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1FEATURES DESCRIPTION
•
2 Ultra High Efficiencies (95% possible) The LM2650 is a step-down DC/DC converter
featuring high efficiency over a 3A to milliamperes
• High Efficiency Over a 3A to Milliamperes load range. This feature makes the LM2650 an ideal
Load Range fit in battery-powered applications that demand long
• Synchronous Switching of Internal NMOS battery life in both run and standby modes.
Power FETs
The LM2650 also features a logic-controlled
• Wide Input Voltage Range (4.5V to 18V) shutdown mode in which it draws at most 25μA from
• Output Voltage Adjustable from 1.5V to 16V the input power supply.
• Automatic Low-Power Sleep Mode The LM2650 employs a fixed-frequency pulse-width
• Logic-Controlled Micropower Shutdown (IQSD ≤ modulation (PWM) and synchronous rectification to
25 µA) achieve very high efficiencies. In many applications,
efficiencies reach 95%+ for loads around 1A and
• Frequency Adjustable up to 300 kHz exceed 90% for moderate to heavy loads from 0.2A
• Frequency Synchronization with External to 2A.
Signal
A low-power hysteretic or "sleep" mode keeps
• Programmable Soft-Start efficiencies high at light loads. The LM2650 enters
• Short-Circuit Current Limiting and exits sleep mode automatically as the load
• Thermal Shutdown crosses "sleep in" and "sleep out" thresholds. The
LM2650 provides nodes for programming both
• Available in 24-lead Small-Outline Package thresholds via external resistors. A logic input allows
the user to override the automatic sleep feature and
APPLICATIONS keep the LM2650 in PWM mode regardless of the
• Notebook and Palmtop Personal Computers load level.
• Portable Data Terminals An optional soft-start feature limits current surges
• Modems from the input power supply at start up and provides
a simple means of sequencing multiple power
• Portable Instruments supplies.
• Global Positioning Devices (GPSs)
• Battery-Powered Digital Devices
Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability, standard warranty, and use in critical applications of
Texas Instruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.
2 All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
PRODUCTION DATA information is current as of publication date. Copyright © 1999–2013, Texas Instruments Incorporated
Products conform to specifications per the terms of the Texas
Instruments standard warranty. Production processing does not
necessarily include testing of all parameters.
LM2650
SNVS133C – JUNE 1999 – REVISED APRIL 2013 www.ti.com
Typical Application
LM2650-ADJ Efficiency
Figure 2.
Connection Diagram
These devices have limited built-in ESD protection. The leads should be shorted together or the device placed in conductive foam
during storage or handling to prevent electrostatic damage to the MOS gates.
(1) Absolute Maximum Ratings are limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under which the
device operates correctly. Operating ratings do not imply performance limits. For performance limits and associated test conditions, see
the Electrical Characteristics.
(2) If Military/Aerospace specified devices are required, please contact the Texas Instruments Sales Office/ Distributors for availability and
specifications.
(3) This rating is calculated using the formula PDCmax = (TJmax − TA) / θJA, where PDCmax is the absolute maximum power dissipation, TJmax
is the maximum junction temperature, and θJA is the junction ot ambient thermal resistance of the package. The PDCmax rating of 1.28W
results from substituting 170°C, 70°C and 78°C/W for TJmax, TA and θJA respectively. A θJAof 78°C represents the worst condition of no
heat sinking of the DW0024B small-outline package. Heat sinking allows the safe dissipation of more power. See Application Notes on
thermal management. The LM2650 actively limits its junction temperature to about 170°C.
(4) For detailed information on soldering plastic small-outline packages, refer to the Packaging Databook published by Texas Instruments.
(5) ESD is applied using the human-body model, a 100pF capacitor discharged through a 1.5kΩ resistor.
(1) Absolute Maximum Ratings are limits beyond which damage to the device may occur. Operating Ratings are conditions under which the
device operates correctly. Operating ratings do not imply performance limits. For performance limits and associated test conditions, see
the Electrical Characteristics.
Electrical Characteristics
VPVIN = 15V, VSLEEP LOGIC = 0V and VSD = 0V unless superseded under Conditions. Typicals and limits appearing in plain type
apply for TA = TJ = +25°C. Limits appearing in boldface type apply over the full junction temperature range shown under
Operating Ratings.
Symbol Parameter Conditions Typ (1) Limit (2) Units
VOUT Output Voltage R1 = 75 kΩ, 1%, 5.00 V
R2 = 25 kΩ, 1%, 4.80/4.75 V(min)
7.5V ≤ VPVIN ≤ 18V 5.20/5.25 V(max)
0.12A ≤ ILOAD ≤ 3A
η1 System Efficiency ILOAD = 1A, TA = 25°C,
94 %
FOSC Not Adjusted
η2 System Efficiency ILOAD = 3A, TA = 25°C,
89 %
FOSC Not Adjusted
(3)
VREF Reference Voltage VSLEEPLOGIC = 3V 1.281/1.294 V(min)
1.25
1.219/1.206 V(max)
IQ Quiescent Current in PWM mode VFB = VREF 4.0 mA
−20mV (4) 6.50/7.0 mA(max)
IQS Quiescent Current in Sleep mode IVFB = VREF −20mV, 850 μA
VSLEEPLOGIC = 3V (4) 1.35/1.60 mA(max)
(5) Quiescent current is the total current flowing into the PVIN and VIN pins. IQ includes the current used to drive the gates of the two NMOS
power FETs at the nominal switching frequency. IQS includes no such current.
(6) Pulling 100μA out of FREQ ADJ simulates adjusting the oscillator frequency with a 12.5 kΩ resistor connected from FREQ ADJ to GND.
The sleep mode cannot be used at switching frequencies above 250 kHz.
Figure 4. Figure 5.
IQ IQ
vs vs
Input Voltage Oscillator Frequency
Figure 6. Figure 7.
Figure 8. Figure 9.
Current Limit
vs
Junction Temperature
Figure 14.
Block Diagrams
Figure 15. The PWM Circuit with External Components in a Closed Control Loop
Figure 16. The Hysteretic or "Sleep" Circuit with External Components in a Closed Control Loop
Figure 17. The Internal Voltage Regulator and Voltage Reference used by Both the PWM and Hysteretic
Circuits
OPERATION
OVERVIEW
The LM2650 uses two step-down conversion modes: fixed-frquency pulse-width modulation (PWM) and
hysteretic. It moves freely and automatically between them, using PWM for moderate to heavy loads and
hysteretic for light loads.
For clarity, separate block diagrams for each conversion mode have been included. See Figure 15 and
Figure 16. Blocks used in both modes appear in both diagrams with the same label. For example, both modes
use the input buffer B. To keep the diagrams simple, most power supply rails have been omitted. R3, C10, RC,
CC, CB, L1, R1, R2, and COUT are outside the IC.
– The PWM circuit drives the pulse stream into the low-pass filter made up of L1 and COUT. The filter
passed the DC component of the stream and attenuates the AC components. The output of the filter is
the DC voltage VOUT superimposed with a small ripple voltage. Since the DC component of any periodic
waveforms the average value of the waveform, VOUT can be found using:
(1)
– Here T is the switching period in seconds V(t) is the pulse stream. Under DC steady-state conditions, (1)
yields
(2)
– Here VIN is the input voltage, and therefore the height of the pulses, in volts, is the width of the pulses in
seconds, and D is the ratio of tON to T, the duty or the duty cycle.
– The output voltage is programmed using the resistive divider made up for R1 and R2,
(3)
– As Q1 turns on, its source voltage swings up to just below the input voltage. The LM2650 uses a simple
technique called "bootstrapping" to pull the positive supply rail of DH (at BOOT) up along with the source
voltage of Q1, but to a voltage above the input voltage. Because the source of Q1 and the positive supply
rail of DH make the same voltage swing together, DH maintains the positive gate-to-source voltage
required to turn Q1 on. Q12 plays an active role in pulling the supply rail of DH up and is therefore said to
pull itself up by its "bootstraps", thus the name of the technique and of the BOOT pin.
– In the typical application, a capacitor CB is connected outside the IC between the BOOT and SW pins.
When Q2 is on, the input supply charges CB through VRegH and the internal diode D.
(4)
For example, with VOUT set to 5V, VOUT_PP is approximately 120mV,
(5)
When it starts up, the hysteretic loop turns Q1 on. While Q1 is on, the input power supply charges COUT and
supplies current to the load. Current from the supply reaches C and the load via the series path provided by Q1
and L1. As the feedback voltage just surpasses the upper hysteretic threshold of C2, the output of C2 changes
from high to low, and HD responds by pulling the gate of Q1 down turning Q1 off. As Q1 turns off, L1 generates
a negative-going voltage transient that D2 clamps at just below ground. D2 remains on only briefly as the current
in L1 runs out. While both Q1 and D2 are off, COUT alone supplies current to the load. As the feedback voltage
just surpasses the lower hysteretic threshold of C2, the output of C2 changes states from low to high, and DH
responds by pulling the gate of Q1 up turning Q1 on and starting the hysteretic cycle over.
Note that as the load current decreases, it takes increasingly longer periods for the load current to discharge
COUT through the hysteretic window, and as the load current increases, the periods become even shorter. It can
be seen from the above observation that the switching frequency of the hysteretic loop varies as the load varies.
The switching frequency can be approximated using
(6)
Here f is the switching frequency in hertz, I is the load current in amperes, COUT is the value of the capacitor in
farads, and VOUT_PP is the magnitude of the AC ripple voltage in volts. Typical switching frequencies range
anywhere from a few hertz for very light loads to a few thousand hertz for light loads bordering on the moderate
level.
Application Circuits
Figure 18 is a schematic of the typical application circuit. use the component values shown in the figure and
those contained in Table 1 to build a 5V, 3A, or 3.3V, 3A step-down DC/DC converter. As with the design of any
DC/DC converter, the design of these circuits involved tradeoffs between efficiency, size, and cost. Here more
weight was given to efficiency than to size as evidenced by the low switching frequency which keeps switching
losses low but pushes the value and size of the inductor up.
From a smaller circuit, use the component values shown in Figure 18 and those contained in Table 3. These
circuits trade slightly higher switching losses for a much smaller inductor. Note, Figure 18 does not show RFA, the
resistor required to adjust the switching frequency from 90 kHz up to 200 kHz. Connect RFA between the FREQ
ADJ pin and ground.
REVISION HISTORY
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PACKAGING INFORMATION
Orderable Device Status Package Type Package Pins Package Eco Plan Lead/Ball Finish MSL Peak Temp Op Temp (°C) Device Marking Samples
(1) Drawing Qty (2) (6) (3) (4/5)
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows:
ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs.
LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect.
NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this part in a new design.
PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available.
OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device.
(2)
Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS), Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt), or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please check http://www.ti.com/productcontent for the latest availability
information and additional product content details.
TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined.
Pb-Free (RoHS): TI's terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requirements for all 6 substances, including the requirement that
lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be soldered at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes.
Pb-Free (RoHS Exempt): This component has a RoHS exemption for either 1) lead-based flip-chip solder bumps used between the die and package, or 2) lead-based die adhesive used between
the die and leadframe. The component is otherwise considered Pb-Free (RoHS compatible) as defined above.
Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based flame retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight
in homogeneous material)
(3)
MSL, Peak Temp. - The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak solder temperature.
(4)
There may be additional marking, which relates to the logo, the lot trace code information, or the environmental category on the device.
(5)
Multiple Device Markings will be inside parentheses. Only one Device Marking contained in parentheses and separated by a "~" will appear on a device. If a line is indented then it is a continuation
of the previous line and the two combined represent the entire Device Marking for that device.
(6)
Lead/Ball Finish - Orderable Devices may have multiple material finish options. Finish options are separated by a vertical ruled line. Lead/Ball Finish values may wrap to two lines if the finish
value exceeds the maximum column width.
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI's knowledge and belief as of the date that it is provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information
provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and
continues to take reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis on incoming materials and chemicals.
TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other limited information may not be available for release.
Addendum-Page 1
PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDUM
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In no event shall TI's liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold by TI to Customer on an annual basis.
Addendum-Page 2
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
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Pack Materials-Page 1
PACKAGE MATERIALS INFORMATION
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Pack Materials-Page 2
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