J. H.

Strickland
Assoc. Professor of Mechanical Engineering.
A Vortex Model of the Darrieus
Mem.ASME
Turbine: An Analytical and
B. T. Webster
Graduate Assistant. Experimental Study
An aerodynamic prediction model has been formulated for two- and three-
dimensional Darrieus turbines using a vortex lattice method of analysis. Ex-
T. Nguyen
periments were conducted on a series of two-dimensional rotor configurations in a
Graduate Assistant. water tow tank. The agreement between analysis and experiment was in general
College of Engineering, found to be good. This model should allow one to make accurate predictions of
Texas Tech University, instantaneous aerodynamic blade forces and to characterize the near wake flow
Lubbock, Texas 79409
behind the rotor.

Introduction
Several aerodynamic performance prediction models have
been formulated for the Darrieus turbine. The models of
Templin [1], Wilson and Lissaman [2], Strickland [3], and
Shankar [4] have all been used to predict the performance of
three-dimensional Darrieus rotors. Each of these models (the
latter three being virtually identical) are based upon equating
the forces on the rotor blades to the change in streamwise
momentum through the rotor. The overall performance can
be predicted reasonably well with these models under con-
ditions where the rotor blades are lightly loaded and the rotor
dp to wind speed ratios are not high.
While these models are moderately successful at predicting
overall performance trends they are inadequate from several
standpoints. Accurate performance predictions for large tip
to wind speed ratios cannot be made because the momentum
equations used in these models become invalid. This situation
deteriorates with increasing rotor solidity. Predicted blade
loads are inaccurate since these models (1) assume a quasi-
steady flow through the rotor, (2) assume a constant
streamwise velocity as a function of streamwise position in the
vicinity of the rotor, and (3) assume that the flow velocities
normal to the freestream direction are zero. It is doubtful that
meaningful information concerning the near wake structure
of the rotor can be obtained from the present models. This
information may be important with regard to the placement
of rotors in close proximity to each other and in making
Contributed by the Fluids Engineering Division for presentation at the
Winter Annual Meeting, New York, N. Y., December 2-7, 1979, of THE
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. Manuscript received by the
Fluids Engineering Division, February 21, 1978. Paper No. 79-WA/FE-6.
assessments of the environmental impact of large scale rotors
on downstream areas.
Alteration of the simple momentum models to alleviate all
of the listed objections presently appears to be unlikely. On
the other hand, further development of the "vortex model"
appears to be quite worthwhile. Several of these vortex
models for vertical wind machines have been developed in the
past, although none are applicable to the three dimensional
curve-bladed Darrieus rotor. Models which typify previously
developed vertical axis vortex models are those due to Fanucci
[5j, Larsen [6], Wilson [7], and Holmes [8].
While none of the previously developed vortex models are
applicable to the curve-bladed Darrieus turbine, they do
provide valuable insight into concepts which can be used in a
three-dimensional vortex model for the Darrieus turbine.
Thus, the present work is simply a logical extension of
previous work. There are two major extensions which are
required. The first of these is the extensions from a two-
dimensional vortex structure to a three-dimensional structure.
The vortex models of Fanucci [5], Wilson [7], and Holmes [8]
are strictly two-dimensional models. The vortex model of
Larsen [6] is not strictly two-dimensional if the vortices
trailing from the rotor blade tips are considered. In any event
the vortex structure for the curve-bladed Darrieus is much
more complex than any of those considered previously. The
second major extension requires that aerodynamic stall be
considered in the model. Both Fanucci [5] and Holmes [8]
assumed that the rotor blades were always at angles of attack
sufficiently small such that aerodynamic stall was not en-
countered. The giromill [6, 7] has articulating blades which
operate at angles of attack that are less than the stall threshold
levels. Since a portion of the curve-bladed Darrieus rotor near
the hub is stalled a major part of the time, aerodynamic stall
must be considered.

500/Vol. 101, December 1979 Transactions of the AS ME

Copyright © 1979 by ASME

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 05/21/2015 Terms of Use: http://asme.org/terms

 Fig. 1 Vortex system for a single blade element Fig. 2 Velocity induced at a point by a vortex filament

Aerodynamic Model
The general approach requires that the rotor blades be
divided into a number of segments along their span. The
production, convection, and interaction of vortex systems
springing from the individual blade elements are modeled and
used to predict the "induced velocity" or "perturbation
velocity" at various points in the flow field, the induced or
perturbation velocity at a point is simply the velocity which is
superimposed on the undisturbed wind stream by the wind
machine. Having obtained the induced velocities, the lift and
drag of the blade segment can be obtained using airfoil
section data.
A simple representation of the vortex system associated
with a blade element is shown in Fig. 1. The airfoil blade
element is replaced by a "bound" vortex filament sometimes
called a "substitution" vortex filament [9] or a "lifting line"
[10]. The use of a single line vortex to represent an airfoil
segment is a simplification over the two-dimensional vortex
model of Fanucci [5] which uses three to eight bound vortices
positioned along the camber line. The use of a single bound
vortex represents the flow field adequately at distances greater
than about one chord length from the airfoil [9]. The
strengths of the bound vortex and each trailing tip vortex are
equal as a consequence of the Helmholtz theorems of vorticity
[11]. As indicated in Fig. 1, the strengths of the shed vortex
systems have changed on several occasions. On each of these
occasions a spanwise vortex is shed whose strength is equal to
the change in the bound vortex strength as dictated by
Kelvin's theorem [11].
Each portion of a vortex filament making up the shed
vortex system is convected in the flow at the local fluid
velocity. Therefore, the vortex filament will be distorted in a
number of ways as it moves through the fluid. As a first
approximation it can be assumed that the vortex filament
remains straight with its ends being convected at their
respective local fluid velocities. Therefore, the vortex filament
may stretch, translate, and rotate as a function of time.
The fluid velocity at any point in the flow field is the sum of
the undisturbed wind stream velocity and the velocity induced
by all of the vortex filaments in the flow field. The velocity
induced at a point in the flow field by a single vortex filament
can be obtained from the Biot-Savart law which relates the
induced velocity to the filament strength. Referring to the case
shown in Fig. 2 for a straight vortex filament of strength T
and length / the induced velocity vp at a point p not on the
filament is given by [10]
r
=e (cos d, + cos d2) (1)
4-rrh
where the unit vector e is in the direction of r x 1. It should be
noted that if the point p should happen to lie on the vortex
filament that equation (1) yields indeterminate results since e
cannot be defined and the magnitude of \p is infinite. The
velocity induced by a straight vortex filament on itself is in
fact equal to zero [12].
In order to allow closure of the proposed vortex model, a
relationship between the bound vortex strength and the
velocity induced at a blade segment must be obtained. A
relationship between the lift L per unit span on a blade
segment and the bound vortex stength TB is given by the
Kutta-Joukowski law [11]. The lift can also be formulated in
terms of the airfoil section lift coefficient C,. Equating these
two expressions for lift yields the required relationship
between the bound vortex strength and the induced velocity at
a particular blade segment.
TB=1-C,CUR (2)
Here the blade chord is denoted by C and UK is the local
relative fluid velocity in the plane of the airfoil section. It
should be noted that the effects of aerodynamic stall are
automatically introduced into equation (2) through the section
lift coefficient.
Kinematic Considerations. The curve-bladed rotor which is
depicted in Fig. 3 is assumed to possess blades which are bent
into a parabolic shape along their spans. The parabola closely
approximates the ideal Troposkein shape which minimizes
blade bending stresses [13].
The relative velocity of a blade element with respect to the

n uuiciicia I ui c
Ft dimensionless normal force filament
AF = rotor frontal area F, tangential force /,, length of blade element
c = unit vector in the chordwise Ft dimensionless tangential force L lift
direction h distance from vortex filament n unit vector in normal direction
C = airfoil chord length H rotor height N number of blades
cd = drag coefficient i unit vector in x direction NE number of element ends
c, = lift coefficient i index AT number of time steps
c„ = normal coefficient J unit vector in j'direction NTI number of time increments
C
P = rotor power coefficient J index per revolution,
c,e = tangential coefficient k unit vector in z direction Q field variable
unit vector
= unit vector k index r
F„ = normal force 1 unit vector along vortex r radius to blade quarter chord

Journal of Fluids Engineering December 1979, Vol. 101 / 501

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 05/21/2015 Terms of Use: http://asme.org/terms

 about the spanwise axis. In general, these forces are small and . — i — , _j

are thus neglected. The forces F, and Fn can be expressed in 0.4

O 2 D Vortex Model (VDART 2)
terms of the fluid density p, the chord length of the airfoil c,
the length of the blade element /e and the relative velocity (JR — Simple Momentum Model [2,3,4]
0.3
of the fluid moving into the airfoil. In nondimensional form,
these forces can be written as: /o^\
0.2
/ \
F+ =
l/2pleCUl -•(£)' (9a)
0.1
/ \
F,
F+ =
l/2pleCUl --(£)' (9 b)

The coefficients C, and C„ are related to the more common

0.0

i i i i i i
airfoil lift and drag coefficients C, and Cd by:
C, =C/ sin a—Cd cos a Uy/Uos
Cn = - C , cos a-Cd sin a (10) Fig. 5 Two dimensional rotor performance (N 1, C/R = 0.15, Re
The torque produced by a single element can be written in 40,000)
nondimensional form by
rF, leCrF+ 1 i i i i i
T+ = (11) O 3 D Vortex Model (VDART 3)
\/2pRAFUl RAf 0.5 -
Simple Momentum Model [2,3,4]
where AF is the total projected frontal area of the rotor. The
average power coefficient for the entire rotor during a single 0.4 • Sandia Experiment [13]
•
revolution is given by

1 PJ1 1 l\tl - 1 TJ

(12)
0.3 / o ° \
Q
-
" NTI 1 1 U
rl \
<» 7 Q
\
Q
B \
where NTI is the number of time increments per revolution of
0.2 • -
B
the rotor and UT is the tangential blade velocity at the rotor 0 \
equator. 0.1 • 7 a
\ -
a \
Experimental Measurements 0.0 ^ - ^ ® -
In order to check the validity of the analytical model a
comparison between predicted and experimentally determined i i i i i

rotor performance [13] can be made. In order to check the

validity of the model with regard to more subtle details such
as instantaneous blade loading and wake structure, additional
Fig. 6 Three dimensional rotor performance (NC/R = 0.27, Re =
experimental data were obtained. Only a brief description of 300,000)
the experiment will be given herein and the reader is referred
to reference [14] for more details.
A straight bladed rotor with 1, 2, or 3 blades was built and jection velocities to be obtained. Freon 12 at a pressure of
operated in a water tow tank with a depth of 1.25 meters, a about 400 kPa was used as a propellent. Red dye #40 was
width of 5 meters, and a length of 10 meters. The rotor blades placed in a pressurized dye reservoir and injected through a
extended to with 15 cm of the tank bottom. This simple rotor 2.87 mm tube which passes down through the inside of the
appeared to be adequate for validating the major features of airfoil along the quarter chord. This tube terminated with a
the analytical model. The use of water as a working fluid 0.57 mm hypodermic needle which in turn extended to the
greatly facilitated the ability to visualize the flow structure airfoil trailing edge at a point approximately 10 cm below the
while working at appropriate blade Reynolds' numbers. In free surface. This location below the free surface was chosen
addition, blade forces were more easily measured. In order to to yield good visual clarity while avoiding surface wave
use available section data for the NACA 0012 airfoil, the phenomenon which appeared to be largely confined to the
rotor blades were required to operate at a Reynolds number of region within 1 cm of the surface. A needle valve was used to
40,000 or greater. An airfoil chord length of 9.14 cm and a control the dye injection velocity. The injection velocity was
rotor tip speed of 45.7 cm/s were chosen to yield a blade optimized with respect to the visual clarity of the streakline.
Reynolds' number of 40,000. Three towing speeds of 18.3 Blade Force Measurement. Validation of the transient
cm/s, 9.1 cm/s, and 6.1 cm/s were chosen to yield tip to wind blade loading prediction capability of the analytical model
speed ratios of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5, respectively. The rotor was perhaps the most important goal of the experimental
diameter was chosen to be 1.22 meters thus giving solidity work. It was intended that the normal and tangential forces
values (NC/R) of 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 for 1, 2, and 3 bladed acting on the airfoil blade segments be measured as a function
rotors respectively. of time and blade position. The two forces were measured by
Streak Line Visualization. In order to observe the "streak strain gages placed at the root of the support strut. Each
line" consisting of particles which flow over the trailing edge strain gage bridge was arranged so as to only be sensitive to
of one of the rotor blade airfoils, dye was injected through the the indicated force.
trailing edge of the airfoil. This streak line is indicative of the Force measurements at each of the indicate.d positions were
vortex sheet produced by the airfoil or it can be thought of as made by using a Whetstone bridge with 4 active strain gage
a line made up of shed vortex centers. A pressurized dye elements. The signals produced by the bridge circuits were
injection system was designed to allow a wide range of in- amplified using CALEX model 176 amplifiers mounted on

Journal of Fluids Engineering December 1979, Vol. 101/503

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 05/21/2015 Terms of Use: http://asme.org/terms

 about the spanwise axis. In general, these forces are small and . — i — , _j

are thus neglected. The forces F, and Fn can be expressed in 0.4

O 2 D Vortex Model (VDART 2)
terms of the fluid density p, the chord length of the airfoil c,
the length of the blade element /e and the relative velocity (JR — Simple Momentum Model [2,3,4]
0.3
of the fluid moving into the airfoil. In nondimensional form,
these forces can be written as: /o^\
0.2
/ \
F+ =
l/2pleCUl -•(£)' (9a)
0.1
/ \
F,
F+ =
l/2pleCUl --(£)' (9 b)

The coefficients C, and C„ are related to the more common

0.0

i i i i i i
airfoil lift and drag coefficients C, and Cd by:
C, =C/ sin a—Cd cos a Uy/Uos
Cn = - C , cos a-Cd sin a (10) Fig. 5 Two dimensional rotor performance (N 1, C/R = 0.15, Re
The torque produced by a single element can be written in 40,000)
nondimensional form by
rF, leCrF+ 1 i i i i i
T+ = (11) O 3 D Vortex Model (VDART 3)
\/2pRAFUl RAf 0.5 -
Simple Momentum Model [2,3,4]
where AF is the total projected frontal area of the rotor. The
average power coefficient for the entire rotor during a single 0.4 • Sandia Experiment [13]
•
revolution is given by

1 PJ1 1 l\tl - 1 TJ

(12)
0.3 / o ° \
Q
-
" NTI 1 1 U
rl \
<» 7 Q
\
Q
B \
where NTI is the number of time increments per revolution of
0.2 • -
B
the rotor and UT is the tangential blade velocity at the rotor 0 \
equator. 0.1 • 7 a
\ -
a \
Experimental Measurements 0.0 ^ - ^ ® -
In order to check the validity of the analytical model a
comparison between predicted and experimentally determined i i i i i

rotor performance [13] can be made. In order to check the

validity of the model with regard to more subtle details such
as instantaneous blade loading and wake structure, additional
Fig. 6 Three dimensional rotor performance (NC/R = 0.27, Re =
experimental data were obtained. Only a brief description of 300,000)
the experiment will be given herein and the reader is referred
to reference [14] for more details.
A straight bladed rotor with 1, 2, or 3 blades was built and jection velocities to be obtained. Freon 12 at a pressure of
operated in a water tow tank with a depth of 1.25 meters, a about 400 kPa was used as a propellent. Red dye #40 was
width of 5 meters, and a length of 10 meters. The rotor blades placed in a pressurized dye reservoir and injected through a
extended to with 15 cm of the tank bottom. This simple rotor 2.87 mm tube which passes down through the inside of the
appeared to be adequate for validating the major features of airfoil along the quarter chord. This tube terminated with a
the analytical model. The use of water as a working fluid 0.57 mm hypodermic needle which in turn extended to the
greatly facilitated the ability to visualize the flow structure airfoil trailing edge at a point approximately 10 cm below the
while working at appropriate blade Reynolds' numbers. In free surface. This location below the free surface was chosen
addition, blade forces were more easily measured. In order to to yield good visual clarity while avoiding surface wave
use available section data for the NACA 0012 airfoil, the phenomenon which appeared to be largely confined to the
rotor blades were required to operate at a Reynolds number of region within 1 cm of the surface. A needle valve was used to
40,000 or greater. An airfoil chord length of 9.14 cm and a control the dye injection velocity. The injection velocity was
rotor tip speed of 45.7 cm/s were chosen to yield a blade optimized with respect to the visual clarity of the streakline.
Reynolds' number of 40,000. Three towing speeds of 18.3 Blade Force Measurement. Validation of the transient
cm/s, 9.1 cm/s, and 6.1 cm/s were chosen to yield tip to wind blade loading prediction capability of the analytical model
speed ratios of 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5, respectively. The rotor was perhaps the most important goal of the experimental
diameter was chosen to be 1.22 meters thus giving solidity work. It was intended that the normal and tangential forces
values (NC/R) of 0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 for 1, 2, and 3 bladed acting on the airfoil blade segments be measured as a function
rotors respectively. of time and blade position. The two forces were measured by
Streak Line Visualization. In order to observe the "streak strain gages placed at the root of the support strut. Each
line" consisting of particles which flow over the trailing edge strain gage bridge was arranged so as to only be sensitive to
of one of the rotor blade airfoils, dye was injected through the the indicated force.
trailing edge of the airfoil. This streak line is indicative of the Force measurements at each of the indicate.d positions were
vortex sheet produced by the airfoil or it can be thought of as made by using a Whetstone bridge with 4 active strain gage
a line made up of shed vortex centers. A pressurized dye elements. The signals produced by the bridge circuits were
injection system was designed to allow a wide range of in- amplified using CALEX model 176 amplifiers mounted on

Journal of Fluids Engineering December 1979, Vol. 101/503

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 05/21/2015 Terms of Use: http://asme.org/terms

 4500 Recorder and a dual trace Tektronix 5111 storage
oscilloscope.

Analytical and Experimental Results

Computer codes were written for both two and three
dimensional rotors (VDART2 and VDART3) and are
documented in references [15] and [16]. These codes have
9=1628° been run for a selected number of cases for comparison with
9= 1605°
available experimental data. Experimental data used in these
comparisons were obtained from references [14] and 116]. In
addition, the present vortex model can be compared with the
simple momentum models [2, 3, 4].

Rotor Performance. A comparison between rotor power

coefficients predicted by the simple momentum model (strip
theory) and the present vortex model for a one-bladed two-
dimensional rotor is shown in Fig. 5. In Fig. 6 a comparison is
9=1560° 9=1570° shown between the power coefficients for a three-dimensional
rotor as predicted by the two models and as obtained from
experimental measurements. In general, it can be seen that the
simple momentum model and the vortex model are in good
agreement for the cases presented. It should also be noted
from Fig. 6 that the vortex model does not yield power
coefficient predictions which are substantially better than the
simple momentum model when both are compared to ex-
perimental data. Comparisons for cases which were run for
two-dimensional rotors with rotor solidities (NC/ R) of 0.30
and 0.45 also are in reasonable agreement except for tip to
9=1560° 9=1628°
wind speed ratios above 6.0 where the simple momentum
Fig.7 Effect of number of blades on streak line (Ur/U"" = 5.0, C/R = model appears to completely break down.
0.15, Re = 40,000)
Streak Lines. Examples of the streak lines obtained from
the two dimensional experiment are shown in Fig. 7 along
with their analytical counterparts. Comparison between
analytical and experimental results show good agreement in
regions where dye patterns have not become too diffuse. The
F+ increase in blockage with increasing rotor solidity is clearly
n Ft seen. One aspect of the flow which was not apparent in the
-1 °00 still pictures was the presence of relatively energetic vortices at
N =1
the edges of the wake structure especially at the higher tip to
0' 180' 360' wind speed ratios and higher solidities.
180· 8-1080' Blade Forces. The major advantage of the vortex model
0' 360'
8-1080· over simple momentum models is in its ability to predict blade
forces more accurately. Examples of the non-dimensional
10 tangential and normal blade forces are shown in Fig. 8. From
F+ these plots it is apparent that F/+ is not symmetrical about an
n 0 F+ 0 azimuthal angle of 180 deg nor is F,-t; antisymmetrical as is
-10
t
assumed a priori in the simple momentum models. The flow
-1
-20 in the upstream region of the rotor is much less retarded than
in the downstream region for the two and three-bladed cases
0' 180' 360' 0' 180· 360·
8-1080· 8-1080'
giving rise to large blade forces in the upstream region and
small forces in the downstream region. It can also be noted
that the minimum value of the non-dimensional tangential
force F/ and the zero value of F,-t; occur at azimuthal angles
1 greater than 0 deg instead of at 0 deg as might be expected.
F+
n This occurs due to a significant lateral flow velocity Wat that
F( 0
location. A similar phenomenon can be noted at azimuthal
-1 angles near 180
0
•

Experimental data for the normal force F,-t; are seen to be in

0' 180· 360· O· 180· 360·
8-1080· 8-1080· good agreement with the analytical model. Experimental data
for the tangential force F/ , on the other hand, agree rather
Fig. 8 Effect of number of blades on blade forces (Ur/U", = 5.0, CIR poorly with the analytical model. The tangential force in
= 0.15, Re = 40,000, - analysis 8 experiment) general is an order of magnitude smaller than the normal
force and is thus much more subject to experimental error and
extraneous noise.
the rotor arm. A gain of approximately 1000 was used to
ampify the millivolt signals into the 0.1 to 10 volt range. This Conclusions
amplification was necessary to avoid low signal to noise ratios The vortex model appears to adequately predict the rotor
produced by slip ring noise. The amplified signals were passed power coefficient for both two dimensional and three
through slip rings and monitored on an eight channel Sanborn dimensional rotors. Computer processing times for the

5041 Vol. 101, December 1979 Transactions of the ASME

Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 05/21/2015 Terms of Use: http://asme.org/terms

 VDART2 and VDART3 codes are much longer than for their
simple momentum counterparts. Therefore, the simple
momentum models should normally be used in lieu of the
vortex models when one only desires the rotor power coef-
ficient. Additional work should be done to reduce the
sometimes excessive amount of computer time required by the
vortex model to reach a periodic solution.
The vortex model yields results with regard to rotor wake
velocities which are at least in good qualitative agreement with
flow visualization experiments. More quantitative
measurements which will yield wake velocity defect profiles
need to be undertaken to more rigorously validate the
analytical model.
Analytical and experimental agreement with regard to the
normal force F„ is quite good. This agreement should allow
the vortex models to be used with some degree of confidence
in predicting the dominant aerodynamic force component
related to the structural integrity of the rotor. The predicted
instantaneous tangential force F, has not at the present time
been satisfactorily experimentally verified. However, the
average value of F, is being predicted correctly as evidenced
by the overall rotor power performance agreement with
experiment. In any event, a need exists for improved ex-
perimental techniques to adequately measure this force.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Sandia Laboratories for
their financial support under contract #06-4178. They also
thank Mr. Norman Jackson and other personnel in his
machine shop for their part in building the experimental
apparatus.
Journal of Fluids Engineering
Downloaded From: http://fluidsengineering.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 05/21/2015 Terms of Use: http://asme.org/terms
References
1 Templin, R. J., "Aerodynamic Performance Theory for the NRC
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine," National Research Council of Canada Report
LTR-LA-160, June 1974.
2 Wilson, R. E., Lissaman, P. B. S., Applied Aerodynamics of Wind
Power Machines, Oregon State University, May 1974.
3 Strickland, J. H., "The Darrieus Turbine: A Performance Prediction
Model Using Multiple Streamtubes," Sandia Laboratory Report SAND 75-
0431, Oct. 1975.
4 Shankar, P. N ., "On the Aerodynanmic Performance of a Class of
Vertical Shaft Windmills," Proceedings Royal Society of London, A.349,
1976, pp.35-51.
5 Fanucci, J. B., and Walters, R. E., "Innovative Wind Machines: The
I'licoretical Performances of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine," Proceedings of
the Vertical Axis Wind Turbine Technology Workshop, Sandia Laboratory
Report SAND 76-5586, pp. 111-61-93, May 1976.
6 Larsen, H. C , "Summary of a Vortex Theory for the Cyclogiro,"
Proceedings of the Second U.S. National Conferences on Wind Engineering
Research, Colorado State University, pp. V-8-1-3, June 1975.
7 Wilson, R. E., "Vortex Sheet Analysis of the Giromill," ASME JOURNAL
OF FLUIDS ENGINEERING, Vol. 100, No. 3, Sept. 1978, pp. 340-342.
8 Holmes, O., "A Contribution to the Aerodynamic Theory of the Vertical
Axis Wind Turbine," Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wind
Energy Systems, St. John's College, Cambridge, England, pp. C4-55-72, Sept.
1976.
9 Milne-Thomson, L. M., Theoretical Aerodynamics, Second Edition,
MacmillanandCo., 1952.
10 Karamcheti, K.-, Principles of Ideal-Fluid Aerodynamics, Wiley, 1966.
11 Currie, I. G., Fundamental Mechanics of Fluids, McGraw-Hill, 1974.
12 Tietjens, O. G., Fundamentals of Hydro- and Aeromechanics, Dover
Publications, 1957.
13 Blackwell, B. F., Sheldahl, R. E., and Feltz, L. V., "Wind Tunnel
Performance Data for the Darrieus Wind Turbine with NACA 0012 Blades,"
Sandia Laboratory Report SAND 76-0130, May 1976.
14 Webster, B. T., " A Study of an Airfoil Undergoing Cycloidal Motion,"
MS thesis, Texas Tech University, Dec. 1978.
15 Nguyen, T., "A Vortex Model of the Darrieus Turbine," MS thesis,
Texas Tech University, Dec. 1978.
16 Strickland, J. H. " A Vortex Model of the Darrieus Turbine: An
Analytical and Experimental Study," Final Report submitted to Sandia
Laboratories on Contract #06-4178, Jan. 1979.
December 1979, Vol. 101 / 505