752 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 28, NO.

2, APRIL 2013

Stand-Alone Doubly-Fed Induction Generators

(DFIGs) With Autonomous Frequency Control
Yongzheng Zhang, Student Member, IEEE, and Boon T. Ooi, Life Fellow, IEEE

Abstract—This paper presents an innovative control which
enables a wind farm based on doubly-fed induction generators
(DFIGs) to continue operating on islanding because: 1) each
stand-alone DFIG has autonomous frequency control over its
stator voltage; 2) multiple units of such DFIGs synchronize to
form a common wind farm grid frequency; and 3) the DFIGs share
the wind farm load by using the common wind farm frequency
to implement frequency droop control. Autonomous frequency
control is based on integrating the properties of phase-locked loops
(PLL) with decoupled - control to produce self-sustaining
stator voltages by feedback.
Index Terms—Autonomous, decoupled – control, doubly fed
induction generator (DFIG), frequency droop control, islanding,
phase-locked loops (PLLs), stand alone, synchronization, wind
farm.
I. INTRODUCTION
angle of the generated frequency in two portions of the feed-
back loop: 1) through the DFIG and its decoupled – con-
trol, as described, in Section II, and 2) through the stator PLL
in Sections III–V, respectively, show how the frequency is con-
trolled by the references of the decoupled – control and how
multiple DFIGs mutually synchronize. The paper also presents
the theoretical foundations which explain: (a) how the reference
settings of the power control affects the autonomous frequency;
and (b) how the autonomous frequencies of DFIGs in an is-
landed wind farm synchronize to a common grid frequency. It
needs to be pointed out that the method of (b) is not the same as
DFIGs synchronizing to a single frequency set by the utility grid
(50 or 60 Hz) or by a master frequency source in the wind farm.
The frequencies mutually converge to a weighted average of the
initial frequencies of the autonomous DFIGs. As far as the au-
thors know, Sections II–V are original contributions. Section VI

B ECAUSE most wind turbines in the 1.5 to 3.5 MW shows how the common frequency can be applied in frequency
range are coupled to doubly-fed induction generators droop control. Section VII presents validation of concepts by
(DFIGs) [1], DFIGs continue to be actively researched on simulations. The conclusions are in Section VIII.
[2]–[10]. One important subject currently addressed is stand-
alone DFIGs [11]–[19]. When a wind farm is islanded, the II. SELF-SUSTAINED INDUCED STATOR VOLTAGES IN DFIG
DFIGs are deprived of the utility grid frequency as reference.
To date, the advances on islanded renewable energy sources are A. Operating Principles
restricted to systems whose voltage-source converters (VSCs)
Before islanding, the stator phase-locked loop (PLL) of each
feed DFIG directly to the point of common connection (PCC)
DFIG, as illustrated in Fig. 1, is locked to the frequency of
[20]–[22]. This paper continues the advances on standalone
the utility grid. Under decoupled – control of Fig. 2, each
DFIG research by introducing original innovations by which:
DFIG produces an ac voltage at the stator terminal which is also
1) DFIGs can operate as autonomous ac voltage generators
at grid frequency . This stator ac voltage originates from the
with autonomous frequency control and 2) multiple units of
dc voltage of the capacitor between the back-to-back voltage-
such DFIGs synchronize to yield a common frequency for the
source converters (VSCs) of Fig. 1. The decoupled – con-
islanded wind farm. This common frequency can be used to
trol of Fig. 2, commands the rotor-side inverter to produce ac
communicate the status of power balance between generation
voltages at rotor slip frequency . (To avoid bookkeeping of
and load demand to individual DFIGs without telecommunica-
pole-pairs, rotor angles are given in electrical radians.) The rotor
tion channels. The frequency originating from several DFIGs
ac voltages feed the slip rings of the wound rotor induction ma-
has greater reliability than the one originating from a single
chine and produce a magnetic field which rotates at angular ve-
master frequency generator.
locity of with respect to the rotor iron. As the rotor iron turns
The autonomous frequency is produced by feedback. Un-
at angular velocity of , the magnetic field is carried along
derstanding the feedback method requires studying the phase
with it so that the resultant airgap magnetic field has the angular
velocity of and induces stator voltages at fre-
Manuscript received March 04, 2012; revised December 17, 2012; accepted
quency , as back emf to the utility grid voltage.
January 20, 2013. Date of publication March 07, 2013; date of current version
March 21, 2013.This work was supported in part by WESNET and in part by When the utility grid is lost, momentarily the stator voltage
the Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). has a frequency which, in general, is different from
Paper no. TPWRD-00223-2012.
. Through the same decoupled – control which pro-
Y. Zhang is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, McGill Univer-
sity, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7 Canada (e-mail: yongzheng.zhang@mail.mcgill. duces voltage at when the grid is con-
ca). nected, the stand-alone DFIG produces voltages at frequency
B.T. Ooi is with the Department of Electrical and Computer Engi-
at the stator terminal. The DFIG continues gen-
neering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2A7 Canada (e-mail:
boon-teck.ooi@mcgill.ca). erating this voltage if the feedback condition for self-sustaining
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2013.2243170 is satisfied.

0885-8977/$31.00 © 2013 IEEE

ZHANG AND OOI: STAND-ALONE DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION GENERATORS (DFIGS) WITH AUTONOMOUS FREQUENCY CONTROL 753

The control blocks of the Decoupled – Control of Fig. 2

hold the reasons for a part of the delays of . Fig. 2 is re-
produced from [9] except for the “Standalone Operation” block
which is added in this paper. To avoid delving into the compli-
cations in Fig. 2, for the purpose of this paper it is sufficient to
focus on how the input phase angle of (1) is changed to the
output phase angle of (2) as the feedback signal
passes through the controls of Fig. 2 to the rotor-side VSC and
to the DFIG of Fig. 1.

B. Phase-Angle Control by and

Fig. 1. Rotor-side control of DFIG by back-to-back VSCs. In this sub-section, it is assumed that the “Standalone Opera-
tion” block in Fig. 2 is deactivated. Thus, the control inputs are
the references and . (The asterisk is
used to denote a control variable.) The outputs of Fig. 2 are the
signals on the top right corner of Fig. 2 where the block con-
trols the rotor voltage in the
frame. The inputs to the block are in the
reference frame. The voltages , in the frame
are transformed from the time-invariant frame (in which
decoupled – control is formulated) by the two upper
boxes. One block represents the transformation matrix

(3)

The signal , from the stator PLL, and the signal , from
the rotor position sensor, feed the two upper boxes. On
successive applications of the transformations, the frame
voltages are related to the frame voltages by

(4)
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the rotor-side VSC control of DFIG.
Equation (4) simplifies to

(5)
In the initial standalone state, it is assumed that the a-phase
voltage, for example, has momentarily a voltage of the form
where
(1)
(6)
and the stator phase-locked loop (PLL) measures the phase
angle . From measured by the PLL, the stator windings From Fig. 2, is proportional to , and is proportional
of Fig. 1, generate stator voltages whose a-phase is of the form to with the same proportionality constant. Therefore, (5) and
(6) can be rewritten as
(2)
(7)
The angle in (2) is formed by time delays along the feed-
back path of the signal since it passes through the control
where is from the proportionality constants and
of Fig. 2 and the rotor and stator windings of Fig. 1. Depending
on the positive or negative polarity of , the frequency
(8)
keeps increasing or decreasing. The frequency is constant when
, and the voltage with frequency is sustained. In
the feedback loop, the “open loop” input signal is the argument From in (7), the block in the top right corner
of (1) and the “open loop” output signal is the argument of (2). of Fig. 2 sends signals to the rotor-side VSC of Fig. 1 to
The stator-side PLL completes the closed loop feedback path. produce the rotor voltages . The rotor currents
There is no closed loop feedback relating the amplitudes of which flow produce the rotor magnetic flux.
(1) and of (2). In (4), and, in general, where
754 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 28, NO. 2, APRIL 2013

The operation of the PLL can be understood by first assuming

the . Since for
, the error is positive. On passing through
the P-I block and another integration block, keeps increasing
because the error is positive. stops increasing when the error
becomes zero. When , the tracking is successful.
The variable before the final integration block in Fig. 3 is ,
the frequency of the PLL. Since the PLL is intended to acquire
the phase angle of 60 Hz voltages, acquisition is improved by
adding a constant frequency close to the input fre-
Fig. 3. Schematic of the three-phase PLL. quency. But the PLL functions even when .

B. Analysis of PLL
is the rotor angle at . The matrix multiplication in Differentiating the output of the PLL
(4) yields and functions whose are arguments are
. Consequently, the rotor flux rotates at (11)
angular velocity with respect to the rotor iron.
The rotor iron rotates at angular velocity . Therefore, the
On the left side of the integrator of Fig. 3
airgap flux rotates at with
respect to the stator windings and induces the stator voltage of
(12)
(2). The phase angle is
From the integral of the block
(9)
(13)
where is to account for any additional time delay in producing
the induced stator voltage of (2).
Substituting (12) in (11)
The angle is a property of the DFIG and the rotor-
side VSC. Autonomous frequency control is possible because
and/or can be applied in (8) to control so that in (14)
(9) can take different polarity signs
It is necessary to show that converges to by solving the
(10) differential equations of (13) and (14) simultaneously.

When , the frequency keeps C. Closed Form Solution

increasing. A crude analogy of the feedback process is: a person Because of the nonlinear term in (13) and (14),
keeps increasing his speed because he chases after his there is no analytical solution. However, it is possible to show
shadow with the sun behind his back. As is measured analytically that when , the frequency keeps in-
by the stator PLL, the next section examines the effect of the creasing with time and conversely when , the fre-
different polarities of on the frequency output of the PLL. quency keeps decreasing with time. When the desired fre-
quency is reached, should be set to zero. This controlla-
III. PHASE-LOCKED LOOP (PLL) bility comes from changing by and in (8) in order to
affect the polarity sign of in (9).
A. Review of PLL Fundamentals Assuming that for , prior to losing the utility frequency,
the PLL has been in synchronism, that is in Fig. 3. It is
PLLs originate from communication engineering [24]. assumed that . Since the PLL has been tracking the
Although there is active research to increase the robustness, grid frequency, and the grid phase angle, .
discrimination, and speed of response in a PLL [25], the PLL Thus, from (12), .
shown in Fig. 3 is adequate to display its self-tracking property. At , as measured by the PLL, . At ,
The function of the PLL in Fig. 3 is to make the output angle immediately after the DFIG is islanded, the PLL measures the
track the input angle which is the argument of the input argument of (2)
voltages . The detection con-
sists of multiplying the input voltages by and to (15)
produce the error
for negative feedback tracking. When is small, Because of (15), in (13) and (14), becomes
approaches . The error passes through a P-I block . When is assumed to be constant, on integrating
with proportional gain and integral gain . The output (13)
of the P-I block has the status of angular frequency . After
passing an integrator, the signal becomes . (16)
ZHANG AND OOI: STAND-ALONE DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION GENERATORS (DFIGS) WITH AUTONOMOUS FREQUENCY CONTROL 755

Because at , , the constant of integration in

(16) is . On substituting (16) in (14), on integrating

(17)

where is another constant of integration.

As the interest is focused on the frequency, differentiating
(17)

(18)

Thus, the frequency of the PLL keeps increasing, keeps de-

creasing, or remains constant by making positive,
negative, or zero.
Although the result from (18) is useful enough, it depends
on the initial conditions. The graphical method presented in the
next subsection is more general.

D. Graphical Approach
Since the system equations of (13) and (14) are 2-D ,
they are amenable to a 2 -D graphical (phase-plane) solution
[26], which gives a more comprehensive picture of the system
dynamics than the solution of (18). In solving the differential
(13) and (14) simultaneously, it is possible to proceed from state
at time t to the state in
time because there are time gradients given by (13) and
(14). Computing the trajectory from the time gradients is ac-
complished by using a numerical integration subroutine (for ex-
ample, the Runge–Kutta method).
Every point in the phase-plane graph (see Fig. 4) is a possible
state of (13) and (14). The state
Fig. 4. Phase-plane with different : (a) , (b) , (c)
at a later time , is a contiguous point in the same phase- .
plane. The two contiguous states are joined to each other by the
gradient . This gradient is obtained by dividing (13) by
(14), which is
IV. FREQUENCY CONTROL BY SINGLE STAND-ALONE DFIG
(19) The decoupled - control of Fig. 2 allows and/or to
control and/or and, finally, in (8). As
In (19), in (14) is set to zero. This is because the PLL , , and/or can make positive, zero, or negative,
tracks even when . As already explained, is added resulting in autonomous frequency control.
to improve the speed of acquisition. The authors have opted to use for frequency control
The - and -axis in Fig. 4 are drawn to represent and during stand-alone operation. is reserved for ac voltage
. Figs. 4(a)–(c) , respectively, show the gradients of (19) of magnitude control by shown in the “Standalone Operation”
all sample points when , , and block in Fig. 2.
. An arrowhead is attached to each gradient line to indicate
the direction of the trajectory. Based on (14), wherever A. Stand-Alone Operation Block
the arrowhead points to increasing
values of and vice-versa. In using the phase-plane graphs, Frequency control, during islanding of the wind farm, is im-
one begins at any point (initial value) and follows the trajectory plemented by the reference in the “Standalone Operation”
indicated by the arrows. block in Fig. 2. The stator PLL measures the stator frequency
When is small, from (14) . The frequency of and the frequency error is formed.
the PLL keeps increasing when as illustrated in is added to to become . Since the utility grid fre-
Fig. 4(a). The frequency levels to a constant in Fig. 4(b) when quency is allowed a small deviation from 60 Hz, a dead-zone in
and keeps decreasing in Fig. 4(c) when . the “Standalone Operation” block ensures that the stand-alone
The phase-plane approach shows graphically that the trends are mode is not activated when , for
independent of the initial conditions. example.
756 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 28, NO. 2, APRIL 2013

branch of the network of Fig. 6 are computed by circuit anal-

ysis with the load and the DFIGs represented by equivalent im-
pedances. The voltage drop of the current flowing through the
equivalent impedance of the DFIG is

(20)

The symbol characterizes the solution of the voltage by

Fig. 5. Simulation showing autonomous control of frequency. (a) Reference circuit analysis. Using the same method, the voltage at the stator
test signal -vs-t. (b) PLL mesurement -vs-t.
terminals of the DFIG due to the generated voltage of the
DFIG is

(21)

The generated voltage at the terminals of the DFIG due

to itself is and .
The voltage at the stator terminals of the DFIG due to all
N DFIGs in the wind farm is the summation of (20) for
.
The stator voltages in the frame are
Fig. 6. Wind farm connected to the load and utility grid through the circuit
breaker (CB).

(22)
B. Proof of Autonomous Frequency Control Capability by
Simulation
(23)
As proof of concept, a DFIG, operating in the stand-alone
mode, is controlled by the frequency reference as shown The voltages of (22) and (23) are measured by the stator PLL
in Fig. 5 (a). The test waveform consists of ramps, sinusoidal of the DFIG. From Fig. 3, the error is
variations, and step changes to different constant values. The
frequency of the stator voltage follows the reference as the sim- (24)
ulated result in Fig. 5(b) shows.
Substituting (22) and (23) in (24)

V. MUTUAL SYNCHRONIZATION OF MULTIPLE AUTONOMOUS

FREQUENCY DFIGS (25a)

The DFIG discussed so far is part of a wind-turbine generator

(WTG). Multiple units of DFIGs are connected to a common ac As the generated voltage at the terminals of the DFIG
bus as illustrated in Fig. 6. In normal operation, the wind farm due to itself is , the term in (25a) takes the form
is connected to a local load and to the utility grid. The DFIGs .
are synchronized to the 60 Hz of the utility grid. On islanding, Therefore, (25a) can be rewritten as
the circuit breaker (CB) is open.
It is assumed that at the instant of islanding, the units
of stand-alone DFIGs generate voltages with frequencies (25b)
. It will be shown that through the
feedbacks of their stator PLLs, their frequencies eventually
Because of the sine functions (25), a closed form solution of
converge to a single wind farm frequency.
cannot be found. However, if the frequencies and angles are
close enough so that , (25b) approxi-
A. Frequency Detection at the DFIG mates to

In analyzing the voltages at the stator terminals of the DFIGs (26)

in Fig. 6 by the method of superposition, only the generated
voltage of one DFIG is considered at a time. The generated
voltage of the other DFIGs is assumed to be zero. If the voltage In practice, this approximation is reasonable because the
generated by the DFIG is , the currents in every PLLs of all the DFIGs measure the utility grid frequency
ZHANG AND OOI: STAND-ALONE DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION GENERATORS (DFIGS) WITH AUTONOMOUS FREQUENCY CONTROL 757

VI. FREQUENCY DROOP CONTROL

As the concept of frequency droop control is well known [22],
[23], [27], it needs only to show how it is implemented in the
“Standalone Operation” block in Fig. 2 which implements

(30)

Fig. 7. Illustration of convergence based on (29). where 60 Hz. Before islanding, when the wind farm
frequency lies within the dead zone, there is no droop control
. After islanding and with outside the dead
zone, (30) is implemented. The “Standalone Operation” block
has a frequency error which implements negative
feedback. The droop is determined by . Both and the
dead zone must be designed so that will not trip protective
relays in the wind farm.
The output of the “Standalone Operation” block is added
to to become . In the “P-Q Control” block of Fig. 2, ,
Fig. 8. Frequencies of three DFIGs converging in mutual synchronization. the active power of the stator is measured to implement stator
power negative feedback. Power equilibrium is reached when
.
before it is lost, so that their frequencies are close together just It is to be remembered that , the total power generated
after islanding. When the negative feedback drives the error to by the DFIG, is the algebraic sum of the rotor slip power and
, the stator PLL of the DFIG converges to the stator power . The total active power of a single DFIG
at rotor speed is . The sum of active
power of units of DFIGs in the wind farm, whose rotor speeds
are , , is
(27)
(31)

In wind farms where the DFIGs are identical, the lengths

of lines are short and control is applied so that where and are the droop and power reference set-
are identical, and (27) simplifies to tings of the DFIG and is the wind farm load. Equation
(31) is a linear algebraic equation with as the unknown. The
solution of in (31) is
(28)

From (28), the PLL of every DFIG tracks the average of the (32)
voltage angles of all the other DFIGs in the wind farm. In (28),
all the angles , , are time varying functions. It
is easier to demonstrate convergence graphically by converting In the wind farm, is reached automatically by negative
(28) into a sequence: feedback control.

VII. SIMULATION TEST ON AUTONOMOUS FREQUENCY DFIGS

(29)
Fig. 7 is a graphical demonstration of convergence of
the sequence of (29). Starting with separate initial values,
, , the points of are shown for
. Convergence is reached by . For
readers who want a mathematical proof of convergence, the
proof is given in Appendix A.
Returning to the time domain, Fig. 8 shows the simulation test
result of three DFIGs which have been artificially set to begin
with different initial frequencies. Each DFIG has the control of
Fig. 2 and the PLL of Fig. 3. Their frequencies converge to a
common frequency.
The islanded operation of the wind farm of Fig. 3 has been
simulated and the results are presented in Fig. 9. The test has
been planned to demonstrate that on losing the 60 Hz grid fre-
quency when the circuit breaker (CB) is opened, the DFIGs op-
erate in the standalone mode and synchronize together. Their
common wind farm frequency communicates the status of the
wind farm load so that each DFIG shares the portion allotted
to it by the droop control. Step load changes are introduced to
demonstrate the robustness of the control and to evaluate the
speed response. Fig. 10 shows the quality of the voltage and cur-
rent waveforms by presenting the results in a less compressed
time scale.
758 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 28, NO. 2, APRIL 2013

Fig. 10. (a) Voltage. (b) Current of the local load.

bottom graph. The effect of the step change on the waveforms

of the voltages and currents of the local load is shown in Fig. 10.

In order to confirm the operation of the “Standalone Opera-

Fig. 9. Wind farm on disconnection and reconnection: (a) per-unitized voltage
and current magnitudes at PCC, (b) magnitude of current to the utility grid, (c)
frequency, and (d) active powers of individual DFIGs.
tion” block, the local load is given a step decrease at .
Load decrease and increase are implemented by changing the
size of the resistances representing the load in Fig. 6. The fre-
quency increases and the active power outputs of the DFIGs
decrease to match the decrease in load.

A. Test Conditions At , the load is given an increase. One sees that fre-
quency decreases and the active power outputs of the DFIGs
Without loss of generality, the wind farm is represented by increase.
three DFIGs. Each DFIG is simulated to the detail of PWM
switching. (Please see Appendix B for DFIG parameters and By 6.0 s, it is assumed that the utility grid has recovered. The
base values for per unitization.) Each DFIG is controlled by its CB is closed by the standard method described in subsection
back-to-back VSCs under the decoupled – control of Fig. 2. C. Because the total local load has been decreased, more of the
Normally, load sharing is by the choice in Fig. 2, which DFIG active power is delivered to the utility grid so that is
determines the droop gain. Instead, in order to demonstrate load larger than that for . After the transient of the reconnec-
sharing clearly in the test result, the active power references in tion, the wind farm frequency returns to 60 Hz and the active
(30), , , , have been set at different values. power outputs of the DFIGs return to values for
In all three DFIGs, is set so that the droop gain is 0.3. The
references in the “Standalone Operation” block of Fig. 2 are C. Procedure of Reconnection
1.0 p.u. and 60 Hz. Throughout the test, the
rotor speeds of the DFIGs are set constant at: 0.9 p.u., The same procedure, which is used routinely to connect syn-
1.0 p.u., 1.2 p.u. The software tool used is: chronous generators to the utility grid, can be applied to re-
Matlab/Simulink. connect the wind farm to the utility grid after it has recovered.
The utility grid voltage is available on the other side of the
opened CB. The voltage magnitudes on both sides have been
B. Test Results
set as 1.0 p.u. The voltage across the CB has a beat frequency
Fig. 9 shows 4 graphs of: (a) the voltage at the PCC; (b) . The CB is closed when the voltage magnitude across
, the current to the utility grid; (c) the wind farm frequency; the CB drops to a minimum. As Fig. 9 shows, the reconnection
(d)active powers delivered by the three DFIGs. at is smooth.
Before 3.0s When the CB is a distribution CB, it requires a few cycles to
By 2.5 s, the steady-state has been reached by the simula- reconnect the circuit after receiving the command. In this case,
tion software. The wind farm voltage is 1.0 p.u. 0.36 p.u. the re-synchronizing limitation between two systems should be
The DFIGs together produce 0.89 p.u. active power, of which accordingly extended, so the command signal will be activated
0.53 p.u. goes to the local load and the remaining 0.36 p.u. to earlier to compensate for the delay due to its slowness.
the utility.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
At , the CB is opened. Since the utility grid load
portion is cut off, the total load of wind farm in (32) is The paper has shown that a stand-alone DFIG can have
the local load of 0.53 p.u. active power. Because in (32) autonomous frequency control. Furthermore, multiple units of
decreases, the wind farm frequency rises. In each such DFIGs synchronize to a common frequency which is used
“Standalone Operation” block, the increase in means that with frequency droop control to share loads. The claims have
the power of the DFIG is decreased as required by (30). The been validated by simulations. Because the common frequency
reduction of active powers from the three DFIGs is shown in the originates from multiple DFIGs, it is more reliable than one
ZHANG AND OOI: STAND-ALONE DOUBLY-FED INDUCTION GENERATORS (DFIGS) WITH AUTONOMOUS FREQUENCY CONTROL 759

from a single master frequency. The increase in reliability is

obtained economically by adding the “Standalone Operation”
block of Fig. 2 to new DFIGs or as retrofits to DFIGs already
in service.
As distinct from proof of concepts, extensive future tests will
be required to prove the capability of the autonomous DFIGs (A8)
to serve in different islanded scenarios of the wind farm: 1)
From the sequences, one generalizes that
exporting power to utility; 2) importing power from utility; 3)
exporting and importing depending on wind availability. This
paper is devoted to Scenario (I) because the operating condi- (A9)
tions are more easily met.
Expanding the sum of the geometric series
APPENDIX A
PROOF OF CONVERGENCE (A10)
In proving the convergence of (29), the sequence taken is to
arrive at a mathematically satisfactory convergence. For or
, the initial angles of the DFIGs are , . The
quantity is defined as (A11)

In the limit, when , , so that

(A1)
(A12)
For , (29) can be written as
QED

APPENDIX B
(A2)
PARAMETERS OF EXPERIMENTAL DFIG
The parameters used for simulation are: Base 1.67
For
MVA, base voltage 575 V. 0.000706 p.u., 0.0005
p.u., 0.171 p.u., 0.156 p.u., 2.9 p.u.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank Professor G. Joos for his
leadership in the Wind Power Engineering Project of the Wind
Energy Strategic Network (WESNET), supported by the Nat-
ural Sciences and Engineering Council (NSERC) of Canada. Dr.
M.H. Banakar’s valuable assistance in the proof of Appendix A
(A3) is gratefully acknowledged. The kind help from the OPAL-RT
support team on the laboratory software setup is acknowledged
For
as well.

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Yongzheng Zhang (S’06) is currently pursuing the
Ph.D. degree in electrical and computer engineering
from McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
His current research interests are renewable energy
conversion, application of converters for distributed
generation, and power system stability analysis.
Boon T. Ooi (LF’05) was born in Malaysia. He
received the B.Eng. (Hons.) degree in electrical en-
gineering from the University of Adelaide, Adelaide,
Australia, the M.S. degree in electrical engineering
from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical
engineering from McGill University, Montreal, QC,
Canada.
Currently, he is Professor, Postretirement, with the
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,
McGill University. His research interests are in linear
and conventional electric motors and generators (steady state, transient, sta-
bility); power electronics (voltage-source converters, current-source converters,
multilevel converters, power quality, thyristor HVDC, PWM-HVDC, multiter-
minal HVDC flexible ac transmission systems); wind; and other renewable en-
ergy sources.