x  5)  0
x  3 or x  5
∴ The coordinates of A and B are (3, 0) and (5, 0)
respectively.
 ( 8) 4
(b) Coordinates of S
  , 
 2 2
 ( 4,  2)
Let M and S′ be the mid-point of AB and the centre of
C2 respectively.
SM  AB and S′M  AB
∴ SS′  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt.
of chord  chord)
Let (4, k) be the coordinates of S′.
∵ C2 passes through A and S.
∴
( 4  3) 2  ( k  0) 2  ( 4  4) 2  [ k  ( 2)]2
1  k 2  k 2  4k  4
4k  3
3
k 
4
 3
Coordinates of S′   4,  
 4
2
 3 
 ( 4  3) 2     0 
 4 
Radius of C 9
2  1
16
5

4
∴ The equation of C2 is
2 2
 3 5
( x  4) 2   y     
 4 4
3 9 25
x 2  8 x  16  y 2  y  
2 16 16
2 x 2  2 y 2  16 x  3 y  30  0
2 2
 8 4
C1        15
(c) Radius of  2  2
 16  4  15
 5
The ratio of the area of C1 to that of C2
120
( 4)
 0  (6  2) 2  ( 1  2) 2
31. (a) Centre of C    2
, 
2
1
  16  9
 (2, 0)  25
2 2 5
4 0
     3
Radius of C  2  2
1
 43
1
∴ Centre of C3  (2, 0)
Radius of
C3  3  1
3
( x  2) 2  y 2  3 2
x 2  4x  4  y 2  9
x 2  y 2  4x  5  0
 ( 4) 10 
(b) Centre of C    2
, 
2 
2

 ( 2,  5)
2 2
4  10 
      25
Radius of C  2   2 
2
 4  25  25
2
Distance between the centres of C2 and C3
 ( 2  2) 2  ( 5  0) 2
5
Radius of C + radius of C  2  3
2 3
5
∵ Distance between the centres of C2 and C3
 radius of C2  radius of C3
∴ C2 and C3 touch each other.
42

32. (a) Slope of AB 62
1

2
4  ( 4)
Slope of BC  6  10
 2
∵
1
Slope of AB  slope of BC   (2)  1
2
∴ AB  BC
∴ △ABC is a right-angled triangle.
(b) ∵ AB  BC
∴ AC is a diameter of the circle.
∴ Centre of the circle
 mid-point of AC
 2  10 2  ( 4) 
 , 
 2 2 
 (6,  1)
Radius of the circle
121
∴ The equation of the circumcircle of △ABC is 02  62  D (0)  E (6)  F  0

( x  6)  [ y  ( 1)]  5
2 2 2
6 E  F  36 ……(4)
( x  6) 2  ( y  1) 2  25 3  2  D(3)  E ( 2)  F  0
2 2
(or x 2  y 2  12 x  2 y  12  0) 3D  2 E  F  13 ……(5)

(c) Let (h, k) be the coordinates of D.
(4) – (3): 3D  6 E  27
k 2
Slope of AD  D  2 E  9 ……(6)
h2
(5) – (4): 3D  4 E  23 ……(7)
k  ( 4)

Slope of CD h  10
k4

h  10
∵ ABCD is a rectangle.
∴ Slope of AD  slope of BC
and slope of CD  slope of BA
k 2 k4 1
i.e.  2 and 
h2 h  10 2
k  2  2 h  4 and
2k  8  h  10
2h  k  6 ……(1) and h  2k  18
……(2)
(1) – (2)  2 : 5k  30
k  6
By substituting k  6 into (1), we have
2h  (6)  6
h6
∴ Coordinates of D  (6,  6)
33. (a) By substituting y  0 into x  3y  3  0, we have

x  3(0)  3  0
x  3
∴ Coordinates of A  (3, 0)
By substituting x  0 into 4x  3y  18  0, we have
4(0)  3 y  18  0
y 6
∴ Coordinates of B  (0, 6)
L1 : x  3 y  3  0 ......(1)

L2 : 4 x  3 y  18  0 .....(2)
(1)  (2) : 5 x  15  0
x3
By substituting x  3 into (1), we have
3  3y  3  0
y 2
∴ Coordinates of C  (3, 2)
(b) (i) Let x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F  0 be the equation of
the circle.
∵ The circle passes through A(3, 0), B(0, 6)
and C(3, 2).
( 3) 2  02  D ( 3)  E (0)  F  0
 3D  F  9
……(3)
122
(6)  2  (7) :
5D  5 (b) Let (h, k) be the coordinates of S.
D 1 Slope of RS  slope of RQ
By substituting D  1 into (6), we have k 0 0  ( 4)

1  2 E  9 h  ( 2) 20
E  5 k
By substituting E  5 into (4), we have  2
h2
F  6
∴ The equation of the circle is 2h  k  4 ......(1)
x2  y2  x  5y  6  0. ∵ PS  RQ
 1 ( 5)  1
  ,   slope of PS 
(ii) Centre  2 2  2
 1 5 k  (1) 1
  ,  ∴ 
 2 2 h0 2
k 1 1
1
2
 5
2 
      ( 6) h 2
2  2  h  2k  2 ......(2)
1 25 5h  6
  6
4 4 (1)  2  (2) : 6
Radius
h
25 5

2 6
By substituting h   into (1), we have
5  5 2  5
 or
2  2   6
2    k  4
(c) Distance between the centre of the circle and the  5
point D 8
2 2
k
 1  5  5
   2  (1)    2  6 
     6 8
∴ The coordinates of S are   , .
 5 5
1 49
  (c) (i) ∵ PS  QS
4 4 ∴ PQ is a diameter of the circle passing
25 through P, Q and S.
 (converse of  in semi-circle)
2
Centre  mid-point of PQ
5
   1  ( 4) 
2 ∴
  0, 
 2 
 radius of the circle
∴ ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral.  5
  0,  
 2
34. (a) ∵ The circle cuts the y-axis at two points P
and Q. 1  ( 4)
∴ By substituting x = 0 into Radius 
x2  y2  4x  5y  4  0, we have 2
02  y 2  4(0)  5 y  4  0 3

y2  5y  4  0 2
∴ The equation of the circle passing through
( y  1)( y  4)  0 P, Q and S is
y  1 or y  4 
2 2
2  5  3
∴ The coordinates of P and Q are (0, 1) and ( x  0)   y        
(0, 4) respectively.   2  2
∵ The circle touches the x-axis at the point R. 2
 5 9
∴ By substituting y = 0 into x2   y   
x2  y2  4x  5y  4  0, we have  2  4
x 2  0 2  4 x  5(0)  4  0 (or x 2  y 2  5 y  4  0 )
x2  4 x  4  0 (ii) ∵ PS  RS
∴ PR is a diameter of the circle passing
( x  2) 2  0 through P, R and S.
x  2 (converse of  in semi-circle)
∴ The coordinates of R are (2, 0).
123
Centre  mid-point of PR 1
Radius  PR
 0  ( 2)  1  0  2
 , 
∴
 2 2  1
 (2  0) 2  [0  (1)]2
 1 2
   1,   1
 2  4 1
2
5

2
∴ The equation of the circle passing through
P, R and S is
2 2
  1   5
[ x  ( 1)]2   y        
  2   2 
 
2
 1 5
( x  1) 2   y   
 2 4
(or x 2  y 2  2 x  y  0 )
35. (a) ∵ The circle cuts the x-axis at A and B.

∴ By substituting y = 0 into the equation of S, we
have
x 2  0 2  11 x  7(0)  10  0
x 2  11 x  10  0
( x  1)( x  10)  0
x  1 or x  10
∴ The coordinates of A and B are (1, 0) and
(10, 0) respectively.
∵ The circle cuts the y-axis at P and Q.
∴ By substituting x = 0 into the equation of S, we
have
02  y 2  11(0)  7 y  10  0
y 2  7 y  10  0
( y  2)( y  5)  0
y  2 or y  5
∴ The coordinates of P and Q are (0, 2) and (0, 5)
respectively.
(b) (i) Let (h, 0) be the coordinates of R.
∵ Slope of PR  slope of QB
20 05

0  h 10  0
∴
2 1

h 2
h4
∴ The coordinates of R are (4, 0).
Area of trapezium PRBQ
 area of △OBQ  area of △ORP

1 1 
  (10)(5)  ( 4)( 2)  sq. units
2 2 
 21 sq. units
(ii) PR  42  22  20
QB  10 2  5 2  125
Let d be the distance between the parallel lines
PR and QB.
124
Area of trapezium PRBQ 

1
( PR  QB )  d
y  x  (1)
2 1. (a)

 x  y  4 x  6 y  12  0  (2)
2 2
1
21  ( 20  125 )  d
2
1
21  ( 2 5  5 5 )  d x 2  x 2  4 x  6 x  12  0
2
42 2 x 2  2 x  12  0
d x2  x  6  0
7 5
( x  3)( x  2)  0
6
 x  3 or x  2
5
6  6 5 

∴ The required distance is or
5  5 

.
(c) Let S and T be the mid-points of PQ and RB
respectively.
 25
  0, 
Coordinates of S  2 
 7
  0, 
 2
 10  4 
Coordinates of T
 , 0
 2 
 ( 7, 0)
The equation of ST is
7
0
y0
 2
x7 70
1
y   ( x  7)
2
x  2y  7  0
∵ The required circle satisfies (1) and (2).
∴ Its centre lies on x  2 y  7  0 and its
3
radius is .
5
Consider x  2 y  7  0 .
When x = 1, 1  2 y  7  0
y3
∴ One possible equation of the required circle is
9
( x  1) 2  ( y  3) 2  .
5
When x = 3, 3  2 y  7  0
y2
∴ One possible equation of the required circle is
9
( x  3) 2  ( y  2) 2  .
5
(or any other reasonable answers)
Exercise 5B (p. 5.32)

Level 1
125
By substituting x = –3 into (1), we have   ( 10) 2  4(5)(6)

y = –3
By substituting x = 2 into (1), we have  20
y=2 0
∴ The coordinates of the intersections between the ∴ There are no intersections between the straight
straight line and the circle are (–3, –3) and line and the circle.
(2, 2).
2 x  y  7  0  (3)
(b)
2 2
x  y  6 x  4 y  32  0  (4)
From (3), we have
y = –2x + 7  (5)
x 2  ( 2 x  7) 2  6 x  4( 2 x  7)  32  0
x 2  4 x 2  28 x  49  6 x  8 x  28  32  0
5 x 2  30 x  45  0
x2  6x  9  0
( x  3) 2  0
x3
y  2(3)  7
1
∴ The coordinates of the intersection between the
straight line and the circle are (3, 1).
4 x  y  5  0  (6)
(c)
2 2
x  y  3x  12 y  34  0  (7)
From (6), we have
y = 4x – 5  (8)
x 2  ( 4 x  5) 2  3x  12(4 x  5)  34  0
x 2  16 x 2  40 x  25  3x  48 x  60  34  0
17 x 2  85 x  119  0
x 2  5x  7  0
2
For the equation x – 5x + 7 = 0,
  ( 5) 2  4(1)(7)
 3
0
∴ There are no intersections between the straight
line and the circle.
x  2 y  0  (9)
(d)
2 2
x  y  2x  6 y  6  0  (10)
From (9), we have
x = 2y  (11)
( 2 y ) 2  y 2  2( 2 y )  6 y  6  0
5 y 2  10 y  6  0
For the equation 5y2 – 10y + 6 = 0,
126

2 x  y  3  0  (1)
2. (a)
2 2 4 x  2 y  11  0  (10)
x  y  5x  2 y  4  0  (2) (d)
2 2
From (1), we have x  y  6  (11)
y = 2x – 3  (3) From (10), we have
By substituting (3) into (2), we have 4 x  11
y  (12)
x 2  ( 2 x  3) 2  5 x  2( 2 x  3)  4  0 2
x 2  4 x 2  12 x  9  5 x  4 x  6  4  0 By substituting (12) into (11), we have
2
5 x 2  13 x  7  0   4 x  11 
x2    6
For the equation 5x2 – 13x + 7 = 0,  2 
  ( 13) 2  4(5)(7) 4 x 2  16 x 2  88 x  121  24
 29 20 x 2  88 x  97  0
0
∴ There are two intersections between the straight
x  3 y  6  0  (4)
(b)
 2 2
2 x  2 y  5x  2 y  4  0  (5)
From (4), we have
x = –3y + 6  (6)
2( 3 y  6) 2  2 y 2  5( 3 y  6)  2 y  4  0
18 y 2  72 y  72  2 y 2  15 y  30  2 y  4  0
20 y 2  55 y  46  0
2
For the equation 20y – 55y + 46 = 0,
  ( 55) 2  4( 20)( 46)
 655
0
5x  2 y  2  0  ( 7 )
(c)
2 2
x  y  x  2 y  30  0  (8)
From (7), we have
5x  2
y  (9)
2
2
 5x  2   5x  2 
x2     x  2   30  0
 2   2 
4 x 2  (5 x  2) 2  4 x  4(5 x  2)  120  0
4 x 2  25 x 2  20 x  4  4 x  20 x  8  120  0
29 x 2  4 x  124  0
2
For the equation 29x + 4x – 124 = 0,
  4 2  4( 29)(124)
 14 400
0
127
For the equation 20x2 – 88x + 97 = 0, 4 x 2  12 x  9  0

  ( 88)  4( 20)(97)
2
( 2 x  3) 2  0
 16
3
0 x
∴ There are no intersections between the straight 2
line and the circle. 3 
∴ The coordinates of the required point are , 0 .
2 
 y  2 x  8  (1)
3.
2 2
x  y  4 x  4 y  c  0  (2)
x 2  (2 x  8) 2  4 x  4(2 x  8)  c  0
x 2  4 x 2  32 x  64  4 x  8 x  32  c  0
5 x 2  20 x  (32  c )  0  (*)
∵ L does not intersect C.
0
20 2  4(5)(32  c )  0
400  640  20c  0
c  12
 y  mx  3  (1)
4.
2 2
 x  y  3x  2 y  2  0  (2)
x 2  (mx  3) 2  3x  2(mx  3)  2  0
x 2  m 2 x 2  6mx  9  3x  2mx  6  2  0
(m 2  1) x 2  (4m  3) x  5  0  (*)
∵ L is a tangent to C.
0
2 2
(4m  3)  4(m  1)(5)  0
16m 2  24m  9  20m 2  20  0
 4m 2  24m  11  0
4m 2  24m  11  0
( 2m  1)(2m  11)  0
1 11
m or m 
2 2
5. By substituting y = 0 into 4x2 + 4y2 – 12x – 8y + 9 = 0, we

have
4 x 2  4(0) 2  12 x  8(0)  9  0
4 x 2  12 x  9  0  (*)
For the equation (*),
  ( 12) 2  4( 4)(9)
0
∴ C touches the x-axis.
From (*),
128
x  y  c  0  (1)  y  mx  2  (1)

6.
2 2 2 2
x  y  4 x  4 y  6  0  (2) x  y  y  2  0  (2)
From (1), we have By substituting (1) into (2), we have
y  x  c  (3) x 2  (mx  2) 2  (mx  2)  2  0
x 2  m 2 x 2  4mx  4  mx  2  2  0
(m 2  1) x 2  3mx  0  (*)
x 2  (  x  c ) 2  4 x  4(  x  c )  6  0
x 2  x 2  2cx  c 2  4 x  4 x  4c  6  0
2 x 2  ( 2c  8) x  (c 2  4c  6)  0  (*)
∵ L intersects C at two points.
0
2 2
(2c  8)  4( 2)(c  4c  6)  0
4c  32c  64  8c 2  32c  48  0
2
 4c 2  16  0
c2  4
∴ We can suggest c = –1 or 1 (or any value of c
satisfying c2 < 4).
7. Let S be the centre of the circle.

 ( 3) ( 3) 
  , 
Coordinates of S  2 2 
3 3
 , 
2 2
3
3
 2
Slope of AS 3
5
2
3

7
7
Slope of the tangent  
3
∴ The equation of the tangent is
7
y3  ( x  5)
3
7 44
y x
3 3
 0 ( 1) 
  ,  
 1
  0, 
 2
∵ AS is a vertical line.
∴ The tangent is a horizontal line.
∴ The equation of the tangent is y = –2.
Alternative Solution
Let L: y = mx – 2 be the equation of the tangent.
129
∵ L is a tangent to C. 0
∴ For the equation (*), 2 2
[ (6c  10)]  4(10)(c  2c  5)  0
0
36c  120c  100  40c 2  80c  200  0
2
( 3m) 2  4( m 2  1)(0)  0
m0  4c 2  40c  300  0
∴ The equation of the tangent is y = –2. c 2  10c  75  0
(c  5)(c  15)  0
c  5 or c  15
 ( 4) ( 2) 
Coordinates of S
  ,  ∴ The equations of the tangents to the circle are
 2 2  y = –3x – 5 and y = –3x + 15.
 ( 2,  1)
∵ AS is a horizontal line.
∴ The tangent is a vertical line.
∴ The equation of the tangent is x = 3.
10. Let L: y = mx + 2 be the tangent to the circle.
 y  mx  2  (1)
2 2
 x  y  4 y  12 y  38  0  (2)
x 2  ( mx  2) 2  4 x  12(mx  2)  38  0
x 2  m 2 x 2  4mx  4  4 x  12mx  24  38  0
(m 2  1) x 2  (8m  4) x  18  0  (*)
0
[(8m  4)]  4(m  1)(18)  0
2 2
64m 2  64m  16  72m2  72  0

 8m 2  64m  56  0
m 2  8m  7  0
(m  1)(m  7)  0
m  1 or m  7
∴ The equations of the tangents to the circle are
y = x + 2 and y = 7x + 2.
11. Let L: y = –3x + c be the tangent to the circle.
 y  3x  c  (1)
2 2
x  y  4x  2 y  5  0  ( 2)
x 2  ( 3 x  c ) 2  4 x  2( 3 x  c )  5  0
x 2  9 x 2  6cx  c 2  4 x  6 x  2c  5  0
10 x 2  (6c  10) x  (c 2  2c  5)  0  (*)
∴ L is a tangent to C.
130
2   ( 8) 2  4(1)(16)
12. (a) Slope of L   ( 1)
2 0
2 ∴ L1 is a tangent to C.
From (2), we have
∵ L1  L2
1 17 y  10
x  (5)
∴ Slope of L1  m   7
2
 1
1L : y   xc  (1)
(b)
 2
C : x 2  y 2  2 x  4 y  75  0  (2)

2
 1   1 
x 2    x  c   2 x  4  x  c   75  0
 2   2 
1
x 2  x 2  cx  c 2  2 x  2 x  4c  75  0
4
5 2
x  (c  4) x  (c 2  4c  75)  0
4
5 x 2  4(c  4) x  4(c 2  4c  75)  0  (*)
∵ L1 is a tangent to C.
0
2 2
[ 4(c  4)]  4(5)[4(c  4c  75)]  0
(c  4) 2  5(c 2  4c  75)  0
c 2  8c  16  5c 2  20c  375  0
 4c 2  12c  391  0
4c 2  12c  391  0
(2c  17)(2c  23)  0
17 23
c or c  
2 2
13. (a) By substituting A(1, 1) into the equation of L1, we

have
a (1)  1  2  0
a 1
By substituting A(1, 1) into the equation of L2, we
have
7(1)  b(1)  10  0
b   17
(b) L1: x + y – 2 = 0 (1)
L2: 7x – 17y + 10 = 0 (2)
C: x2 + y2 – 12x + 28 = 0 (3)
From (1), we have
y = –x + 2 (4)
x 2  ( x  2) 2  12 x  28  0
x 2  x 2  4 x  4  12 x  28  0
2 x 2  16 x  32  0
x 2  8 x  16  0  (*)
131

 7
4    8
5
 17 y  10 
2
2  17 y  10  y 
   y  12   28  0 3
 7   7 
4
(17 y  10) 2  49 y 2  84(17 y  10)  1372  0 
5
289 y 2  340 y  100  49 y 2  1428 y  840  1372 ∴0 The coordinates of the intersection are
338 y 2  1768 y  2312  0 7 4
 ,  .
169 y  884 y  1156  0  5 5 
2
 (**)
For the equation (**),
  ( 884) 2  4(169)(1156 )
0
∴ L2 is a tangent to C.
Level 2
4x  3 y  p  0  (1)
14. (a)
2 2
x  y  6x  4 y  9  0  (2)
From (1), we have
4x  p
y  (3)
3
2
 4x  p   4x  p 
x2     6 x  4 90
 3   3 
9 x  16 x  8 px  p  54 x  48 x  12 p  81  0
2 2 2
25 x 2  (8 p  6) x  ( p 2  12 p  81)  0
 (*)
0
(8 p  6)  4( 25)( p  12 p  81)  0
2 2
64 p  96 p  36  100 p 2  1200 p  8100  0

2
 36 p 2  1296 p  8064  0
p 2  36 p  224  0
( p  8)( p  28)  0
p  8 or p  28
(b) For p = 8,
25 x 2  [8(8)  6] x  [8 2  12(8)  81]  0

25 x 2  70 x  49  0
(5 x  7 ) 2  0
7
x
5
7
By substituting x   and p = 8 into (3), we
5
have
132
For p = 28, 25 x 2  20( 4) x  5( 4) 2  16  0

25 x 2  80 x  64  0
25 x 2  [8( 28)  6] x  [ 28 2  12( 28)  81]  0
(5 x  8) 2  0
25 x 2  230 x  529  0
8
(5 x  23) 2  0 x
5
23
x
5
23
By substituting x   and p = 28 into (3), we
5
have
 23 
4    28
 5  16
y 
3 5
∴ The coordinates of the intersection are
 23 16 
 , .
 5 5 
15. (a) L1: 2x – y + q = 0 (1)

L2: 2x + ry – 20 = 0 (2)
C: 5x2 + 5y2 = 16 (3)
From (1), we have
y = 2x + q (4)
5 x 2  5( 2 x  q) 2  16
5 x 2  20 x 2  20qx  5q 2  16  0
25 x 2  20qx  (5q 2  16)  0  (*)
0
(20q) 2  4(25)(5q 2  16)  0
400q 2  500q 2  1600  0
100q 2  1600
q 2  16
q  4 or q  4 (rejected)
From (2), we have
 ry  20
x  (5)
2
2
  ry  20 
  5 y  16
2
5
 2 
5(r 2 y 2  40ry  400)  20 y 2  64  0
(5r 2  20) y 2  200ry  1936  0  (**)
0
2 2
(200r )  4(5r  20)(1936)  0
1280r 2  154 880  0
r 2  121
r  11 or r  11 (rejected)
(b) For L1 : 2 x  y  4  0 ,
from (*) in (a), we have
133
8 By substituting x = 2 into (2), we have

By substituting x   into the equation of L1, 3
5 y ( 2)  2
we have 2
 8 5
2    y  4  0 ∴ The coordinates of the intersection of L1 and L2
 5 are (2, 5).
4 A(0, 2) is the centre of C.
y ∵ L2 is the perpendicular to L1 passing through A.
5 ∴ (2, 5) is the point of contact of L1 and C.
 8 4
 ,  .
 5 5
For L2 : 2 x  11 y  20  0 ,
from (**) in (a), we have
[5(11) 2  20] y 2  200(11) y  1936  0
625 y 2  2200 y  1936  0
( 25 y  44) 2  0
44
y
25
44
By substituting y  into the equation of L2, we
25
have
 44 
2 x  11   20  0
 25 
16
2x 
25
8
x
25
 8 44 
 , .
 25 25 
2
16. (a) Slope of L1  
3
∵ L1  L2
3
∴ Slope of L2 
2
∵ A(0, 2) lies on L2.
3
∴ The equation of L2 is y  x2.
2
L1 : 2 x  3 y  19  0  (1)

(b)  3
 2 2 x2
L : y   (2)

3 
2 x  3 x  2   19  0
 2 
9
2 x  x  6  19  0
2
13
x  13
2
x2
134
Radius  (0  2) 2  ( 2  5) 2
18. (a) ∵ The circle C cuts the y-axis at the two points P
 49 and R.
∴ By substituting x = 0 into
 13
x2 + y2 – 6x – 10y + 21 = 0, we have
∴ The equation of C is
y 2  10 y  21  0
x 2  ( y  2) 2  ( 13 ) 2
( y  3)( y  7)  0
x2  y2  4 y  9  0 y  3 or y  7
∴ The coordinates of P and R are (0, 7) and (0, 3)
17. (a) C: x2 + y2 + 2x – 4y = 0  (1) respectively.
∵ C cuts the x-axis at O and A.
L : x  y  7  0  (1)
∴ By substituting y = 0 into (1), we have
x 2  0 2  2 x  4(0)  0
x2  2x  0  2 2
x ( x  2)  0 C : x  y  6 x  10 y  21  0  (2)
x  0 or x  2 From (1), we have
∴ The coordinates of A are (–2, 0). y = –x + 7  (3)
(b) Let S be the centre of C. By substituting (3) into (2), we have
 2 ( 4) 
Coordinates of S
  ,  
 2 2  x 2  (  x  7) 2  6 x  10(  x  7)  21  0
 (1, 2) x 2  x 2  14 x  49  6 x  10 x  70  21  0
20 2 x 2  10 x  0
Slope of OS 
1 0 x 2  5x  0
 2 x ( x  5)  0
1 x0 (rejected) or x5
∴ Slope of OB 
2 By substituting x = 5 into (3), we have
∴ The equation of the tangent to C at O is y  5  7
x 2
y .
2 ∴ The coordinates of Q are (5, 2).
20 (b) Area of △PQR

Slope of SA  1  (  2)
1
2  (7  3)(5  0) sq. units
2
1  10 sq. units
∴ Slope of AB  
2
∴ The equation of the tangent to C at A is 19. (a) ∵ L passes through the point P(2, 0).
1 ∴ By substituting P(2, 0) into the equation of L,
y   [ x  ( 2)] we have
2 20b  0
x b2
y   1
2 ∵ S passes through the point P(2, 0).
∴ By substituting P(2, 0) into the equation of S, we
 x have
 y  2  (2) 2 2  0 2  8(2)  4(0)  c  0
(c)  c   20
 y   x  1  (3) L : x  y  2  0  (1)
 2 (b)
 2 2
C : x  y  8 x  4 y  20  0  (2)
x x
  1
2 2 From (1), we have
x  1 y = –x + 2  (3)
By substituting x = –1 into (2), we have
1
y
2
 1
∴ The coordinates of B are   1,  .
 2
135
x 2  ( x  2) 2  8 x  4( x  2)  20  0 (c) Let M be the mid-point of PQ.
x 2  x 2  4 x  4  8 x  4 x  8  20  0  2  ( 6) 0  8 
 , 
Coordinates of M  2 2 
2 x 2  8 x  24  0
 ( 2, 4)
x 2  4 x  12  0
( x  6)( x  2)  0  8 ( 4) 
  ,  
Coordinates of centre C  2 2 
x  6 or x  2 (rejected)
By substituting x = –6 into (3), we have  ( 4, 2)
y  ( 6)  2 ∵ M is the mid-point of PQ.
∴ CM  PQ (line joining centre to mid-pt. of
8
chord  chord)
∴ Coordinates of Q  (6, 8) ∴ Distance between the centre C and PQ
 ( 6  2) 2  (8  0) 2  [ 2  ( 4)]2  ( 4  2) 2
PQ  64  64  8 (or 2 2)
 128 (or 8 2)
20. (a) (i) By substituting y = x into x2 + y2 – ky + 2 = 0, we
have
x 2  x 2  kx  2  0
2 x 2  kx  2  0  (*)
∵ L1 is a tangent to the circle S.
0
(k ) 2  4(2)(2)  0
k 2  16
k  4 or k  4 (rejected)
(ii) S: x2 + y2 – 4y + 2 = 0
2 2
0  4
     2
Radius of S 2  2 
 42
 2
(b) Since L2 is a tangent to the circle S,
CA  CP (tangent  radius)
i.e. OCA = 90
∵ Slope of L1 = 1
 90  inclination of L1
∴ COA
 90  tan 1 1
 45
CAO
 180  OCA  COA ( sum of △)

 180  90  45
 45
∴ △COA is a right-angled isosceles triangle.
 0 ( 4) 
(c) Coordinates of P
  ,  
 2 2 
 (0, 2)
∴ OP  2
OC  OP  PC
 2 2
AB  AC ( tangent properties)
 OC (sides opp. equal s)
 2 2
136
From (1), we have

L : 2 x  3 y  26  0  (1) x
3
y  13  (3)
21. (a)
 2 2 2
C : x  y  4 x  6 y  104  0  (2)
2
3  3 
 y  13   y  4 y  13   6 y  104  0
2
2  2 
9 2
y  39 y  169  y 2
4
 6 y  52  6 y  104  0
13 2
y  39 y  117  0
4
y 2  12 y  36  0  (*)
  12 2  4(1)(36)
0
∴ L is a tangent to S.
From (*), we have ( y  6)  0
2
y6
3
x (6)  13
2
 4
∴ Coordinates of P  (4, 6)
(b) Let (x, y) be the coordinates of Q.
 ( 4) 6
  , 
Coordinates of C  2 2
 ( 2,  3)
By the mid-point formula, we have
x  ( 4) y6
2 and 3 
2 2
x8 and y  12
∴ Coordinates of Q  (8,  12)
(c) ∵ L1 // L and L1 is a tangent to S.
∴ L1 must pass through Q.
2 2
Slope of L   
( 3) 3
Slope of L1  slope of L
2

3
∴ The equation of L1 is
2
y  ( 12)  ( x  8)
3
2 52
y  x
3 3
22. (a) ∵ C passes through the point A(–4, 0).
∴ By substituting A(–4, 0) into the equation of C,
we have
( 4 ) 2  0 2  D ( 4 )  E ( 0 )  F  0
 4 D  F  16
F
D 4
4
137
∵ C passes through the point B(0, 4). 8

∴ By substituting B(0, 4) into the equation of C, D 42
we have 4
02  42  D(0)  E (4)  F  0 ( 8)
E  4  2
4 E  F  16 4
F  2 ( 2) 
E 4 ∴ Centre    ,    ( 1, 1)
4  2 2 
(b) 2 2
2  2
L : x  3 y  8  0  (1) Radius    
2
  (8)
 2 
  10
 2 2 F   F 
C : x  y   4  4  x    4  4  y  F  0  (2)
Distance from O to the centre
 ( 1  0) 2  (1  0) 2
      2
From (1), we have
 radius
x = –3y – 8  (3)
∵ O lies inside C.
∴ F = –8
∴ The equation of C is x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y – 8 = 0.
F 
( 3 y  8) 2  y 2    4 (3 y  8) Revision Exercise 5 (p. 5.37)
 4  Level 1
1. (a) The equation of the circle is
 F 
    4 y  F  0 x 2  y 2  62
 4  i.e. x 2  y 2  36
3F
9 y 2  48 y  64  y 2  y  12 y (b) The equation of the circle is
4
[ x  ( 5)]2  ( y  2) 2  ( 4 2 ) 2
F i.e.
 2 F  32  y  4 y  F  0 ( x  5) 2  ( y  2) 2  32
4
10 y  (32  F ) y  (32  F )  0  (*)
2
2. (a) x 2  y 2  25  0
∵ C touches the straight line L. x 2  y 2  52
0 ∴ Centre  (0, 0)
Radius  5
(32  F )2  4(10)(32  F )  0
 6 ( 8) 
(32  F )(8  F )  0   ,  
(b) Centre  2 2 
F  32 or F  8
 ( 3, 4)
For F = 32,
32 2 2
D  4  12 
6  8
    0
4 2  2 
32 Radius
E  4  12  9  16
4
 25
 12 ( 12)  5
∴ Centre    ,   ( 6, 6)
 2 2 
2 x 2  2 y 2  3x  4 y  3  0
 12 
2
  12 
2 (c)
      32 3 3
 2   2 
x2  y2  x  2 y   0
Radius 2 2
 36  36  32   3 
   
 40   2 ( 2) 
  ,
Distance from O to the centre Centre  2 2 
 

 ( 6  0) 2  (6  0) 2  
3 
 72   , 1
4 
 radius
∵ O lies inside C.
∴ F  32
For F = –8,
138
 3 
2 3x 2  3 y 2  8 x  4 y  4  0
  2 (d)
  2     2     3  8 4
x2  y 2  x  y   0
4
 2   2   2 3 3 3
 
    8
   4 

Radius  9 3   3 3 
1   , 
16 2 Centre  2 2


49  
 4 2
16  , 
7 3 3

4 2 2
 8   4
   
  3   3   4
 2   2 3
   
   
Radius
16 4 4
  
9 9 3
8  2 2
  or 
9  3 

2 2
6  5
      16
2
   2 
3. (a) Radius 25
 9  16
4
3
 
4
∴ The equation represents an imaginary circle.
2 x 2  2 y 2  18 x  2 y  41  0
(b)
41
x2  y2  9x  y  0
2
2 2
 9  1 41
     
 2   2  2
Radius
81 1 41
  
4 4 2
0
∴ The equation represents a point circle.
4. Let S be the centre of C.

 5 ( 1) 
S   , 
 2 2 
 5 1
  , 
 2 2
2 2
5  1
      (6)
2
   2 
Radius 25 1
  6
4 4
25

2
139
2 2 ( 3 y  5) 2  y 2  4( 3 y  5)  12 y  15  0
 5  1 
    0    0 9 y 2  30 y  25  y 2  12 y  20  12 y  15  0
 2  2 
(a) SP
10 y 2  30 y  20  0
13
 y2  3y  2  0
2
 radius ( y  1)( y  2)  0
∴ P(0, 0) lies inside the circle. y  1 or y  2
2 2
 5  1 
   2  ( 2)    2  4 
   
(b) SQ  1 49

4 4
25

2
 radius
∴ Q(–2, 4) lies on the circle.
2 2
 5  1 
    1    2 
 2  2 
(c) SR  49 9

4 4
29

2
 radius
∴ R(1, 2) lies outside the circle.
x  y  3  0  (1)
5. (a)
2 2
 x  y  10 x  12 y  59  0  (2)
From (1), we have
y  x3  (3)
x 2  ( x  3) 2  10 x  12( x  3)  59  0
x 2  x 2  6 x  9  10 x  12 x  36  59  0
2 x 2  16 x  32  0
x 2  8 x  16  0
( x  4) 2  0
x4
y  43
7
∴ The coordinates of the intersection between the
straight line and the circle are (4, 7).
x  3 y  5  0  (4)
(b)
2 2
x  y  4 x  12 y  15  0  (5)
From (4), we have
x  3 y  5  (6)
140
By substituting y = –1 into (6), we have

x  3( 1)  5  y  2 x  1  (1)
 2 7.
2 2
By substituting y = –2 into (6), we have
x  3( 2)  5 x  y  2 x  2 y  c  0  (2)
1 By substituting (1) into (2), we have
∴ The coordinates of the intersections between the x 2  (2 x  1) 2  2 x  2( 2 x  1)  c  0
straight line and the circle are (–2, –1) and (1, –
2). x 2  4x 2  4x  1  2x  4x  2  c  0
5 x 2  6 x  (3  c)  0  (*)
3x  2 y  4  0  (1)
6. (a)
2 2
 x  y  6 x  1  0  (2)
From (1), we have
3
y x2  (3)
2
2
3 
x2   x  2   6x  1  0
 2 
9
x2  x2  6 x  4  6x  1  0
4
13 2
x  3  0  (*)
4
 13 
  0 2  4 (3)
 4 
 39  0
2 x  5 y  8  0  (4)
(b)
 2 2
3x  3 y  2 y  19  0  (5)
From (4), we have
5
x y4  (6)
2
2
5 
3  y  4   3 y 2  2 y  19  0
2 
75 2
y  60 y  48  3 y 2  2 y  19  0
4
87 2
y  58 y  29  0
4
3 y 2  8 y  4  0  (**)
For the equation (**),
  ( 8) 2  4(3)(4)
 16  0
141
∵ L intersects S at two points. 12 2  0 2  D (12)  E (0)  F  0

0 12 D  F  144
6 2  4(5)(3  c)  0 ……(2)
 24  20c  0 02  22  D(0)  E ( 2)  F  0
6 2 E  F  4
c
5
……(3)
8. (a) Coordinates of C = (1, 3) (2) – (1) : 11D  143
Radius = 3 D  13
∴ The equation of the circle is By substituting D = –13 into (1), we have
(x – 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = 9 13  F  1
(or x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 1 = 0).
(b) Coordinates of C = (–3, 2) F  12
Radius = –3 – (–7) = 4 By substituting F = 12 into (3), we have
∴ The equation of the circle is 2 E  12  4
[( x  ( 3)]2  ( y  2) 2  4 2 E  8
( x  3)  ( y  2)  16
2 2 ∴ The equation of the circle is
x 2  y 2  13x  8 y  12  0
(or x 2  y 2  6 x  4 y  3  0)
  2

 or  x  13   ( y  4) 2  185  .
 PQ   2  4 

2 (b) By substituting x = 0 into x2 + y2 – 13x – 8y +12 = 0,
 3 
Radius  (1  1)     1
2
9. we have
 2  02  y 2  13(0)  8 y  12  0
5
 y 2  8 y  12  0
2
∴ The equation of the circle is ( y  2)( y  6)  0
2 2 y  2 (rejected) or y  6

2  3  5
( x  1)   y        ∴ The coordinates of the required intersection are
  2  2 (0, 6).
2
 3 25 12. (a) Let x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 be the equation of the
( x  1) 2   y   
 2 4 circle.
∵ The circle passes through (–2, 2), (3, 2) and
(3, –4).
10. ∵ AB is a diameter of the circle.
 mid-point of AB
( 2) 2  2 2  D( 2)  E (2)  F  0
∴ Centre   4  ( 6) , 5  1   2 D  2 E  F  8
 
 2 2 
……(1)
 ( 1, 3)
3 2  2 2  D (3)  E (2)  F  0
1
 AB 3D  2 E  F  13
2
1 ……(2)
Radius  2 [ 4  ( 6)]  (5  1)
2 2
3 2  (4) 2  D (3)  E (4)  F  0

1 3D  4 E  F  25
 116
2
……(3)
 29
(2) – (1) : 5 D  5
∴ The equation of the circle is D  1
(x + 1)2 + (y – 3)2 = 29
(or x2 + y2 + 2x – 6y – 19 = 0). (2) – (3) : E  12
6
E 2
11. (a) Let x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 be the equation of the By substituting D = –1 and E = 2 into (1), we
circle. have
∵ The circle passes through the points A (1, 0),
B (12, 0) and C (0, 2).
2( 1)  2( 2)  F  8
∴ By substitution, we have F  14
12  0 2  D(1)  E (0)  F  0 ∴ The equation of the circle is
D  F  1
……(1)
142
x 2  y 2  x  2 y  14  0 6 2  ( 2  k ) 2  r 2 and ( 1) 2  ( 5  k ) 2  r 2
  2
 k 2  4k  40  r 2 and k 2  10k  26  r 2
 or  x  1   ( y  1) 2  61 
  2 4  k 2  4k  40  k 2  10k  26

14k  14
 ( 1) 2
  ,  k 1
2 2
(b) Centre  (b) By substituting k = 1 into (*), we have
1  x2 + (y – 1)2 = r2
  ,  1
2  ∵ The circle passes through (6, 2).
∴ 62  ( 2  1) 2  r 2
2 2
 1 2 r 2  37
       ( 14)
 2  2 ∴ The equation of C is x2 + (y – 1)2 = 37
(or x2 + y2 – 2y – 36 = 0).
Radius 1
  1  14
4 16. Let (h, h) be the centre of the circle and r be the radius of
the circle.
61  61 
  or The equation of the circle is
4  2  ( x  h) 2  ( y  h) 2  r 2  (1)

13. Distance between (2, –5) and (–1, –1)

 [ 2  ( 1)]2  [ 5  ( 1)]2
 9  16
 25
5
(x – 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = 26 or (x – 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = 27
(or any equation in the form (x – 2)2 + (y + 5)2 = r2,
where r > 5).
14. Let x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 be the equation of the circle.

∵ The circle passes through A(2, 2) and B(–2, –2).
2 2  2 2  D ( 2)  E ( 2)  F  0
2 D  2 E  F  8
……(1)
( 2) 2  ( 2) 2  D( 2)  E ( 2)  F  0
 2 D  2 E  F  8
……(2)
(1) + (2) : 2 F  16
F  8
By substituting F = –8 into (1), we have
2 D  2 E  8  8
E  D
x2 + y2 = 8 or x2 + y2 + x – y – 8 = 0
(or any equation in the form
x2 + y2 + kx – ky – 8 = 0, where k is a real
number).
15. (a) Let r be the radius of the circle.

The equation of the circle is x2 + (y – k)2 = r2 ……(*)
∵ The circle passes through (6, 2) and (–1, –5).
143
∵ The circle passes through (3, 0) and (0, –2). 19. Let S be the centre of the circle.
 5 ( 4) 
(3  h ) 2  (0  h ) 2  r 2   ,  
9  6h  2h 2  r 2  ( 2)
 5 
(0  h) 2  (2  h) 2  r 2    , 2
 2 
4  4h  2h 2  r 2  (3) 4  2
5  10h  0 
(3) – (2) : Slope of AS  1    5 
1  
h  2
2
 4
1
By substituting h  into (2), we have 1
2 Slope of the tangent 
2
4
1 1 ∴ The equation of the tangent to C at A is
9  6   2   r 2
2
  2 1
y  ( 4)  [ x  ( 1)]
13 4
r2 
2 1 15
y x
4 4
2 2
 1  1 13
x    y    20. Let y = mx + 4 be the equation of the tangent.
 2  2 2
 y  mx  4  (1)
(or x 2  y 2  x  y  6  0). 2 2
 x  y  2 y  4  0   ( 2)
17. (a) By substituting y = 0 into x2 + y2 – 2x – 4y + 1 = 0,
we have x 2  (mx  4) 2  2( mx  4)  4  0
x 2  0 2  2 x  4( 0)  1  0 x 2  m 2 x 2  8mx  16  2mx  8  4  0
x 2  2 x  1  0  (*) ( m 2  1) x 2  10mx  20  0  (*)
For the equation (*), ∵ y = mx + 4 is the equation of the tangent.
  ( 2)  4(1)(1)
2
0
0
∴ The circle C touches the x-axis. (10m)  4( m  1)(20)  0
2 2
100m 2  80m 2  80  0
 ( 2) ( 4)  20m 2  80
(b) Centre of C    2
,
2 

 m2  4
 (1, 2) m  2
2 2 ∴ The equations of the tangents are y = 2x + 4 and
2 4 y = –2x + 4.
Radius      1
 2   2 
21. (a) ∵ C cuts the x-axis at the points A and B.
2 ∴ By substituting y = 0 into
Distance between A(–5, 0) and the centre of C x2 + y2 – 5x + ky + 4 = 0, we have
 ( 5  1) 2  (0  2) 2 x 2  02  5 x  k (0)  4  0
 40 x2  5x  4  0
 radius ( x  1)( x  4)  0
∴ A(–5, 0) lies outside C.
x  1 or x  4
18. Let S be the centre of the circle. ∴ The coordinates of A and B are (1, 0) and (4, 0)
Coordinates of S = (–2, 0) respectively or the coordinates of A and B are
5  0 (4, 0) and (1, 0) respectively.
Slope of AS
 (b) By substituting x = 0 into
3  ( 2) x2 + y2 – 5x + ky + 4 = 0, we have
 1 02  y 2  5(0)  ky  4  0
Slope of the tangent = 1 y 2  ky  4  0  (*)
∴ The equation of the tangent to C at A is
y  ( 5)  x  3 ∵ C touches the y-axis at the point T.
y  x 8 0
k  4(1)( 4)  0
2
k  4
144
For k = –4,
y2  4 y  4  0 (from (*))
( y  2) 2  0
y2
∴ The corresponding coordinates of T are (0, 2).
For k = 4,
y2  4 y  4  0 (from (*))
( y  2) 2  0
y  2
∴ The corresponding coordinates of T are (0, –2).
2 x  3 y  a  0  (1)
22. (a)
2 2
x  y  4 x  y  1  0  (2)
From (1), we have
3 a
x y  (3)
2 2
2
 3 a  3 a
  y    y 2  4  y    y  1  0
 2 2  2 2
2
9 2 3a a
y  y  y 2  6 y  2a  y  1  0
4 2 4
13 2  3a   a2 
y   7  y    2a  1  0  (*)
4  2   4 
 0
2
 3a   13  a 2

  7   4   2a  1  0
 2   4  4 
9 2 13 2
a  21a  49  a  26a  13  0
4 4
 a 2  5a  36  0
a 2  5a  36  0
( a  4)(a  9)  0
a   4 or a  9
(b) For a = –4,
13 2  3( 4)   ( 4) 2 
y   7 y    2( 4)  1  0
4  2   4 
13 2
y  13 y  13  0
4
y2  4 y  4  0
( y  2) 2  0
y2
(from (*))
By substituting y = 2 and a = –4 into (3), we have
145
3 ( 4) For a = 9,
x ( 2) 
2 2
 1 13 2  3(9)   92 
y   7 y    2(9)  1  0
∴ The coordinates of the intersection are (–1, 2). 4  2  4 
13 2 13 13
y  y  0 (from
4 2 4
y2  2 y  1  0
( y  1) 2  0
y  1
(*))
By substituting y = –1 and a = 9 into (3), we have

3 9
x ( 1) 
2 2
 3
∴ The coordinates of the intersection are (–3, –1).
23. (a) Both L1 : x  py  1  0 and

q
L2 : x  y  1  0 are in the form
2
x  ky  1  0 .
x  ky  1  0  (1)
2 2
x  y  4 x  2 y  0  (2)
From (1), we have
x   ky  1  (3)
(ky  1)2  y 2  4(ky  1)  2 y  0

k 2 y 2  2ky  1  y 2  4ky  4  2 y  0
(k 2  1) y 2  (6k  2) y  5  0  (*)
∵ L1 and L2 are tangents to C.
0
(6k  2) 2  4(k 21)(5)  0
36k 2  24k  4  20k 2  20  0
16k 2  24k  16  0
2k 2  3k  2  0
(2k  1)(k  2)  0
1
k  or k  2
2
∵
Slope of L1  0 and slope of L2  0

1 2
 0 and  0
p q
p0 and q0
q 1
p 2 and 
∴ 2 2
q 1
(b) For L1, by substituting k = –2 into (*), we have
146
[(2) 2  1] y 2  [6( 2)  2] y  5  0 1

For L2, by substituting k  into (*), we have
5 y  10 y  5  0
2 2
y2  2 y  1  0  1  2   1 
   1 y 2  6   2 y  5  0
( y  1) 2  0  2    2 
y 1 5 2
y  5y  5  0
By substituting y = 1 and k = –2 into (3), we have 4
x  ( 2)(1)  1 y2  4 y  4  0
1
( y  2) 2  0
∴ The coordinates of the intersection are (1, 1).
y  2
1
By substituting y  2 and k  into (3), we have
2
1
x ( 2)  1
2
0
∴ The coordinates of the intersection are (0, 2).
3
24. Slope of L1 
4
∵ L  L1
4
Slope of L  
3
∴ 4 4
 
b 3
b3
L : 4 x  3 y  c  0 ......(1)
 2 2
C : x  y  8x  2 y  8  0 ......(2)
From (1), we have
4 c
y x ……(3)
3 3
2
 4 c  4 c
x 2    x    8 x  2  x    8  0
 3 3  3 3
2
16 2 8 c 8 2c
x2  x  cx   8x  x  8  0
9 9 9 3 3
25 2  8 32   c 2 2c 
x  c  x     8   0 ......(*)
9 9 3   9 3 
147
  0 Level 2
2 7
8 32   25  c 2 2c  25. (a) Radius 
 c   4    8   0 2
9 3   9  9 3 
7 7
64 2 512 1024 100 2 200 800 Centre   , 
c  c  c  c  0 2 2
81 27 9 81 27 9
4 104 224
 c2  c  0  7 
2
7 7
2 2
9 9 9 x  y     
 2  2 2
c 2  26c  56  0
2 2
(c  28)(c  2)  0  7  7 49
x  y   
c   28 or c  2  2  2 4
 49 
 or x 2  y 2  7 x  7 y   0
 4 
(b) Let (0, k) be the centre of the circle.
Radius  k
x 2  ( y  k ) 2  k 2 ……(1)
Slope of the tangent with inclination 60
 tan 60
 3
y  3[ x  (  3 )]
y  3x  3 ……(2)
x 2  ( 3x  3  k ) 2  k 2
x 2  3 x 2  2(3  k ) 3 x  (3  k ) 2  k 2
4 x 2  2 3 (3  k ) x  (9  6 k )  0
……(*)
∵ (2) is the tangent of the circle.
0
[2 3 (3  k )]2  4(4)(9  6k )  0
12(9  6k  k 2 )  144  96k  0
9  6k  k 2  12  8k  0
k 2  2k  3  0
(k  3)(k  1)  0
k  3 (rejected) or k  1
x 2  ( y  1) 2  1 (or x 2  y 2  2 y  0) .
20
26. (a) Slope of AB  4  2
1
Slope of the perpendicular bisector of AB  1
24 02
Mid-point of AB   , 
 2 2 
 (3, 1)
∴ The equation of the perpendicular bisector of AB
is
y  1   ( x  3)
y  x  4
(b) ∵ The circle passes through A and B.
148
∴ The centre lies on the perpendicular bisector of

AB.
∴ The centre is the intersection of the  x  4 y  11  0 ......(1)
perpendicular bisector of AB and L : y  2x  11. 
 y   x  4 ......(1)  y  4 x  7 ......(2)
 By substituting (2) into (1), we have
x  4( 4 x  7)  11  0
 y  2 x  11 ......(2) 17 x  17
By substituting (1) into (2), we have x  1
 x  4  2 x  11 By substituting x  1 into (2), we have
3 x  15 y  4( 1)  7
x5 3
By substituting x  5 into (1), we have ∴ Coordinates of B  (1, 3)
y  5  4
 1
∴ Centre  (5, 1)
Radius  (5  2) 2  ( 1  0) 2
 10
( x  5) 2  ( y  1) 2  10
(or x 2  y 2  10 x  2 y  16  0).
27. Let C(h, 7  h) be the centre of the circle.

∵ The circle touches the y-axis.
∴ Radius  h
( x  h) 2  [ y  (7  h)]2  h 2 ……(1)
By substituting A(1, 1) into (1), we have
(1  h) 2  (1  7  h) 2  h 2
(1  h) 2  (h  8) 2  h 2
1  2h  h 2  h 2  16h  64  h 2
h 2  18h  65  0
(h  5)(h  13)  0
h  5 or h  13
∴ The equations of the circles are
( x  5) 2  [ y  (7  5)]2  52
( x  5) 2  ( y  2) 2  25
or ( x  13) 2  [ y  (7  13)]2  132

( x  13) 2  ( y  6) 2  169
1
28. (a) Slope of L  
4
∵ AB  L (tangent  radius)
∴ Slope of AB  4
∴ The equation of the straight line is
  3 
y  1  4 x    
  2 
y  4x  7
(b) B is the intersection of L : x  4 y  11  0 and
AB : y  4x  7.
149
Radius  AB
 3 
2  y  mx  c ......(1)
   (1)  (1  3) 2 30. (a)
2 2 2
x  y  a ......(2)
 2 
17
 By substituting (1) into (2), we have
4
∴ The equation of C is

2 x 2  ( mx  c ) 2  a 2
 3  2 17
 x      ( y  1)  x 2  m 2 x 2  2mcx  c 2  a 2  0
  2  4
2 (1  m 2 ) x 2  2mcx  (c 2  a 2 )  0 ......(*)
 3 17
 x    ( y  1) 2 
 2 4
(or x 2  y 2  3 x  2 y  1  0)
3 2

29. (a) Slope of AC
43
1
03
Slope of BC  7  4
 1
∵ Slope of AC  slope of BC  1
∴ AC is perpendicular to BC.
(b) ∵ AC  BC
∴ AB is a diameter of the circle. (converse of  in
semi-circle)
 mid-point of AB
∴ Centre   3 7 2 0
 , 
 2 2 
 (5, 1)
1
AB
2
Radius 1
 (3  7 ) 2  ( 2  0) 2
2
 5
( x  5) 2  ( y  1) 2  5
(or x 2  y 2  10 x  2 y  21  0).
(c) ∵ The circle cuts the x-axis at two points B and D.
∴ By substituting y  0 into
x 2  y 2  10 x  2 y  21  0 , we have
x 2  0 2  10 x  2(0)  21  0
x 2  10 x  21  0
( x  3)( x  7)  0
x  3 or x  7 (rejected)
∴ Coordinates of D  (3, 0)
150
∵ L is a tangent to C. 3 1
∴ For the equation (*), 4 x  3 x    c  2  0
0 4 4
(2mc)  4(1  m )(c  a )  0
2 2 2 2 25 3
x c20
4m c  4c 2  4m 2c 2  4(1  m 2 )a 2  0
2 2 4 4
25 5
c 2  a 2 (1  m 2 ) ......(**) x  c
4 4
(b) (i) By substituting a2  90 and m  3 into (**), we
have 5  4c
x
c 2  90(1  32 ) 25
c 2  900
c  30
∴ The equations of the tangents are
y  3x  30 and y  3x  30.
(ii) By substituting a2  90 and c  10 into (**), we
have
102  90 (1  m 2 )
90m 2  10
1
m2 
9
1
m
3
∴ The equations of the tangent are
x x
y  10 and y   10 .
3 3
4
31. (a) Slope of L  
3
∵ AB  L (tangent  radius)
3
∴ Slope of AB 
4
 2 1
  ,  
Centre of C  2 2
 1
   1,  
 2
∴ The equation of AB is
 1 3
y     [ x  ( 1)]
 2 4
1 3 3
y  x
2 4 4
3 1
y  x
4 4
L : 4 x  3 y  c  2  0 ......(1)

(b)  3 1
 AB : y  x ......(2)
 4 4
151
5  4c 4
By substituting x  into (2), we have y  ( 2)   [ x  ( 3)]
25 3
3  5  4c  1 4
y   y   x6
4  25  4 3
15  12c 1 32. (a) Slope of L  tan 45  1
 
100 4 ∴ The equation of L is y  x  1 .
40  12c  ( 8) ( 6) 
   , 
100 (b) Coordinates of C
 2 2 
10  3c
  ( 4, 3)
25 ∵ BC  L (tangent  radius)
 5  4c 10  3c  ∴ Slope of BC  1
∴ Coordinates of A   , 
 25 25 
 5  4c 10  3c 
(c) By substituting A   ,  into
 25 25 
C : x 2  y 2  2 x  y  c  0 , we have
2 2
 5  4c   10  3c   5  4c  10  3c
     2  c  0
 25   25   25  25
25  40c  16c 2  100  60c  9c 2 

250  200c  250  75c  625c  0
25c 2  250c  625  0
c 2  10c  25  0
(c  5) 2  0
c  5
 3 1
y  x  ......(3)
(d)  4 4
 x 2  y 2  2 x  y  5  0 ......(4)

2
3 1 3 1
x 2   x    2x   x    5  0
 4 4   4 4
9 3 1 3 1
x 2  x 2  x   2x  x   5  0
16 8 16 4 4
25 2 25 75
x  x  0
16 8 16
x 2  2x  3  0
( x  3)( x  1)  0
x  3 or x  1 (rejected)
By substituting x  3 into (3), we have
3 1
y ( 3) 
4 4
 2
∴ Coordinates of B  (3, 2)
∴ The equation of the tangent to C at B is
152
The equation of BC is 4  h 0k

y  3   ( x  4) ∴ 1  and 3
2 2
y  x  7 h2 and k 6
 y  x  1 ......(1) ∴ Coordinates of D  (2, 6)

∴ The equation of the tangent to S at D is
 y  6   ( x  2)
 y   x  7 ......(2) (c) (i) tan   1

y  x  8
By substituting (1) into (2), we have   45

x  1  x  7
(ii) The equation of line passing through C and the
x3 centre of S1 is
By substituting x  3 into (1), we have y  3  [ x  ( 1)]
y314 y  x  2
∴ Coordinates of B  (3, 4)
∵ S passes through B(3, 4). ∵ The centre of S1 lies on the x-axis.
∴ By substituting B(3, 4) into ∴ By substituting y  0 into y   x  2 ,
x 2  y 2  8 x  6 y  k  0 , we have we have x  2
∴ Centre of S1  (2, 0)
3  4  8(3)  6( 4)  k  0
2 2
Radius  ( 1  2) 2  (3  0) 2
k  23
 8
2 2
8 6
(c) Radius of S       23  2
∴ The equation of S1 is
 2   2  ( x  2) 2  y 2  18
∵ The centre of S1 lies on the straight line passing (or x 2  y 2  4 x  14  0).
through B and C.
 y   x  8
∴ Let (h, h  7) be the centre of S1.
The equation of S1 is ......(1)
( x  h) 2  ( y  h  7) 2  2 ……(3) (iii)

By substituting B(3, 4) into (3), we have
(3  h) 2  (4  h  7) 2  2
( x  2) 2  y 2  18 ......(2)
9  6 h  h 2  h 2  6h  9  2
( x  2) 2  ( x  8) 2  18
h 2  6h  8  0
x 2  4 x  4  x 2  16 x  64  18
(h  2)(h  4)  0
h  2 or h  4 (rejected) 2 x 2  20 x  50  0
∴ The equation of S1 is x 2  10 x  25  0 ......(*)
( x  2)  ( y  2  7)  2
2 2
( x  2) 2  ( y  5) 2  2   ( 10) 2  4(1)( 25)
(or x 2  y 2  4 x  10 y  27  0)
0
∴ The tangent to S at D is also the tangent to
S1.
33. (a) ∵ The circle cuts the x-axis at A and B.
∴ By substituting y  0 into 34. (a) The equation of L is
x 2  y 2  2 x  6 y  8  0 , we have y  1  m( x  7 )
x 2  02  2 x  6(0)  8  0 y  mx  1  7 m
x2  2 x  8  0
( x  2)( x  4)  0 L : y  mx  1  7m ......(1)
x  4 or x  2
(b) (i)
 2 2
∴ Coordinates of A  (4, 0) C : x  y  20 ......(2)
Coordinates of B  ( 2, 0)
 2 ( 6) 
  ,  
Coordinates of C  2 2  x 2  ( mx  1  7 m) 2  20
 ( 1, 3)
x 2  m 2 x 2  2m(1  7 m) x  (1  7 m) 2  20
30 (1  m 2 ) x 2  2m(1  7 m) x  ( 49m 2  14m  19)  0
(b) Slope of AC  1
 1  ( 4) ∵ C and L intersect at the points A(x1, y1) and
Slope of the tangent to S at D  1 B(x2, y2).
Let (h, k) be the coordinates of D. ∴ x1 and x2 are the roots of the quadratic
∵ C is the mid-point of AD. equation
153
(1  m 2 ) x 2  2 m(1  7 m) x  ∵ M(a, b) is the mid-point of AB.

x1  x2
( 49m 2  14m  19)  0. a
(ii) From (b)(i), 2
2m(1  7 m) 1  2m(1  7m) 
x1  x2   ∴   
1  m2 2 1  m2 
m(7m  1)

1  m2
(c) ∵ M lies on L1 : x  1.
a 1
m(7m  1)
1
1  m2
7m2  m  1  m2
∴
6m2  m  1  0
(3m  1)(2m  1)  0
1 1
m or m 
3 2
35. (a) (i)
L : y  mx ......(1)
 2 2
C : x  y  10 x  2 y  18  0 ......(2)
x 2  ( mx) 2  10 x  2(mx)  18  0
(1  m 2 ) x 2  ( 2m  10) x  18  0 ......(*)
∵ L intersects C at two points A(x1, y1) and
B(x2, y2).
∴ x1 and x2 satisfy (*).
(2m  10)
x1  x2  
1  m2
2m  10

1  m2
18
x1 x2 
1  m2
( x1  x2 ) 2  ( x1  x2 ) 2  4 x1 x2
(2m  10) 2  18 
  4 
(1  m 2 ) 2 2
1 m 
4m 2  40m  100  72(1  m 2 )

(1  m 2 ) 2
4(7  10m  17m 2 )

(1  m 2 ) 2
AB 2  ( x1  x2 ) 2  ( y1  y2 ) 2
 ( x1  x2 ) 2  (mx1  mx2 ) 2
(ii)
 (1  m 2 )( x1  x2 ) 2
4(7  10m  17 m 2 )

1  m2
154
(b) ∵ L is a tangent to C. 36. (a) By substituting A(6, 3) into

AB  0 C : x 2  y 2  ax  2 y  15  0 , we have
AB 2  0 ( 6) 2  32  a ( 6)  2(3)  15  0
4(7  10m  17m )
2  6a  24  0
0
1  m2 a 4
∴ 7  10m  17m2  0 By substituting A(6, 3) into L : y  x  b, we have
3  6  b
17m  10m  7  0
2
b9
(17m  7)(m  1)  0
(b) (i)
7
m   or m  1
17 L : y  x  9 .....(1)
 2 2
C : x  y  4 x  2 y  15  0 .....(2)
x 2  ( x  9)2  4 x  2( x  9)  15  0
x 2  x 2  18 x  81  4 x  2 x  18  15  0
2 x 2  20 x  48  0
x 2  10 x  24  0
( x  4)( x  6)  0
x  4 or x  6 (rejected)
By substituting x  4 into (1), we have
y  4  9
5
∴ Coordinates of B  (4, 5)
(ii) Let S be the centre of C.
 4 ( 2 ) 
  , 
Coordinates of S 
 2 2 
 ( 2, 1)
5 1
Slope of SB   2
 4  ( 2)
1
∴ Slope of L1 
2
∴ The equation of L1 is
1
y5  [ x  (4)]
2
x
y  7
2
(c) Let D(h, k) be the intersection of L2 and C.
The centre S of C is the mid-point of BD.
4  h 5k
∴ 2  and 1
2 2
h0 and k  3
∴ Coordinates of D  (0, 3)
1
Slope of L2  slope of L1 
2
The equation of L2 is
x
y 3
2
9 1
37. (a) Slope of L1  1
5  ( 3)
155
y  1  x  ( 3)  CD
y  x4 (b) (i) Radius
 (6  5) 2  ( 2  9) 2
∵ L2  L1
 50
∴ Slope of L2  1
The equation of S is
y  2   ( x  6) ( x  6) 2  ( y  2)2  ( 50 ) 2
y  x  8 x 2  y 2  12 x  4 y  10  0
(ii) ∵ Slope of the tangent to S parallel to L1

 slope of L1
1
∴ Let y  x  c be the equation of the tangent
to S parallel to L1.
y  x  c .......(1)
2 2
 x  y  12 x  4 y  10  0 ......(2)
x 2  ( x  c ) 2  12 x  4( x  c)  10  0
x 2  x 2  2cx  c 2  12 x  4 x  4c  10  0
2 x 2  ( 2c  16) x  (c 2  4c  10)  0 ......(*)
∵ y  x  c is a tangent to S.
 0
( 2c  16) 2  4( 2)(c 2  4c  10)  0
(c  8) 2  2c 2  8c  20  0
c 2  16c  64  2c 2  8c  20  0
 c 2  8c  84  0
c 2  8c  84  0
(c  14)(c  6)  0
c  14 or c  6
∴ The equations of the tangents to S parallel to
L1 are y  x  14 and y  x  6.
1 1
Slope of L1   
38. (a) ( 3 ) 3
1
tan AOT 
3
∴ AOT  30
(b) ∵ OT  TA (tangent  radius)
i.e. ATO  90
TA
sin AOT 
OA
2
sin 30 
OA
OA  4
∴ Coordinates of A = (4, 0)
( x  4) 2  ( y  0) 2  2 2
( x  4) 2  y 2  4
156
Slope of L2   tan 30 (d) Radius of C1 = 2

(c) ∴ AB = 2
1  ( 4  2, 0)
 ∴ Coordinates of B
3  ( 2, 0)
∵ L2 passes through the origin O. (e) Let D(h, 0) be the centre of C2 and r be the radius of
∴ The equation of L2 is C2.
x r
y ∴ sin 30 
3 h
h  2r
OB  h  r
2  2r  r
2  3r
2
r
3
2 4
∴ h  2  
3 3
2
 4 4
∴ The equation of C2 is  x   y  .
2
 3 9
Alternative Solution
Let D(h, 0) be the centre of C2 and r be the radius of
C2.
∵ △ODU ~ △OAT
OD UD

OA TA
∴ (corr. sides, ~ △s)
h r

4 2
h  2r
OB  h  r
2  2r  r
2  3r
2
r
3
2 4
∴ h  2  
3 3
2
 4 4
∴ The equation of C2 is  x   y  .
2
 3 9
 k 2
  , 
2 2
39. (a) (i) Coordinates of R 
 k 
  ,  1
 2 
(ii) By substituting y = 0 into 3 x  y  c  0 ,
we have
3x  0  c  0
c
x
3
 c 
∴ Coordinates of P    3 , 0 
 
157
3  mid-point of PR
(b) (i) Slope of L   3
( 1)   2  11 1  14 
∵ L  PR (tangent  radius) Centre of C   2
,
2 


1 1
Slope of PR    9 15 
3  , 
2 2 
0  (1) 1

c  k 3
∴   
3  2
c k
3 
3 2
2c
k 6
3
(ii) ∵ The circle C passes through
 c 
P  , 0  .
 3 
 c 
∴ By substituting P  , 0  and
 3 
2c
k  6 into C: x2 + y2 + kx + 2y – 5
3
= 0, we have
2
 c  2c  c 
   0    6     2(0)  5  0
2
 3   3  3 
c2 2 2
 c  2c  5  0
9 9
1
 c 2  2c  5  0
9
c 2  18c  45  0
c 2  18c  45  0
(c) From (b)(ii), (c  3)(c  15)  0
c  3 or c  15
2(3)
When c = 3, k   6  4
3
2(15)
When c = 15, k   6  4 (rejected)
3
∴ The equation of C is x2 + y2 – 4x + 2y – 5 = 0.
40. (a) (i) ∵ PQ and PS are tangents to

C at Q and S respectively.
∴ PQ  QR and PS  SR tangent  radius
i.e. PQR = PSR = 90
∴ PQR  PSR  90  90
 180
∴ PQRS is a cyclic
quadrilateral. opp. s supp.
(ii) ∵ PQR = 90
∴ PR is a diameter of C1. (converse of  in
semi-circle)
 4 ( 2) 
Coordinates of R
  ,  
 2 2 
 ( 2, 1)
158
2 2  4 ( 7 ) 
 9  15    ,  
 11    14    2 2 
 2  2  Centre
 7
Radius of C  169 169    2, 
1
   2
4 4
2 2
169 4  7
       ( 4)
2 2  2 
49
 4 4
2 2 Radius 4
 9  15  169
x   y    81
 2  2  2 
4
81 225 169
x 2  9x   y 2  15 y   9
4 4 2 
2
x 2  y 2  9 x  15 y  8  0
(b) (i) 2. Answer: C
C : x  y  4 x  2 y  8  0  (1)
2 2 For choice A,
2 2
2 6
 2 2 radius        12
 2  2
C1 : x  y  9 x  15 y  8  0  (2)  2
∴ The equation represents an imaginary circle.
(2) – (1): 13x  13 y  0 For choice B,
y   x  (3) x2 – y2 = 1
By substituting (3) into (1), we have ∴ The equation does not represent a circle.
For choice C,
x 2  (  x ) 2  4 x  2(  x )  8  0
2x2  2 y 2  4x 1  0
2x  6x  8  0
2
1
x 2  3x  4  0 x2  y 2  2x   0
2
( x  4)( x  1)  0 2
 2 1
x  4 or x  1    
By substituting x = –4 into (3), we have Radius  2  2
y = –(–4) = 4 1
By substituting x = 1 into (3), we have 
y = –1 2
∴ Coordinates of Q  (4, 4) ∴ The equation represents a real circle.
For choice D,
Coordinates of S  (1,  1) 2x2 + y2 – 1 = 0
14  4 2 ∴ The equation does not represent a circle.
(ii) Slope of PQ   ∴ The answer is C.
11  ( 4) 3
∴ The equation of the tangent from P to C at 3. Answer: B
Q is
 6 2
2   ,  
y  4  [ x  ( 4)] Centre of C   2 2
3 1
 ( 3,  1)
2 20
y  x ∴ Centre of C2 = (–3, –1)
3 3 Let r be the radius of C2.
14  (1) 3 The equation of C2 is
Slope of PS   [ x  ( 3)]2  [ y  ( 1)]2  r 2
11  1 2
∴ The equation of the tangent from P to C at ( x  3) 2  ( y  1) 2  r 2  (*)
S is ∵ C2 passes through the origin.
3 ∴ By substituting (0, 0) into (*), we have
y  ( 1)  ( x  1)
2 (0  3) 2  (0  1) 2  r 2
3 5 r 2  10
y  x
2 2 ∴ The equation of C2 is
( x  3) 2  ( y  1) 2  10
Multiple Choice Questions (p. 5.43)
1. Answer: B x 2  y 2  6x  2 y  0
159
4. Answer: A x 2  (2 x  1) 2  6 x  a  0
 k ( 8) 
  ,   x 2  4x 2  4x  1  6x  a  0
Centre of C  2 2 
5 x 2  10 x  ( a  1)  0  (*)
 k 
   , 4
 2 
∵ L divides the circle C into two equal parts.
∴ The centre of C lies on L.
 k
2    3( 4)  5  0
 2
k 7 0
k 7
5. Answer: A
 (5) 8
  , 
Centre of C  2 2
5 
  ,  4
 2 
∴ The centre of C lies in quadrant IV.
2 2
5 8
     2
 2  2
Radius of C 81

4
9

2
Distance between the centre of C and the origin
2
5  2
   0   ( 4  0)
2 
89

4
 radius of C
∴ The origin lies outside the circle.
∴ The answer is A.
6. Answer: D
∵ C passes through (1, –2).
∴ By substituting (1, –2) into
C: x2 + y2 + ax – ay + b = 0, we have
12  ( 2) 2  a(1)  a(2)  b  0
3a  b  5  0  (*)
For I, a = 5 and b = 0 do not satisfy (*).
For II, a = –2 and b = 1
3(–2) + 1 + 5 = 0
∴ They satisfy (*).
For III, a = –1 and b = –2
3(–1) + (–2) + 5 = 0
∴ They satisfy (*).
∴ The answer is D.
7. Answer: D
L: y = 2x – 1  (1)
C1: x2 + y2 – 6x + a = 0  (2)
C2: x2 + y2 + 4x + b = 0  (3)
160
∵ L is a tangent to C1.  ( 3) ( 4) 

∴ For the equation (*),   , 
0 Coordinates of S  2 2 
( 10)  4(5)( a  1)  0
2
3 
  , 2
100  20a  20  0  2 
a4
x 2  (2 x  1) 2  4 x  b  0
x 2  4x 2  4x  1  4x  b  0
5 x 2  (b  1)  0  (**)
∵ L intersects C2 at two points.
0
0 2  4(5)(b  1)  0
b 1  0
b  1
∴ The answer is D.
8. Answer: D
2 x  y  c  (1)
2 2
 x  y  2x  5 y  6  0  (2)
From (1), we have
y = 2x – c  (3)
x 2  ( 2 x  c) 2  2 x  5(2 x  c)  6  0
x 2  4 x 2  4cx  c 2  2 x  10 x  5c  6  0
5 x 2  (4c  12) x  (c 2  5c  6)  0  (*)
∵ L is a tangent to S.
0
[( 4c  12)]  4(5)(c  5c  6)  0
2 2
16c  96c  144  20c 2  100c  120  0

2
 4c 2  4c  24  0
c2  c  6  0
(c  3)(c  2)  0
c   3 or c  2 (rejected
∵ c  0)
9. Answer: C
By substituting x = 3 into C: x2 + y2 – 3x – 4y – 5 = 0, we
have
32  y 2  3(3)  4 y  5  0
y2  4y  5  0
( y  5)( y  1)  0
y  5 or y  1
∵ A lies in quadrant IV.
∴ Coordinates of A = (3, –1)
Let S be the centre of C.
161
2  (1) 12. Answer: B

  2 Let S be the centre of the circle C and T be the intersection
Slope of SA 3 of L1 and C.
3
2  ( 10) 
  , 0
∵ L1 SA (tangent  radius) Coordinates of S  2 
1
∴ Slope of L1   (5, 0)
2 ∴ OS = 5
The equation of L1 is  TS
1
y  ( 1)  ( x  3)

2
2   10 
Radius of C     20
2y  2  x  3  2 
x  2y 5  0  5
OT  TS  OS 2
2 2
10. Answer: B
Let x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0 be the equation of the circle. OT 2  ( 5 ) 2  5 2 (Pyth. theorem)
∵ The circle passes through the origin, (a, 0) and (0, b). OT  20
0 2  0 2  D ( 0)  E ( 0)  F  0 2 5
F0  (1) TS
tan  
OT
a 2  0 2  D ( a )  F ( 0)  F  0
5
aD  F  a 2  (2) 
2 5
0 2  b 2  D(0)  E (b)  F  0 1

bE  F  b 2  (3) 2
aD   a 2
D   a (∵ a  0)
bE  b 2
E  b (∵ b  0)
∴ The equation of the circle is x2 + y2 – ax – by = 0.
11. Answer: A
Let S be the centre of the circle.
 ( a) ( b) 
  , 
  2 2 
Coordinates of S
a b
 , 
2 2
b
0
 2
a
Slope of OS 0
2
b

a
a
Slope of the tangent  
b
∵ The tangent passes through the origin.
a
y x
b
ax  by  0
162
163

Y X y X

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Y X y X

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NSS Mathematics in Action 5A Full Solutions

3. The graph of y  kx 2  6 x  3 has no x-intercepts.

Quick Practice 5.1 (p. 5.7)

Quick Practice 5.2 (p. 5.7)

Quick Practice 5.3 (p. 5.8) (  3 ) 2  4 2  2 3 (  3 )  4( 4)  c  0

Quick Practice 5.4 (p. 5.11)

Quick Practice 5.5 (p. 5.11)

Quick Practice 5.6 (p. 5.12)

(b) By substituting x = 0 and c = 3 into By substituting (1) into (2), we have

Alternative Solution x 2  (2 x  1) 2  7 x  12( 2 x  1)  37  0

Quick Practice 5.11 (p. 5.24)

Quick Practice 5.12 (p. 5.26)

For the equation 25 y 2  110 y  121  0 ,  2 ( 2) 

Quick Practice 5.14 (p. 5.29)

(b) By substituting (2, 1) into  2 4

∴ AB 2  AP 2  BP 2 (Pyth. theorem) [ x  (2)]2  ( y  0) 2  ( 7 ) 2

Further Practice (p. 5.12)

2 2 2. ∵ The equation represents a point circle.

3. (a) ∵ The circle passes through (0, 0).

Further Practice (p. 5.17)

(b) ∵ AOB  90

2. Let C(h, k) be the centre of the circle.

3. (a) Let C(0, k) be the centre of the circle.

Further Practice (p. 5.31)

(b) (i) Let C be the centre of the circle.

Exercise 5A (p. 5.18)

(c) The equation of the circle is 2 2

(b) x2  y2  Radius        ( 7)

Area of the circle   ( 27 ) 2 sq. units

6. ∵ The equation represents an imaginary circle.

7. Let C be the centre of the circle.

9. ∵ The equation represents a real circle. 2 2

19. (a) ∵ The circle touches the y-axis.

20. Let C be the centre of the circle.

22. Let x2  y2  Dx  Ey  F  0 be the equation of the circle.

(b) By substituting x  0 into (x  1)2  (y  2)2  26, we CA  CB (radii)

24. (a) Let C(h, 2h  2) be the centre of the circle.

25. (a) Let C(0, k) be the centre of the circle.

26. (a) ∵ The circle touches the x-axis at A(–2, 0).

27. (a) Coordinates of C  (  r , r )

∴ The possible equations of the circle are ∴ k  4

28. (a) Let (2k, k) be the coordinates of C.

29. (a) Let M be the mid-point of AB.

∵ CM  AB (line joining centre to mid-pt.

∴ The equation of the circle is 2

∴ The equation of the circumcircle of △ABC is 02  62  D (0)  E (6)  F  0

(or x 2  y 2  12 x  2 y  12  0) 3D  2 E  F  13 ……(5)

33. (a) By substituting y  0 into x  3y  3  0, we have

35. (a) ∵ The circle cuts the x-axis at A and B.

 area of △OBQ  area of △ORP

Area of trapezium PRBQ 

Exercise 5B (p. 5.32)

By substituting x = –3 into (1), we have   ( 10) 2  4(5)(6)

line and the circle.

For the equation 20x2 – 88x + 97 = 0, 4 x 2  12 x  9  0

5. By substituting y = 0 into 4x2 + 4y2 – 12x – 8y + 9 = 0, we

x  y  c  0  (1)  y  mx  2  (1)

7. Let S be the centre of the circle.

10. Let L: y = mx + 2 be the tangent to the circle.

64m 2  64m  16  72m2  72  0

11. Let L: y = –3x + c be the tangent to the circle.

13. (a) By substituting A(1, 1) into the equation of L1, we

By substituting (5) into (3), we have