AXLE LOAD STUDIES TO

FIND VEHICLE DAMAGE

FACTOR (VDF) BY
STATIC/WIM SYSTEMS
BY
Y.V.RAO
PRINCIPAL TECHNICAL OFFICER
CSIR-CRRI
Email:yrao70@yahoo.com
Date:05.12.2017
What is vehicle damage factor?
• It is the damage caused by moving loads on the road
• For converting axle loads into equivalent standard axle
loads the following formulae can be used

• Front axle(single tyre) load

Equivalency factor=(axle load in kg/6600)4 (Ref: HDM 4)

• Single axle load

Equivalency factor=(axle load in kg/8160)4
• Tandem axle load
Equivalency factor=(axle load in kg/14968)4
( as per IRC: 37-2001)

• Tridem axle load

Equivalency factor=(axle load in kg/22900)4
( Ref : HDM 4)
NEED /USES OF WEIGHT MONITORING
• THE INFORMATION IS NEEDED FOR
ASSESSING THE DAMAGING EFFECTS
OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ON THE
ROADS
• PAVEMENT DESIGN, MONITORING AND
RESEARCH
• BRIDGENDESIGN, MONITORING AND
RESEARCH
• SIZE AND WEIGHT ENFORCEMENT
• LEGISLATION AND REGULATION
•ADMINISTRATION AND PLANNING

• PAVEMENT MONITORING HAS RECENTLY

RECEIVED INCREASING ATTENTION TO
ALLOW RESEARCHERS TO DEVELOP
MATHEMATICAL RELATION SHIP BETWEEN
MEASURES OF PAVEMENT CONDITION AND
FACTORS THAT AFFECT IT
• AXLE LOAD/TRUCK WEIGHT DATA IS
IMPORTANT FOR BRIDGE DESIGN IN
DETERMINIG BOTH THE MAXIMUM
LOADING AND FREQUENCY
DISTRIBUTION OF HEAVY LOAD
APPLICATIONS.
• CAN BE USED FOR REVISION OF
BRIDGE CODES FOR NEW
STRUCTURES AND BRIDGE RATING
EVALUATION OF EXISTING
STRUCTURES.
 SYSTEMS AVALIABLE FOR
MEASUREMENT OF WHEEL/AXLE LOADS

STATIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM DYNAMIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

 STATIC SYSTEM

COMPONENTS OF
STATIC SCALES INUSE STATIC SYSTEM
• WHEEL WEIGH SCALE
• CONNECTING CABLES
• REMOTE DISPLAY
• RECORDING
PROFORMA
• ENUMERATORS
NOTING/WRITING
THE WEIGHTS
 A Typical Proforma For Axle
Load survey
S. Vehi Vehi Front Rear Wheel Weights (Kgs) Type of Remark
no cle cle Wheel Rear Rear Rear Rear Commo s
Type Code Weigh 1 2 3 4 dity
t
(Kgs)
1
2
3
USE OF WEIGH – IN – MOTION SYSTEM
FOR AXLE LOAD DATA
COLLECTION

• A LARGE PROPORTION OF THE EXISTING

ROAD NETWORK REQUIRES REHABILITION
AND UPGRADATION IN ONE FORM OF THE
OTHER

• THE INFORMATION ON TRAFFIC VOLUME

AND AXLELOAD DATA FORM IMPORTANT
INPUT FOR THE SAME

Contd
•AS OF NOW AXLE LOAD DATA COLLECTED
THROUGH STATIC WHEEL WEIGHERS

•SIGNIFICANT ADVAVCEMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN

THIS AREA AND DEVICES ARE NOW AVALIABLE FOR
COLLECTION OF AXLE LOAD DATA WHILE THE
VEHICLES ARE IN MOTION

•THE DATA CAN BE COLLECTED WITHOUT

DISTURBING OTHER ROADUSERS
 WEIGH - IN – MOTION (WIM) SYSTEM
BRIFE HISTORY OF WIM DEVELOPMENT

• ONE OF THE EARLIEST EFFORTS TO DEVELOP

DYNAMIC WEIGHING EQUIPMENT WAS REPORTED IN
1952 BY NORMAN AND HOPKINS OF U.S.
BUREAU OF PUBLIC ROADS NOW (FHWA). IT WAS A
FLOTING REINFORCED CONCRETE PLATFORM THAT
WAS CONSTRUCTED IN THE SURFACE OF A TRAFFIC
LANE. THE EXPRIMENTAL
INSTRUMENTATION WAS A COMPLEX
ARRANGEMENT OF ANALOG DEVICES.

• RESEARCH INTO DEVELOPMENT OF PORTABLE WIM

DEVICES BEGAN IN MISSISSIPI IN 1952.
 SINCE THEN A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES
INCLUDING USA, SWEDEN, ENGLAND, WEST
GERMANY, SOUTH AFRICA AND CANADA HAVE
DONE LOT OF R&D WORK AND DEVLOPED
THEIR OWN SYSTEM.

 THIS ILLUSTATES THAT LARGE R&D EFFORTS

HAVE GONE INTO OVER 40 YEARS TO PROVIDE
EFFECTIVE TOOLS FOR WEIGHING VEHICLE
WHILE THEY ARE IN MOTION.
 EQUIPMENT AVAILABLE FOR
AXLE LOAD MEASUREMENTS
• THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPE OF
EQUIPMENTS AVAILABLE FOR
MEASURING AXLE LOADS / WHEEL LOADS

• THESE CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS STATIC

WHEEL WEIGH
BRIDGES/AXLEWEIGHBRIDGES

• WEIGH IN MOTION (WIM) SYSTEM

 View of static wheel load scales/pads
View of wheel load scales in
View of wheel load scale combination to measure axle
weights
 TYPES OF WIM SYSTEM
• PERMANENT WIM SYSTEM

• PORTABLE WIM SYSTEM

• SLOW SPEED WIM SYSTEM

RECENTLY DEVELOPED
Permanent WIM Systems
Portable WIM systems
SLOW SPEED WIM SYSTEM
 THE COMPONENTS OF WIM
SYSTEM
• ROADSIDE ELECTONICS WITH DATA
STORAGE AND

• DATA COLLECTION IN BUILT COMPUTER

• VEHICLE DETECTION LOOPS

• PEIZO SENSORS
 WIM OUT PUT
• THE COLLECTED DATA WILL BE IN THE
FORM OF RAW REPORTS .
• IT CAN BE ANALYSED TO GENERATE
VARIOUS REPORTS LIKE
– VEHICLE CLASSIFICATION.
– CLASS BY HOUR, CLASS BY DAY
– SPEED REPORTS, AXLE REPORTS
– ESAL REPORT
– VIOLATION REPORTS, INTERMS
OF WEIGHTS
– SITE SUMMARY REPORTS
 Name and No. of The Road: Date:

SN Type of Vehicle Axle Code FRONT REAR-1 REAR-2 REAR-3 REAR-4 REAR-5 REAR-6

1 LCV 1 1450 1900

2 LPV 2 1700 2250
3 2 Axle Truck 3 3450 8000
4 Bus 4 2200 3450
5 Multi Axle 5 2250 3700 3850
6 Multi Axle 9 1850 5600 4300 6300 5600
7 Multi Axle 6 2300 4300 4500 4450
8 Multi Axle 8 2350 3500 5250 4700
9 Multi Axle 7 3150 7200 9800
10 Multi Axle 8 3500 3850 4700 5800
11 Multi Axle 8 1950 3000 3250 3700
12 LPV 2 1750 2700
13 LCV 1 1400 1850
14 LCV 1 1150 1500
15 LPV 2 1200 2950
16 Bus 4 2250 3450
17 2 Axle Truck 3 2100 1750
18 Multi Axle 5 2500 4800 4900
19 Multi Axle 10 2800 7700 8100 4500 5600 4300
20 Multi Axle 10 2300 6850 7000 6100 6200 6450
21 Multi Axle 7 2950 6750 6600
22 Multi Axle 6 2950 4850 4400 4700
23 Multi Axle 7 3200 6900 8100
24 Multi Axle 9 3100 5850 6500 7200 5750
25 Multi Axle 10 3050 6700 6600 6150 6700 6400
 Name and No. of The Road Date:

SN Type of Vehicle Axle FRONT REAR-1 REAR-2 REAR-3 REAR- REAR- REAR-6Tr
Code 4Td 5Td
1 LCV 1 1150 1500
2 LCV 1 1400 1850
3 LCV 1 1450 1900
4 LPV 2 1200 2950
5 LPV 2 1700 2250
6 LPV 2 1750 2700
7 2 Axle Truck 3 2100 1750
8 2 Axle Truck 3 3450 8000
9 Bus 4 2200 3450
10 Bus 4 2250 3450
11 Multi Axle 5 2250 3700 3850
12 Multi Axle 5 2500 4800 4900
13 Multi Axle 6 2300 4300 4500 4450
14 Multi Axle 6 2950 4850 4400 4700
15 Multi Axle 7 2950 6750 6600
16 Multi Axle 7 3200 6900 8100
17 Multi Axle 7 3150 7200 9800
18 Multi Axle 8 1950 3000 3250 3700
19 Multi Axle 8 2350 3500 5250 4700
20 Multi Axle 8 3500 3850 4700 5800
21 Multi Axle 9 1850 5600 4300 6300 5600
22 Multi Axle 9 3100 5850 6500 7200 5750
23 Multi Axle 10 2300 6850 7000 6100 6200 6450
24 Multi Axle 10 2800 7700 8100 4500 5600 4300
25 Multi Axle 10 3050 6700 6600 6150 6700 6400
 Name and No. of The
Road Date:

Type of Axle Esal Esal Esal Esal Esal Esal Total

S.N. Front Rear 1 Rear 2 Rear 3 Rear 4 Rear 5 Rear 6
Vehicle Code (Fr) (R1) (R2) (R3) (Tn) (Tr) ESALs
1 LCV 1 1150 1500 0.015 0.018 0.033
2 LCV 1 1400 1850 0.032 0.042 0.075
3 LCV 1 1450 1900 0.037 0.047 0.084
4 LPV 2 1200 2950 0.017 0.273 0.291
5 LPV 2 1700 2250 0.070 0.092 0.163
6 LPV 2 1750 2700 0.079 0.192 0.271
7 2 Axle Truck 3 2100 1750 0.164 0.034 0.198
8 2 Axle Truck 3 3450 8000 1.195 14.782 15.976
9 Bus 4 2200 3450 0.198 0.511 0.709
10 Bus 4 2250 3450 0.216 0.511 0.727
11 Multi Axle 5 2250 3700 3850 0.216 0.676 0.793 1.685
12 Multi Axle 5 2500 4800 4900 0.329 1.916 2.080 4.325
13 Multi Axle 6 2300 4300 4500 4450 0.236 1.234 1.480 1.415 4.365
14 Multi Axle 6 2950 4850 4400 4700 0.639 1.997 1.353 1.761 5.749
15 Multi Axle 7 2950 6750 6600 0.639 10.125 10.763
16 Multi Axle 7 3200 6900 8100 0.884 16.137 17.021
17 Multi Axle 7 3150 7200 9800 0.830 26.623 27.453
18 Multi Axle 8 1950 3000 3250 3700 0.122 0.292 0.744 1.158
19 Multi Axle 8 2350 3500 5250 4700 0.257 0.542 3.124 3.923
20 Multi Axle 8 3500 3850 4700 5800 1.265 0.793 3.875 5.933
21 Multi Axle 9 1850 5600 4300 6300 5600 0.099 3.549 1.234 6.392 11.274
22 Multi Axle 9 3100 5850 6500 7200 5750 0.779 4.227 6.442 8.965 20.412
23 Multi Axle 10 2300 6850 7000 6100 6200 6450 0.236 7.946 8.665 7.191 24.037
24 Multi Axle 10 2800 7700 8100 4500 5600 4300 0.518 12.686 15.535 2.502 31.240
25 Multi Axle 10 3050 6700 6600 6150 6700 6400 0.730 7.272 6.848 7.989 22.838
 No. of Vehicles
Type of Vehicle Axle Code VDF Vehicle X VDF
weighed

LCV 1 3 0.06 0.19

LPV 2 3 0.24 0.72

2 Axle Truck 3 2 8.09 16.17

Bus 4 2 0.72 1.44

Multi Axle 5 2 3.01 6.01

Multi Axle 6 2 5.06 10.11

Multi Axle 7 3 18.41 55.24

Multi Axle 8 3 3.67 11.01

Multi Axle 9 2 15.84 31.69

Multi Axle 10 3 26.04 78.12

Total 25 210.71

Weighted VDF = 8.43

THANK YOU