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Introduction
Since the first Western contact on Easter Island, some German scholars left
important records or participated of scientific explorations (Carl Friedrich Behrens
with Cap. Roggeveen in 1722; and Johann Reinhold Forster and his son George
Forster with Cap. Cook in 1774). Unfortunately, many important records and
scientific papers were only known by the German speaking community, except
for very few translations of special material, like Cap. Geiseler’s account from
1882 (Ayres 1995).
Even more unknown than the papers by German scholars coming from Europe,
besides the well known Father Sebastian Englert and Thomas Barthel, there is
a production by German-Chilean scholars, mostly those papers published in
Spanish, in Chile. The German colonization of southern Chile at the end of the XIX
Century included some medical doctors, who decided to stay in Chile and became
explorers and pioneers in different scientific activities.
The first one was Rodulfo Amandus Philippi, who was appointed as the first
Director of the National Museum of Natural History. He described the three rongo
rongo tablets brought by Captain Gana from the Chilean Navy in 1870. These are
the only kohau rongorongo in a Chilean museum, Rapa Nui included (the Great
Santiago tablet, the Small Santiago tablet, and the unique Santiago staff, at the
National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile).
José Miguel Ramírez-Aliaga Osterinsel: The German Connection
Dr. Francisco Fonck performed important explorations and botanical studies in traditions of Pua Ara Hoa, were his most important and better known work, but
southern Chile at the end of XIXth Century. After his retirement in Quilpue, inland most of his many papers remain unknown for both German and non-German
Valparaiso, he became the pioneer of the local archaeology. Even though he had community. His paper (1962e) on masks and theater is a very interesting record
no connection to Easter Island himself, the Fonck Society Museum was created for the last feasts performed at Ahu Akahanga by 1860, including “narinari”
after him in 1947, to house a very important Rapanui collection. masks. His work on circular structures (1960e) includes very interesting details
for unique archaeological traits, and descriptions of the techniques and names
Walter Knoche, Director of the Chilean Meteorology Office, participated of the for every part of wooden houses called “hare takataka”, besides the well-known
first scientific Chilean expedition to Easter Island, in 1911. Besides his own duties, tupa, manavai, etc.
he became an ethnographer, with a very impressive production. His missing
archaeological and ethnographic collection included many souvenirs but some Ruperto Vargas was appointed by the Universidad de Chile to work with Barthel
very interesting material, like a little sculpture of fine basalt with a unique design. on Rapa Nui. He still has a copy of a seven pages report typed by Barthel aboard
the Chilean vessel Pinto, on their return to Valparaiso after their long stay on the
Other German descendants were born in Chile, like Otto Aichel, who found a island. Steven Roger Fischer (2010 a, 2010b) made an extensive research on the
classic mataa from Easter Island in a prehispanic shell midden in central Chile, in German-Chilean Expedition to Easter Island.
1910. Dr. Israel Drapkin was a member of the French-Belgian Expedition to Easter
Island (1934-35) along with Afred Métraux and Henry Lavachery. He was sent by Barthel’s report is a unique document since it is the only reference to know the
the Chilean government to study the problem of leprosy, but he also made most complete extension of their work on the island. Barthel published many short
of the natural history collections for the Natural History Museum in Paris, gave papers, but there is a lot more to be rescued, including many recordings of songs
medical assistance to Rapanui people, and published some papers on Rapanui and legends. Unfortunately, Ruperto Vargas did not publish his work, and the
blood groups and demography. He became a famous criminologist later on. Hugo collections are probably scattered in different places.
Gunckel was a botanist, and Ottmar Wilhelm was a medical doctor who published
about Rapanui blood groups but mainly on the araucana chicken and his possible The long list of Barthel’s ethnographic research includes: old Polynesian deities;
Polynesian origin. new information about Hotu Matu’a, his genealogy, the royal court in Anakena;
the importance of the warrior class, new information on the warriors art, revenge
The statistics shows a very irregular production by German scholars along the and weapon’s production; Orongo cult and new information about tangata manu;
XXth Century. During the 1910s and 1920s Walter Knoche dominates the research old literature, discovery of a third kind of writing called “kohau mama”, besides
on the island, and then the beginning of the work by Father Sebastian Englert, “kohau rongorongo” and “kohau ta’u”; inventory of rongo rongo; burlesque
who arrived in 1933 after a year with the Mapuche people in Southern Chile. theater, “paina” costumes and masks “narinari”; initiation rites “poki manu” and
In fact, his first paper (1934) deals with a dozen of matchings between both “poki take”; social role of tattoo; social organization, role of the “tumu”, some
languages. His ethnographic and linguistic works are classics now. connections between social structures and archaeological features, subdivision
of the “Miru” clan in patrilineal lineages and their territories; annual cycle of
The 1940s decade was decadent indeed, but the German-Chilean Expedition feasts and ceremonies; astronomy, moon nights; “tapu” concerning individuals,
from July 1957 to January 1958, with Thomas Barthel from the University of family relationships, places and periods; sorcery, black and white magic, functions
Tübingen, brought him to the top of the list all along the 1950s and 1960s. His of “ivi atua” and “koromaki”, prophecies, spirits of the dead, magic of numbers;
rongo rongo catalog and the discovery and analysis of the Manuscript E, the “aku aku” places, “aku aku” and certain families, records of many new “aku aku”
José Miguel Ramírez-Aliaga Osterinsel: The German Connection
tales, discovery of the “aku aku roads”; details on the vital cycle: birth and navel
ceremonies, choosing names, childhood rites, relationships between genders,
marriage, death and funeral ceremonies; kinship and genealogy details, assessing
the census by Salmon 1886; system of mutual obligations: “koro and ngnogoro
moa”, a complete catalog for the reasons to give “umu” (preparing a “curanto”
as a central part of a mutual obligation system), the feast “haka-kio”; community
work “umanga”; survival of specialists “rako” and “maori”; property and
inheritance; property marks: animals (livestock, birds and fish), objects (including
a new classification of the “ha’u”), land (including claims on old property rights);
ethnomedicine; inventory and recording of dances and songs; games and riddles;
complete verses “pata’uta’u” for “kai kai” figures; place names.
Concerning archaeology, they spent only ten weeks to survey many sites,
including exhausting excavations with the help of only two or three workers:
inland Ahu Tepeu, including a complete stratigraphy, a large platform which could
be Tuu-ko-Iho’s theater; Motu Nui islet; North side of Rano Kau: a complex of
primitive circular dwellings, a ceremonial house at Maea Hono, where Tangaroa
was depicted on the rock as a seal, boundary markers between the two old
confederations; caves between Vai Matá and Hanga Oteo to collect skulls, found
the first human skull painted with red soil in a cave at the cliff “Ava-o-Hera-
keukeu-henua”; a second skull with engravings in the forehead and painted with
red soil in a cave east from Hanga Tetenga; sealed graves at Ahu One Makihi…
analysis on those human bones is an obligation for future researchers; isolated
moai and little sculptures at Ahu Hanga Hahave and Ahu Apepe.
They spent six weeks at Rano Raraku, digging inside the crater: a possible western Bierbach and Horst Cain. The new century witnessed a strong revival lead by
ahu; a hare paenga close to moai 359 (all numbers from Englert’s inventory), geologists from Kiel, with important studies by Andreas Mieth and Hans-Rudolf
another hare paenga close to moai 395; moai 395, 397, 399 and 450, including Bork, and in the last few years with the exciting work by Burkhard Vogt and his
terrace and stone pavement; about a dozen of moai with no inventory number. team at Ava Ranga Uka a Toroke Hau, a ravine coming down from Rano Aroi to the
At the summit of Rano Raraku: excavation and description of the system carved center of the island (Vaitea).
on the rock of Pu Maari to handle thick ropes; the tomb of Maori Pua Taura
[according to Ruperto Vargas, he was the master of the ropes, buried inside one The present Rapanui scientific community has got an important German legacy
of those “pu” -holes]; excavation of a primitive stone house. Excavations in the on the brilliant Rapanui historian Cristian Moreno-Pakarati, from his mother’s
exterior quarry: moai 209, 212, 213, 215, 217, 264, 268, 273, 277 –the first young father Esteban Shanz, who worked for SAG (Servicio Agrícola Ganadero) on the
female sculpture, 282, 286, 287 –first moai of a pregnant woman. In the exterior island between 1962 -1966, and her grandfather Friedrich Karl Schanz, who
quarry: moai 291, 298, 299, and other 4 moai with no inventory number. came to Rapa Nui with the Chilean Air Force Commander Parrague in 1959, as a
meteorologist.
Barthel offers new theories for Rano Raraku: the analysis of new perspectives for
the development of the different types of moai, the relationships between the The present Chilean-German connection is represented by Rolf Foerster, a
figures in the quarry, in transport, standing, and at the ahu; a hypothesis on the Chilean anthropologist from Universidad de Chile, who has done a systematic and
orientation of the view for the standing moai; moai proportions; oral traditions impressive research on Archives in the mainland and with Rapanui informants in
about events on Rano Raraku, moai names and place names. the last few years.
Finally, Barthel promised to publish the first part as a book: “Contributions to the Both Cristian Moreno-Pakarati and Rolf Foerster have done a monumental work,
Ethnography of Easter Island”, which instead became many papers on specific but published in Spanish only, and a lot more to come. What we need now is to
ethnographic items but not the whole list, and a special dedication to rongo rongo, make all this material widely available.
a monumental effort. Interestingly, Barthel does not mention the discovery of the
Manuscript of Pua Ara Hoa, or “Manuscript E”, which was to be one of his most The following list of references take advantage of the previous work by Father
important works (1974b, 1978). Martin Gusinde, who did a systematic work on anything published about Easter
Island until 1920, and from the extensive work by Jumeau (1997). The William
The archaeology work was to be published in two monographs: “Notes on the Mulloy Library (BWM) at the Museo Antropológico Padre Sebastián Englert (
archaeology of Rano Raraku”, and “Circular structures on Easter Island”. The first MAPSE) hold the most important public collection of Rapanui references, and
issue finally produced one short paper only, concerning the female moai they they have been improving it in a systematic way. Warmest maururu to Lilian
found in Rano Raraku (1958f), and the second was published in German (1960e) Lopez and Valeska Chavez-Pakomio from BWM, and to Ruperto Vargas, Cristian
to describe some archaeological structures and interesting details on wooden Moreno-Pakarati and Rolf Foerster for sharing information and documents.
structures covered with leaves and grass, obtained from local informants.
The 1970s and 1980s shows a consistent decay on German work until a final
collapse in the 1990s but for the exceptional work by anthropologists Annette
José Miguel Ramírez-Aliaga Osterinsel: The German Connection
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KLING, Alfred
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chilenischen Bundes. Santiago de Chile.
1929b Ein atypischer Kopf aus Pechstein von der Osterinsel. Deutsche
Monatshefte 10 (3): 96-97.
1928 Ein atypischer Kopf aus Pechstein von der Osterinsel. Zeitschrift für
Ethnologie 60 (4/6): 386. (Fig. 9).
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Osterinsel. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 44 (6): 873-877. Berlin.
1912b Die lepra auf der Osterinsel. Zeitschrift für physicalische und diätetische
Therapie 1. Berlin.
1912f Ein Märchen und zwei kleine Gesänge von der Osterinsel. Zeitschrift für
Ethnologie 44 (1): 64-72. Berlin.
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Meteorologishe Zeitschrift 28 (10): 467-469. Braunschweig. 1876a The Easter Islanders. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of
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Chile. Verhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und
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Historia y Geografía (1): 155-157.
1875a De la escritura jerográfica de los indíjenas de la Isla de Pascua. Anales de
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LEHMANN, Walter
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