Chapter 2

PROBLEM SOLUTIONS

2.1 We assume that you are approximately 2 m tall and that the nerve impulse travels at uniform speed. The elapsed
time is then

Δx 2m
Δt = = = 2 × 10 −2 s = 0.02 s
v 100 m s

2.3 Distances traveled between pairs of cities are

Δ x1 = v1 ( Δ t1 ) = ( 80.0 km h ) ( 0.500 h ) = 40.0 km

Δ x2 = v 2 ( Δ t2 ) = (100 km h ) ( 0.200 h ) = 20.0 km

Δ x3 = v 3 ( Δ t3 ) = ( 40.0 km h ) ( 0.750 h ) = 30.0 km

Thus, the total distance traveled Δx = (40.0 + 20.0 + 30.0) km = 90.0 km, and the elapsed time is Δt = 0.500 h +
0.200 + 0.750 h + 0.250 h = 1.70 h).

Δx 90.0 km
(a) v = = = 52.9 km h
Δt 1.70 h

(b) Δx = 90.0 km (see above)

Δx 20 ft ⎛ 1 m ⎞ ⎛ 1 yr ⎞
−7
2.4 (a) v = = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 2 × 10 m s
Δt 1 yr ⎝ 3.281 ft ⎠ ⎝ 3.156 × 107 s⎠

or in particularly windy times,

Δx 100 ft ⎛ 1 m ⎞ ⎛ 1 yr ⎞
−6
v = = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 1 × 10 m s
Δt 1 yr ⎝ 3.281 ft ⎠ ⎝ 3.156 × 107 s⎠

(b) The time required must have been

Δx 3 × 103 mi ⎛ 1609 m ⎞ ⎛ 103 mm ⎞

Δt = = = 5 × 108 yr
v 10 mm yr ⎜⎝ 1 mi ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 m ⎟⎠

Page 2.1
 Chapter 2

2.5 (a) Boat A requires 1.0 h to cross the lake and 1.0 h to return, total time 2.0 h. Boat B requires 2.0 h to cross the
lake at which time the race is over.

Boat A wins, being 60 km ahead of B when the race ends

(b) Average velocity is the net displacement of the boat divided by the total elapsed time. The winning boat is
back where it started, its displacement thus being zero, yielding an average velocity of zero.

2.6 The average velocity over any time interval is

Δx x f − xi
v = =
Δt t f − ti

Δx 10.0 m − 0
(a) v = = = 5.00 m s
Δt 2.00 s − 0

Δx 5.00 m − 0
(b) v = = = 1.25 m s
Δt 4.00 s − 0

Δx 5.00 m − 10.0 m
(c) v = = = − 2 .50 m s
Δt 4.00 s − 2.00 s

Δx − 5.00 m − 5.00 m
(d) v = = = − 3.33 m s
Δt 7.00 s − 4.00 s

Δx x − x1 0−0
(e) v = = 2 = = 0
Δt t2 − t1 8.00 s − 0

⎛ 1h ⎞
Displacement = Δ x = ( 85.0 km h ) ( 35.0 min ) ⎜ + 130 km = 180 km
⎝ 60.0 min ⎟⎠
2.7 (a)

(b) The total elapsed time is

⎛ 1h ⎞
Δt = ( 35.0 min + 15.0 min ) ⎜ + 2.00 h = 2.84 h
⎝ 60.0 min ⎟⎠

Page 2.2
 Chapter 2

so,

Δx 180 km
v = = = 63.4 km h
Δt 2.84 h

2.8 The average velocity over any time interval is

Δx x f − xi
v = =
Δt t f − ti

Δx 4.0 m − 0
(a) v = = = + 4.0 m s
Δt 1.0 s − 0

Δx − 2 .0 m − 0
(b) v = = = − 0.50 m s
Δt 4.0 s − 0

Δx 0 − 4.0 m
(c) v = = = − 1.0 m s
Δt 5.0 s − 1.0 s

Δx 0−0
(d) v = = = 0
Δt 5.0 s − 0

2.9 The instantaneous velocity at any time is the slope of the x vs. t graph at that
time. We compute this slope by using two points on a straight segment of the
curve, one point on each side of the point of interest.

x 1.0 s − x t = 0 4.0 m
(a) v = = = 4.0 m /s
0.50 s 1.0 s − 0 1.0 s

x 2 .5 s − x 1.0 s − 6.0 m
(b) v = = = − 4.0 m s
2.0 s 2 .5 s − 1.0 s 1.5 s

x 4.0 s − x 2 .5 s 0
(c) v = = = 0
3.0 s 4.0 s − 2 .5 s 1.5 s

Page 2.3
 Chapter 2

x 5.0 s − x 4.0 s +2 .0 m
(d) v = = = 2. 0 m /s
4.5 s 5.0 s − 4.0 s 1.0 s

Δx
2.10 (a) The time for a car to make the trip is t = .Thus, the difference in the times for the
v

two cars to complete the same 10 mile trip is

Δx Δx ⎛ 10 mi 10 mi ⎞ ⎛ 60 min ⎞
Δ t = t1 − t2 = − = ⎜ − = 2.3 min
v1 v2 ⎝ 55 mi h 70 mi h ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 h ⎟⎠

(b) When the faster car has a 15.0 min lead, it is ahead by a distance equal to that traveled by the slower car in a
time of 15.0 min. This distance is given by Δx1 = υ1 (Δt) = (55 mi/h) (15 min).

The faster car pulls ahead of the slower car at a rate of

υrelative = 70 mi/h − 55 mi/h = 15 mi/h

Thus, the time required for it to get distance Δx1 ahead is

Δt =
Δ x1
=
( 55 mi h ) ( 15 min )
= 55 min
v relative 15.0 mi h

Finally, the distance the faster car has traveled during this time is
⎛ 1h ⎞
Δ x2 = v 2 ( Δ t ) = ( 70 mi h ) ( 55 min ) ⎜ = 64 mi
⎝ 60 min ⎟⎠

( Δ x )1 +L
(a) v1 = = = + L t1
( Δ t )1
2.12
t1

( Δ x )2 −L
(b) v2 = = = − L t2
( Δ t )2 t2

( Δ x ) total ( Δ x )1 + ( Δ x )2 +L − L 0
(c) v total = = = = = 0
( Δ t )total t1 + t2 t1 + t2 t1 + t2

( Δ x )1 + ( Δ x )2 + L + −L
( ave. speed )trip
total distance traveled 2L
(d) = = = =
( Δ t )total t1 + t2 t1 + t2 t1 + t2

Page 2.4
 Chapter 2

2.13 The total time for the trip is t = t1 + 22.0 min = t1 + 0.367 h, where t1 is the time spent

traveling at υ1 = 89.5 km/h . Thus, the distance traveled is Δ x = v1 t1 = v t , which gives

Δ x = ( 89.5 km h ) t1 = ( 77.8 km h ) ( t1 + 0.367 h ) = ( 77.8 km h ) t1 + 28.5 km

or

( 89.5 km h − 77.8 km h ) t1 = 28.5 km

From which, t1 = 2.44 for a total time of. t = t1 + 0.367 h = 2.80h

Therefore, Δ x = v t = ( 77.8 km h ) ( 2.80 h ) = 218km .

2.14 (a) At the end of the race, the tortoise has been moving for time t and the hare for a time t − 2.0 min = t − 120 s.
The speed of the tortoise is υt = 0.100 m/s, and the speed of the hare is υh = 20 υt = 2.0 m/s. The tortoise trav-
els distance xt, which is 0.20 m larger than the distance xh traveled by the hare. Hence,

xt = xh + 0.20 m

` which becomes

v t t = v h ( t − 120 s ) + 0.20 m

or

( 0.100 m s ) t = ( 2 .0 m s ) ( t − 120 s ) + 0.20 m

This gives the time of the race as t = 1.3 × 102 s

(b) ( )
xt = v t t = ( 0.100 m s ) 1.3 × 102 s = 13 m

2.15 The maximum allowed time to complete the trip is

total distance 1 600 m ⎛ 1 km h ⎞

t total = = = 23.0 s
required average speed 250 km h ⎜⎝ 0.278 m s ⎟⎠

The time spent in the first half of the trip is

Page 2.5
 Chapter 2

half distance 800 m ⎛ 1 km h ⎞

t1 = = = 12 .5 s
v1 230 km h ⎜⎝ 0.278 m s ⎟⎠

Thus, the maximum time that can be spent on the second half of the trip is

t 2 = t total − t1 = 2.30 s − 12.5 s = 10.5 s

and the required average speed on the second half is

half distance 800 m ⎛ 1 km h ⎞

v2 = = = 76.2 m s ⎜ = 274 km h \
t2 10.5 s ⎝ 0.278 m s ⎟⎠

2.16 (a) In order for the trailing athlete to be able to catch the leader, his speed (υ1) must be greater than that of the
leading athlete (υ2), and the distance between the leading athlete and the finish line must be great enough to
give the trailing athlete sufficient time to make up the deficient distance, d.

(b) During a time t the leading athlete will travel a distance d2 = υ2t and the trailing athlete will travel a distance
d1 = υ1t. Only when d1 = d2 + d (where d is the initial distance the trailing athlete was behind the leader) will
the trailing athlete have caught the leader. Requiring that this condition be satisfied gives the elapsed time re-
quired for the second athlete to overtake the first:

d1 = d2 + d or v1t = v 2 t + d

giving

d
v1t − v 2 t = d or t =
( v1 − v 2 )

(c) In order for the trailing athlete to be able to at least tie for first place, the initial distance D between the leader
and the finish line must be greater than or equal to the distance the leader can travel in the time t calculated
above (i.e., the time required to overtake the leader). That is, we must require that

⎡ d ⎤ v2 d
D ≥ d2 = v 2 t = v 2 ⎢ ⎥ D ≥
⎣⎢ ( v1 − v 2 ) ⎦⎥
or
v1 − v 2

2.17 The instantaneous velocity at any time is the slope of the x vs. t graph at
that time. We compute this slope by using two points on a straight seg-
ment of the curve, one point on each side of the point of interest.

Page 2.6
 Chapter 2

10.0 m − 0
(a) v t = 1.00 s = = 5.00 m s
2 .00 s − 0

v t = 3.00 s =
( 5.00 − 10.0 ) m = − 2 .50 m s
(b)
( 4.00 − 2 .00 ) s

v t = 4.50 s =
( 5.00 − 5.00 ) m = 0
(c)
( 5.00 − 4.00 ) s

0 − ( − 5.00 m )
(d) v t = 7.50 s = = 5.00 m s
( 8.00 − 7.00 ) s

2.18 (a) A few typical values are

t(s) x(m)

1.00 5.75
2.0 16.0
3.00 35.3
4.00 68.0
5.00 119
6.00 192

(b) We will use a 0.400 s interval centered at t = 4.00 s. We find at t = 3.80 s, x = 60.2 m and at t = 4.20 s, x =
76.6. Therefore,

Δx 16.4 m
v = = = 41.0 m / s
Δt 0.400 s

Using a time interval of 0.200 s, we find the corresponding values to be: at t = 3.90 s, x = 64.0 m and at t =
4.10 s, x = 72.2 m. Thus,

Δx 8.20 m
v = = = 41.0 m / s
Δt 0.200 s

For a time interval of 0.100 s, the values are: at t = 3.95 s, x = 66.0 m, and at t= 4.05 s, x = 70.1 m
Therefore,

Page 2.7
 Chapter 2

Δx 4.10 m
v = = = 41.0 m / s
Δt 0.100 s

(c) At t = 4.00 s, x = 68.0 m. Thus, for the first 4.00 s,

Δx 68.0 m − 0
v = = = 17.0 m / s
Δt 4.00 s − 0

This value is much less than the instantaneous velocity at t = 4.00 s.

2.19 Choose a coordinate axis with the origin at the flagpole and east as the positive direction. Then, using

x = x0 + v 0 t + 1
2
at 2 with a = 0 for each runner, the x-coordinate of each runner at time t is

x A = − 4.0 mi + ( 6.0 mi h ) t and x B = 3.0 mi + ( − 5.0 mi h ) t

When the runners meet, xA = xB, giving −4.0 mi +(6.0 mi/h) t = 3.0 mi + (−5.0 mi/h)t,
Or(6.0 mi/h + 5.0 mi/h)t = 3.0 mi + 4.0 mi. This gives the elapsed time when they meet as

7.0 mi
t = = 0.64 h
11.0 mi h

At this time, x A = x B = −0.18 mi . Thus, they meet 0.18 mi west of the flagpole.

2.21 The average speed during a time interval is

distance traveled
v =
Δt

During any quarter mile segment, the distance traveled is

1 mi ⎛ 5 280 ft ⎞
Δx = = 1 320 ft
4 ⎜⎝ 1 mi ⎟⎠

(a) During the first quarter mile segment, Secretariat’s average speed was

1 320 ft
v1 = = 52.4 ft s
25.2 s

Page 2.8
 Chapter 2

During the second quarter mile segment,

1 320 ft
v2 = = 55.0 ft s
24.0 s

For the third quarter mile of the race,

1 320 ft
v3 = = 55.5 ft s
23.8 s

For the fourth final quarter mile,

1 320 ft
v4 = = 56.9 ft s
23.2 s

and during the final quarter mile,

1 320 ft
v5 = = 57.4 ft s
23.0 s

(b) Assuming that vfinal = v5 and recognizing that υ0 = 0, the average acceleration for the entire race was

vfinal − v0 57.4 ft s − 0
a = = = 0.481 ft s2
total elapsed time ( 25.2 + 24.0 + 23.8 + 23.2 + 23.0 ) s
2.22 From aυ = Δυ/Δt, the required time is seen to be

Δv ⎛ 60.0 mi h − 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1g ⎞ ⎛ 0.447 m s ⎞
Δt = = ⎜ ⎟ = 0.391 s
a ⎝ 7g ⎠ ⎝ 9.80 m s ⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 mi h ⎟⎠
⎜ 2 ⎟

Δv ( 60 − 55 ) mi h ⎛ 0.447 m s ⎞ = 3.7 s .
2.23 From a = Δυ/Δt, we have Δ t = = ⎜⎝ 1 mi h ⎟⎠
a 0.60 m s 2

2.24 (a) From t = 0 to t = 5.0 s,

vf − vi −8.0 m s − ( −8.0 m s )
a = = = 0
t f − ti 5.0 s − 0

Page 2.9
 Chapter 2

From to t = 15 s,

8.0 m s − ( −8.0 m s )
a = = 1.6 m s 2
15 s − 5.0 s

and from t = 0 to t = 20 s,

8.0 m s − ( −8.0 m s )
a = = 0.80 m s 2
20 s − 0

(b) At any instant, the instantaneous acceleration equals the slope of the line tangent to the υ vs. t graph at that
point in time. At t = 2.0 s, the slope of the tangent line to the curve is 0.

At t = 10 s, the slope of the tangent line is 1.6 m s 2 , and at t = 18 s, the slope of the tangent line is 0.

2.26 We choose eastward as the positive direction so the initial velocity of the car is given by v0 = +25.0 m s .

(a) In this case, the acceleration is a = +0.750 m s2 and the final velocity will be

(
v = v0 + at = +25.0 m s + +0.750 m s2 ) ( 8.50 s ) = +31.4 ms

or

v = 31.4 m s eastward

(b) When the acceleration is directed westward, a = −0.750 m s2 , the final velocity is

(
v = v0 + at = +25.0 m s + −0.750 m s2 ) ( 8.50 s ) = +18.6 m s , or v = 18.6 m s eastward .

2.27 Choose the direction of the car’s motion (eastward) as the positive direction. Then, the initial velocity of the car is
v0 = +40.0 m s and the final velocity (after an elapsed time of Δt = 3.50 s ) is v = +25.0 m s .

(a) The car’s acceleration is

Δv v − v0 25.0 m s − 40.0 m s
a = = = = −4.29 m s2 or a = 4.29 m s2 westward
Δt Δt 3.50 s

(b) The distance traveled during the 3.50 s time interval is

⎛ v + v0 ⎞ ⎛ 25.0 m s + 40.0 m s ⎞
Δ x = vav ( Δ t ) = ⎜ ⎟ Δt = ⎜ ⎟⎠ ( 3.50 s ) = 114 m
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2

Page 2.10
 Chapter 2

⎛ 2 .80 m s + v0 ⎞
2.29 (a) Δ x = vav ( Δ t ) = ( v + v0 2 ) Δ t becomes 40.0 m = ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ( 8.50 s ) ,

( 40.0 m ) − 2 .80 m s = 6.61 m s

2
which yields v0 =
8.50 s

v − v0 2 .80 m s − 6.61 m s
(b) a = = = − 0.448 m s2
Δt 8.50 s

2.30 (a)

(b) The known quantities are initial velocity, final velocity, and displacement. The kinematics

equation that relates these quantities to acceleration is v2f = vi2 + 2 a ( Δ x ) .

v2f − vi2
(c) a =
2 ( Δx)

(d) a =
v2f − vi2
=
( 30.0 m s ) − ( 20.0 m s )
2 2
= 1.25 m s2
2 ( Δx) (
2 2.00 × 102 m )

Δv vf − vi 30.0 m s − 20.0 m s
(e) Using a = Δv Δ t , we find that Δ t = = = = 8.00 s
a a 1.25 m s2

2.31 (a) With v = 120 km h , v2 = v02 + 2a ( Δx ) yields

⎢ ( 120 km h ) − 0 ⎦⎥ ⎛ 0.278 m s ⎞
⎡ 2 ⎤ 2
v2 − v02 ⎣
a = = ⎜⎝ 1 km h ⎟⎠ = 2.32m /s
2
2 ( Δx) 2 ( 240 m )

v − v0 ( 120 km h − 0 ) ⎛ 0.278 m s ⎞ = 14.4 s

(b) The required time is Δ t = = ⎜⎝ 1 km h ⎟⎠ .
a 2 .32 m s2

2.32 (a) The time for the truck to reach 20 m/s, starting from rest, is found from: v = v0 + at :

Page 2.11
 Chapter 2

v − v0 20 m s − 0
tspeed = = = 10 s
up a 2 .0 m s2

The total time for the trip is t total = tspeed + tconstant + tbraking = 10 s + 20 s + 5.0 s = 35 s .
up speed

(b) The distance traveled during the first 10 s is

⎛ v + v0 ⎞ ⎛ 20 m s + 0 ⎞
( Δ x )speed = vspeed tspeed = ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ up ⎟ tspeed = ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ( 10 s ) = 100 m
up up up

The distance traveled during the next 20 s (with a = 0) is

( Δ x )constant = v ⋅ tconstant = ( 20 m s ) ( 20 s ) = 400 m

speed speed

The distance traveled in the last 5.0 s is

⎛ vf + v ⎞ ⎛ 0 + 20 m s ⎞
( Δ x )braking = vbraking t braking = ⎜ ⎟ tbraking = ⎜
⎝ ⎟⎠ ( 5.0 s ) = 50 m
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

The total displacement is then

( Δ x )total = ( Δ x )speed + ( Δ x )constant + ( Δ x ) braking = 100 m + 400 m + 50 m = 550 m

up speed

and the average velocity for the entire trip is

( Δ x )total 550 m
vtrip = = = 16 m s
t total 35 s

v − v0 24.0 m s2 − 0
2.33 (a) a = = = 8.14 m s2
Δt 2.95 s

vf − vi 20.0 m s − 10.0 m s
(b) From a = Δv Δ t , the required time is Δ t = = = 1.23 s .
a 8.14 m s2

(c) Yes. For uniform acceleration, the change in velocity Δυ generated in time Δt is given by Δυ = (Δt).

From this, it is seen that doubling the length of the time interval Δt will always double the change in veloc-
ity Δυ. A more precise way of stating this is: “When acceleration is constant, velocity is a linear function of

Page 2.12
 Chapter 2

time.”

2.34 (a) The time required to stop the plane is

v − v0 0 − 100 m s
t = = = 20.0 s
a − 5.00 m s2

(b) The minimum distance needed to stop is

⎛ v + v0 ⎞ ⎛ 0 + 100 m s ⎞
Δx = v ⋅ t = ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠
⋅t = ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ( 20.0 s ) = 1000 m = 1.00 km

Thus, the plane requires a minimum runway length of 1.00 km.

It cannot land safely on a 0.800 km runway.

2.36 The velocity at the end of the first interval is

v = v0 + at = 0 + (2 .77 m s) ( 15.0 s ) = 41.6 m s

This is also the constant velocity during the second interval and the initial velocity for the third interval.

1 2
(a) From Δ x = v0 t + at , the total displacement is
2

( Δ x )total = ( Δ x )1 + ( Δ x ) 2 + ( Δ x )3

⎡
= ⎢0 +
⎣
1
2
(
2 .77 m s2 ) (15.0 s )2 ⎤⎦⎥ + ⎡⎣( 41.6 m s ) ( 123 s ) + 0 ⎤⎦

⎡
+ ⎢ ( 41.6 m s ) ( 4.39 s ) +
⎣
1
2
(
− 9.47 m s2 ) ( 4.39 s )2 ⎥⎦⎤

or

( Δ x )total = 312 m + 5.11 × 103 m + 91.2 m = 5.51 × 103 m = 5.51 km

( Δ x )1 312 m
(b) v = = = 20.8 m s
1 t1 15.0 s

Page 2.13
 Chapter 2

( Δ x )2 5.11 × 103 m
v = = = 41.6 m s
2 t2 123 s

( Δ x )3 91.2 m
v = = = 20.8 m /s
3 t3 4.39 s

and the average velocity for the total trip is

( Δ x ) total 5.51 × 103 m

vtotal = = = 38.7 m s
t total ( 15.0 + 123 + 4.39 ) s

2.37 Using the uniformly accelerated motion equation Δ x = v0 t + 1

2
at 2 for the full 40 s interval yields

Δ x = ( 20 m s ) ( 40 s ) + 1
2 ( −1.0 m s2 ) ( 40 s )2 = 0 , which is obviously wrong. The source of the error is found

by computing the time required for the train to come to rest. This time is

v − v0 0 − 20 m s
t = = = 20 s
a −1.0 m s2

Thus, the train is slowing down for the first 20 s and is at rest for the last 20 s of the 40 s interval.

The acceleration is not constant during the full 40 s. It is, however, constant during the first 20 s as the train slows

to rest. Application of Δ x = v0 t + 1
2
at 2 to this interval gives the stopping distance as

Δ x = ( 20 m s ) ( 20 s ) + 1
2 ( −1.0 m s2 ) ( 20 s )2 = 200 m

⎛ mi ⎞ ⎛ 0.447 m s ⎞
v0 = 0 and vf = ⎜ 40.0 = 17.9 m s
h ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 1 mi h ⎟⎠
2.38
⎝

(a) To find the distance traveled, we use

⎛ vf + v0 ⎞ ⎛ 17.9 m s + 0 ⎞
Δx = v ⋅ t = ⎜ ⎟ ⋅t = ⎜
⎝ ⎟⎠ ( 12 .0 s ) = 107 m
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

Page 2.14
 Chapter 2

(b) The constant acceleration is

vf − v0 17.9 m s − 0
a = = = 1.49 m s2
t 12.0 s

2.39 At the end of the acceleration period, the velocity is

v = v0 + ataccel = 0 + 1.5 m s2 ( ) ( 5.0 s ) = 7.5 ms

This is also the initial velocity for the braking period.

(a) After braking, vf = v + at brake = 7.5 m s + −2.0 m s2 ( ) ( 3.0 s ) = 1.5 m s .

(b) The total distance traveled is

⎛ v + v0 ⎞ ⎛ vf + v ⎞
Δ xtotal = ( Δ x )accel + ( Δ x ) brake = ( v ⋅ t )accel + ( v ⋅ t ) brake = ⎜ ⎟ taccel + ⎜ ⎟ t brake
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

⎛ 7.5 m s + 0 ⎞ ⎛ 1.5 m s + 7.5 m s ⎞

Δ xtotal = ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ( 5.0 s ) + ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ( 3.0 s ) = 32 m

2.40 For the acceleration period, the parameters for the car are: initial velocity = υia = 0, acceleration = aa = a1, elapsed
time = (Δt)a = t1 and final velociety = υfa. For the braking period, the parameters are: initial velocity = υib = final
vel. of accel. period = υfa, acceleration = ab = a2, and elapsed time = (Δt)b = t2.

(a) To determine the velocity of the car just before the brakes are engaged, we apply vf = vi + a ( Δt ) to the

acceleration period and find

vib = vfa = via + aa ( Δ t ) a = 0 + a1t1 or vib = a1t1

We may use Δ x = vi ( Δ t ) + a ( Δ t ) to determine the distance traveled during the acceleration period
1 2
(b) 2

(i.e., before the driver begins to brake). This gives

( Δ x )a = via ( Δ t ) a + aa ( Δ t ) a = 0 + ( Δ x )a
2 1 2 1 2
1
at or = a1t1
2
2 11 2

Page 2.15
 Chapter 2

(c) The displacement occurring during the braking period is

( Δ x )b = vib ( Δ t ) b + ab ( Δ t ) b = ( a1t1 ) t2 +
1 2 1
a t2
2
2 22

Thus, the total displacement of the car during the two intervals combined is

( Δ x )total = ( Δ x ) a + ( Δ x )b =
1 2 1
a1t1 + a1t1t2 + a2 t22
2 2

2.41 The time the Thunderbird spends slowing down is

Δ x1 2 ( Δ x1 ) 2 ( 250 m )
Δ t1 = = = = 6.99 s
v1 v + v0 0 + 71.5 m s

The time required to regain speed after the pit stop is

Δ x2 2 ( Δ x2 ) 2 ( 350 m )
Δ t2 = = = = 9.79 s
v2 v + v0 71.5 m s + 0

Thus, the total elapsed time before the Thunderbird is back up to speed is

Δ t = Δ t1 + 5.00 s + Δ t2 = 6.99 s + 5.00 s + 9.79 s = 21.8 s

During this time, the Mercedes has traveled (at constant speed) a distance

Δ x M = v0 ( Δ t ) = ( 71.5 m s ) ( 21.8 s ) = 1 558 m

and the Thunderbird has fallen behind a distance

d = Δ x M − Δ x1 − Δ x2 = 1 558 m − 250 m − 350 m = 958 m

2.42 The car is distance d from the dog and has initial velocity v0 when the brakes are applied, giving it a constant ac-
celeration a.

Apply v = Δ x Δ t = v + v0 2 to the entire trip (for which Δx = d +4.0 m, Δt = 10 s, and υ = 0) to obtain

Page 2.16
 Chapter 2

d + 4.0 m 0 + v0 d + 4.0 m
= or v0 = [1]
10 s 2 5.0 s

Then, applying v2 = v02 + 2a ( Δ x ) to the entire trip yields 0 = v02 + 2 a ( d + 4.0 m ) .

Substitute for v0 from Equation [1] to find that

0 =
( d + 4.0 m )2 + 2a ( d + 4.0 m ) and a = −
d + 4.0 m
[2]
25 s2 50 s2

Finally, apply Δ x = v0 t + 1
2
a t 2 to the first 8.0 s of the trip (for which Δ x = d ).

This gives

d = v0 ( 8.0 s ) + 1
2 (
a 64 s2 ) [3]

Substitute Equations [1] and [2] into Equation [3] to obtain

⎛ d + 4.0 m ⎞ 1 ⎛ d + 4.0 m ⎞
d = ⎜
⎝ 5.0 s ⎠ ⎟ ( 8.0 s ) + ⎜ −
2⎝ 50 s2 ⎟⎠
(
64 s2 = 0.96 d + 3.84 m )

which yields d = 3.84 m/0.04= 96m.

2.43 (a) Take t = 0 at the time when the player starts to chase his opponent. At this time, the opponent is distance
d = ( 12 m s ) ( 3.0 s ) = 36 m in front of the player. At time t > 0 , the displacements of the players from their

initial positions are

Δ xplayer = ( v0 ) player t +
1
2
aplayer t 2 = 0 +
1
2
(
4.0 m s2 t 2 ) [1]

and

Δ xopponent = ( v0 ) opponent t + t 2 = ( 12 m s ) t + 0
1
a [2]
2 opponent

When the players are side-by-side,

Page 2.17
 Chapter 2

Δ xplayer = Δ xopponent + 36 m [3]

Substituting Equations [1] and [2] into Equation [3] gives

1
2
( )
4.0 m s2 t 2 = ( 12 m s ) t + 36 m or ( )
t 2 + ( − 6.0 s ) t + −18 s2 = 0

Applying the quadratic formula to this result gives

− ( − 6.0 s ) ± ( − 6.0 s )2 (
− 4 ( 1) −18 s2 )
t =
2 ( 1)

which has solutions of t = −2.2 s and t = + 8.2 s Since the time must be greater than zero,
we must choose t = 8.2 s as the proper answer.

(b) Δ xplayer = ( v0 ) player t +

1
2
aplayer t 2 = 0 +
1
2
(
4.0 m s2 ) ( 8.2 s )2 = 1.3 × 102 m

2.44 The initial velocity of the train is v0 = 82 .4 km h and the final velocity is v = 16.4 km h . The time required
for the 400 m train to pass the crossing is found from

Δ x = v ⋅ t = ⎡⎣ ( v + v0 ) 2 ⎤⎦ t as

2 ( Δx) 2 ( 0.400 km ) ⎛ 3 600 s ⎞

t =
v + v0
=
( 82 .4 + 16.4 ) km h
(
= 8.10 × 10 −3 h ⎜
⎝ 1 h ⎟⎠
) = 29.1 s

2.45 (a) From v2 = v02 + 2a ( Δ y ) with v = 0 , we have

0 − ( 25.0 m s )
2
v2 − v02
( Δy )max = = = 31.9 m
2a (
2 −9.80 m s2 )

(b) The time to reach the highest point is

v − v0 0 − 25.0 m s
t up = = = 2.55 s
a − 9.80 m s2

Page 2.18
 Chapter 2

(c) The time required for the ball to fall 31.9 m, starting from rest, is found from

2 ( Δy ) 2 ( − 31.9 m )
Δy = ( 0 ) t +
1 2
at as t = = = 2.55 s
2 a − 9.80 m s2

(d) The velocity of the ball when it returns to the original level (2.55 s after it starts to fall from rest) is

(
v = v0 + at = 0 + − 9.80 m s2 ) ( 2 .55 s ) = −25.0 m/s

2.46 (a) For the upward flight of the arrow, v0 = +100 m s , a = − g = −9.80 m s2 , and the final velocity is

v = 0 . Thus, v2 = v02 + 2a ( Δy ) yields

0 − ( 100 m s )
2
v2 − v02
( Δy )max = = = 510 m
2a (
2 −9.80 m s2 )

(b) The time for the upward flight is

( Δy )max 2 ( Δy ) max 2 ( 510 m )

t up = = = = 10.2 s
vup vo + v 100 m s + 0

For the downward flight, Δ y = − ( Δy )max = −510 m, v0 = 0, and a = −9.8 m s2 Thus,

2 ( Δy ) 2 ( −510 m )
Δ y = v0 t + 1
at 2 gives tdown = = = 10.2 s
2
a −9.80 m s2

and the total time of the flight is ttotal = tdown + tdown = 10.2 s+10.2 s = 20.4 s.

2.47 The velocity of the object when it was 30.0 m above the ground can be determined by applying Δ y = v0 t + 1
2
at 2

to the last 1.50 s of the fall. This gives

1⎛ m⎞
−30.0 m = v0 ( 1.50 s ) + −9.80 2 ⎟ ( 1.50 s )
2
⎜ or v0 = −12.7 m s
2⎝ s ⎠

The displacement the object must have undergone, starting from rest, to achieve this velocity at a point 30.0 m
above the ground is given by v2 = v02 + 2a ( Δy ) as

Page 2.19
 Chapter 2

v2 − v02 ( −12.7 m s ) − 0 = −8.23 m

2

( Δy )1 = =
2a (
2 −9.80 m s2 )

The total distance the object drops during the fall is

( Δy )total = ( Δy )1 + ( −30.0 m ) = 38.2 m

2.48 (a) Consider the rock’s entire upward flight, for which v0 = +7.40 m s , vf = 0 , a = − g = −9.80 m s2 ,

yi = 1.55 m (taking y = 0 at ground level), and yf = hmax = maximum altitude reached by rock. Then apply-

ing v2f = vi2 + 2a ( Δy ) to this upward flight gives

(
0 = ( 7.40 m s ) + 2 −9.80 m s2
2
) ( hmax − 1.55 m )

and solving for the maximum altitude of the rock gives

hmax = 1.55 m +
( 7.40 m s)
2
= 4.34 m
(
2 9.80 m s2 )

Since hmax > 3.65 m (height of the wall).the rock does reach the top of the wall.

(b) To find the velocity of the rock when it reaches the top of the wall, we use v2f = vi2 + 2 a ( Δ y ) and solve for

vf when yf = 3.65 m (starting with vi = +7.40 m s at yi = 1.55 m ). This yields

vf = (
vi2 + 2a y f − yi )= ( 7.40 (
m s ) + 2 −9.80 m s2
2
) ( 3.65 m − 1.55 m ) = 3.69 m s

(c) A rock thrown downward at a speed of 7.40 m s ( vi = −7.40 m s ) from the top of the wall undergoes a

displacement of (Δy) = yf − yi = 1.55 m −3.65 m = −2.10 m before reaching the level of the attacker. Its ve-
locity when it reaches the attacker is

vf = − vi2 + 2 a ( Δy ) = − ( −7.40 (
m s ) + 2 −9.80 m s2
2
) ( −2.10 m ) = −9.79 m s

so the change in speed of this rock as it goes between the 2 points located at the top of the wall and the at-
tacker is given by

Page 2.20
 Chapter 2

Δ ( speed )down = vf − vi = −9.79 m s − −7.40 m s = 2.39 m s

(d) Observe that the change in speed of the ball thrown upward as it went from the attacker to the top of the wall
was

Δ ( speed ) up = vf − vi = 3.69 m s − 7.40 m s = 3.71 m s

Thus, the two rocks do not undergo the same magnitude change in speeds. As the two rocks travel between
the level of the attacker and the level of the top of the wall, the rock thrown upward undergoes a greater
change in speed than does the rock thrown downward. The reason for this is that the rock thrown upward has
a smaller average speed between these two levels:

vi + vf
up up 7.40 m s + 3.69 m s
v = = = 5.55 m s
up 2 2

and

vi down
+ vf 7.40 m s + 9.79 m s
v = down
= = 8.60 m s
down 2 2

Thus, the rock thrown upward spends more time travelling between the two levels. with gravity changing its
speed by 9.80 m/s for each second that passes.

2.50 (a) After 2.00 s, the velocity of the mailbag is

vbag = v0 + at = −1.50 m s + −9.80 m s2 ( ) ( 2 .00 s ) = − 21.1 m s

The negative sign tells that the bag is moving downward and the magnitude of the velocity gives the speed as
21.1 m/s.

(b) The displacement of the mailbag after 2.00 s is

⎛ v + v0 ⎞ ⎡ −21.1 m s + ( − 1.50 m s ) ⎤
( Δy ) bag = ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎟ t = ⎢ ⎥ ( 2 .00 s ) = − 22 .6 m
⎢⎣ 2 ⎦⎥

During this time, the helicopter, moving downward with constant velocity, undergoes a displacement of

Page 2.21
 Chapter 2

( Δy )copter at = ( −1.5 m s ) ( 2 .00 s ) + 0 = − 3.00 m

1 2
= v0 t +
2

The distance separating the package and the helicopter at this time is then

d = ( Δ y ) p − ( Δ y )h = −22.6 m − ( −3.00 m ) = −19.6 m = 19.6 m

(c) Here, ( v0 ) bag = ( v0 )copter = + 1.50 m s and abag = −9.80 m s2 while acopter = 0. After 2.00 s, the veloc-

ity of the mailbag is

m ⎛ m⎞
+ ⎜ −9.80 2 ⎟ ( 2.00 s ) = − 18.1
m
vbag = 1.50
s ⎝ s ⎠ s

and its speed is

m
vbag = 18.1
s

In this case, the displacement of the helicopter during the 2.00 s interval is

Δ ycopter = ( +1.50 m s ) ( 2.00 s ) + 0 = + 3.00 m

Meanwhile, the mailbag has a displacement of

⎛ vbag + v0 ⎞ ⎡ −18.1 m s + 1.50 m s ⎤

( Δy )bag = ⎜ ⎟ t = ⎢ ⎥ ( 2 .00 s ) = −16.6 m
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ 2 ⎦

The distance separating the package and the helicopter at this time is then

d = ( Δ y ) p − ( Δ y )h = −16.6 m − ( +3.00 m ) = − 19.6 m = 19.6 m

2.51 (a) From the instant the ball leaves the player’s hand until it is caught, the ball is a freely falling body with an
acceleration of

a = − g = −9.80 m s2 = 9.80 m s2 ( downward )

(b) At its maximum height, the ball comes to rest momentarily and then begins to fall back downward. Thus,
vmax = 0 .
height

Page 2.22
 Chapter 2

(c) Consider the relation Δ y = v0 t + 1

2
at 2 with a = −g. When the ball is at the thrower’s hand, the displace-

ment is Δy = 0, giving 0 = v0 t − 1
2
gt 2

This equation has two solutions, t = 0 which corresponds to when the ball was thrown, and t = 2v0 g cor-
responding to when the ball is caught. Therefore, if the ball is caught at t = 2.00 s, the initial velocity must
have been

v0 =
gt
=
(
9.80 m s2 ) ( 2 .00 s ) = 9.80 m/s
2 2

(d) From v2 = v02 + 2a ( Δ y ) , with v = 0 at the maximum height,

0 − ( 9.80 m s )
2
v2 − v02
( Δy )max = = = 4.90 m
2a (
2 − 9.80 m s2 )
2.52 (a) Let t = 0 be the instant the package leaves the helicopter, so the package and the helicopter have a common
initial velocity of vi = −v0 . (choosing upward as positive).

At times t > 0, the velocity of the package (in free-fall with constant acceleration ap = −g) is given by

v = vi + at as vp = − v0 − gt = − ( vo + gt ) and speed = vp = vo + gt

(b) After an elapsed time t, the downward displacement of the package from its point of release will be

⎛ ⎞
( Δy ) p
1 1 1
= vi t + a t 2 = −v0 t − gt 2 = − ⎜ v0 t + gt 2 ⎟
2 p 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠

and the downward displacement of the helicopter (moving with constant velocity, or acceleration ah = 0)
from the release point at this time is

( Δy )h
1
= vi t + a t 2 = − v0 t + 0 = −v0 t
2 h

The distance separating the package and the helicopter at this time is then

⎛ ⎞
( Δy ) p − ( Δy )h = − ⎜ v0 t + gt 2 ⎟ − ( −v0 t ) =
1 1 2
d = gt
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2

(c) If the helicopter and package are moving upward at the instant of release, then the common initial velocity is

Page 2.23
 Chapter 2

vi = + v0 . The accelerations of the helicopter (moving with constant velocity) and the package (a freely fal-

ling object) remain unchanged from the previous case (ap = −g and ah = 0).

In this case, the package speed at time t > 0 is 1 vp = vi + a p t = v0 − gt = gt − v0

At this time, the displacements from the release point of the package and the helicopter are given by

( Δy ) p ( Δy )h
1 1 1
= vi t + a p t 2 = v0 t − gt 2 and = vi t + a t 2 = v0 t + 0 = + v0 t
2 2 2 h

The distance separating the package and helicopter at time t is now given by

( Δy ) p − ( Δy )h
1 2 1 2
d = = v0 t − gt − v0 t = gt (the same as earlier!)
2 2

2.53 (a) After its engines stop, the rocket is a freely falling body. It continues upward, slowing under the influence of
gravity until it comes to rest momentarily at its maximum altitude. Then it falls back to Earth, gaining speed
as it falls.

(b) When it reaches a height of 150 m, the speed of the rocket is

v= v02 + 2 a ( Δy ) = ( 50.0 (
m s ) + 2 2 .00 m s2
2
) (150 m ) = 55.7 m s

After the engines stop, the rocket continues moving upward with an initial velocity of v0 = 55.7 m s and
acceleration a = −g = −9.80 m/s2. When the rocket reaches maximum height, v = 0 . The displacement of
the rocket above the point where the engines stopped (that is, above the 150-m level) is

0 − ( 55.7 m s )
2
v2 − v02
Δy = = = 158 m
2a (
2 − 9.80 m s2 )
The maximum height above ground that the rocket reaches is then given by

hmax = 150 m + 158 m = 308 m .

(c) The total time of the upward motion of the rocket is the sum of two intervals. The first is the time for the
rocket to go from v0 = 50.0 m s at the ground to a velocity of v = 55.7 m s at an altitude of 150 m. This
time is given by

( Δy )1 ( Δy )1 2 ( 150 m )
t1 = = = = 2 .84 s
v1 ( v + v0 ) 2 ( 55.7 + 50.0 ) ms

Page 2.24
 Chapter 2

The second interval is the time to rise 158 m starting with v0 = 55.7 m s and ending with v = 0 . This
time is

( Δy ) 2 ( Δy )2 2 ( 158 m )
t2 = = = = 5.67 s
v2 ( v + v0 ) 2 0 + 55.7 m s

The total time of the upward flight is then t up = t1 + t2 = ( 2 .84 + 5.67 ) s = 8.51 s

(d) The time for the rocket to fall 308 m back to the ground, with v0 = 0 and acceleration a = −g = −9.80 m/s2,

is found from Δy = v0 t + 1
2
at 2 as

2 ( Δy ) 2 ( − 308 m )
tdown = = = 7.93 s
a − 9.80 m s2

so the total time of the flight is tflight = t up + tdown = ( 8.51 + 7.93 ) s = 16.4 s .

2.54 (a) The camera falls 50 m with a free-fall acceleration, starting with v0 = −10 m s . Its velocity when it
reaches the ground is

v= v02 + 2 a ( Δy ) = ( −10 (
m s ) + 2 − 9.80 m s2
2
) ( −50 m ) = − 33 m s
The time to reach the ground is given by

v − v0 − 33 m s − ( −10 m s )
t = = = 2.3 s
a − 9.80 m s2

(b) This velocity was found to be v = − 33 m s in part (a) above.

2.55 During the 0.600 s required for the rig to pass completely onto the bridge, the front bumper of the tractor moves a
distance equal to the length of the rig at constant velocity of v = 100 km h . Therefore, the length of the rig is

⎡ km ⎛ 0.278 m s ⎞ ⎤
Lrig = vt = ⎢100 ⎥ ( 0.600 s ) = 16.7 m
⎣ h ⎜⎝ 1 km h ⎟⎠ ⎦

Page 2.25
 Chapter 2

While some part of the rig is on the bridge, the front bumper moves a distance

Δ x = Lbridge + Lrig = 400 m + 16.7 m

With a constant velocity of , the time for this to occur is

Lbridge + Lrig 400 m + 16.7 m ⎛ 1 km h ⎞

t = = ⎜⎝ 0.278 m s ⎟⎠ = 15.0 s
v 100 km h

2.56 (a) From Δ x = v0 t + 1

2
at 2 , we have 100 m = ( 30.0 m s ) t + 1
2 ( −3.50 )
m s2 t 2 . This reduces to

3.50 t 2 + ( − 60.0 s) t + (200 s2 ) = 0 , and the quadratic formula gives

− ( −60.0 s ) ± ( −60.0 s )2 − 4 ( 3.50 ) ( 200 s2 )

t =
2 ( 3.50 )

The desired time is the smaller solution of t = 4.53 s. The larger solution of t = 12.6 s is the time when the
boat would pass the buoy moving backwards, assuming it maintained a constant acceleration.

(b) The velocity of the boat when it first reaches the buoy is

(
v = v0 + at = 30.0 m s + − 3.50 m s2 ) ( 4.53 s ) = 14.1 m/s

2.57 (a) The acceleration of the bullet is

a =
vυ 2 − υ v20
=
( 300 m/s ) − ( 400 m/s )
2 2
= −3.50 × 105 m/s2
2 ( Δx) 2 ( 0.100 m )

(b) The time of contact with the board is

t =
v − v0
=
( 300 − 400 ) m s = 2.86 × 10 − 4 s
a − 3.50 × 105 m s2

2.58 We assume that the bullet begins to slow just as the front end touches the first surface of the board, and that it
reaches its exit velocity just as the front end emerges from the opposite face of the board.

(a) The acceleration is

Page 2.26
 Chapter 2

a =
2
vexit − v02
=
( 280 m s ) − ( 420 m s )
2 2
= − 4.90 × 105 m s2
2 ( Δx) 2 ( 0.100 m )

(b) The average velocity as the front of the bullet passes through the board is

vexit + v0 280 m s + 420 m s

v = = = 350 m s
2 2

and the total time of contact with the board is the time for the front of the bullet to pass through plus the addi-
tional time for the trailing end to emerge (at speed vexit ),

( Δ x )board Lbullet 0.100 m 0.0200 m

t = + = + = 3.57 × 10 −4 s
v vexit 350 m s 280 m s

(c) From v2 = v02 + 2a ( Δ x ) , with v = 0 , gives the required thickness is

0 − ( 420 m s )
2
v2 − v02
Δx = = = 0.180 m = 18.0 cm
2a (
2 − 4.90 × 105 m s2 )

2.59 (a) The keys have acceleration a = −g = −9.80 m/s2 from the release point until they are caught 1.50 s later. Thus,

Δy = v0 t + 1
2
at 2 gives

v0 =
Δy − at 2 2
=
(
( + 4.00 m ) − − 9.80 m s2 ) (1.50 s )2 2
= + 10.0 m s
t 1.50 s

or

v0 = 10.0 m s upward

(b) The velocity of the keys just before the catch was

(
v = v0 + at = 10.0 m s + − 9.80 m s2 ) ( 1.50 s ) = − 4.68 ms

or

v = 4.68 m s downward

Page 2.27
 Chapter 2

2.60 (a) The keys, moving freely under the influence of gravity (a = −g), undergo a vertical displacement of
Δ y = + h in time t. We use Δy = vi t + 1
at 2 to find the initial velocity as
2

( −g ) t2
1
h = vi t +
2

giving

h + gt 2 2 h gt
vi = = +
t t 2

(b) The velocity of the keys just before they were caught (at time t) is given by v = vi + at as

⎛h gt ⎞
+ ( −g ) t =
h gt h gt
v= ⎜ + ⎟ + − gt = −
⎝t 2 ⎠ t 2 t 2

2.61 (a) From v2 = v02 + 2 a ( Δ y ) , the insect’s velocity after straightening its legs is

v= v02 + 2a ( Δy ) = (
0 + 2 4 000 m s2 ) ( 2.0 × 10−3 m ) = 4.0 m s

and the time to reach this velocity is

v − v0 4.0 m s − 0
t = = = 1.0 × 10 −3 s = 1.0 ms
a 4 000 m s2

(b) The upward displacement of the insect between when its feet leave the ground and it comes to rest momen-
tarily at maximum altitude is

− ( 4.0 m s )
2
v2 − v02 0 − v02
Δy = = = = 0.82 m
2a 2 ( −g ) 2 −9.8 m s2 ( )

2.63 The falling ball moves a distance of ( 15 m − h ) before they meet, where h is the height above the ground where

they meet. Apply Δy = v0 t + 1

2
at 2 , with a = − g , to obtain

− ( 15 m − h ) = 0 − 1
2
gt 2 or h = 15 m − 1
2
gt 2 [1]

Page 2.28
 Chapter 2

Applying Δy = v0 t + 1
2
at 2 to the rising ball gives

h = ( 25 m s ) t − 1
2
gt 2 [2]

Combining equations [1] and [2] gives

( 25 m s) t −
1 2 1
gt = 15 m − gt 2
2 2

or

15 m
t = = 0.60 s
25 m s

2.64 The constant speed the student has maintained for the first 10 minutes, and hence her initial speed for the final 500
yard dash, is

v0 =
Δ x10
=
1.0 mi − 500 yards
=
( 5 280 ft − 1 500 ft ) ⎛ 1 m ⎞ = 1.9 m s
Δt 10 min 600 s ⎜⎝ 3.281 ft ⎟⎠

With an initial speed of v0 = 1.9 m s and constant acceleration of a = 0.15 m/s2, the maximum distance the stu-
dent can travel in the remaining 2.0 min (120 s) of her allotted time is

⎛ m⎞ 1⎛ m⎞
( Δ x2.0 )max = v0 t + 1
2
amax t 2 = ⎜ 1.9 ⎟ ( 120 s ) + ⎜ 0.15 2 ⎟ ( 120 s ) = 1.3 × 103 m
⎝ s ⎠ 2⎝ s ⎠
2

or

⎛ 3.281 ft ⎞ ⎛ 1 yard ⎞
( Δ x2.0 )max (
= 1.3 × 103 m ⎜ )
⎝ 1 m ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 3 ft ⎟⎠
= 1.4 × 103 yards

Since ( Δ x2.0 )max is considerably greater than the 500 yards she must still run, she can easily meet the requirment

of running 1.0 miles in 12 minutes.

2.65 We solve Part (b) of this problem first.

(b) When the either ball reaches the ground, its displacement from the balcony is Δy = −19.6 m (taking upward

Page 2.29
 Chapter 2

as positive). The initial velocities of the two balls were v01 = −14.7 m s and v02 = +14.7 m s , so v02 has the
value of (14.7 m/s)2 for either ball. Also, a = −g for each ball, giving the downward velocity of either ball when it
reaches the ground as

veither = − v02 + 2 a ( Δy ) = − (14.5 (

m s ) + 2 −9.80 m s2
2
) ( −19.6 m ) = − 24.5 m s
ball

(a) The time for either ball to reach the ground (and hence achieve the velocity computed above) is given by

veither − v0
ball −24.5 m s − v0 24.5 m s + v0
t = = =
a −g 9.80 m s2

where v0 is the initial velocity of the particular ball of interest.

For ball 1, v0 = −14.7 m s , giving

24.5 m s − 14.7 m s
t1 = = 1.00 s
9.80 m s2

For ball 2, v0 = +14.7 m s , and

24.5 m s + 14.7 m s
t2 = = 4.00 s
9.80 m s2

The difference in the time of flight for the two balls is seen to be

Δ t = t2 − t1 = ( 4.00 − 1.00 ) s = 3.00 s

(c) At t = 0.800 s, the displacement of each ball from the balcony (at height h above ground) is

y1 − h = v01t −
1 2
2
(
gt = ( −14.7 m s ) ( 0.800 s ) − 4.90 m s2 ) ( 0.800 s )2

y2 − h = v02 t −
1 2
2
(
gt = ( +14.7 m s ) ( 0.800 s ) − 4.90 m s2 ) ( 0.800 s )2

These give the altitudes of the two balls at t = 0.800 s as y1 = h −14.9 m and y2 = h + 8.62 m.
Therefore the distance separating the two balls at this time is

Page 2.30
 Chapter 2

d = y2 − y1 = h + 8.62 m − ( h − 14.9 m ) = 23.5 m

2.66 (a) While in the air, both balls have acceleration a1 = a2 = −g (where upward is taken as positive). Ball 1 (thrown
downward) has initial velocity v01 = −v0 , while ball 2 (thrown upward) has initial velocity v02 = + v0 .
Taking y = 0 at ground level, the initial y-coordinate of each ball is y01 = y02 = +h. Applying
Δ y = y − yi = vi t + 1
2
at 2 to each ball gives their y-coordinates at time t as

( −g ) t2
1 1 2
Ball 1: y1 − h = −υ v0 t + or y1 = h − v0 t − gt
2 2

( −g ) t2
1 1 2
Ball 2: y2 − h = + v0 t + or y2 = h + v0 t − gt
2 2

(b) At ground level, y = 0. Thus, we equate each of the equations found above to zero and use the quadratic for-
mula to solve for the times when each ball reaches the ground. This gives the following:

gt12 + ( 2v0 ) t1 + ( −2h ) = 0

1 2
Ball 1: 0 = h − v0 t1 − gt1 →
2

−2v0 ± ( 2v )0
2
− 4 ( g )( −2h ) v ⎛v ⎞ 2h
2

so t1 = = − 0 ± ⎜ 0⎟ +
2g g ⎝ g⎠ g

Using only the positive solution gives

2
v ⎛v ⎞ 2h
t1 = − 0 + ⎜ 0 ⎟ +
g ⎝ g⎠ g

gt22 + ( −2v0 ) t2 + ( −2h ) = 0

1 2
Ball 2: 0 = h + v0 t2 − gt2 →
2

and

− ( −2v0 ) ± ( −2v ) − 4 ( g )( −2h )

2 2
0 v ⎛v ⎞ 2h
t2 = =+ 0 ± ⎜ 0⎟ +
2g g ⎝ g⎠ g

Page 2.31
 Chapter 2

Again, using only the positive solution

2
v0 ⎛v ⎞ 2h
t2 = + ⎜ 0⎟ +
g ⎝ g⎠ g

Thus, the difference in the times of flight of the two balls is

2 ⎛ 2 ⎞
v0 ⎛ v0 ⎞ 2h v0 ⎛ v0 ⎞ 2h 2v0
Δt = t2 − t1 = + ⎜ ⎟ + −⎜− + ⎜ ⎟ + ⎟=
g ⎝ g⎠ g ⎜ g ⎝ g⎠ g ⎟ g
⎝ ⎠

Realizing that the balls are going downward ( v < 0) as they near the ground, we use v f = vi + 2a ( Δy ) with
2 2
(c)

Δy = −h to find the velocity of each ball just before it strikes the ground:

Ball 1: v1 f = − v12i + 2a1 ( − h ) = − ( −v ) 0

2
+ 2 ( − g )( − h ) = − v02 + 2 gh

Ball 2: v2 f = − v22i + 2a2 ( − h ) = − ( +v ) 0

2
+ 2 ( − g )( − h ) = − v02 + 2gh

(d) While both balls are still in the air, the distance separating them is

⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
d = y2 − y1 = ⎜ h + v0 t − gt 2 ⎟ − ⎜ h − v0 t − gt 2 ⎟ = 2vo t
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠

The first ball is dropped from rest (ν01 = 0) from the height h of the window. Thus, v f = v0 + 2a ( Δy ) gives
2 2
2.67 (a)

the speed of this ball as it reaches the ground (and hence the initial velocity of the second ball) as

v f = v01
2
+ 2a1 ( Δy1 ) = 0 + 2 ( − g )( − h ) = 2 gh . When ball 2 is thrown upward at the same time that ball 1

is dropped, their y-coordinates at time t during the flights are given by y − yo = v0 t + 12 at 2 as

Ball 1: y1 − h = ( 0) t + 1
2 (−g)t2 or y1 = h − 12 gt 2

Ball 2: y2 − 0 = ( )
2 gh t + 1
2 (−g) t2 or y2 = ( )
2 gh t − 12 gt 2

When the two balls pass, y1 = y2, or

Page 2.32
 Chapter 2

h− 1
2 gt 2 = ( )
2 gh t − 1
2 gt 2

giving

h h 28.7 m
t= = = = 1.21 s
2 gh 2g (
2 9.80 m s 2 )

(b) When the balls meet,

h
t=
2g

and

2
1 ⎛ h ⎞ h 3h
y1 = h − = h− =
2 ⎜⎝ 2 g ⎟⎠
g
4 4

Thus, the distance below the window where this event occurs is

3h h 28.7 m
d = h − y1 = h − = = = 7.18 m
4 4 4

2.68 We do not know either the initial velocity nor the final velocity (that is, velocity just before impact) for the truck.
What we do know is that the truck skids 62.4 m in 4.20 s while accelerating at −5.60 m/s2.

We have ν = ν0 +at and Δx = v ⋅ t = [(v + v0 ) / 2] ⋅ t . Applied to the motion of the truck, these yield

v − v0 = at or ( )
v − v0 = −5.60 m s 2 ( 4.20 s ) = −23.5 m s [1]

and

2 ( Δx ) 2 ( 62.4 m )
v + v0 = = = 29.7 m s [2]
t 4.20 s

Adding equations [1] and [2] gives the velocity just before impact as

2 v = ( −23.5 + 29.7 ) m s , or v = 3.10 m s

Page 2.33
 Chapter 2

2.69 When released from rest (ν0 = 0), the bill falls freely with a downward acceleration due to gravity (a = −g = −9.80
m/s2). Thus, the magnitude of its downward displacement during David’s 0.2 s reaction time will be

Δy = v0 t +
1 2
2
1
2
( )
at = 0 + −9.80 m s 2 ( 0.2 s ) = 0.2 m = 20 cm
2

This is over twice the distance from the center of the bill to its top edge (≈ 8 cm), so .David will be unsuccessful.

2.70 (a) The velocity with which the first stone hits the water is

2
⎛ m⎞ ⎛ m⎞ m
v1 = − v01
2
+ 2 a ( Δy ) = − ⎜ − 2.00 ⎟ + 2 ⎜ − 9.80 2 ⎟ ( −50.0 m ) = −31.4
⎝ s⎠ ⎝ s ⎠ s

The time for this stone to hit the water is

v1 − v01 ⎡⎣ −31.4 m s − ( −2.00 m s ) ⎤⎦

t1 = = = 3.00 s
a −9.80 m s 2

(b) Since they hit simultaneously, the second stone which is released 1.00 s later will hit the water after an flight
time of 2.00 s. Thus,

v02 = =
2
(
Δy − at22 2 −50.0 m − −9.80 m s ( 2.00 s ) 2 ) 2

= − 15.2 m s
t2 2.00 s

(c) From part (a), the final velocity of the first stone is v1 = − 31.4 m s .

The final velocity of the second stone is

( )
v2 = v02 + at2 = −15.2 m s + −9.80 m s 2 ( 2.00 s ) = − 34.8 m s

2.71 (a) The sled’s displacement, Δx1, while accelerating at a1 = +40 ft s 2 for time t1is

(
Δx1 = ( 0) t1 + 12 a1t12 = 20 ft s 2 t12) or (
Δx1 = 20 ft s 2 t12) [1]

At the end of time t1, the sled had achieved a velocity of

(
v = v0 + a1t1 = 0 + 40 ft s 2 t1) or ( )
v = 40 ft s 2 t1 [2]

The displacement of the sled while moving at constant velocity v for time t2 is

Page 2.34
 Chapter 2

( )
Δx2 = vt2 = ⎡⎣ 40 ft s 2 t1 ⎤⎦ t2 or ( )
Δx2 = 40 ft s 2 t1t2 [3]

It is known that Δx1 + Δx2 = 17 500 ft , and substitutions from Equations [1] and [3] give

( 20 ft s ) t + ( 40 ft s ) t t
2 2
1
2
1 2 = 17500 ft or t12 + 2t1t2 = 875 s 2 [4]

Also, it is known that

t1 + t2 = 90 s [5]

Solving Equations [4] and [5] simultaneously yields

t12 + 2t1 ( 90 s − t1 ) = 875 s 2 or t12 + ( −180 s ) t1 + 875 s 2 = 0

The quadratic formula then gives

− ( −180 s ) ± ( −180 s) 2 − 4 (1) (875 s2 )

t1 =
2 (1)

with solutions t1 = 5.00 s ( and t 2 = 90 s − 5.0 s = 85 s ) or t1 = 175 s ( and t 2 = −85 s ) .

Since it is necessary that t2 > 0, the valid solutions are t1 = 5.0 s and t2 = 85 s.

(b) ( ) ( )
From Equation [2] above, v = 40 ft s t1 = 40 ft s ( 5.0 s ) = 200 ft s .
2 2

(c) The displacement Δx3 of the sled as it comes to rest (with acceleration a3 = −20 ft/s2) is

0 − v 2 − ( 200 ft s )
2

Δx3 = = = 1 000 ft
2a3 (
2 −20 ft s 2 )

Thus, the total displacement for the trip (measured from the starting point) is

Δxtotal = ( Δx1 + Δx2 ) + Δx3 = 17 500 ft + 1 000 ft = 18 500 ft

(d) The time required to come to rest from velocity v (with acceleration a3) is

Page 2.35
 Chapter 2

0 − v −200 ft s
t3 = = = 10 s
a3 −20 ft s 2

so the duration of the entire trip is ttotal = t1 + t2 + t3 = 5.0 s + 85 s + 10 s = 100 s .

1 2
2.72 (a) From Δy = v0 t + at with ν0 = 0, we have
2

2 ( Δy ) 2 ( −23 m )
t = = = 2.2 s
a − 9.80 m s2

(b) ( 2 2
)
The final velocity is v = 0 + − 9.80 m s m s ( 2.2 s ) = −21m/s .

(c) The time it takes for the sound of the impact to reach the spectator is

Δy 23 m
tsound = = = 6.8 × 10−2 s
vsound 340 m s

so the total elapsed time is .ttotal = 2.2 s + 6.8 × 10–2 s ≈ 2.3 s

2.73 (a) Since the sound has constant velocity, the distance it traveled is

Δx = vsound t = (1100 ft s )( 5.0 s ) = 5.5 × 103 ft

(b) The plane travels this distance in a time of 5.0 s + 10 s = 15 s, so its velocity must be

Δx 5.5 × 103 ft
v plane = = = 3.7 × 102 ft s
t 15 s

(c) The time the light took to reach the observer was

Δx 5.5 × 103 ft ⎛ 1 m s ⎞
tlight = = = 5.6 × 10−6 s
vlight 3.00 × 108 m s ⎜⎝ 3.281 ft s ⎟⎠

Page 2.36
 Chapter 2

During this time the plane would only travel a distance of 0.002 ft.

The distance the glider moves during the time Δtd is given by Δx = l = v0 ( Δtd ) + 12 a ( Δtd ) , where ν0 is the glider’s
2
2.74

velocity when the flag first enters the photogate and a is the glider’s acceleration. Thus, the average velocity is

v0 ( Δtd ) + 12 a ( Δtd )
2
l
= v0 + a ( Δtd )
1
vd = =
Δt d Δtd 2

(a) The glider’s velocity when it is halfway through the photogate in space ( i.e., when Δx = l 2) is found from

v 2 = v02 + 2a ( Δx ) as

v1 = v02 + 2 a ( l 2 ) = v02 + al = v02 + a ⎡⎣ vd ( Δt d ) ⎤⎦ = v02 + avd ( Δt d )

Note that this is not equal to vd unless a = 0, in which case ν1 = νd = ν0.

(b) The speed ν2 when the glider is halfway through the photogate in time (i.e., when the elapsed time is
t2 = Δtd/2) is given by ν = ν0+at as

v = v0 + at2 = v0 + a ( Δtd 2) = v0 + a ( Δtd )

1
2

which is equal to νd for all possible values of ν0 = a.

2.75 The time required for the stunt man to fall 3.00 m, starting from rest, is found from Δ y = v0 t + 1
2
at 2 as

2 ( 3.00 m )
−3.00 m = 0 +
1
2
(
−9.80 m s 2 t 2) so t=
9.80 m s 2
= 0.782 s

(a) With the horse moving with constant velocity of 10.0 m/s, the horizontal distance is

Δx = vhorse t = (10.0 m s )( 0.782 s ) = 7.82 m

(b) The required time is t = 0.782 s as calculated above.

Page 2.37