Q-2.

Consider few problems (5-7) researchers are trying to solve through Intelligent User Interfaces and discuss their
complexity? Discuss future trends of Intelligent User Interfaces.

Problem 1:

The process of nursing is the intensive care units (ICU) heavily relies on the medical equipment. There is a large variety
of equipment and the market innovation is continuous. The profession of intensive nursing care has seen a great change
dues to these technological developments. By using advanced functionality of the equipment’s, nurses are being
increasingly required to conduct complex diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Given this increased functionality, still
most devices function more like a 'single-sensor-single-indicator' devices [ 1]. The main responsibility of nurse is still the
task of selecting and integrating a large data into the diagnostic information.[2] one of the key stress aspects in ICU
nursing is the identified improved cognitive demands required by the complex equipment. On the top of it, the usability
of the ICU equipment is a causal factor to human error [3]. The devices are not homogenous, and procedures for
functioning and sustaining the equipment are inadequate or challenging. The only cause of stress is not the equipment
itself, organizational and process-related aspects play a role as well [4]. The complex and dynamic situations that
frequently occur in an ICU, united with a high level of concern towards extremely ill or dying patients and their relatives
puts the nurse under immense pressure. Decisions about which course of action should be taken is often done under
time-critical situations. The work pace is high, and the growing work pressure united with performing job in shifts results
in tiredness. Above all of this, there is a growing demand on medical staff for greater competence.

The main job of an intensive care unit (ICU) in general is to control and recover the physical condition of the patient. In
our context, this entails that the patient is the system to be controlled in the ICU work domain. A patient might be
considered as a difficult biological structure consisting of numerous greatly united Subsystems. This marks treatment of
a patient enormously challenging. The state of the patient is sometimes uncertain, whereas the particular effects of
every treatment are ambiguous as well. A problem can be solved by a certain treatment, however at the same time
produce a different problem or intensify a problem in alternative Subsystem.

Forthcoming medical systems must be capable of interacting with the nurses in an added natural way, so consequently
be better modified to the widespread nursing process. Additionally, these systems must be able to recognize and
anticipate the responsibilities and succeeding intentions of the intensive care nurse as well as the prompting limitations
impersonated by the context of use.
The (interface) design of ICU equipment according to the ecological methodology starts by ascertaining the vibrant set of
ecological limitations on the performance of the intensive care nurse. Researchers identified five bases of work domain
constraints which effect the communication between medical system and the nurse, namely the situation on the ward,
teamwork, other medical personnel, particularly clinicians, who are evidently enormously significant for the nursing
process, besides the patient who is the biological system needs to be controlled. Apart from functioning as a system, the
patient moreover is an extremely ill human being. The key source of information for the patient, and for the relatives is
the intensive care nurse. In addition to these environmental effects, the operative characteristics of the intensive care
nurse and her job goals have to be taken into account. These are the bases of limitations which have to be well thought-
out in outlining the boundary of future ICU equipment, and hence define our theoretical framework as provided of these
(coercing) elements [5].

Problem 2:
Catastrophe or life-threatening happenings occur ecologically that interrupt the usual order of life of the people in a
society. Associated to extra natural calamities for example avalanches, cyclones, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts
earthquakes and landslides are extremely destructive, resulting together material and life damages [6]. Almost whole
world suffer from countless natural catastrophes. Hospitals have Emergency departments known as sub-units that keep
operating 24 hours per day, 365 days per year to deliver instant cure to effected people and have truly high difficulty
because of the admissions with countless maladies and on countless times. Every day visits of the Emergency
Department contain a widespread range of wounds and diseases, for example, an emergency, crucial, semi-crucial, and
non-crucial circumstances [7]. Additionally, all people regardless of their socioeconomic standing have to be aided in
emergency departments. The structures are comprised of shared elements such as human and medical resources
(doctors, technicians, medical devices, receptionists, beds, nurses, etc.), patients and practices (triage, admittance,
release, etc.)[8] Specifying procedure of patient flow as the succeeding order: triage, registering, settlement in an ED
bed, medical evaluation, cure, and/or diagnostics/laboratories followed by disposition.
Difficulty and the ambiguity through these procedures often result in diverse complications like lengthy waits for
patients, ineffective usage of the ED resources, also uneven staff arranging. Adding to all the problems stated, difficulty
and the ambiguity in the hospital emergency departments touch highest level in catastrophic events so it is vital to
model the processes by the use of replication in order to be enriched.
To resolve the innumerable problems aforementioned in the emergency departments of hospitals, imitation is a
substantial analytical instrument. In the emergency departments, the use of simulation modeling has numerous
purposes containing situation assessment, association, sensitivity analysis and optimization, and what-if analysis.
Discrete event simulation (DES), System dynamics (SD), and agent-based simulation (ABS) are commonly used
techniques of simulation modeling for examining associations between ED mechanisms. Usage of the simulation models
in texts aren’t constrained with just the emergencies they are moreover used for bed planning, operation Theater
scheduling in simulation study of supplementary departments of the hospitals, hospital and service expansion/merger,
new/existing facility modeling, and in-patient and out-patient waiting list modeling [9].
Through simulation, exhibiting of emergency departments has been a continuing and studied subject in the latest
literature. Being a noteworthy instrument for system analysis, simulation both produces different solutions in usual time
and difficulty time ED problems. A broad literature review is been conducted to demonstrate the ED simulation
applications containing both usual and tragedy circumstances. The research studies regarding ED operations published
in peer-reviewed journals, and a worldwide simulation platform-WSC is covered in the research paper. Because in this
zone the literature is observably enormous and growing day by day, the research is targeted to add the papers of recent
four years to the analysis. As a conclusion, few of the important points can be figured out from the literature review
study. A huge bulk of the studies are commenced in Canada, UK, and USA. In the studies, DES modeling approach is
often used. Several studies focus on number of patient discharged and financial analysis as KPIs in order of primacies,
LOS, and resource utilization. Simul8 and Arena are the greatest chosen simulation software amongst the others [10].

Problem 3:

Rehabilitation of patients effected with stroke, physical reintegration after knee or hip surgeries, traumatic brain injury
rehabilitation, and myocardial infarction rehabilitation, etc. Is tough, costly and time consuming job to cover these
matters on single platform.
Wearable health observing systems incorporated into a telemedicine system are innovative information technology that
will be capable of supporting early revealing of unusual conditions and deterrence of its severe consequences [11] [12].
As a part of a problem-solving practice, countless patients can assist from nonstop monitoring, prime preservation of a
chronic disorder or in the course of overseen recovery from a medical procedure or a serious event.
A wireless monitoring system for rehabilitation, using some wearable health monitoring devices for providing users data
structures with several sensors for physical rehabilitation feature awkward wires amongst electrodes and the monitoring
system. The patient's level of comfort and activity may be controlled by these wires. In a user's clothing a health-
monitoring device using a Personal Area Network (PAN) or Body Area Network (BAN) can be incorporated. Whereas this
system organization, though, is inappropriate for prolonged, constant observing, mainly throughout usual activity,
computer-assisted reintegration or serious training.

This system presents overall system design and describes a newly established activity sensor "ActiS”, which is grounded
on a custom sensor board and a typical wireless sensor platform, with a couple of accelerometers and a one-channel bio
amplifier. ActiS can be helpful in monitoring situation of the upper trunk and heart activity by using it as a heart sensor.
To observe position and movement of upper and lower extremities, ActiS sensor can also be used. Usage of ActiS
sensors with a wearable system would furthermore permit one to evaluate cumulative energy expenditure and
metabolic rate as a valued limit for controlling of various medical situations.
Wireless Body Area Network of Intelligent Sensors for Patient Monitoring described as a comprehensive summary of a
multi-tier system architecture. In this system a set of intelligent physiological sensors is covered by lowest level; the
personal server (cell-phone, home computer, or Internet enabled PDA) is covered in the second level; while in the third
level this system covers a network of remote health care servers and services related to it (Clinic , Caregiver, Physician ,
Weather, Emergency). Every level signifies a fairly complex subsystem associated with a local hierarchy employed to
ensure portability, security, reduced cost, and efficiency.
Sensor level
A WBAN can contain a number of physiological sensors dependent on the end-user application contains the succeeding
EMG, blood pressure sensor, ECG, EEG, a breathing sensor for observing respiration, a tilt sensor for observing trunk
position, a "smart sock" sensor or a sensor equipped shoe insole used to describe stages of individual steps, movement
sensors used to assess user's activity.
Basically a healthcare provider operates a service that spontaneously accumulates information from different patients,
assimilates the record into medical database of the patient, analyze that record, then issues recommendations, if
required. The electronic medical record also keeps the recommendations given by healthcare provider.
ActiS – Activity Sensor
ActiS or Activity Sensor was developed precisely for wearable computer-assisted, rehabilitation applications,
WBANbased. The ActiS is consisted of a custom Intelligent Signal Processing Module known as ISPM, and a standard
sensor platform, Telos, from Moteiv.
The platform Telos is an ultimate fitting for this application because of minor footprint and the open source system
software support.
ISPM spread out the competencies of Telos by adding two perpendicular dual axis accelerometers known as bio-
amplifier, and an Analog Devices ADXL202 working with a signal conditioning circuit.

This system has a potential to provide less expensive and extremely good rehabilitation to a patient fighting against their
issues. In future it will be available and implemented in all the countries to rehabilitate patients [14].

Problem 4:
In emergency situations quick access to geospatial information is so much important when the decision makers are
working in collaboration. Though predictable GIS are not suitable for high-level abstract queries and multi-user access.
Presently, the accurate information required by decision makers is not constantly available; what GIS analysts do is that
on the request of individual decision makers they produce maps that often lead to multiple requirements at one time
with slow delivery periods. A paradigm shift in interface design for GIS is desirable in order to overcome these
restrictions using GIS for hazard mapping and visualization as well as for improving situational mindfulness. Since
existing GIS support only a single user and deliver mostly unimodal interaction tools, at the same time GIS functionalities
are not reachable to all participants and do not allow users to extract important information, develop planning scenarios
effectively or express meaning. [15].
For multimodal human-computer-interface- the framework uses free-hand gestures and natural speech to empower
user interactions with a system by using a large screen display. One prototype is known to be ‘intelligent’ campus and
asks for assistance on directions and location around. Multimodal crises management simulation is the second model
that allows users to direct fire trucks, police cars, and other emergency vehicles.

Prototype designing and support functionalities: The initial (DAVE_G) prototype practices an enormous screen display,
active cameras, and microphone. This allows users to move easily in front of the system. For making design of the
prototype it adopted a rational system engineering approach that includes integrating domain experts into initial stage.
There are many commands used to view data on screen like zoom in/out, scroll, center etc. [16]
User Interface for GIS: It uses cameras for finding human heads and hands. There are some options which are important
for implementing User Interface for GIS like

 User tracking and hand gesture recognition.

  Speech recognition and command extraction.
 Fusing gesture and speech to GIS commands.
 Dialog management and group collaboration.

A range of geospatial tools and analysis methods are provided by the current GIS, but somewhat tough
functionalities are commonly available only to a single user at a time. In combined emergency management, the
range of users is restricted by current GIS and chances for efficient task solving are narrowed down.
Hence, a multi-user, multimodal GIS interface was established. This interface supports collective work on the large
screen displays. The study involved tackling research problems in three different fields:
1) The design of a human centered interface by applying cognitive system engineering approaches to domain
analysis in the emergency management domain,
2) The development of an intelligent database that can interact and respond with a group of users, and
3) The development of natural and collaborative gesture speech recognition
The established prototype substitutes the old-style mouse and keyboard with natural language recognition and free-
hand gestures. The mainstream of GIS commands are produced by spoken phrases whereas the systems
dependability is greatly reliant on the robustness of the underlying speech recognition engine [17].
Problem 5:

The usage of intelligent technology for assisting old aged people at home has been taken into account in different
research projects in the recent years [18]. Adding to this, new research has been progressively concentrating on
Cognitive Systems to yield aids that improve human cognition competences [19]. The state-of-the-art in robotics permits
now a growing emphasis on human-robot collaboration on social and in general assistive robotics in particular. The
emphasis in the later is to support human users through social rather than physical collaboration [20].
The RDE comprises of a mobile robotic platform having collaboration abilities. This robot offers an interface between the
user and RDE: certainly, the complete smart home is reachable to the user in the form of an assistive robotic companion.
In the spirit described in [21].The RDE is an illustration of Social Assistive Robot, a theory which can be distinguished
from Social Interactive Robot [22] since its core job is to observe and give assistance to the elder user relatively than
merely doing interaction with him/her.
The objective of the RDE is to deliver proactive as well as on-demand support in the management of elder person’s
every day activities. RDE is composed of two main sub-systems 1) ‘Intelligent Observer’ of assisted person and generate
a report on its observation 2) ‘RDE’ provides a report an interface with assisted person and intelligent environment
enabling system to take initiative based on activity monitoring interface.

As a central component it uses T-REX for schedule representation and execution. Interaction is made verbally and there
are two modes of interaction ‘On-demand’- that is made by use and ‘proactive’ – that is started by ROBOCARE. There
are some issues also involved about the robot acceptance by elders like emotional response, image, color and size of
robot etc.

For the acceptance an experimental study is also shown in this paper and as a whole result showed that proposed
scenario is significant in everyday life.

The study showed that even there are some emotional concerns involved but use of ROBOCARE for elders giving a
positive impact mostly with the elders having some medical issues; they need m ore domestic support.

In future this technology will be very helpful for assisting elders and there are many other aspects to improve it in future
like work on shape of robot to make it more friendly etc [23].
REFERENCES:
1. Effken, 1997
2. Groen 1995
3. Bogner, 1994
4. e.g. Leys, 2001; Groen, 1995
5. C.W. Johnson (ed.) 21s European Conference on Human Decision Making and Control
6. Bulut et al., 2005
7. Cabrera, Luque, Taboada, Epelde, & Iglesias, 2012
8. Lim, Nye, et al. (2012) and Lim, Worster, Goeree, and Tarride (2012)
9. Eduard & Ming, 2010
10. M. Gul,A.F. Guneri / Computers & Industrial Engineering 83 (2015) 327–344
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Biomedicine 2004, 8(4):405-414.
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13. Journal of Neuro Engineering and Rehabilitation 2005
14. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation 2005, 2:6 doi:10.1186/1743-0003-2-6
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Lake City, Utah, 2000).
16. IBM ViaVoice Speech SDK, IBM, Inc., http://www-3.ibm.com/software/speech
17. Designing a Human-Centered, Multimodal GIS Interface to Support Emergency management Ingmar Rauschert,
Pyush Agrawal, Rajeev Sharma, Sven Fuhrmann, Isaac Brewer, Alan MacEachren, Hongmei Wang, Guoray Cai
18. Pineau, Montemerlo, Pollack,Roy, & Thrun, 2003; Pollack, 2005
19. Myers, 2006
20. Feil-Seifer & Mataric’, 2005
21. Feil-Seifer & Mataric’, 2005
22. Fong, Nourbakhsh, & Dautenhahn, 2003
23. Psychological Implications of Domestic Assistive Technology for the Elderly Amedeo Cesta , Gabriella Cortellessa,
M. Vittoria Giuliani, Federico Pecora, Massimiliano Scopelliti and Lorenza Tiberio