S07 LP Turbine

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7. LP Turbine
Wheels and Bearings
Diaphragms
Packing
Head
LP Casing
LP Inner Casing
Packing Reheat Stop and

Double Shells Intercept Valves
Head
Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 1 / 53

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Nomenclature
Toshiba

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LP Turbine Structure

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Characteristics of LP Steam Turbines

 Longer blades
• 3D design
• Titanium blade
 Wet steam
• Lower efficiency caused by moisture loss
• Difficult to predict flow behavior
• Water droplet erosion
 Titanium blade
 Erosion shield (stellite), or flame hardening
 Vibration control
 Reduced axial distance
 Hard to develop a new model

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LP Steam Turbine
 The efficiency of modern HP and IP steam turbines can be predicted very accurately because it is mainly a
function of the flow losses in the blade (steam path).
 The flow losses have been established in systematic experiments in the fluid mechanics laboratories for all
geometric dimensions and flow conditions.
 The economic optimization (availability, efficiency, and capital cost) of the LP turbine design is not always so
successful.
 Wet steam and three-dimensional flow patterns make complete and accurate measurements difficult.
 The high costs of systematic tests with LP turbines have until now also prevented the accumulation of data
which would permit an accurate efficiency analysis of the LP turbine alternatives.
 In addition, the LP efficiency has hardly been indentified theoretically, so that an empirical evaluation based
on a few measuring points was all that was possible.
 Currently, this kind of problem has being solved with an aid of CFD techniques.
 However, the problem related to the wet steam is still vague because phase change can not be solved with
CFD techniques.
 In conclusion, in order to optimize the LP turbine, we have to rely on the experience of engineers who are
familiar with the complexity of the problem and can bridge the gaps with reasonable assumptions.

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LP Steam Turbine
 The LP turbine efficiency is greatly affected by exhaust loss.
 Double flow provides smaller annulus area at the LSB exit

plane, and it requires shorter LSB.
 The axial thrust is equalized by the double flow, therefore, no

dummy piston is required.

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LP Steam Inlet Design
Conventional inlet casing (Torous) Axial design
Radial-axial design Skoda - Doosan

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LP Steam Inlet Design
 Although the velocities are much lower in the inlets,

meaning that less performance is lost than in the
exhaust, some improvements can be made.
 Aside from the basic area rules of crossover to LP

inlet to 1st stage used to avoid acceleration, the LP
inlet shape can be designed to reduce pressure
drop.
 Figure shows a CFD analysis of an LP inlet before

and after aerodynamic optimization. The colors
represent areas of different velocity. (red is high,
blue is low)
Old Design New Design

Velocity magnitude contours (GE)

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Casing
 LP터빈은 입구부터 배기까지 온도차가 매우 크기 때문에 케이싱을
2중 구조로 제작하여 각각의 케이싱에서 발생하는 온도차를 적게하
여 케이싱의 열변형 방지.
 내부케이싱에는 노즐과 다이아프램(블레이드 링) 장착.
 외부케이싱은 LP터빈 외형 형성.
 외부케이싱 외부는 대기압, 내부는 복수기 진공압력이 작용하기 때

문에 외부케이싱에는 약 500톤의 진공하중 작용. 외부케이싱은 진
공하중 이외에 내부케이싱 중량과 약 150톤 정도의 외부케이싱 자
중 작용. 따라서 외부케이싱은 이들 하중에 견딜 수 있도록 강도와
강성을 확보하기 위하여 내부 여러 곳에 지지대와 리브 설치.
 외부케이싱 상부에는 동판으로 제작된 대기방출판(atmospheric

relief diaphragm, or breakable diaphragm, or rupture disc) 설치.
 대기방출판은 증기터빈 안전장치로서 복수기에 냉각수 공급이 정지

하거나 어떤 다른 원인에 의해서 LP exhaust hood 압력이 대기압
보다 높은 압력(130~140 kPa)으로 올라가면 외부케이싱 외부로 증
기압력이 작용하여 동판이 칼날에 의해 절단되면서 증기를 외부로
방출시켜 LP exhaust hood 및 복수기 파손 방지.
 만약 운전 중에 배압이 상승하면 경보가 울리며, 계속해서 상승하면

low vacuum trip이 작동하여 증기터빈을 트립시켜 LP exhaust
hood와 복수기를 보호하지만 그 이상으로 올라가면 최종적으로 대
기방출판이 절단되면서 증기터빈 보호.
Inner Casing (GE)
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Casing
LP Turbine (Siemens) LP Turbine Inner Casing (Siemens)

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Casing
 A push rod concept permits parallel axial thermal expansion of LP rotor and inner casing.
 This reduces clearances between rotor and casing and improves the efficiency.
SST5-6000 Steam
Turbine (Siemens)

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LP Exhaust Hood
Siemens
 LP exhaust hood is a transition structure Inner Casing

between the LSB exit and the condenser. Collector
Steam
Outer Casing Guide
 It consists of a steam guide, bearing cone,
butterfly vane, outer casing, end wall, and End
Bearing Wall
various plates.
Cone
 It changes the direction of the steam flow

exiting LSB plane from axial to radial in
the case of downward flow LP exhaust
hood.
 It supports the main components of LP LSB

turbine, such as inner casing, diaphragms, Steam Flow
bearings etc.
Condenser Flange

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LP Exhaust Hood
Configuration GE
GE
Butterfly vane Bearing cone

Horizontal joints Side plates
Flow plate
Radial
plates
Steam guide
Inner casing Transverse plates Central plate

Front wall

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LP Exhaust Hood
1) Axial Flow Exhaust
 It is generally employed for small industrial steam turbines.
 The steam exiting LSB enters condenser in axial direction.
 The flow distribution is uniform on LSB exit plane along the circumferential direction.
 It has a lower exhaust loss than downward flow LP exhaust hood.
 It requires a larger plant area than downward flow LP exhaust hood.
SST-800 (Siemens) SST-600 (Siemens)

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Type of LP Exhaust Hood

2) Downward Flow Exhaust
 It is generally employed for large steam turbines.
 It has a higher exhaust loss than axial flow LP exhaust hood because of the change of flow direction from
axial to radial, and then downward finally.
 It requires a smaller plant area than axial flow LP exhaust hood.

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LP Exhaust Hood
3 Major Functions
 It acts as a diffuser to provide static pressure recovery.

 The LP exhaust hood must be aerodynamically designed such that it provides a minimal
obstruction to the steam flow from the LSB exit plane to the condenser to minimize loss of
energy.
 Pressure loss of 1 in.Hg in a LP exhaust hood can result in a 1% increase in plant overall
heat rate.
 It is a supporting structure for the LP rotor bearings.

 Typically, the LP bearings are supported in a cone shaped structure overhung into the
hood at the end walls
 This arrangement is used to minimize the rotor span, and thus minimize rotor bending
from the gravitational force and to optimize critical speeds of the rotor
 It supports the weight of the inner casing and diaphragms and must provides
precise positioning of the inner casing, diaphragms, bearing and packing.

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LP Exhaust Hood
Function
Extremely low back pressure
Large volumetric flow rate of working fluid
Large annular flow area High turbine exit velocity

• Faced with strength limit because of • Increased leaving loss because of high
Increased active length of blade turbine exit velocity
• Increased capital cost • Required advanced LP exhaust hoods
High kinetic energy leaving LSB

The function of LP exhaust hood
Pressure recovery
• Increased turbine output
• Decreased cycle heat rate

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Flow Behaviors in LP Exhaust Hood
 

 

  
 
 
 LSB annulus plane;  Bearing cone;  Steam guide;  Collector

 Inner casing;  Outer casing;  Condenser flange;  End wall
 Flow is highly three-dimensional LP exhaust hood is one of the few

 Geometry is extremely complex steam turbine components having the
 Hard to model parametrically potential to be improved
 Many potential design parameters

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Losses of Turbine Components

600 MW Reheat Steam Turbine Siemens
Steam Turbine Efficiency

1970 87%
1990 90%
HP Turbine IP Turbine LP Turbine
① Valve and admission

② Profile
%
③ Shaft & inter-stage seal
2.0 ④
Component Losses Related
Extraction & exhaust

⑤ Reheat pressure
to Turbine Output
⑥ X-over pressure
⑦ Moisture
⑧ Mechanical
1.0
              

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A Typical USC Steam Turbine

GE

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Steam Path Lines in a LP Exhaust Hood

500 MW Steam Turbine [Example]
(a) Started from LSB hub (b) Started from LSB pitch (c) Started from LSB tip

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Flow Behavior in a LP Exhaust Hood

500 MW Steam Turbine [Example]
1) Flow distribution should be improved because

of the flow concentration on the end wall makes
the exhaust loss get higher and the flow
distribution on the LSB annulus plane get
worse.
2) Exhaust loss is very high because of old style

of steam guide. This type of steam guide has
never been used recently in the design of
advanced steam turbines.
3) The strength of the swirl flow at collector is so

strong that contributes higher exhaust loss.

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Condenser Flange
[ Velocity Vectors in a LP Exhaust Hood ]

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Flow Behavior in a LSB Exit Plane
(a) Newly Designed LP Exhaust Hood (a) Conventional 500 MW Steam Turbine
[ Velocity Vectors on the LSB Exit Plane ]

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Coanda Effect
 Steam guide 벽면으로의 유동 부착 및 집중

 방향전환 mechanism (axial  radial)

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1.50 1.5
Conventional Design 1.25 Improved Design

1.00 1.0


0.50 


E D C B A
0.00
V2


-0.50 0.5 

0.75 A B CD E 
-1.00
-1.50
[ Normalized
-1.50 Velocity
-1.00 -0.50Magnitude
0.00 on0.50
the LSB Exit Plane
1.00 1.50 ]
V1
1) Discuss the flow behavior on the LSB exit plane in terms of power output.
2) LP turbine vibration can be improved?

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Some Issues

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Some Issues

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Some Issues
GEA18786 (June/2011)
207D-17
Steam Turbine
109D-14
Steam Turbine

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LP Rotor Shaft
 블레이드가 장착되어 있는 로터축은 LP터빈 전체 가
격의 약 40% 차지.
 로터축 가격은 허브 지름에 의해서 결정. 로터축 가격

을 낮추기 위하여 허브 지름을 줄이면 버켓 단 수와 로
터축 길이 증가 (h  U2). 로터축이 가늘고 길어지면
회전체 동력학 측면에서 설계 어려움. 아울러 로터축
이 길어지면 터빈빌딩이 커지기 때문에 발전소 건설비
용 증가.
 단 수와 허브 지름은 LP터빈 구성과 로터축 설계를 결

정하는 가장 중요한 요소.
Shrunk-on rotor
Monoblock rotor
Welded rotor
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LP Rotor Shaft
 열박음 로터축(shrunk-on rotor)
• 초대형 잉곳을 확보하기 어려울 때 사용.
• 지름이 작은 로터축을 제작한 후에 휠 디스크를 제작하여 열박음 통하여 일체화.
• 제작이 쉬운 반면에 기동정지 시에 불안정한 진동이 발생하기 쉬우며, 휠 디스크에 응력부식균열이 발생
하는 단점 보유.
• 최근에는 거의 채택하지 않고 있음.
 일체형 로터축(monoblock rotor)
• 최근 제강기술이 발달하여 가공중량 200톤 정도의 일체형 로터축 제작
• 열박음 로터축에 비해 강도가 한층 높으며, 응력부식균열이 나타나지 않기 때문에 신뢰성이 높음.
• 열박음 로터축에 비해 제작에 많은 시간이 소요.
• 국내 화력발전 LP터빈 로터축은 모두 일체형이며, 원자력발전은 영광 5.6호기와 울진 5.6호기부터 모두
일체형으로 설계.
 용접 로터축(welded rotor)
• 원자력발전과 같은 대형 LP터빈에 사용. 현재는 용접기술과 열처리기술이 발달하여 몇 개의 로터를 용접
으로 연결하여 하나의 로터축으로 제작한 용접 로터축 많이 사용.
• 가격이 상대적으로 저렴한 작은 잉곳 여러 개를 이용하기 때문에 전체적으로 가격 저렴.
• 제작단계에서 재료결함 검사가 용이하기 때문에 신뢰성 우수. 일반적으로 로터축 내부 빈 공간은 부식 방
지를 위해 진공 유지.
• 두 가지 이상의 서로 다른 재료를 용접하여 사용할 수 있기 때문에 로터축 온도분포에 따른 최적의 로터축
제작. 초임계압 발전에서 나타나는 고온부식을 줄이기 위해 전통적으로 사용하던 CrMoV에 9Cr과 12Cr강
을 용접하여 사용.

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Last Stage Blade [1/14]

LSB Features
1) LSB는 LP터빈 형상을 결정하는 중요한 요소이다.
2) LSB 길이는 사이트 대기조건과 응축계통에 의해서 가장 큰 영향을 받는다.
3) LSB가 길어질수록 배기손실이 감소하여 증기터빈 성능이 향상된다. 그러나 동일한 출력을 가지는 증기터빈
의 경우 LSB가 길어질수록 제작비가 증가한다.
4) LSB는 큰 출력을 생산한다. 일반적으로 대형 화력발전의 경우 LSB는 증기터빈 전체 출력 가운데 약 10%를

생산한다. 복합발전의 경우에는 증기터빈 출력의 15~17% 정도가 LSB에서 생산된다.
5) LSB가 길어지면 큰 회전속도가 나타나는 LSB 팁 부위에서 초음속유동이 발생한다. 따라서 길이가 긴 LSB
팁 부위 날개형상은 초음속유동에 적합한 수축-확산노즐 형태를 가진다.
6) LSB는 습증기 영역에서 운전되며, 큰 회전속도를 가지는 팁 부위에서는 물방울과 큰 속도로 충돌하기 때문
에 습분침식이 발생한다. 따라서 대부분의 LSB는 화염 경화나 방식막 부착 등을 통해서 습분침식에 대비하
고 있다.
7) LSB에는 큰 인장응력이 발생한다. 최근에는 인장응력을 이겨내기 위해서 티타늄합금을 이용하여 LSB를 제
작하고 있다. 티타늄합금은 습분침식과 부식 저항성이 우수하기 때문에 LSB 재료로 많이 사용되고 있다. 그
러나 티타늄합금은 가공성이 불량하기 때문에 LSB 가격이 비싸진다.
8) LSB는 길어질수록 고유진동수가 작아지기 때문에 진동특성이 나빠진다.

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57 inch 69 inch 75 inch

1.45 m 1.75 m 1.9 m
[ A typical LSB for Fossil Power Plants ] [ Typical LSBs for Nuclear Power Plants ]

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 Each LP turbine is characterized by its outlet area.
Sout = dp2(h/dp)
where, dp = pitch diameter of LSB, h = active
length of blade)
 If the hub diameter and thus the pitch diameter of

LSB is reduced, the blade length/diameter ratio
h
must be increased.
 However, h/dp is a parameter which greatly

influences the three-dimensional flow in the last
stage. Today’s customary values lie between 0.3
dp
and 0.35, and may reach 0.38 in extreme cases.
 The larger the h/dp, the harder the sound

aerodynamical design of the blade.
 An increase in the h/dp for a fixed outlet area leads

to longer LSB.
 The risk of blade vibration increases with blade

length because the natural frequencies of the blade
decrease as the blade length increases.

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Turbine Output and Annular Exhaust Area
 45 LSB results in a 28% increase in annulus area over that of the 40 LSB.
 Longer LSB provides reduced leaving velocity, which results in low exhaust losses and improved heat rate.
 Increasing the turbine exhaust annular area gives increased capacity and turbine efficiency, but it increases
turbine size and capital and construction costs.
 Increasing the LSB length is restricted by centrifugal stresses in blades, and the number of LP flows and LP
cylinders cannot be too great because of the total turbine length.
 A way to reduce the centrifugal loads and make the longer LSB is to use titanium materials, which is lighter
and stronger than steel.
 Longer blades are more expensive than shorter ones because they have a better resistance to water droplet
erosion.
 The longer the blades, the harder vibration control of blades because of lower natural frequency.
 A cylinder with too long a rotor has to be designed with increased radial clearances in its steam path
because of weight bowing of the rotor and danger of its increased vibration.

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Mach Number Distribution
32-LSB/3600rpm (Siemens)

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LSB Tip Profile [GE]
Blade Overlap
Supersonic Converging-Diverging Nozzle
Blade Overlap
Supersonic Converging-Diverging Nozzle

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Siemens
 The convergent-divergent LSB gives higher efficiency than
conventional LSB for higher discharge velocities of Mach
number of 1.4 in the tip section
 However, the LSB having flat profile becomes more efficient

below a Mach number of 1.4
 Therefore, it should be investigated flow behaviors at the tip

region of LSB during part load operation and changed back
pressure
 It was found that, with reduced volumetric flow in the last stage
blade, the steam moves towards tip section, Thus, when the
overall volumetric flow is decreased, the flow distribution over
the blade length changes, resulting in a much larger reduction
of flow in the hub section and little change at the tip section
 Typically, discharge velocity at the tip of LSB does not drop [ Free standing LSB (Siemens) ]
below a Mach number of 1.3, which justifies the application of
the convergent-divergent profile under typically changing
operating conditions of power plants

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Advanced LSB Nozzle
[ 40 L-0 Nozzle Assembly ]

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Advanced LSB Nozzle
 Both tangential and axial lean are applied to the L-0 nozzle.
 Compound tangential lean is utilized to impart an inward radial force on the flow – forcing more flow into the
hub region and increasing the pressure.
 Combined with the flow path contouring the L-0 nozzle lean reduces the radial pressure gradient at the
nozzle exit, raises the root reaction.
 Axial lean is used to control the nozzle to bucket spacing while minimizing the potential for erosion.
 An increased nozzle to bucket distance near the tip reduces the possibility of nozzle induced stimulus, which
results in a more robust mechanical design.
 Advanced LSB nozzle not only reduces losses within its boundaries, but also optimizes the flow conditions
for the following moving blades.
 The advanced forward curved and twisted blade provides an optimal flow distribution with increased flow at
the hub avoiding flow separation, and reduced flow at the moving blade tip for minimizing boundary losses.
 The best performing center section of moving blade receives an increased mass flow.
 The follow stationary blade is ideally suited to form a thick profile at the outer diameter and to provide suction
slots for moisture removal.

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Advanced LSB Nozzle

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Flutter of Turbine Blades
Nozzle
 During the low load and high exhaust
pressure, random vibration or stall C1,design
flutter occurs in last stage blades of W1,design
LP turbine.
W1,off C1,off
 In such condition the steam inlet flow W1,design
angle is larger than normal resulting U
W1,off
in negative angle of attack.
Stall
 As a result of large negative angle at U = Wheel speed
the inlet to the blade, steam flow C1 = Absolute velocity
separation causes the blades to W1 = Relative velocity
vibrate in stall flutter.
Bucket
Steam flow during low load and high exhaust

pressure operation

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Flutter of Turbine Blades
 The structural instability is due to the interaction between the unsteady aerodynamics and the structural
dynamics of the blades.
 In the power generation industry, there is a drive to increasingly large exhaust areas of low-pressure steam
turbines, leading to longer blades.
 Under this condition, design of turbine blades is more likely to react to the effects of dynamic loading due to
unsteady aerodynamics.
 The last stage blades, that contribute approximately 10% of the overall output of a modern power plant are
surrounded by hostile aerodynamic environment due to the transonic and droplet laden flow.
 The longest blades of the last row in a LP turbine are always tapered and twisted to accommodate the
demands of mechanical integrity and aerodynamic performance.
 The tip section of freestanding blades in the last row is more flexible, thus it is difficult to control tip vibration
and its susceptibility to flutter.
 Continuously coupled blade row has greater stiffness that helps to resist vibration and bending forces.

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Flutter of Turbine Blades - Sources of Blade Excitation
① Harmonic excitation
• Time dependent periodic fluctuating flow
• By design practice all the long blades are tuned so as to avoid due to harmonic excitation
② Random or broadband excitation
• This is primarily due to temporal unsteadiness of the flow over the stationary blades.
• Sudden changes in the flow path and steam extraction have been observed to initiate flutter in the
blade
③ Self excitation
• It does not need external excitation, but excitation is internally generated.
• Stall flutter, usually occurred during low load operation and high exhaust pressure, belongs to this.

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Cold-end Optimization [1/4]
 The kinetic energy of the steam leaving the LSB exit plane is
assumed to be almost completely lost.
 The exhaust volume flow (m   ) is fixed approximately by the 1

turbine power output and the condenser conditions.
 Hence for a given volume flow, this lost kinetic energy will
depend only upon exhaust area.
7
 It becomes a matter of economic optimization to select the
optimum exhaust area and therefore the active length of the 8 2
LSB. This process is known as cold-end optimization.
 For cold-end optimization, the LP turbine, condenser, lowest 6 3

4
LP feedwater heater, and the cooling water system are taken 5
into consideration.
 For this optimization, the condenser pressure cannot be 1. LP Turbine 2. Condenser

3. Cooling water pump
chosen freely because climatic conditions, such as air
4. Main condensate control valve
temperature, humidity, and cooling water temperature, may 5. Condensate pump 6. LP Feed water heater 1
limit the choice of the pressure. 7. Cooling tower 8. Extracted steam
 But, within the given limits, the investigation will provide the [ Fluid Flow in LP Turbines ]
economic optimum.

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Effect of Condenser Pressure [1/3]
h
1 Output  m
  h
h
ho p2
p2
2 
m2
EL
p2

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Siemens
18
 The kinetic energy of the steam 16 6F32"
leaving the LSB exit plane
increases as the condenser 14
pressure decreases.
Power Gain, MW
12
4F38"
10
 However, at a certain condenser Choking
8
pressure, the choking condition is 4F32"
reached at the last stage. 6
4
4F30"
 Any further decrease of the 2
condenser pressure increases
exhaust losses, h remaining 0
unchanged.
0.5 1.0 1.5 1.76 2.0 in.Hga
0 2 12 16 19 C
Cooling Water Inlet Temperature

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 h increases as the condenser pressure decreases, but the temperature of the condensate at the inlet to the
lowest LP feedwater heater falls.
 In this case, the extracted steam flow rate increases, and the steam flow through LSB will decreases at the
same time.
 The selected condenser pressure will determine a set of parameters including turbine output, cost of
components and operating costs.
 For given climatic conditions, the condenser pressure can be lowered only by taking measures which
increase the cost of the plant and the cooling system, for example by increasing cooling water flow and
condenser heat transfer surface.
 Similarly, the added thermal resistance of dry or wet cooling tower will generally require increased condenser
size and result in a higher optimum condenser pressure.

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Frequency Control – Condensate Throttling [1/3]
 Modified sliding pressure operation uses control valve reserve so the valves are slightly closed at 90% to
95% and some boiler stored energy can respond more quickly to rapid load change near full load.
 Condensate throttling is applied when the grid frequency is decreased greatly.
 If the grid frequency requires high power demand and the unit is in modified sliding pressure
operation(hybrid operation), the turbine control valve is opened to raise the load (except if the valves are fully
opened already).
 Simultaneously the main condensate control valve is throttled to a calculated position allowing a reduced
condensate mass flow passing through the LP feedwater heaters.
 Considering a certain time respond, the extraction steam mass flow of the LP feedwater heater and the
deaerator / feedwater tank are reduced.
 The surplus steam remains in the turbine and generates additional power.
 The resulting load increase depends on the amount of pre-set throttling of main control valve of the turbine,
the throttling of the main condensate control valve and the actual unit load.
 By means of additional fast acting valves in the regarding extraction steam lines the response time behavior
can be optimized.
 This condensate throttling serves as compensator for the transient time behavior of the boiler.

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 The accumulated condensate is stored in the condenser hotwell or a separate condensate collecting tank.
 Parallel to the above mentioned measures the firing rate of the boiler is increased to meet the load
requirements.
 The feeding of the boiler is continued and increased.
 Thus, the level of the feedwater storage tank is decreased accordingly.
 During this time the condensate flow reduction is gradually released and has reached steady state condition
again.
 Refilling of the feedwater storage tank is initiated by releasing the condensate control valve to control the
level of the hotwell or condensate collecting tank.
 The maximum allowable condensate mass flow is monitored and the refill flow is limited to a maximum value.
 Due to the increased condensate flow through the LP feedwater heaters and into the deaerator, the steam
extraction from the affected turbine extractions is increased.
 The generator output decreases correspondingly.
 To compensate this influence the boiler-firing rate is increased.
 However, the maximum allowable superheater outlet flow is limited to 100% BMCR(Boiler Maximum
Continuous Rating)

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• Today, modern power plants are operated in natural

100 sliding pressure mode or modified sliding pressure mode. Fixed Pressure Mode
• Primary electrical power response (additional
electrical power within seconds) is produced by
condensate throttling.
75
Main Steam Pressure, %
50
Fixed Pressure Mode
25
• At a certain part load, the control valves can to be
throttled to improve the primary response capacity
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Steam Turbine Load, %

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질의 및 응답
작성자: 이 병 은 (공학박사)
작성일: 2015.02.11 (Ver.5)
연락처: ebyeong@daum.net
Mobile: 010-3122-2262
저서: 실무 발전설비 열역학/증기터빈 열유체기술

S07 LP Turbine

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Packing Reheat Stop and

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 1 / 53

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 2 / 53

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 3 / 53

Characteristics of LP Steam Turbines

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 4 / 53

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 5 / 53

 The LP turbine efficiency is greatly affected by exhaust loss.

 Double flow provides smaller annulus area at the LSB exit

 The axial thrust is equalized by the double flow, therefore, no

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 6 / 53

LP Steam Inlet Design

Conventional inlet casing (Torous) Axial design

Radial-axial design Skoda - Doosan

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 7 / 53

LP Steam Inlet Design

 Although the velocities are much lower in the inlets,

 Aside from the basic area rules of crossover to LP

 Figure shows a CFD analysis of an LP inlet before

Old Design New Design

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 8 / 53

 내부케이싱에는 노즐과 다이아프램(블레이드 링) 장착.

 외부케이싱은 LP터빈 외형 형성.

 외부케이싱 외부는 대기압, 내부는 복수기 진공압력이 작용하기 때

 외부케이싱 상부에는 동판으로 제작된 대기방출판(atmospheric

 대기방출판은 증기터빈 안전장치로서 복수기에 냉각수 공급이 정지

 만약 운전 중에 배압이 상승하면 경보가 울리며, 계속해서 상승하면

LP Turbine (Siemens) LP Turbine Inner Casing (Siemens)

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 10 / 53

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 11 / 53

 LP exhaust hood is a transition structure Inner Casing

 It changes the direction of the steam flow

 It supports the main components of LP LSB

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 12 / 53

Butterfly vane Bearing cone

Inner casing Transverse plates Central plate

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 13 / 53

 It is generally employed for small industrial steam turbines.

 The steam exiting LSB enters condenser in axial direction.

 It has a lower exhaust loss than downward flow LP exhaust hood.

 It requires a larger plant area than downward flow LP exhaust hood.

SST-800 (Siemens) SST-600 (Siemens)

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 14 / 53

Type of LP Exhaust Hood

 It is generally employed for large steam turbines.

 It requires a smaller plant area than axial flow LP exhaust hood.

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 15 / 53

 It acts as a diffuser to provide static pressure recovery.

 It is a supporting structure for the LP rotor bearings.

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 16 / 53

Extremely low back pressure

Large volumetric flow rate of working fluid

Large annular flow area High turbine exit velocity

• Increased capital cost • Required advanced LP exhaust hoods

High kinetic energy leaving LSB

• Decreased cycle heat rate

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 17 / 53

Flow Behaviors in LP Exhaust Hood

 LSB annulus plane;  Bearing cone;  Steam guide;  Collector

 Flow is highly three-dimensional LP exhaust hood is one of the few

Steam Turbine 7. LP Turbine 18 / 53

Losses of Turbine Components

Steam Turbine Efficiency