AC Machine Lecture No4

AC Electrical Machines
Polyphase Induction Motors II

Lecture No. 4
A.L. Mohammed Dyhia Ali
2017-2018
Mohammed D. Ali
Electrical Engineering Technical College
Lecture Topics
• Peak emf gross power output.
• Maximum power output induction motor.
• Torque at stand still.
• Power factor control of three phase induction
motor.
• Starting of poly phase induction motor.
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Peak emf gross power output
Equivalent circuit of Induction Motor
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Power losses in Induction machines
• Copper losses
– Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
– Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
• Core loss
- (Pcore) in stator.
- (Pcore ) in rotor are neglected. Why?
• Mechanical power loss due to friction and
windage
• How this power flow in the motor?
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Power flow in induction motor
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Power relations
Pin  3 VL I L cos   3 Vph I ph cos 
PSCL  3 I12 R1
Rotor input P2 = Pin – (PSCL - Pcore)
PRCL  3I 22 R2
Rotor gross output Pg (Pm)= P2 - PRLC
output power Pout (Psh) = Pm – Pf+W
Represent the above expressions
in r.p.m
Torque Mechanical Power and Rotor Output
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Relation Between Torque and Rotor Power Factor
the torque is always positive i.e.

unidirectional
portion ‘ab’ of the pole pitch, the torque is

negative, the total torque is considerably
reduced
If ф2 = 90°, then the total torque is zero
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Starting Torque
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Condition of Maximum Starting Torque
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Effect of Supply Voltage on Rotor Torque
• The torque is very sensitive to any changes in

the supply voltage. A change of 5% in supply
voltage, for example, will produce a change of
approximately 10% in the rotor torque.
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Torque Under Running Condition
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Maximum power output induction motor
Condition for Maximum Torque Under Running Condition
This slip is sometimes written as Sb and the

maximum torque as Tb.
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Power factor control of three phase
induction motor
• In the squirrel-cage motor, R2 small compared to X2,
because (f ' = Sf , S = 1).
• Starting current I2 is very large in magnitude (about 5
to 7 times of full load), and lags by a very large angle
behind E2.
• The starting torque per ampere is very poor.
• In slip-ring motor, the starting torque improved by
improving PF by adding external resistance in the rotor.
• After run the motor these external resistance will
reduce the current and reduce the torque so should
removed from rotor circuit.
Mohammed D. Ali
Starting of poly phase induction motor
The method depends upon the size of the motor and

the type of the motor. The common methods are:
• Direct-on-line starting
• Stator resistance starting
• Autotransformer starting
• Star-delta starting
• Rotor resistance starting
The last method is abdicable for wound rotor only.
Mohammed D. Ali
Starting of poly phase induction motor
Direct-on-line starting
• motor is started by
connecting it directly to 3-
phase supply.
• this method of starting is
suitable for relatively small
(up to 7.5 kW) machines.
Mohammed D. Ali
Starting of polyphase induction motor
Stator resistance starting
• An external resistances are connected in series with each phase
of stator winding during starting.
• Voltage will drop across the resistances.
• Voltage across motor terminals is reduced and hence the
starting current.
• The starting resistances are gradually cut out in steps (two or
more steps) from the stator circuit.
• When the motor attains rated speed, the resistances are
completely cut out and full line voltage is applied to the rotor.
• The drawbacks are “reduced voltage applied to
the motor will lowers the starting torque”, and “a lot of power
is wasted in the starting resistances”.
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Stator resistance starting
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Autotransformer starting
• At starting, the change-over switch is thrown to “start”
position.
• This puts the autotransformer in the circuit and thus
reduced voltage is applied to the circuit.
• Consequently, starting current is limited to safe value.
• When the motor attains about 80% of normal speed,
the changeover switch is thrown to“run” position.
Advantages:
low power loss.
low starting current
less radiated heat.
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Autotransformer starting
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Star-delta starting
• The six leads of the stator windings are connected to the changeover
switch.
• At starting, the changeover switch is thrown to “Start” position which
connects the stator windings in star. Therefore, each stator phase gets V/√3
volts where V is the line voltage. This reduces the starting current.
• When the motor picks up speed, the changeover switch is thrown to “Run”
position which connects the stator windings in delta. Now each stator phase
gets full line voltage V.
disadvantages :
(a) With star-connection during starting,
stator phase voltage is 1/√3 times the
line voltage. So, starting torque is 1/3
times the value it would have with Δ-
connection. This is rather a large
reduction in starting torque.
(b) The reduction in voltage is fixed.
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Star-delta starting
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Star-delta starting
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Star-delta starting
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Rotor Resistance Starting
• At starting, the handle of rheostat is set in the OFF position so
that maximum resistance is placed in each phase of the rotor
circuit. This
reduces the starting current and at the same time starting
torque is increased.
• As the motor picks up speed, the handle of rheostat is
gradually moved in clockwise direction and cuts out the
external resistance in each phase of the rotor circuit.
When the motor attains normal
speed, the change-over switch
is in the ON position and the
whole external resistance is cut
out from the rotor circuit.
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Relation Between Torque and Slip
• When s = 0, T = 0, hence the curve starts from point O.
• At Nr ≈ Ns, (s X2) << R2.
• Torq./S curve is approximately a straight line at (S near 0).

• As S increases, the torque also increases.
• Tmax when S = R2/X2.
• Tmax is known as ‘pull-out’ or ‘breakdown’ torque Tb or stalling
torque.
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Relation Between Torque and Slip
• As S increases (Nr is falls), then R2 << sX2.
• Beyond the point of Tmax, any increase in motor load
results in decrease of the motor torque.
• The result is that the motor slows down and eventually
stops.
• the stable operation is between s = 0 and s= R2/X2 (at
Tmax).
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Torque/ Speed Curve
• T : nominal full-load torque of the motor.
• Tst (at N = 0) = 1.5 T, Tmax (Tb) = 2.5 T
• At full-load, the motor runs at a speed of N.
• If the load torque exceeds 2.5T, the motor will
suddenly stop.
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Shape of Torque/Speed Curve
• For a squirrel-cage induction motor shape of its
torque/speed curve depends on the voltage and frequency
applied to its stator.
• Vs/f must be always constant in order to maintain a
constant flux in the air-gap.
• So shape of the torque/speed curve remains the same but
its position along the X-axis (i.e. speed axis) shifts with
frequency.
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Shape of Torque/Speed Curve
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Complete Speed-torque c/c
• If the rotor is driven faster than synchronous
speed it will run as a generator, converting
mechanical power to electric power.
Mohammed D. Ali
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AC Machine Lecture No4

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AC Electrical Machines

Polyphase Induction Motors II

the torque is always positive i.e.

portion ‘ab’ of the pole pitch, the torque is

If ф2 = 90°, then the total torque is zero

• The torque is very sensitive to any changes in

This slip is sometimes written as Sb and the

The method depends upon the size of the motor and

• Torq./S curve is approximately a straight line at (S near 0).

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