Lesson 5 & 6

Grammar Explanation :

1. V~masu

A verb with masu works as a predicate.

masu make a sentence polite

Ex. Watashi wa mainichi benkyou shimasu ( I study every day )

V- masu / V – masen / V- mashita / V – masen deshita

Masu is used whwn a sentence expresses a habitual thing or a truth.

It is also used whwn a sentence expresses a thing that will occur in the future.
The negative form in the past tense are shown in the table below.

non-past (future/present) Past

affirmative (oki) masu (oki) mashita

negative (oki) masen (oki) masen deshita

Ex. Maiasa 6 ji ni okimasu I get up at six every morning

Ashita 6 ji ni okimasu I’will get up at six tomorrow

Kesa 6 ji ni okimashita I got up at six this morning

Question form :

Ex. Kinou benkyou shimashita ka Did you study yesterday ?

...hai, benkyou shimashita ....Yes, I did.

...iie, benkyou shimasen deshita .....No, I didn’t.

Maiasa nan ji ni okimasu ka What time do you get up every morning

N ( time ) ni V

When a verb denotes a momentary action or movement, the time whwn it occurs is marked
with the particle ni. ni is added whwn the noun before it uses a numeral.

Ex. 6 ji han ni okimasu I get up at six thirty.

Nichiyoubi KL he ikimasu I’m going to KL on Sunday.

Kinou bengkyoushimashita I studied yesterday.

N kara N made

kara indicates the starting time or place, and made indicates the finishing time or place.

Ex. 9 ji kara 5 ji made hatarakimasu I work from nine to five.

kara and made are not always used togetger

Ex. 9 ji kara hatarakimasu I work from nine.

~ kara, ~ made or ~ kara ~ made is sometimes used with desu added directly after either.

Ex. Ginkou wa 9 ji kara 3 ji made desu The bank is open from nine to three.

Hiruyasumi wa 12 ji kara desu Lunchtime starts at twelve.

N to N

The particle to connect two nouns in coordinate relation.

Ex. Ginkou no yasumi wa doyoubi to nichiyoubi desu.

The bank is closed on Saturdays and Sundays.

Lesson 7

Grammar explanation

N ( place ) he ikimasu / kimasu / kaerimasu

When a verb indicates movement to a certain palce, the particle he is put after the place noun
to show the direction of the move.

Ex. Kyouto he ikimasu I will go to Kyouto

Nihon he kimashita I came to Japan

Uchi he kaerimasu I will go home

N ( vehicle ) de ikimasu / kimasu / kaerimasu

The particle de indicates a means or a method. When verbs denoting movement

( ikimasu , kimasu , kaerimasu ) are used de, de indicates a means of transportation.
The noun preceding de is a vehicle in this case.

Ex. Densha de ikimasu I’will go by train.

Takushii de kimashita I came by taxi.

When you walk somewhere, you use the expression aruite. In this case de is not used.

Ex. Aruite toshokan he ikimashita I went to Library on foot.( I walked to library )

N ( person / animal ) to N

When you do something with a person ( or a animal ), the person (or the animal )
Is marked with the particle to.

Ex. Kazoku to nihon he kimashita I came to Japan with my family.

If you do something alone, the expression hitori de is used. In this case, to is not used.

Ex. Hitori de Kl he ikimasu I will go to KL alone.

Lesson 8

Grammar Explanation

N wo V (transitive)

Wo is used to indicate the direct object of a transitive verb.

Ex. Juusu wo nomimasu I drink juice

N wo shimasu

The words used as the objects of the verb shimasu cover a fairly wide renge.
Shimasu means that the action denoted by the noun is performed. Some examples
are shown below.

1) to “play” sports or game

Sakka wo shimasu play football

Toranpu wo shimasu play cards

2) to “hold” gatherings

Paatii wo shimasu give a party

Kaigi wo shimasu hold a meeting

3) to “do” something

Shukudai wo shimasu do homework

Shigoto wo shimasu do one’s work

Nani wo shimasu ka

This is question to ask what someone does.

Ex. Getsuyoubi nani wo shimasu ka What will you do on Monday?

…kyouto he ikimasu … I’ll go to Kyoto.

Kino nani wo shimashita ka What did you do yesterday?

…Sakka wo shimashita I played football.

Nani wo kaimasu ka What will you buy?

N ( place ) de V

When added after a noun denoting a place, de indicates the place where an action occurs.

Ex. Eki de shinbun wo kaimasu. I buy the newspaper at the station.

V – masen ka

When you want to invite someone to do something, this expression is used.

Ex. Issho ni Kyouto he ikimasen ka. Won’t you come to Kyoto with us.
… ee, ii desu ne That’s nice idea.

V- mashou

This expresión is used when a speaker is positively inviting the listener to do something with
the speaker. It also used when responding positively to an invitation.

Ex. Chotto yasumimashou Let’s have a break.

Issho ni hirugohan wo tabemasenka Won’t you have lunch with us?

… ee, tabemashou …Yes let’s go and eat.