Solid → liquid: Intermolecular forces get weaker
Solids, Liquids, Gases
Melting/Freezing (aka Fusion): solid
Vaporization/Condensation: liquid
Sublimation/Deposition: solid
The number of Protons in the nucleus
Atomic Number
Liquid → gas: No more intermolecular forces → The Atom's Identity
The amount of energy required to heat 1kg of The Number of Nucleons (Protons + Neutrons)
a substance by 1°C at atom contains
Definitions Atomic Mass
Heat Capacity 1 Atomic Mass unit = 1/12th the mass of a
Units: J.g⁻¹.°C⁻¹
Carbon-12 nucleus
Q = c.m.ΔT
Same Atomic number but different Atomic Mass due to different number of
Isotopes
States of Matter Neutrons e.g. He-4 (2 protons, 2 electrons) VS He-3 (2 protons, 1 neutron)
Very high temperatures cause stripping of the
electron cloud resulting in equal numbers of
Plasma Negatively charged electron clouds orbit the
high energy anions and cations in a gas-like
positively charged nucleus
state
Rutherford's Model
The nucleons make up the vast majority of the
liquid
mass of the atom
gas Energy required to transform matter from one Electrons exist in fixed energy levels in a shell-
Latent Heat Atoms and Matter The Atom
state to another Bohr's Model and Energy Levels like orientation between which they jump
releasing quanta (packets) of energy
gas
Transfer of electrons between atoms with a
Metals to Non Metals: Ionic Bonds
large difference in electronegativities e.g. NaCl
The temperature at which all three phases of a
Triple Point
substance coincide
Sharing of electrons between atoms with a
small difference in electronegativity
The temperature above which a gaseous
substance cannot be liquefied by an increase
Critical Temperature
in pressure alone Natural electron fluctuations cause temporary
(no amount of pressure will liquefy it) Van Der Waals
dipole-like states which attract each other
Chemical Bonding Non-Metals to Non-Metals: Covalent Bonds
The pressure at the critical temperature Critical Pressure Intermolecular Forces
Hydrogen bonds to an atom with significant
Phase Diagrams electronegativity causing it to become positively
Hydrogen Bonding
charged whilst the opposite happens to the other
A vapor is any substance that exists in gaseous
end of the molecule.
phase below the critical temperature (implying
that it can be liquefied by an increase in pressure)
Gas VS Vapor Electrostatic attraction between positive ions
Metals to Metals: Metallic Bonds
and delocalized outer electrons
All vapors are gases but not all gases are
vapors e.g. Gases above the critical point