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Abstract— A Denisov-type mode launcher having dimpled-wall in mirror section to give a Gaussian RF beam that comes
tapered waveguide and a helical cut was combined with a set of out of sealed vacuum envelope to atmosphere through RF
four synthesized toroidal mirrors to design a converter for TE6,2 window. The mode launcher with mirror section separates the
cavity mode to TEM0,0 Gaussian mode for a transverse output
millimeter-wave gyrotron. A commercially available simulation RF beam from hollow-gyrating-electron beam and propagates
tool, namely, Surf3d was used to design this mode converter, in it in the transverse/radial direction. The spent hollow-gyrating-
which the variation of inside launcher boundaries couples the electron beam gave away its remaining energy to the collector,
TE6,2 eigenmode fed to the launcher with its satellite modes, mounted at the end of the device [1]–[4]. The internal mode
and thus the surface deformations at the radiator transforms converter [4]–[12] of a transverse output gyrotron consists of a
TE6,2 cavity mode into a TEM0,0 Gaussian-like profile at the
launcher cut aperture. This RF beam in TEM0,0 Gaussian-like quasi-optical mode launcher for mode conversion and a mirror
profile was fed to a set of four synthesized toroidal mirrors to section containing a set of mirrors with surface deformations
achieve an energy conservation of 96% and Gaussian fit of 98.9% for phase corrections and minimizing the astigmatism. The
after phase corrections within 336 mm of envelope length and mode launcher is a smooth (Vlasov type) [6], [7] or a dimpled-
75 mm of envelope radius of the mode converter. wall (Denisov type) [4], [5], [8]–[13] cylindrical tapered
Index Terms— Internal mode converter, millimeter-wave waveguide with a helical cut or step cut. The mode conversion
gyrotron, transverse output gyrotron. in Vlasov-type launcher is ∼85%; however, it is higher for
Denisov type [12].
I. I NTRODUCTION In this paper, the design and simulation of a mode launcher
with helical cut and surface deformations, and the mirror
G YROTRON is an oscillator capable of delivering coher-
ent electromagnetic radiation up to megawatt level in the
millimeter-wave frequency range. The wide range of industrial,
section with four synthesized toroidal mirrors are presented for
a W -band transverse output gyrotron. A helically corrugated
scientific, and medical applications such as material sciences, launcher and three curved mirrors were used for 94 GHz,
solid-state physics, molecular analysis, plasma diagnostics, TE5,3 mode gyrotron for getting more than 95% vector
magnetic fusion research, electron spin resonance and nuclear Gaussian mode content at the window plane [5]. A Vlasov-
magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and atmospheric research type launcher with two adapted phase correcting mirrors was
[1]–[4] motivated the researchers to develop the gyrotron. used in 94 GHz, TE6,2 mode gyrotron for vector Gaussian
A gyrotron contains a number of subassemblies, namely, mode content of 97.38% on window plane with a power
magnetron injection gun (MIG), beam tunnel, interaction transmission efficiency of 87.19% [6]. A Vlasov launcher with
cavity, nonlinear taper, mode converter, window, collector, two quasi-optical reflectors was used for 94 GHz, TE6,2 mode
and superconducting magnet. Under the influence of high gyrotron to obtain 85.6% Gaussian mode content at the win-
axial magnetic field, the gyrating-electron beam is emitted dow plane [7]. A TE6,2 -to-Gaussian mode converter including
from cathode contained in MIG. It reaches in interaction a Denisov-type launcher and a set of four nonsynthesized
cavity after being adiabatically compressed in beam tunnel and mirrors: one quasi-parabolic, two spherical, and one flat, was
interacts with transverse component of electric field intensity reported at 95 GHz predicting the value of cross-correlation
of the cavity mode of interaction to transfer part of its function at the window plane as 97.9% in simulation and
azimuthal kinetic energy into coherent electromagnetic radi- 97.7% in experiment [8]. The Denisov launcher with four
ation. The electromagnetic radiation thus generated in cavity smooth mirrors was used in 1.5 MW, 110 GHz, and TE22,6
mode through nonlinear taper reaches to entrance of mode mode gyrotron [9], [10] to achieve an RF beam with 96%
launcher, which converts cavity mode to a nearly Gaussian Gaussian mode content at the output window. A quasi-optical
RF beam. This nearly Gaussian RF beam is phase corrected TE01–TEM00 mode converter for W -band gyro-traveling-wave
tubes was developed to achieve the mode conversion efficiency
Manuscript received October 1, 2017; revised November 9, 2017; accepted above 95% [11].
November 14, 2017. The review of this paper was arranged by Senior Editor
D. A. Shiffler. (Corresponding author: Vishal Kesari.) In the W -band frequency range, we report a Denisov-
The authors are with the Microwave Tube Research and Development type TE6,2 -to-Gaussian mode launcher with a set of four
Centre, Bengaluru 560013, India (e-mail: vishal_kesari@rediffmail.com). synthesized toroidal mirrors. The present mode converter
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available
online at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org. differs from that reported in [8] by the types of mirrors and
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPS.2017.2774503 synthesis implemented for the mirrors. The design of such
0093-3813 © 2017 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.
a mode converter is proposed in this paper to get possible theorem. The Sobolev–Denisov synthesis algorithm [23] uses
maximum energy conservation (>95%) and Gaussian mode the surface electric and magnetic fields for estimating the
content (>98%) at the RF window plane. The parametric surface deformation that may call for higher accuracies than
analysis is carried out using geometric optics theory [14] the usually needed to get the radiated fields. The said higher
to obtain the initial dimensional parameters of quasi-optical accuracy is being obtained by finer meshing and increased field
mode launcher, which are fed to Surf3d simulation tool [15] wave expansion order [15]. The described method is proved
to get the optimized inner radius profiles of the mode launcher to be an efficient iterative process [15].
for the best possible result (Section II). A mirror section
(Section III) is then included with mode launcher to carry III. M ODELING AND S IMULATION OF M IRROR S ECTION
out the synthesis of the complete mode converter (Section IV).
In order to define the mirror positions, the origin of the
Further, the outcomes are discussed (Section V) and concluded
Cartesian coordinate system is chosen as the center of the
(Section VI).
circle at the start plane of the mode launcher and the launcher
axis taken as z-axis. The longitudinal cross section of the mode
II. M ODELING AND S IMULATION OF M ODE L AUNCHER launcher lie in xy plane and all the y-coordinates are zero over
the launcher cut line. Clearly, the launcher cut line lie in xz
The geometric optics theory [14] is used for parametric
plane (Fig. 1). For simplicity, the toroidal mirrors are selected
analysis of the mode launcher. The proposed mode launcher
for the mirror section. Based on typically fixed z-distance
should convert TE6,2 mode to Gaussian mode in a 95-GHz
(298 mm) of RF window center from origin, the number of
transverse output gyrotron with a conversion efficiency higher
mirrors is chosen as four. At this stage one may need to carry
than 90% for lesser phase correction requirement in mirror
out an exercise for aligning the mirrors by taking four smooth
section. For this required design parameters Brillouin angle is
surface toroidal mirrors to get the required RF output beam at
calculated as 67.72°, helical cut angle as 70.6°, and launcher
the window center. It is also required to check if the RF beam
cut length as 13.6 mm. The total launcher length may be
radiated out of the launcher is shifted in x-direction. In order
considered as 4 and 5 times of cut length. A clockwise
to correct this shift, all the four mirrors need to be given a
helical cut Denisov-type launcher is considered that includes
compensatory shift in x-direction. This fixes the x-coordinate
deformations over the inner surface of the launcher. These
of the center of all the four mirrors. Further, the coordinates of
deformations allow the launcher to convert the cavity mode to
the centers and the radii of curvature in x- and z-directions of
Gaussian like RF beam due to axial and azimuthal bunching
all the toroidal mirrors need to be suitably chosen. One may fix
of the satellite modes generated inside the launcher. The
the centers, major and minor radii, and the relative distances of
surface deformations inside the launcher will change the
the four mirrors for getting minimum beam divergence, nearly
boundaries and the waveguide mode will couple into a number
Gaussian RF beam and RF beam positioned around the center
of waveguide modes, which can be analyzed using the coupled
of the window plane. As the RF beam radiated out from mode
mode theory [16]–[19]. The surface deformations are defined
launcher need to progress in positive z-direction, first three
in such a way that this set of waveguide modes will include a
mirrors may be given a tilt away from launcher axis. Further,
set of nine satellite modes: TE4,3, TE7,2 , TE10,1 , TE3,3 , TE6,2 ,
for the requirement of RF beam to be perpendicular to window
TE9,1 , TE2,3 , TE5,2 , and TE8,1 with their relative power levels
plane, the fourth mirror may be given an inclination toward
around 3%, 11%, 3%, 11%, 44%, 11%, 3%, 11%, and 3%,
the axis of the mode converter. At this stage one may measure
respectively, which combine to result into Gaussian like RF
the RF beam parameters, such as: beam widths, propagation
beam at the launcher cut aperture [16]–[19].
angle, and the beam center in the window plane. Here, it is
The design parameters are fed to the Surf3d software [15]
required to check the mode conversion efficiency, divergence
for simulation and surface synthesis. The deformations in the
and astigmatism of the RF beam as compared to their values
inner surface of the launcher improve the conversion efficiency
just after the mode launcher. It is obvious in the literature that
of the launcher. In Surf3d, the full-wave analysis is done
the mode conversion efficiency may improve very limited by
through electrical field integral equation (EFIE) [20]–[22].
using the smooth surface mirrors; however, it reduces the beam
Following EFIE approach, the waveguide fields can be
divergence and astigmatism to a sufficient extent. Therefore,
expressed in terms of surface currents. Surf3d automatically
it requires synthesis of mirrors to obtain small deformations
considers all the waveguide modes and allows the calculation
(perturbations) at the inner surface of the toroidal mirrors
of electromagnetic field in the waveguide with different types
while the center positions, arc lengths and radii of curvatures
of geometry. The slight taper of launcher prevents spurious
may not alter for the further phase corrections and the beam
oscillations, and the short launcher length is desirable to avoid
convergence.
interception of RF beam with the expanding spent electron
beam under the influence of decreasing magnetic field in
the launcher and mirror section. The surface synthesis is IV. S URFACE S YNTHESIS OF C ONVERTER
performed in Surf3d [15] for optimizing the deformations over For the purpose of surface synthesis of the converter one
the inner surface of the launcher and mirrors for efficient cou- may need to define a reference plane parallel to the window
pling from the input waveguide mode to an output Gaussian plane, where the minimum size of the beam width will
RF beam. This synthesis process uses the Sobolev–Denisov appear. In the present case, reference plane is typically chosen
synthesis algorithm [23], which is based on the reciprocity outside the vacuum envelope at y = 120 mm. The parameters
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Fig. 1. Inner radius profile with deformed surface of the mode launcher
obtained using Surf3d.
Fig. 3. (a) YZ planar at x = 0 and (b) XZ planar at window plane Fig. 4. (a) YZ planar at x = 0 and (b) XZ planar at window plane field
field intensity plots obtained for the mode converter with synthesized mode intensity plots obtained for mode converter with synthesized mode launcher
launcher and four nonsynthesized smooth toroidal mirrors. The straight line and four synthesized (deformed surface) toroidal mirrors. The straight line
boundaries in (a) define the probable size of converter envelope. boundaries in (a) define the probable size of converter envelope.
launcher axis. Ensuring the RF beam to be perpendicular to as 10.46 and 13.81 mm, respectively (Table I). The maximum
window plane, the fourth mirror is inclined by 27.2° toward surface deformation level for the four mirrors are obtained as
the axis of mode launcher [Fig. 3(a)]. After the alignment 3.1 × 10−5λ (mirror #1), 2.5 × 10−5 λ (mirror #2), 4.1 × 10−5λ
of smooth mirrors, the Gaussian fit at the window plane is (mirror #3), and 1.1 × 10−5 λ (mirror #4) after 18 iterations.
found to be 94.4% and beam widths in x- and z-directions are The Gaussian fit is found to be improved up to 99.1% outside
8.88 and 13.67 mm, respectively (Table I) [Fig. 3(b)]. (y = 135 mm) the RF window and the quality of RF beam is
The mirrors are synthesized to improve the energy conserva- maintained in the further propagation. One may now observe
tion and the Gaussian fit, and to minimize astigmatism of the that the Gaussian fit of the RF beam obtained at window plane
RF beam radiated out from the gyrotron window (Fig. 4). The is improved by 1.9% as compared to the RF beam radiated out
energy conservation and the Gaussian fit at the window plane from the mode launcher, at the cost of 2% reduction in the
are obtained as 96% and 98.9%, respectively, after synthesis of energy conservation. Moreover, the significant improvement,
the mirrors [Fig. 4(b)]. Thus, one may note that synthesizing 46° in x-direction and 6.18° in z-direction, in divergence of
a set of four toroidal mirrors with a Denisov-type launcher the RF beam are achieved (Table I).
predicts 1% better Gaussian fit at the window plane than that In Table I, one may compare stage II against stage I for
reported [8] with a set of four nonsynthesized mirrors: one examining the effect of the synthesis of the launcher, stage III
quasi-parabolic, two spherical, and one flat [8] in simulation. against stage I for addition of mirrors to the launcher, and
In this exercise of getting 98.9% of Gaussian fit and 96% of stage IV against stage III for synthesis of mirrors. The addition
energy conservation in the RF beam, definitely the relative of four nonsynthesized mirrors (stage III) to the synthesized
power levels for the satellite modes are not the same as their launcher (stage II) disturb the RF beam a little, therefore
ideal theoretical values (Section II). The deviation of Gaussian both the energy conversation and Gaussian fit reduce. This
fit and energy conservation from their ideal values may be exercise is required for guiding the RF beam to come out
understood due to the presence of some unwanted modes properly with minimum possible divergence through the RF
in the mode launcher. The beam divergence is also reduced window. The addition of four synthesized mirrors (stage IV)
considerably [Fig. 4(a)] to make the beam widths of output RF to the synthesized launcher (stage II) improves the Gaussian
beam at the window plane [Fig. 4(b)] in x- and z-directions fit by 1.9% at the rate of 1% reduction in energy conservation.
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R EFERENCES
[1] A. S. Gilmour, Klystrons, Traveling Wave Tubes, Magnetrons, Crossed-
Field Amplifiers, and Gyrotrons. Boston, MA, USA: Artech House,
2011. Shahana K. received the B.Tech. degree in elec-
[2] M. Thumm, State-of-the-Art of High Power Gyro-Devices and Free tronics and communication from Mahatma Gandhi
Electron Masers, Update 2015. Karlsruhe, Germany: KIT Scientific University, Kottayam, India, and the M.Tech. degree
Publishing, 2016. in optoelectronics and communication systems from
[3] G. S. Nusinovich, Introduction to the Physics of Gyrotrons. Baltimore, the Cochin University of Science and Technology,
MD, USA: The Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 2004. Cochin, India, in 2009 and 2012, respectively.
[4] C. J. Edgecombe, Ed., Gyrotron Oscillators: Their Principles and She is currently a Junior Research Fellow with the
Practice. London, U.K.: Taylor & Francis, 1993. Microwave Tube Research and Development Cen-
[5] W. Z. Wei, L. Hao, L. T. Ming, X. J. Hua, and L. J. Yin, “A quasi-optical ter, DRDO, Bengaluru, India. Her current research
mode launcher for 94 GHz, TE5,3 gyrotron,” J. Infr., Millim. Terahertz interests include the design of quasi-optical mode
Waves, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 430–435, Aug. 2014. converter for gyrotron.
This article has been accepted for inclusion in a future issue of this journal. Content is final as presented, with the exception of pagination.
Vishal Kesari received the M.Sc. degree in physics Rengaswamy Seshadri received the M.Sc. degree in
from Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, India, and the physics from Bharthidasan University, Trichy, India,
Ph.D. degree in electronics engineering) from the in 1985, the M.Tech. degree in microwave electron-
Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, ics from Delhi University, Delhi, India, in 2001, and
Varanasi, India, in 2001 and 2006, respectively. the Ph.D. degree in electronics engineering degree
He is a Scientist with the Microwave Tube from the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu
R&D Centre, DRDO, Bengaluru, India. His current University, Varanasi, India, in 2010.
research interests include microwave and millimeter- Since 1989, he has been a Scientist with the
wave vacuum electronic devices. He has authored a Microwave Tube Research and Development Cen-
book and numerous research papers in peer-reviewed ter, DRDO, Bengaluru, India. His current research
journals and conference proceedings. interests include the design and development of
microwave tubes and power modules.