G = CONTENTS. air handling apparatus ¢ SYSTEM DESIGN MANUAL air duct design This part of the System Design Manval presents data and examples to guide the room air distribution engineer in practical design and layout of sir handling equipment, ductwork and ie distribution components, The text of this manual is offered as @ general guide for the use of industry and of consulting engineers in designing systems. Judgment is requied for application to epe- cific installations, and Cartier is not respon. sible for any of the uses made of this text srtier Corporetion 1960 hth Printing 1968 inch Printing 1971 j sath Printing 1974 (5103081 ‘Ais Conditioning Company j24 CHAPTER 1. AIR HANDLING APPARATUS ‘This chapter describes the location and layout of air handling apparatus from the outdoor air intake thru the fan discharge on a standard air condition. ing system. Construction details are also included for convenience. Air handling apparatus can be of three types (1) built-up apparatus where the casing for the con- ditioning equipment is fabricated and installed at or near the job site; (2) fan coil equipment that is manufactured and shipped to the job site, either completely or partially assembled; and (8) self-con. tained equipment which is shipped to the job site completely assembled, ‘This chapter is primarily concerned with built-up, apparatus; fan coil and self-contained equipment are discussed in Part 6. In addition to the buileup apparatus, items such as outdoor air louvers, damp: crs, and fan discharge connections are also discussed. in this chapter, These items are applied to all types of apparatus Equipment location and equipment layout must be carefully studied when designing air handling apparatus, These two items are discussed in detail in the following pages. LOCATION The location of the air handling apparatus di- rectly influences the economic and sound level aspects of any system. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATION The air handling apparatus should be centrally Jocated to obtain a minimum-fxst-cost system. In a few instances, however, it may be necessary to locate the apparatus, refrigeration machine, and cooling tower in one area, to achieve optimum system cost When the three components are grouped in one location, the cost of extra ductwork is offset by the reduced piping cost, In addition, when the complete system becomes large enough to require more than cone refrigeration machine, grouping the mechanical ‘equipment on more than one floor becomes prac tical, This design is often used in large buildings. The upper floor equipment handles approximately the top 20 to 80 floors, and the lower floor equip: ment is used for the lower 20 to 30 floors. ED contain comoany Occasionally a system is designed requiring a ‘grouping of several units in one location, and the use of a single unit in a remote location. This eondi- tion should be carefully studied co obtain the op- timum coil selection-versus piping cost for the re- motely located unit, Often, the cost of extra coil surface is more than offset by the lower pipe cost for the smaller water quantity resulting when the extra surface coil is used. SOUND LEVEL CONSIDERATIONS It is extremely important to locate the air han: dling apparatus in areas where reasonable sound levels can be tolerated. Locating apparatus in the conditioned space or adjacent to areas such as con- ference rooms, sleeping quarters and broadcasting studios is not recommended. The following items point up the conditions that are usually created by improper location; these conditions can be elimi: nated by careful planning when making the initial placement of equipment: 1. The cost of correcting a sound or vibration problem after installation is much more than than the original cost of preventing it. 2. It may be impossible to completely correct the sound level, once the job is installed. 3. The owner may not be convinced even after the trouble has been corrected. ‘The following practices are recommended to help, avoid sound problems for equipment rooms located (on upper floors. 1. In new construction, locate the steel floor framing to match equipment supports designed for weights, reactions and speeds to be used. ‘This transfers the loads to the building columns. 2, In existing buildings, use of existing floor slabs should be avoided. Floor deflection can, at times, magnify vibration in the building struc: ture. Supplemental steel framing is often neces. sary to avoid this problem. 8. Equtipment rooms adjacent to occupied spaces should be acoustically treated 4. In apartments, hotels, hospitals and similar buildings, non-bearing partition walls should be separated at the floor and ceilings adjoining ‘occupied spaces by resilient materials to avoid transmission of noise vibration,22 PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION 5. Bearing walls adjacent to equipment rooms should be acoustically treated on the occupied side of the wall. Layout Package equipment is usually factory shipped with all of the major equipment elements in one unit, With this arrangement, the installation can be completed by merely connecting the ductwork and assembling and installing the accessories. In a central station system, however, a complete, workable and pleasing layout must be made of all ‘major components. This involves considerations usually not present in the unitary equipment in- stallation. ‘The shape and cross-sectional area of the air han- dling equipment are the factors that determine the dimensions of the layout. The dehumidifier assem- bly or the air cleaning equipment usually dictates the overall shape and dimensions. A superior air handling system design has a regular shape. A typi- ‘eal apparatus is shown in Fig. J. The shape shown allows for a saving in sheet metal fabrication time and, therefore, is considered to be better industrial design. Its clean lines give a more workmanlike appearance. From a functional standpoint, an ir- regular shaped casing tends to cause air stratifica- tion and irregular flow patterns. ‘The most importart rule in locating the equip. ment for the air handling apparatus is to arrange the equipment along a center line for the best air flow conditions, This arrangement keeps plenum pressure losses toa minimum, and is illustrated in Fig. 1. Tim) 4 ea Ne wee er cue ce 72h pra Brees aan Ee aN BH AT def el Tey it feat ° ai Aln ses EL, Fic, | — Tyricat Centar Stanion EquipmentCHAPTER 1. AIR HANDLING APPARATUS EQUIPMENT ‘This section describes available central station apparatus equipment and recommends suitable ap- plication of the various components. OUTDOOR AIR LOUVERS AND SCREEN Fig, 2 illustrates outdoor air louvers that minimize the entry of snow and water into the equipment, It is impossible to completely eliminate all moisture with vertical louvers, and this is usually not neces: sary. The screen is added to arrest most foreign 23 materials such as paper, trash and birds, Often the type of sercen required and the mesh are specified by codes, ‘The screen and louver is located sufficiently above the roof to minimize the pickup of roof dust and the probability of snow piling up and subsequently. entering the louver during winter operation. This height is determined by the annual snowfall. How- ever, a minimum of 25 feet is recommended for most areas. In some locations, doors are added outside the louver for closure during extreme in- | i gid at ‘Sone Position ge MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS Maximum Overall Height aug" Maximum Overall Width 35" Blades 22 US. gage stecl* Frame 18 US. gage stel* Screen 14" #16 wire mesh Screen Frame Vx xg” angle Braces 1x4" band iron ‘Equivalent strength aluminum may be substituted. SCREEN AND BRACES TOUVER WIDTH ] NUMBER] NUMBER Gay OF SCREENS} | OF BRACES 080 7 ° sta? 1 1 48-60) 2 1 61-95 2 2 Over 95 # equal length louvers “FScrcens over 60” high have center horizontal sifening braces of "x 1" x 44" angle {Braces spaced evenly on front and back of louver and tack welded to blade edges, Fic. 2 — Ourooor Air Louver axp ScREEN ED continents omy24 clement weather such as hurricanes and blizzards It is best to locate the outdoor air louver in such, a manner that cross contamination from exhaust fan to louver does not occur, specifically toilet and kitchen exhaust. In addition, the outdoor air intake is located to minimize pulling air over a long stretch. of roof since this increases the outdoor air load uring summer operation, Chart 1 is used to estimate the air pressure loss at various face velocities when the outdoor louvers ae constructed, as shown in Fi ‘There are occasions when outdoor air must be drawn into the apparatus thru the roof, One con- venient method of accomplishing this is shown in Fig. 3. The gooseneck arrangement shown in this figure is also useful for exhaust systems. LOUVER DAMPERS, ‘The louver damper is used for three important functions in the air handling apparatus: (1) to control and mix outdoor and return air; (2) to bypass heat transfer equipment; and (8) to control air quantities handled by the fan, ANGLE ALL anon) sovieo win on iatoenrene PART 2, AIR DISTRIBUTION Fig. 4 shows two damper blade arrangements. The single action damper is used in locations where the damper is either fully open or fully closed, A doubleacting damper is used where control of air flow is required. This arrangement is superior since the air flow is throttled more or less in. proportion to the blade position, whereas the single action type damper tends to divert the air and does little ‘or no throttling until the blades are nearly closed. Outdoor and return air dampers are located so that good mixing of the two air streams occurs. On. installations that operate 24 hours a day and arc located in a mild climate, the outdoor damper is, ‘occasionally omitted. With the fan operating and the damper fully closed, leakage cannot be completely eliminated. Chart 2 is used to approximate the leakage that occurs, based on an anticipated pressure difference across the closed damper Table 1 gives recommendations for various louver dampers according to function, application, veloci ties and type of action required NOTE: Supplemental wind bracing may be required on larger intakes Fic. 8 — Gooseneck Oursipe Air INTAKECHAPTER 1, AIR HANDLING APPARATUS 25 PRESSURE OIFFERENCE (1N.Wo) “hon 21° h tay Ie wi 36 fp fe ely Me en oo Cer TABLE 1—LOUVER DAMPERS FONCTION oR camo veloc LOCATION a tom) | sane Minimum Oadoor Air Venison ‘sooe0d | | | er tr dt conn ng rotor lt I | E. May be single eetng denper. Maximom Outdoor Air ermine wser “500800 Should be dovble acing when weed for Fesntonce ond balance trong ‘il Outdoor Air 00-800 Tingle ening damper may be wed, Fetera Ar Parmiible sytem 300-1200 Thay be Higher velocity with shor! return Fatntonee ond Balance {het and long eutdoor lt duct. Should dosble ccting damper Dehumiaer Face ‘Conta pace condone “00.800 Thovld equal crowectonal orea of debe mlaifer."Stould be e double ecing domper. DehomiaiforByposs ‘Sper balance 75002500 Should balance reutonce of debumidifer plus umidifer face domper. Should be double tng. eater Bp Balance 000.1500 Should bolance resstonee et beater. Should > | cae on Suction o Dachorge | ‘pelle doc oreo vanacrdut | Use dovble eating damper. or ocoted in Doe + hesommand velocity through o flly open damper. ED 1 coettning camryebtanance= ae wire rs | evaoe ‘STEEL ROD ‘CONNECTOR TRUNNION BAR hanne Links ctw eronze sax BEARING \ Sounerer ATTACHMENT HOLES ovate acting. PARTIALLY OPEN TT. | | ts | L FOR OBMPER WOTOR—~ LINKAGE Of QUAORANT SINGLE LOUVER DAMPER LAGE ‘secTI0N SECTION 8-8 MULTIPLE LOUVER DAMPER ASSEMBLY (FOR ASSEMBLY EXCEEDING MAXIMUM DIMENSIONS! BLADES Mosimum Overall Height 91y4" ay heat on oct Feeeie hoes yan oan ena ee eer a leet eae Page Greens Beretng ile eee ange 7 ee ce pean Fic. 4 — Louver Damrer ARRANCS# 1015 PART 2, AIR DISTRIBUTION BLADE LINKASE. (2nzOD Fon “snot acriNe ‘CLOSED 45° ANGLE HAT CHANNEL NUMBER (OF BLADES T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8CHAPTER 1. AIR HANDLING APPARATUS LEAF covnecToR b— stops wreRconvecring DIR ATTACHMENT HOLES SINGLE RELIEF DAMPER InteRconnectiNe HAT CHANEL, suave | spacer {washer 7s ence puate I cae Continuous. ReauieED AT CHANNEL, SF ie on mone MULTIPLE RELIEF OAMPER ASSEMBLY (FOR ASSENGLY EXCEEDING MAXIMUM DIMENSION) PRESSURE DROP MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS Seer reer nee eee Maximum Overall Height 914" FACE VELOCITY PRESSURE DROP Maximum Overall Width 40" (tom) (ud Maximum Blade Width 314" 700 067 Frame —Top and Bottom 3" wide, 1k gage back iron 500 ad = sides 3" x 167 x 44" bat channel 600 120 Blades 22 BAS gage aluminum 700 160 Blade Linkage Rod 14 wide, 0.050" aluminum 300 200 Spacer Washer 34" ID x 14" OD aluminum 200 286 Fic. 5 — Reiser Damper 27RELIEF DAMPERS. Figure 5 shows a typical relief damper. This acces sory is used as a check damper on exhaust systems, and to relieve excess pressure from the building. AIR CLEANING EQUIPMENT A variety of air filtering devices is available, each with its own application. The pressure drop across these devices must be included when totaling the static pressure against which the fan must operate, Filters are described in detail in Part 6, HEATING COWS Heating coils can be used with steam or hot water. ‘They are used for preheating, and for tempering or reheating. The air velocity thru the coil is deter: ‘mined by the air quantity and the coil size, The size ‘may also be determined by a space limitation or by the recommended limiting velocity of 500 to 800 fpm, The number of rows and fin spacing is deter- mined by the required temperature rise. Manufac- turer’s data lists pressure drop and capacity for easy selection, Steam coils must be installed so that a minimum, of 18 in, is maintained between the condensate out let and the floor to allow for traps and condensate piping, Preiout Coils Non-freeze coils axe recommended for preheat service, particularly if air below the freezing tem perature is encountered. To reduce the coil first cost, the preheater is often sized and located in only the minimum outdoor air portion of the air han- apparatus, If a coil cannot be selected at the requived load and desired steam pressure, it is better to make a selection that is slightly undersize than fone that is oversize. An undersized coil aids in pre- venting coil freeze-up. The use of two coils for preheating also mini- mizes the possibility of freezeup. The first coil is deliberately selected to operate with full steam pres sure at all times during winter operation. In this, instance, the air is heated from outdoor design to above the freezing temperature, The second coil is selected to heat the air from the freezing tempera- bore to the desired leaving temperature. The tem- posure of the air leaving the second coil is auto: ‘aatisally controlled. Refer to Part 3, “Freese-up Protection.” In addition to the normal steam trap required to Gevin the coil return header, a steam supply wrap ately ahead of the coil is recommended. ill PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION ‘These traps must be located outside the apparatus casing. Most coils are manufactured with a builtin tube pitch to the return header. If the coil is not con- structed in this manner, it must be pitched toward the return header when itis installed. To minimize coil cleaning problems, filters should be installed ahead of the preheaters. Reheat or Tempering Cois Coils selected for reheat service are usually over sized. In addition to the required load, a liberal safety factor of from 15% to 25% is recommended. ‘This allows for extra load pickup during early morning operation, and also for duct heat loss which can be particularly significant on long duct, ‘These coils are similar to preheat coils in that the tubes must be pitched toward the return header. COOLING cols Cooling coils are used with chilled water, well water or direct expansion for the purpose of pre cooling, cooling and dehumidilying or for after- cooling. The resulting velocity thru the cooling coil is dictated by the air quantity, coil size, available space, and the coil load. Manufacturer's data gives recommended maximum air velocities above which water carry-over begins to occur. SPRAYS AND ELIMINATORS Spray assemblies are used for humidifying, de- humiditying or washing the air, One item often overlooked when designing this equipment is the bleeder line located on the discharge side of the pump. In addition to draining the spray heads on shutdown, this line controls the water concentrates, in the spray pan. See Part 5, Water Conditioning. Eliminators are used after spray chambers to pre- vent entrained water from entering the duct system. AIR BYPASS ‘An air bypass is used for two purposes: (1) to in- crease room air circulation and (2) to control leaving air temperature ‘The fixed bypass is ased when increased air cir culation is required in a given space. It permits re turn air from the room to fow thru the fan without first passing thru 2 heat exchange device. This arrangement prevents stagnation in the space and maintains a reasonable room circulation factor ‘The total airway resistance for this type system is the sum of the total resistance thru the ductwork and air handling apparatus. Therefore, the resist- TT1 CHAPTER 1. AIR HANDLING APPARATUS ance thru the bypass is normally designed to bal. since the resistance of the components bypassed, This aan be accomplished by using a balancing damper and by varying the size of the bypass opening. “The following formula is suggested for use in sizing the bypass opening Re cfm 281 aor where: A= damper opening (6q ft) maximum required air quantity thr bypass h= design pressure drop (in. wg) thru bypassed equipment im ‘Temperature control with bypassed air is accom: plished with either a face and bypass damper or a Controlled bypass damper alone. However, the face and bypass damper arrangement is recommended, since the bypass area becomes very large, and it is difficult to accommodate the required air flow thru the bypass at small partial loads, Even where a con trolled face and bypass damper is used, leakage ap- proaching 5% of design air quantity passes thru the face damper when the face damper is closed, ‘This 5% air quantity normally is included when the fan is selected, See Part 6 for systems having a variable air flow to determine fan selection and brake horsepower requirements. FANS Properly designed approaches and discharges from fans are required for rated fan performance in addition to minimizing noise generation.Figures 6 and 7 indicate several possible layouts for varying. degrees of fan performance, In addition, these figy ures indicate recommended location of double width, fans in plenums. When these minimums have not been met, it becomes increasingly dificult to guar- antee the fan performance or to accurately determine air quantities. Fans in basement locations require vibration iso- lation based on the blade frequency. Usually cork or rubber isolators are satisfactory for this service. ‘On upper floor locations, however, spring mounted concrete bases designed to absorb the lowest natural frequency are recommended, “The importance of controlling sound and vibra: tion cannot be overstressed, particularly on upper floors. The number of fans involved in one location and the horsepower required for these fans directly ‘determines the quality of sound and vibration com ol needed. ID 1 conasoning company 29 Small direct connected fans, due to higher oper ating speed, are generally satisfactorily isolated by rubber or cork, In addition, all types of fans must have flexible connections to the disciarge ductwork and, where required, must have flexible connections to the in- take ductwork, Details of a recommended flexible connection are shown in Fig. 8 Unitary equipment should be located near col tumns or over main beams to limit the floor deflec- tion, Rubber or cork properly loaded usually gives the required deflection for efficient operation. FAN MOTOR AND DRIVE ‘A proper motor and drive selection aids in long life and minimum service requirements. Direct drive fans are normally used on applications where exact air quantities are not required, because ample ‘energy (steam or hot water, etc) is available at more than enough temperature difference to compensate for any lack of air quantity that exists. This ap- plies, for example, to a unit heater application. Direct drive fans are also used on applications where system resistance can be accurately determined, However, most air conditioning applications use belt drives Vebelts must be applied in matched sets and used ‘on balanced sheaves to minimize vibration prob: lems and to assure long life. They are particularly useful on applications where adjustments may be required to obtain more exact air quantities. These adjustments can be Ri ry! e D ‘ A tt ET it Cd | DrEnsions. Asidae 10 238 85+ FAN oiscuance coenme, Canaest omession DISCHARGE CONNECTIONS ores: 1. Fan should be entered in easing 1 provide good flow 5. Use square vaned elbow ft best results, whih ake-o condos inpposte diction to fon rotation 2 All equipment sould be centered for best performance. 6 Sloe of 1" in 4 recommended for low vos. 5. Angle “E" ie used to determine "F* ditance between 1. Slope of 1° in 7" recommented for high ear squipment and fan 4.2, = 6° minimom, Vane spacing determined trom ’ Sa 6 Fic, 6 ~ SINGLE FAN INLET AND DiscHarcr CoNNEGTIONSCHAPTER 1, AIR HANDLING APPARATUS 2a ’ sod Bon 2 : i Tb LZ 4 Z 4 8] ReDETERWINED FROM CHERT 6, VANE SPACING Aske ro h8 NOTES: NOTES alone to supply uct have maximum slope of $. Do not inwall docs 10 that we a fo i Count (o vin?” fan rotation If necewary, corn fan etion. a. suave elbows with double thiknes vanes may be 4 Trarformatons an! ony vt adequately. sup ’ substituted porte so no weight on the flexible fn connection. Fic. 7 — Muttirte FAN Unit Discltancr CONNECTIONS ED 1s constining company SHEETS242 [= oO iste PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION ease a ? ee : te Fig, 8 — FLExime CoNNecTION wb oF i uote sven, rom [. nc Re OENSINS prigen, wre, no —— ean For COUTRUCTION Pitot et Fic, 9— Two-piece Bett GuarpCHAPTER 1. AIR HANDLING APPARATUS Each sheet of material should be fabricated as a panel and joined together, as illustrated in Fig 10, by standing seams, bolted or riveted on 12 in. cen. ters, Normally, seams perpendicular to air flow are placed outside of the casing. Side walls over 6 ft high and roof spans aver 6 ft wide require supple. mental Yeinforcing as shown in Table 2. Diagonal angle braces as illustrated in Fig. 17 may also be required The recommended construction of apparatus casings and connections between equipment com- ponents (except when mounted in the ducts) is 18 USS. gage steel or 16 B&S gage aluminum. Alumi- num in contact with galvanized steel at connections to spray type equipment requires that the inside of the casing be coated with an isolating material for a distance of 6 in. from the point of contact. array Fic. 10 ~ Arparatus Casinc SEAMS 2-13 CONNECTIONS TO MASONRY A concrete curb is recommended to protect in+ sulation from deteriorating where the apparatus casing joins the floor. It also provides a uniform sur face for attaching the casing; this conserves fabri cation time, Figure 12 iLustrates the recommended method of attaching a casing to che curb, When an equipment room wall is used as one side of the apparatus, the casing is attached as shown in Fig. B. ‘The degree of tightness required for an apparatus casing depends on the air conditioning application. Fic. 1] — Apparatus Casing TABLE 2—SUPPLEMENTAL REINFORCING FOR APPARATUS CASING SIOE WAU HEIORT DIAGONAL ‘OR ROOF WiDTH ieuneal oe ANGLE SPACING CASTING LENGTHS ANGLE BRACES i oe (Geir) Sree 7 = = Biotz 2 Va pola = = 3h A panel 7 overt? camer 58 Sone 2 7k Bponale 3 “For longi up to 1 EDD oe orieie Comey we TAR TA Wein angle. Por lngihs over 12, ie 194 x 134 x He in one24 1 stanowe: ‘SEAM 10 Us. GAGE sTeeL casins —~ | RIVET on appRoxaarey 12" CENTER, expansion Bout Ow 12" CenTERS Fic. 12 ~ Connection To Masonry Cure vauwe Wise caer Fic, 13 — Connection To Masonry Watt Feiena Fig. 14 — Low Drweoinr Masonay Guns Coxnecrions PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION For instance, on a pull:hru system, leakage between the dehumidifier and the fan cannot be tolerated if the apparatus is in 2 humid non-conditioned space, Also, as the negative pressure at the fan intake ine creases, the less the leakage that can be tolerated. If the apparatus is located in a yeturn air plenum, normal construction as shown in Figs. 12 and 13 can be used. Correspoading construction practice for equipment requiring extreme care is shown in Figs. 14, 15 and 16. In addition to the construction required for leak age at seams, pipes passing thru the casing at cool ing coil connections must be sealed as shown in Fig. 17. This applies in applications where the tem- perature difference between the room and supply air temperatures is 20 F and greater DRAINS AND MARINE LIGHTS Upkeep and maintenance is better on an appara: tus that can be illuminated and easily cleaned than on one that does not have good illumination and drainage. To facilitate this maintenance, marine ights, as well as drains, are recommended as shown in Fig. As a rule of thumb, drains should be located in the air handling apparatus wherever water is likely to accumulate, either in normal operation of the equipment or because of maintenance. Specific examples are 1. In the chamber immediately alter the outdoor air louver where a driving rain or snow may accumulate. 2. Before and after fiters that must be periodi cally washed. 8. Before and after heating and cooling coils that must be periodically cleaned. 4. Before and after eliminators because of back lash and carry-over due to unusual air eddies. Drains should not normally be connected directly o sewers, Instead, an open site drain should be asec, as illustrated in Part 3, INSULATION Insulation is required ahead of the preheater and vapor sealed for condensation during winter opera: tion. Normally, the section of the casing from the preheater to the dehumidifier is not insulated, The dehumidifier, the fan and connecting casing must be insulated and vapor sealed; fan access doors are not insulated, however, The bottoms and sides of the dehumidifier condensate pan must also be in sulated, and all parts of the building surfaces thatCHAPTER 1. AIR HANDLING APPARATUS ‘are used to form part of the apparatus casing must be insulated and vapor sealed. SERVICE Equipment service is essential and space must be provided to accomplish this service. It is recom Inended that minimum clearances be maintained fo that access to all equipment is available. In addi- tion, provision should be made so that equipment can be removed without dismantling the complete ‘apparatus. Access must be provided for heating and ‘cooling coils, steam traps, damper motors and Tink- ages, control valves, bearings, fan motors, fans and. similar components. Service access doors as illustrated in Fig. 18 are recommended, and are located in casing sections as shown in Fig. 1 To conserve floor space, the entrance to the equip- ment room is often Jocated so that coils can be re- moved directly thru the equipment room doors. ‘This arrangement requires less space than other wise possible. If the equipment room is not arranged as de- scribed, space must be allowed to clean the coil tubes mechanically. This applies to installations that have removable water headers AppLY SEALING oUPOUND To ANGLE Seronemverio if steno) Hee af ane f mver ow | Reemoxiwareur on tap AND BOTTOM OF er cere Ghower BeroRe ye eee Lig'sy uscer = EMF Roe Low Dewpoint Masonry Watt, Conxeerions Fic. 215 | INSIDE AT FLAT Fic, 16 — SEALING STANDING SEAMS Sheer METAL sete, Seat wie Seate Fic. 17 — SEALING Pive Connnerions,slid 2.16 PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION Seta ee extension courag "(over wien cean ce xTEgon coke ens eeu 1 9 evened en ao MATERIAL SPECIFICATION . 1. Door — 24 US. gage steet or 2 B &S gage aluminum, Z = 2 Fame 26US gage se or 29S st — 3. txenan Clr Sane ees das Se 4 Fomet Potton Ang 18 US. pnt wl of 16 BUS gepeshiminum 5: Ange ne T° 90 ange 6. But Hinges = : Gaskees — Fett Fastener ~ . Fonuco prerecrion & Walkcthru door: Three double acting handles. came aa bv Reach-thrw door: Single acting handle with window ceess coon tener sath lock, Walk.thru Access Doors cae Normal size ~ 22” W x 58" 1 Reach-thru Access Doors Normal ses Woo Ton ack tor x 2" 12" x 16" er x 24" Fic, 18 ~ Access DoorsCHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN ‘The function of a duct system is to transmit air from the ait handling apparatus to the space to be conditioned, ‘To fulfill this function in a practical manner, the system must be designed within the prescribed limits of available space, friction loss, velocity, sound level, heat and leakage losses and gains This chapter discusses these practical design eriteria and also considers economic balance be tween first cost and operating cost. In addition, it offers recommended construction for various types of duct systems. GENERAL SYSTEM DESIGN CLASSIFICATION Supply and return duct systems ave classified with respect to the velocity and pressure of the air within the duct. Velocity There are two types of air transmission systems used for air conditioning applications. They are called conventional or low velocity and high veloc: ity systems. The dividing line between these systems ig rather nebulous but, for the purpose of this chapter, the following initial supply air velocities are offered as a guide 1. Commercial comfort air conditioning a. Low velocity — up to 2500 fpm, Normally between 1200 and 2200 fpm. b. High velocity — above 2500 fpm 2, Factory comfort air conditioning 4, Low velocity — up to 2500 fpm. Normally between 2200 and 2500 fpr. b, High velocity ~ 2500 to 5000 fpm. Normally, return air systems for both low and high velocity supply air systems are designed as low velocity systems. The velocity range for commercial and factory comfort application is as follows 1, Commercial comfort air conditioning — low velocity up to 2000 fpm. Normally between 1500 and 1800 fpm. 2, Factory comfort air conditioning — low veloc ity up to 2500 fpm. Normally between 1800 and 2200 ipm. ED 1 cottiningComosey Pressure Air distribution systems are divided into three pressure categories; low, medium and high. These divisions have the same pressure ranges as Class 1, Land III fans as indicated: 1. Low pressure — up to 334 in. wg — Class 1 fan 2, Medium pressure — 3% to 694 in. wy ~ Class I fan |. High pressure ~ 6% t0 1214 in. wg — Class UT fan ‘These pressure ranges are total pressure, including the losses thru the air handling apparatus, ductwork and the air terminal in the space, [AVAILABLE SPACE AND ARCHITECTURAL APPEARANCE “The space allotted for the supply and return air conditioning ducts, and the appearance of these ducts, often dictates system layout and, in some instances, the type of system, In hotels and office buildings where space is at a premium, a high veloc- ity system with induction units using small round ducts is often the most practical. Some applications require the ductwork to be exposed and attached to the ceiling, such as in an existing department store or existing office building. For this type of application, streamline rectangular ductwork is ideal, Sweamline ductwork is con- structed to give the appearance of a beam on the ceiling, It has a smooth exterior surface with the ‘duct joints fabricated inside the duct. ‘This duct work is laid out sith a minimum number of reduc: tions in size to maintain che beam appearance. Duet appearance and space allocation in factory air conditioning is usually of secondary importance. ‘conventional system using rectangular ductwork is probably the most economical design for this application: ECONOMIC FACTORS INFLUENCING DUCT LAYOUT The balance between first cost and operating cost must be considered in conjunction with the available space for the ductwork to determine the best air distribution system. Each application is different and must be analyzed separately; only general rules or principles can be given to guide the engineer in selecting the proper system. The2.18 CHART 3—DUCT HEAT GAIN VS ASPECT RATIO E t i i following items directly influence the first and op: erating cost 1. Heat gain or loss from the duct 2, Aspect ratio of the duct 8. Duct friction rate 4. Type of fittings Heat Gain or Loss The heat gains or losses in the supply and return, duct system can be considerable. This occurs not only if the duct passes thru an unconditioned space but also on long duct runs within the conditioned space. The transfer of heat takes place from the space to the air in the duct when cooling, and from the air to the space when heating An allowance must be made for duct heat gain for that portion of the duct in the unconditioned space when estimating the air conditioning load. ‘The method of making this allowance is presented in Part I, Load Estimating. This allowance for duct hheat gain increases the cooling capacity of the air. ‘This increase then requires a larger air quantity or lower supply air temperature or both. ‘To compensate for the cooling or heating effect of the duct surface, a redistribution of the air to the supply outlets is sometimes required in the initial design of the duct system. The following general guides are offered to help te engineer understand the various factors influenc: ing duce design: 1. Larger duct aspect ratios have more heat gain than ducts with small aspect ratios, with each carrying the same air quantity. Chart 3 i lustrates this relationship. PART 2, AIR DISTRIBUTION 2 Ducts carrying small air quantities at a low velocity have the greatest heat gai 3. The addition of insulation to the duct de- creases duct heat gain; for example, insulating the duct with a material that has a U value of 12 decreases heat gain 90%, It is, therefore, good practice to design the duct system for low aspect ratios and higher velocities to minimize heat gain to the duct, If the duct is to run thru an unconditioned area, it should be insulated. Aspect Ratio ‘The aspect ratio is the ratio of the long side to the short side of a duct, This ratio is an important factor to be considerec in the initial design. Increas ing the aspect ratio increases both the installed cost and the operating cost of the system, ‘The installed or first cost of the ductwork depends fon the amount of material used and the difficulty experienced in fabricating the ducts. Table 6 re- fects these factors. This table also contains duct lass, cross-section area for various round duct sizes and the equivalent diameter of round duct for rec tangular ducts, The large numbers in the table are the duct class. The duct construction class varies from 1 to 6 and depends on the maximum duct side and the semiperimeter of the ductwork, This is illustrated as follows DUGT MAX SDE | SEMEPERINETER CLASS Ga. Gn) T omg 10-38 2 12-34 246, 5 25-40 32046 4 4-88 48-96 5 8-90 96-176 6 90-14 96-238 Duct class is a numerical representation of rela tive first costs of the ductwork, The larger the duct class, the more expensive the duct, If the duet class is increased but the duet area and capacity remain the same, the following items may be increased 1. Semi-perimeter and duct surface 2. Weight of material 8. Gage of metal {. Amount of insulation required Therefore, for best economies the duct system should be designed for the lowest duct class at the smallest aspect ratio possible. Example 1 illustrates the effect on first cost of varying the aspect ratio for a specified air quantity and static pressure re. quirement.CHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN Example 1 — Effect of Aspect Ratio on First Cost of the Ductwork Giver ‘Duct cross-section area ~ 5:86.54 ft Space available — unlimited Low velocity duet system ind ‘The duct dimensions, class, surface area, weight and gage of metal required, Solution: 1 1 able 6 1 53.86 sq f and determine the rectangular uct ditnensions and duet class (ee tabulation). Determine recommended metal gages from Tables 14 and 15 lace tablation). 4 Determine weight of metal from Table 18 (se tabulation) DIMENSION [ARES | agpper ] DUCT 219 CHART 4—INSTALLED COST VS ASPECT RATIO. | Ratio | CONSTR ny (a | Scuass Tinie 3a) 7 tis sa5 | 65H oxi gee) San | inset gx] os | 4 30x50 ga5 |i 4 a eae etsy ee DIMENSION SERFACE | WEIGHT gage | REN | a) atu | abit wx] Ta Ts Bais 2 2 ae Sin | om |e fee duct sizes are not determined from the table of eit- wa | wr | at cular equivalents (Table 6). This table is used to sox |e wo | no obtain rectangular duct sizes that have the same 28 (round) | 20 | 86 |S friction rate and capacity as the equivalent round When the aspect ratio increases from 1:1 to 8:1, duct. For example, asume that the required duct the surface area and insulation requirements in: crease 70% and the weight of metal increases over three and one-half times. This example also points out that it is possible to construct Class 4 duct, for the given area, with three different sheet metal gages. Therefore, for lowest first cost, ductwork should be designed for the lowest class, smallest aspect ratio and for the lightest gage metal recom: mended, Chart 4 illustrates the percent increase in in stalled cost for changing the aspect ratio of rectangu- lar duct, The installed cost of round duct is also included in this chart, The curve is based on in’ stalled cost of 100 ft of round and rectangular duct with various aspect ratios of equal air handling capacities. The installed cost of rectangular duct ‘with an aspect ratio of 1:1 is used as the 100% cost. Friction Rate The operating costs of an air distribution system can be adversely influenced when the rectangular LD ening company area for a system is 480 sq in. and the rectangular duct dimensions are determined directly from this area. The following tabulation shows the resulting equivalent duct diameters and friction rate when 4000 cfm of air is hancled in the selected ducts: uct EQUIV | FRICTION DIM. ROUND | RATE | ASPECT DUCT DIAM RATIO wg/100 fe) exo “090 Tat 0x16 095 19:1 46x10 135, 48:1 nox 6 210 135: If a total static pressure requirement of 1 in., based on 100 ft of duct and other equipment is assumed for the above system, the operating cost increases as the aspect ratio increases, This is shown in Chart 5. ‘Therefore, the lowsst owning and operating cost occurs where round or Spira-Pipe is used. If round2.20 CHART 5—OPERATING COST VS ASPECT RATIO ductwork cannot be used because of space limit tions, ductwork as square as possible should be used An aspect ratio of 1:1 is preferred. ‘Type of Fittings In general, fittings can be divided into Class and Class Bas shown in Table 3, For the lowest first cost it is desirable to use those fittings shown aas Class A since fabrication time for a Class B fitting is approximately 2.5 times that of a Class A fitting. TABLE 3—DUCT FITTING CLASSES GLASS TNO VANED FITTINGS, PART 2, AIR DISTRIBUTION DUCT LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS “There are several items in duct layout that should be considered belore sizing the ductwork. These in- clude duct transformations, elbows, fittings, takeoffs, duct condensation and air control. ‘Transformations Duct transformations are used to change the shape of a duct or to increase or decrease the duct area. When the shape of @ rectangular duct is changed but the crosssectional area remains the same, a slope of | in, in 7 in, is recommended for the sides of the transformation piece as shown in Fig. 19. IL this slope cannot be maintained, a maxi mum slope of 1 in, in 4 in. should not be exceeded, Often ducts must be reduced in size to avoid obs structions. It is good practice not to reduce the du more than 20% of the original area. ‘The recom mended slope of the transformation is 1 in. in 7 in. svhen reducing the duct area. Where it is impossible to maintain this slope, it may be increased to @ maximum of | in. in 4 in. When the duct area is in creased, the slope of the transformation is not to exceed Lin. in 7 in, Fig. 20 illustrates a rectangular duct transformation to avoid an obstruction, and Fig, 21 shows a round-torectangular transformation to avoid an obsteuction, a | | u car comets Thay fiving wth constant erouestion ‘meron Tay Biting with changing rodion and_| Fis. UCT TRANSFORMATION i ih Roar 19-— Dect Taaxsrow Suowaae ie 4 ES GLASS BALL VANED FITTINGS, Thay fv with conor roi ‘omging th Thy fing wits econvc rad ond NOTE: 1:7 slope is recommended for high velocity. ef ope for low velocity Fic. 20 — Rvcraxcutar Duet TRANSFORMATION ‘ro Avorn OBSTRUCTION BillCHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN In some air distribution systems, equipment such fas heating coils is installed in the ductwork. Nor- mally the equipment is larger than the ductwork and the duct area must be increased. The slope of the transformation piece on the upstream side of the equipment is limited to 30° as shown in Fig. 22. On the leaving side the slope should be not more than 45° Duet Reduction Increments Accepted methods of duct design usually indicate a reduction in duct area after each terminal and branch take-off, Unless a reduction of at least 2 in. can be made, however, it is recommended that the original duct size be maintained. Savings in in- stalled cost of as much as 25% can be realized by running the duct at the same size for several terminals, All duct sizes should be even dimensions and all reductions should be in 2 in. increments, preferably in one dimension only. The recommended mini- mum duct size is 8 in, x 10 in, for fabricated shop ductwork, Obstructions Locating pipes, electrical conduit, structural members and other items inside the ductwork should always be avoided, especially in elbows and tees. Obstruction of any kind must be avoided inside we | |e = how ; t ‘ | |S conte | EP NOTE: Angles shown are for low velocities. 1:7 slope jg recommended for high velocities. Fic, 22— Ducr TRansroamatio Wit, Equipment iN the Duer high velocity ducts. Obstructions cause unnecessary pressure loss and, in @ high velocity system, may also be a source of noise in the air stream, INS ¥ fe lear NOTE: 1:7 slope is recommended for high velocity iyt i WAKMUM DUCT AREA REDUCTION = 20% 1 lope for low velocity Fig. 21 — Rovxp Ducr Traxsroam ation ro Avorw Onsraucrion, ED 1 covtieniag companyFic, 23 — Easements CovERING Onstauctions a t sazl | + Fic, 24 ~ EASEMENTS COVERING IRREGULAR SHAPES, a NOTE: 1:7 lope is recommended for high velocity, 14 slope for low velocity. Pio, 25 — Duct Transroamen For EASEMENTS PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION In those few instances in which obstructions must pass thru the duct, use the following recom- mendations: 1. Cover all pipes and circular obstructions over 4 in, in diameter with an easement, Two typical easements are illustrated in Fig. 23. 2 Cover any fiat or irregular shapes having a width exceeding 3 in. with an easement, Hangers or stays ir the duct should be parallel to the air flow. If this is not possible, they should be covered with an easement, Fig. 24 shows @ tear dropshaped easement covering an angle. Hanger "B” also requires an ease ment. 8. If the easement exceeds 20% of the duct area, the duct is transformed or split into two duets. When the duct is split or transformed, the original area should be maintained. Fig. 25 illustrates a duct transformed and a duct split to accommodate the easement. In the second ‘case, the split duct acts as the easement. When the duct is split or transformed, slope recom: mendations for transformations should be followed. 4. If an obstruction sestriets only the corner of the duct, that part of the duct is transformed to avoid the obstruction. The reduction in duct area must not exceed 20%, of the original area. Elbows ‘A variety of elbows i available for round and rectangular duct systems, The following list gives the more common elbows Round Duct 1. Smooth elbow 2. S.piece elbow 3. Sspiece elbow Rectangular Duct Full radius elbow Short radius vaned elbow ‘Vaned square elbowCHAPTER 2, AIR DUCT DESIGN ‘The elbows are listed in order of minimum cost. This sequence does not necessarily indicate the minimum pressure drop thru the elbow, Tables 9 thru 12 show the losses for the various rectangular and round elbows. Full radius elbows (Fig. 26) are constructed with a tiiroat radius equal to % of the duct dimension in the direction of the turn. An elbow having this throat radius has an RD ratio of 1.25. This is con sidered to be an optimum ratio. ‘The short radius vaned elbow is shown in Fig. 27, This elbow can have one, two or three turning vanes, The vanes extend the full curvature of the elbow and their location is determined from Chavt 6, Example 2 illustrates the use of Chart 6 in deter mining the location of the vanes in the elbow in Fig. 28. Example 2— Locating Vanes in a Rectongulor Elbow Give: Rectangular elbow shown in Fig. 28 ‘Throat rads (R,) ~ 3 i Duct dimension in direction of cam — 20 in Heel radius Find: 1, Spacing for wo vanes, 2 R/D ratio of elbow Solution 1 Enter Chart @ at R, = 3 in, and , = 29 in. Read vane’ spacing for R, and R, @otted line on ehard R,= Gin. R,=12in 2. The centerline radius R of the elbow equals 13 in, ‘Therefore B/D = 18/20 = 65, Although a throat radius is recommended, there nay be instances in which a square corner is impera- tive. Chart 6 can still be used to locate the vanes. A throat radius is assumed to equal one-tenth of the heel radius, Example 3 illustrates vane location in an elbow with a square throat. ROIS (Py) THROAT RADIUS (R}) Fic. 27 — Suoxt Ravivs Vane Exnow ED te conten Comneny 2-93 runout) . 28 — RECTANGULAR ELnow VANE Location Example 3 — Locating Vanes in a Rectangular Elbow with ‘9 Square Throat Given! Elbow shown in Fig. 29 ‘hroat radius — none Heel radius ~ 20 in ict dimension in direction of turn — 20 in, Find: ‘Vane spacing Solution ‘sume a throat radius equal 9 1 of the hee! radius 120 =2 in inter Chart 6 at &, for R, and Ry. and F, = 20 in. Read vane spacing R, Sin, R,=95 in, In addition a third vane is located at 2 in, which is the assed! throat rads Fic. 29 — Recrancutar ELsow Wir No ‘Turoat Rapiustall Bae PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION CHART 6—VANE LOCATION FOR RECTANGULAR ELBOWS THROAT RADIUS L Fee meter Hiei 22049. 3 6970 s090K0 i + LL | monte 3 { + " : s “ be 7 + + sh : | = ta ETS at epsattenanfat essen N } serie “ HHS tact ante m4 ‘e T \\ 1 Bie eta iteutntelele) 0 4 6 40 BILD EEL RADI OY A saned square elbow has either double or single expensive to construct and usually has a higher thickness closely spaced vanes, Fig. 30 illustrates pressure drop than the vaned short relive ee double thickness vanes ina square elbow. These and the standard elbow (RD = 1.25) elbows are used where space limitation prevents Smooth elbows are secommended for round or the use of curved elbows and where square core! Spina Pipe systems Fig B! Hleneeee ate at elbows ane required. The vaned aquare elbow is elbow with B/D toto of 15 ths ene is standard for all elbows used with round or Spire. Pipe duct Fic. $0 — VaNzp Squane Etnow Fic. $1 — 90° Soot ExnowCHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN Fic, $2 — 90° 8-pircr Ex.now A S:piece elbow (Fig. 52) has the same R/D ratio as a smooth elbow but has the highest pressure drop of either the smooth or S-piece elbow (Fig, 33). This elbow is second in construction costs and should be used when smooth elbows are unavailable. The S-piece elbow (Fig. 33) has the highest fis cost of all three types. It is used only when it is necessary to reduce the pressure drop below that of the S:piece elbow, and when smooth elbows are not available, A 45° elbow is either smooth (Fig. 34) or S-piece (Fig. 35), A smooth 45° elbow is lower in first cost and pressure drop than the S-piece 45° elbow, A B:piece elbow is used when smooth elbows are not available. Take-ofis There are several types of takeoffs commonly used in rectangular duct systems. The recommenda: tions given for rectangular elbows apply to take- offs, Fig. 36 illustrates the more common takeoffs Fig. 364 is « take-off using a full radius elbow, In Figs. 364 and 36B the heel and diroat radii origi nate [rom (wo different points since D is larger than Dy. The principal difference in Figs, 364 and 36B s that the takeolf extends into the duet in Fig, 368 and there is no reduction in the main duct. Figure 36C illustrates a tap.in take-off with no, part of the take-off extending into the duct. This Fic. 38 90° S.rince Exow 2.25 Fic. $4 — 45° Soon Expow type is often used when the quantity of air to be taken into the branch is small. The square elbow take-off (Fig. 36D) is the least desirable from a cost and pressure drop standpoint, It is limited in appli cation to the condition in which space limitation prevents the use of a full radius elbow take-off A straight takeolf (Wig, 37) is seldom used for duct branches, Its use is quite common, however when a branch has only one outlet. In this instance it is called a collar. A splitter damper can be added for better control of the air to the take-off There are two varieties of take-offs for round and Spira-Pipe duct systems: the 90° tee (Fig, 38) and the 90° conical tee (Fig. 39). A 90° conical tee is used when the air velocity in the branch exceeds 4000 {pm or when a smaller pressure drop than the straight take-off is required. Crosses with the take. offs located at 180°, 135° and 90° to each other are shown in Fig, 40, When the duct system is designed, it may be neces sary to reduce the duct size at certain takeoffs. The reduction may be accomplished at the take-off (Fig, #1) or immediately after the take-off (Fig, 42). Re duction at the take-off is recommended since it elimi- nates one fitting, Fic. $5 — 45° S-rircr Exnow"ART 2, AIR DISTRIBUTION Fic, 38 — 90° Tex,CHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN, Fic, 39 ~ 90° Conteat, TEE 227 90° 180° Fic. 40 — Crosses TABLE 4—MAXIMUM DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SUPPLY AIR TEMPERATURE AND ROOM DEWPOINT ‘WITHOUT CONDENSING MOISTURE ON DUCTS (F) 1A CONDITIONS Thin VELOENY IN STRAIGHT RUN OF BUCY (FPMIP sunnounoine ah Bien Pn in| Bain reinted| Mei] raiiea | etl Mat | read | Hoe | Panta | mat am [mm | 40 00 1608 200 3 |= Pele le a cts etm eam mT g [eR le) ays eye} apap aye ; B Ye |r y a fs PP aay se} ap al} nw] 8 |B |e] ie |’ See etcta ese fereea esta) asta pee ge Ly lel | a P] aya) a ]e ya ye Boe; at a ja aya] a ftp a fi _ pe Ltt ats |e | ets a |e ve vaurorf-1 | | | | a of» [ula [we |» [os ; (1 U = outa het numison cunt of dt EQUATION tap ~ he = ta — ae ({P = 1 Sofi ea A Ue = SSSR top Se ears ee pane dads ond 1.95 for ort Notes: ‘exceptions! Cases: Condortation wil oxur at © lower relative amity tom nlcaed in he tobe when falls below the overs age volue ot 1.68 for paleed dy ond 1.08 fr bright metal She the radiion component of f2 wil decrease when the {old wll, The convecion component wil decrease forthe 1p Sr duen, and ce where the sir flow ie obstted, such ot @ the valve given for © relative humidity 5% less thon the ce (ative humility the room. I both conditions exis, use velve siven for 10% lawerealative huni. 2, Sours; Calelated wing fle hect Wansmison coefient on i tise of due! ranging fom 1.5 to 72 Bru/l) loaf [deg Fl. The above equation h based on the principle tha the temper here crop twough any layer it dreely properonsl 1 it thermal resitnes bested thl the ale moveren round Ine the cutide ofthe duet dont not exceed opproximetaly 50 2. Fer Room Candions Not Given: Use the above equation ond the values of f2/U~1 shown at the bottom of he tobe, 4 Application Use for bare dil, nt fared o inated, Use the Cues for bright mete ducts for both unpainted elmium and Vnpvinied selvonaed st. Condanttion ct elbows, tron Formation: end other flings wil ear ot © higher supply oi temperatre because ofthe higher imide flim bectWansmiion ccton due to the ct mpinging agai he elbow o* fio. ED cosines compar simas the sroigh run velsly ond wte the obove table. For Nigher velocity figs wtore sight ran velocity i 1500 fhm rat Guove, keep te wpsly oi Himperature ne more thon one degre lower Thon the rocm dexpoit. Tensformaions having & {iope ew thom one Ins may be considered of © saigh 1 types Foctor ond Fon Heck The or leaving the dehumidifier wt'be higher thon the opporotvs dewpelnttemperetre when problem. Whonever fhe on i onthe leaving side of the d= Funuafer te wpply ei femperotire i wsvely ot lees one 10 four dogrees Higher han the or leoving the dehumiifor, end Dring, Condensation wil ganeraly not be severe enough fo ‘Tegrecs below te room dewpai. Note tet the fables Bosed Teaming he possly oF diping. i recommended that ihe untae temperature oe kept obove the room dewpoit Funinction of Condersoton: The supply it temperate: mt ehh snough to prove condensation f elbows end figs BRREEASiy. it nich be deurable Yo inulae only the elbows Stung If moisture expected ta condense ony a the fing Sony uoton (9° tek wally sufeint aher Yo the Peli of dus ot he fing and for» dtonce downstresr Sua! fo 1.5 times the dit perimeter. If condenction eer on Sveigh nthe thiknen of ulation required con be found Ey talving the above equation fr U.2.28 20 neovee 1 Fic. 41 — Repucine Ducr Sie Ar Taxe-orr Air Control In low velocity air distribution systems the flow of air to the branch take-off is regulated by a splitter damper. The position of the splitter damper is ad: justed by use of the splitter rod, Splitter dampers lor rectangular duct systems are illustrated in Fig. 36, Pivot type dampers are sometimes installed in the branch line to control flow. When these are used, splitier dampers are omitted, Splitter dampers are preferred in low velocity systems, and pivot type or volume dampers are used in high velocity systems, In high velocity systems, balancing or volume dampers are required at the air conditioning termi: nals to regulate the alr quantity lili PART 2, AIR DISTRIBUTION Fic. 42 — Repucie Duer Size APTER TaxtorF Duct Condensation Ducts may “sweat” when the surface temperae ture of the duct is below the dewpoint of the surrounding air. Table 4 lists the maximum differ- cence between supply air temperature and room dew point without condersing moisture on the duct for various duct velocities, See the notes below the table for application of the data contained in the table. Table 5 lists various U factors for common insw Jating material. J¢ can be used in conjunction with Table 4 to determine required insulation to elimi: nate condensation, TABLE 5—DUCT HEAT TRANSMISSION COEFFICIENTS Tora TYPE DUCT INSULATION Finis tarexness | WRICHT | ye ut ays | Mb/eq Unineuletot Shoot Metal None = 7 Tar Metal oth ond plowor— 74" Wood lah ond plotar== Bee = = Contboord 3 2 Poster" i 2 Plaster 3" 2 2 None r 0 36 None 2 S 20 eck Cork None r as 2 No 2 SI 2 Pe 1 3 a Piston" 2 S 2 ‘Mineral Weel Blanket None 7 28 22 Nene 2 7 A ‘Sina Fiber None Y 7 21 _ 2 eS 10 LET Moonen Nene 7 Ey 26 *Cenducvty of inating material ony (per in] {Overt U for sl cir ouside duc ond 1200 fpm inside duc ‘Uvinalated Bore Ov 3011001608 3608 OverolU i Toe] iene] taCHAPTER 2, AIR DUCT. DESIGN DUCT SYSTEM ACCESSORIES Fire dampers, aceess doors and sound absorbers ave accessories which may be required in a duct system but do not materially affect the design, unless there are several dampers in series. For this arvange- rent, the additional resistance to air How must be recognized when selecting the fan, Fire Dampers Normally local or state codes dictate the use, Joc construction of fire dampers for an air 2.29 distribution system. The National Board of Fire Underwriters describes the general construction and installation practices in pariphlet NBFU 90A. ‘There are two principal types of fire dampers used in rectangular ducwwork: 1, The rectangular pivot damper (Fig. #3) which may be used in either the vertical or horivontal position, 2 The rectangular louver fire damper which may be used only in the horizontal position (Fig. 44). cre rositiow MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS Maximum Overall Height 30° Maximum Overall Width 50” Minimum Sleeve Length hy” Sleeve U.S. gage stel Blade ~ Up to 18" US. gage steel 18Ye" 35" 12 U.S. gage seed 25}4¢" and over TULS. gage stcl Frame Beating Support “Trunnion Bar Spring Catch Die eatt steel Fic. 48 — Recranauak Pivor Fi ED corte comsny 3° x (x i" hatchannel 10.040" bronte spring stock wom ma aFigure #3 illustrates a pivot fire damper for round uct systems, This damper may be used in either the horizontal or vertical position, ‘Access Doors Access doors or access panels are required in duct systems before and after equipment installed in duets, Access panels are also required for access to fusible links in fire dampers. 1 see scdeeriacel MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS Maximum Overall Height 914" Maximim Overall Width 50" ‘Minimum Sleeve Length ny" Maximum Blade Width or Sleeve 10 U.S. gage steel Blade 16 U.S. gage stel Frame Bearing Support Blade Linkage Rod Tronnion Bar Spring Catch "x74" 14" hat channel je" dle CRS Die cast steet (.040" bronze spring stock lls PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION DUCT DESIGN This section presents the necessary data for de- signing low and high velocity duct systems. This data includes the stendard air friction charts, rec ommended design velocities, losses thru elbows and. fittings, and the common methods of designing the air distribution systems. Information is given also for evaluating the effects of duct heat gain and alti- tude on system design, Ir Fig. 44 ~ Recrancutax Louver Fire Dampax.a ~ CHAPTER 2, AIR DUCT DESIGN Friction Chart In any duct section thru which ait is flowing, here is a continuous Ioss of pressure, This loss is failed duct friction loss and depends on the fol Towing: 1, Air velocity 2 Duct size 3, Interior surface roughness 4, Duct length, ‘Varying any one of these four factors influences the fryction loss in the ductwork. The relationship caccePraste prtaeny loanset Ei geve\w eine PaRTION ‘see pasiTioN MATERIAL SPECIFICATIONS rmum Diameter mm Sleeve Length 48" Sleeve 10 U.S. gage steel, Blade — Up t0 18" 16 U.S. gage steel 18Yq" £0 35" 12 U.S. gage steel, 60{o" and overt 70.8. gage steel ‘Prunnion Bar Die cast steel Spring Catch + Acces panel in sleve. Length access panel isn duct. {Reqites 34" 46" X 4" angle blade stflener Fic, 45 — Roun De eter comer Lenerenneo) 1544" plus wall hiekness* 040" bronze spring stock of these factors is illustrated in the following equa a where: AP = friction loss (in. we) interior surface roughness (0.9 for gal- vanized duct) = length of dct (ft) duct diameter (in.), equivalent diam. for rectangular ductwork = air velocity (fpm) sesaots ( f waive pe cu t = Seine ED) sueeve: plus wall dickies whe Pwor Fine Damrer2.32 This equation is used to construct the standard lriction chart (Chart 7) based on galvanized duct and air at 70 F and 29.92 in, Hg. This chart may be used for systems handling air from 30 to 120 F and for altitudes up to 2000 fc without correcting the air density. Page 59 contains the data for de signing high altitude air distribution systems. Air Quantity The total supply air quantity and the quantity required for each space is determined from the air conditioning load estimate in Part I Duet Diometer Table 6 gives the rectangular duct sizes for the various equivalent duct diameters shown on Chart 7. Next to the diameter is the cross-section area of the round duct, The rectangular ducts shown for chis cross-section area handle the same air quantity at the same friction rate as the equivalent round duct listed. Therefore, this cross-section area is less than the actual cross-section area of the rectangular duct determined by multiplying the duet dimensions. In selecting the rectangular duct sizes from Table 6, the duct diameter from the friction chart or the duct area as determined from the air quantity and velocity may be used. However, rectangular duct sizes should not be determined divectly from the duct area without using Table 6. If this is done, che resulting duct sizes will be smaller, and velocity and friction loss will be greater, for a given air quantity than the design values, Air Velocity The design velocity for an air distribution system depends primarily on sound level requirements, first cost and operating cost. Table 7 lists the recommended velocities for supply and return ducts in a low velocity system, These velocities are based on experience. in high velocity systems, the supply ducts are normally limited to 2 maximum duct velocity of 5000 {pm. Above this velocity, the sound level may become objectionable and the operating cost (fric- tion rate) may become excessive, Selecting the duct velocity, therefore, is a question of economics. A ‘ery high velocity results in smaller duets and lower dus material cost but it requires a higher operating cout and possibly a larger fan motor and a higher class fan. If a lower duct velocity is used, the ducts ‘must be larger but the operating cost decreases and the fan motor and fan class may be smaller. PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION The return ducts for a high velocity supply system have the same design velocity recommendations as listed in Table 7 for a low velocity system, unless extensive sound treatment is provided to use higher velocities. Friction Rate ‘The friction rate on the friction chart is given in terms of inches of ‘water per 100 ft of equivalent length of duct. To determine the loss in any section of ductwork, the total equivalent Jength in that section is multiplied by the friction rate which gives the friction loss, The total equivalent length of duct includes all elbows and fittings that may be in the duct section, Tables 9 thru 12 are used to evaluate the losses thru various duct system elements in terms of equivalent length. The duct sections including these elements are measured to the centerline of the elbows in the duct section as illustrated in Fig. 46 The fittings are measured as part of the duct section having the largest single dimension, Velocity Pressure ‘The friction chart shows a velocity pressure con: version line. The velocity pressure may be obtained by reading vertically upward from the intersection of the conversion line and the desired velocity Table 8 contains velocity pressures for the cor responding velociey. Flexible Metal Conduit Flexible metal conduit is often used to transmnic the air from the riser or branch headers to the air conditioning terminel in 2 high velocity system. The friction loss thra this conduit is higher than thru round duct. Chart & gives the friction rate for Sand 4 in, flexible metal conduit, (Continued om rage 38) TS Fs allie a measured as part of the duct having largest single dimension. Fic, 46 — Guipe For Measoaine Duc’ Lexerns } ee! |Bis CHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN CHART 7—FRICTION LOSS FOR ROUND DUCT 5 SSCS SOARS SS SO OS us 7 SO BS SS wes Ss o SS SX (Se ~ ee 1% OS ‘20000 yw cen ae, shy SS wt “ 8 x SSS \ A So EON 6) oS od Seat ee % * i SX is eo XX SS S Ses eS ee at Ss eae oS \ iS 5 A sos es oe Ss Bed x KOs SCS SEEKS SA SSIS = SOS ee \ or KK As Ss CEE J 20000 ye ones Dene 08 GS O23 on 0506 OB WD IS 20 80 40 FRICTION LOSS (IN. WG PER 100 FT OF EQUIVALENT LENGTH)2.34 ART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION TABLE 6—CIRCULAR EQUIVALENT DIAMETER,” EQUIVALENT AREA AND DUCT CLASS} ‘OF RECTANGULAR DUCTS FOR EQUAL FRICTION, 3 = 10 2 my 6 0 30 a so [hee Dim [Ame Diner Sualane bam|Kes Diam [ace Dizm [Aree Dia [Area Diam [Area Diam we [me S[ Bo Uss| oa] we es as iga [ite 246 |1.$0 266 | 183 16.9] 214 19.8 nar 235 |2.78 22.6) 210 299 \343 25.1 38 os faa |1aa 156 plae ise)aar 213 [2a 229/325 244) 360 257 [400° 274 ae [ig alte Tea lan aaa[aas zee [40s 222 [aes vsa|sze ata) ger ans) ea) 50 ane iso [2m Ba laisse [anc lzee| ss ata leis saz | eer 3 2 amma |aai sabeae aaa] soo toa [ame ean 30a) 78 a aor ros fnen AUS vos|cas sen] sau_ sea] eon {ear 985) 742 a cee alae ag |eat ana [sat nt [one 99/708 360] 787 o aa matin Mi/AS, mal sie so |sa1_aza{ ser sss |721_ 27a ose m am eslar alee Spajem aee[ros_se2reoo ea [ose Gs 7 se ile s| re aes [ar oer eas [ioe 68 Ps Sy Salat 7m ana [ass sea szeSaa| ioe ste 6 ssa 320) 66a 349787 380]094 405 yor as |e = soar afar sea [eae as [ea wa) Ta _ ae Te Ses [tte asa |om aalte as] en 72 0 Te SG |ES des lowm aes[na eal va Tos a mali as[ws as|ne wa) 08 tee Te wilt alts sole salma os ma ym Salts ata [tos aaz[taa asl waa 503 ue we alns(oao| iat oafua si ta wus ueifara@i|wa wal s 888 te Bi G5 ]ua doo] tsa 32 vo | — Tree Creer [a es|ia_sao|ea se a Gonna iy eaktonatona = reacCHAPTER 2, AIR DUCT DESIGN TABLE 6—CIRCULAR EQUIVALENT DIAMETER,” EQUIVALENT AREA AND DUCT CLASS{ OF RECTANGULAR DUCTS FOR EQUAL FRICTION. (Cont.) Ls =] “ | | _ : Ge [asa 282 [474 95/510 306 ye [eas asa or Ju sea |77ipa ys [eas soo lear 402) 9a4 ari ong 426 ge les sealemsai7|ua aalto aso [8 456) 126 8 | 134 Bs ia Be 68 vie ase [128 484 [137 50.2 535/15 55.0 wo |e «0 yay waliuy 520 [18 530) wel va $93) 203 ee we fie mzfua sels Sale2 sins aes|is Salm; alme s)me oe yoa Tae sre lise sa9 [171 s60| tee 585 |109 “ens | 24 eas) aay 565 ae es we [ise sala s6a| m9 age |2ea sti |me Ge qsma ea[ma 7 wz |e seal ne a[mee oor] ane 80 [> yas| m8 748PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION | TABLE 6—CIRCULAR EQUIVALENT DIAMETER,* EQUIVALENT AREA AND DUCT CLASS} OF RECTANGULAR DUCTS FOR EQUAL FRICTION. (Cont.) c= = mn = = ae Ey me u fey ae more Eg . fees ees ae = “Cues equate dome (3). Cledeed am ‘erg mbes in ble re cet las,i ta ia i i iii si Pi CHAPTER 2. AIR DUGT DESIGN 237 TABLE 7—RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM DUCT VELOCITIES FOR LOW VELOCITY SYSTEMS (FPM) CONTROLLING FACTOR ‘CONTROUING FACTOR—DUGT FRICTION Apnicarion Noise cmnenation Mein Dose icin Oe Supply Return Foie ro 700 0 Apert te dteoms ro00 1300 1300 1100 roe fetpel fearon Pivae Offs ron Roses 100 2000 1500 1600 ‘200 throne : 0 1900 100 1000 00 General Offices T Wh lw Reon 120 2000 100 1800 1200 drag Serer 1120 2000 100 1629 vate sist 7500 300 ia Tae Tis TABLE 8—VELOCITY PRESSURES 7 vaoen | vaca | yaocr | vacer | vaocry | vaoer | vaocry | vsoery wecssune | “iujonny | Pressure | “easy | ormessune | “yfominy) | rmessune | “yfn) nwa) One) nwa) wel “ar 75 ne ie 30 i TT e Pa 3 Bed 2 ne ae tie 03 695 av | 2230 62 3150 4670 oe iso my | ites ra i200 oe cn is a 350 “ i | re oe 0 3 0 a 3 is or 1980 33 io a 3 io % ie a ies 2 30 e0 tate a ie Ho] ue 5s i 0 S| ioe | oho ite 7 Tae 3 ie 7 3590 sis a2 1390 40, 2530 20 | 3580 5250 73 10 a is | ha io i 1390 ‘o ce | je on on 1539 a iso eo Siso i ‘aap J ae 265 se 5090 i teas e ie 3 | be a iH 130 rn ine = | sco 7° ino Pa Fe so | 50 BH 90 ra ie x_| ino | “ 7800 sr a | tae 3 0 139 ie | tne a isso oe ites 24 | 1960, 52 2880 1.08 | 5340 % | ie 3 it a sro ae a = a tie is > | how 3 ie ie | te ne ie NOTES. 1 Bata forstandord air @O.92 in Hp ond 707 2 ate dened tom folowing enaton ED te cntsoing casey v } shores V = veody in fpm he = proture difference termed “velocty head! fin we)2.38 CHART 8—PRESSURE DROP THRU FLEXIBLE CONDUIT FAN CONVERSION LOSS OR GAIN In addition to the calculations shown for deter mining the required static pressure at the fan dis. charge in Example 4, a fan conversion loss or gain must be included, This conversion quantity can be a significant amount, particularly on a high velocity system, It is determined by the following equations, Hf the velocity in the duct is higher than the fan outlet velocity, use the following formula for the additional static pressure required: room 11 [ai ~ (ti) ] where Py = duct velocity V, = fan outlet velocity Loss = in, wg If the fan discharge velocity is higher than the duct velocity, use the following formula for the credit taken to the static pressure required: con [i ~(l) DUCT SYSTEM ELEMENT FRICTION LOSS Friction loss thru any fitting is expressed in terms of equivalent Iength of duct, This method provides units that can be used with the friction chart to determine the loss in a section of duct containing elbows and fittings. Table 12 gives the friction losses for rectangular elbows, and Table 11 gives the losses for standard round elbows, The friction losses in Tables 11 and 12 are given in terms of additional equivalent length of straight duct. This loss for the elbow is added to the straight run of duct to obtain the total equivalent length of duct, The straight run of duct is measured to the intersection of the center line of the fittings, Fig. 46 gives the guides for meas. uring duct lengths. Rectangular elbows may be classified as either PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION hard or easy bends. Hard bends are those in which the depth (depth is measured in the radial direc. tion) of the elbow is greater than the width. Hard bends result in significantly higher friction losses than do easy bends and therefore should be avoided. See notes for Table 12, p. 2.44. Tables 9 and 10 list the friction losses for other size elbows or other R/D ratios. Table 10 presents the friction losses of rectangular elbows and elbow combinations in terms of L/D. Table 10 also in. cludes te losses and regains for various duct shapes, entrances and exits, and items located in the air stream of the duct. This loss or regain is expressed in the number of velocity heads and is represented by “nn”. This loss or regain may be converted into equivalent Iength of duct by the equation at the end of the table and added or subtracted from the actual duct length Table 9 gives the loss of round elbows in terms of L/D, the additional equivalent length to the diame eter of the elbow. The loss for round tees and crosses are in terms of the number of velocity heads ("n”) The equation for converting the loss in velocity head to additional equivalent length of duct ic located at the bottom of the table, In high velocity systems it is often desirable to have the pressure drop in round elbows, tees, and crosses in inches of water. These losses may be ob- tained from Chart 9 for standard round fittings. DESIGN METHODS ‘The general procedure for designing any duct sys tem is to keep the layout as simple as possible and make the duct runs symmetrical, Supply terminals are located to provide proper room air distribution (Chapter 3), and ducts are laid out to connect these outlets, The ductwork should be located to avoid structural members znd equipment. ‘The design of a low velocity supply air system may be accomplished by any one of the three fol, lowing methods: 1. Velocity reduction 2, Equal frietion 3. Static regain ‘The three methods result in different levels of accuracy, economy and use, The equal friction method is recommended for return and exhaust air systems, LOW VELOCITY DUCT SYSTEMS Velocity Reduction Method The procedure for designing the duct system by this method is to seleet a starting velocity at the fan discharge and make arbitrary reductions in velocity down the duct run, The starting velocity (Continued on page 46)Nici al nessa CHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN oe TABLE 9—FRICTION OF ROUND DUCT SYSTEM ELEMENTS R/D = 1.5. 24 ‘ LL og ce we 2 al va (38 Fy | ra af " |30 sn et over on pope ED cnt comry |PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION TABLE 10—FRICTION OF RECTANGULAR DUCT SYSTEM ELEMENTS ELEMENT ‘CONDITIONS [peat Rectangular Radive Elbow oS : D7 we [5 T 7s | 100 [ia [130 1D Rave s [= ]ul os |=] yes wel a | zy a Peale ek ese areal ¢itas |e] aie | 3 Rectangular Vened Redive Elbow a ee 7 Number eB T of 3% [7s [ie [130 4 eet YD Reto 7 wT ] @ ] 7 2 BaLt| ze i olrv)Fyii X elbow Voned oF Unvened Reds Bbow X/90 times voles for D> E> Simior 99° elvow. BR KR Reclanguler Square Elbow No Venes “ i Single Thos Toning Vanes 6 Double Thickness Turning Vanes 10 Double Elbow s=0 5 W/o = 1, 8/0 = 1.25" sao 0 Double Elbow s=0 20 W/o = 1.8/0 = 12s¢ aL sao 2 Double Elbow g seo 1 eo, fh Br Smo 6 Diretion of Arom “ W/0 = 2, &:/0 = 1.25%, m:/0 = 5 Reverse Direion Devbie Elbow —— Diedtin of Arrow aN Al W/D = 4, R/O = 1.25* for both elbows Revere Dracionisis CHAPTER 2 AIR DUGT DESIGN 241 TABLE 10—FRICTION OF RECTANGULAR DUCT SYSTEM ELEMENTS (Contd) nem ZoNDITIONE Vaiue OF af Tranvormer Fo ew 7” alread) SPs tos = nhyy : Fan mea TER w|i [as ~T 7 : an 7 ~eeracion — a SS poie iae| 97 SP. low ~ ah “hl Tslope Th over Favonce : as 1 — tow = shy | Aatinouth Enonee — 22 Betlmouth Exit SP Loss or Regoin Conidered Zero | Round Oritee ‘bre Benning Tis Boa Stow SP low ED cnt vars242 PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION { NOTES FOR taste » NOTES FoR TANE 10, “and D are in feet Dis the elbow eto {125.8 Hondors for on unvaned fl radius eloow, Nat? (tte fe ithe duct diene Rested a the ‘owing. te adaonl wqision ngeeey Ame tbe mbar of elsty heosk o eliterencer ig wcedatSes et or seins or 9 ings ond ey Sse ‘2 edetnal eauvclem length of du Sy te eta ret wheres = addional eqivant length, f+ br = xelocty premure at V2, in wg Konverson tne on Chor? or table 6} Me™ fon lou/100 duct lomear ot Ve, in wg (chor 7} w= velosty prostre for nx hex 100 where: = addiions! eqivaen eng, V2 or tho difference in SIRS pressor, in wa fcnvorion lina os Cher Table 8). 9 vole forte or crus ‘Tas Ba MY BS ether rede ore some sz inte sigh thre portion (Chor 7, 9 value for portale ting TABLE 11—FRICTION OF ROUND ELBOWS [9 smoom WBE snow | ™ 7 DIAMETER 7 ‘in} tH Bomis | wots | penis ADDITIONAL EQUIVALENT LRNGTH OF STRAIGHT DUET > a 3 ] $ is : : i | : 2 : be 5 10 is ‘ a é | HH SO 7 52 7 u a5 : é : 6 ‘ ; = ; is as n | ei 8 EH | 3 rn = 1 2 a @ = 2 a : 1" = a a ; 13 = i | 2 é 1 8 36 7 PH » 57 ry 2 2 a i x u a 2CHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN 243 TABLE 12—FRICTION OF RECTANGULAR ELBOWS. Raplus eunow RADIUS ELBOW.—WITH VANES! SQUARE BOWS} over DIMENSIONS qe 5 Und 7S) = eer Bae Double thianese | sna . (Recommended) Tarnng Vanes” | Turning Vanee TODITIONAL EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF STRAIGHT DUCT (FT Venee Vane T | | * 8 x 6 2 | # 3 “ « x % % i Fa 3 x & x 2 x i & i i ¥ x % 3 i is 2 Fa 3 ie 6 % 1 % 2 0 % a #8 2 “ 2 “ 3 3 @ x B 3 3 % 3 8 % 0 i h 3 % i i y x vv e i i i a 0 Fa % 8 1 | 2 i is 3 is BL OR ' 6 i 5 ® " 2 5 i i 5 « z o 2 % 3 # « 2 3 3 z 3 z % % % 2 FA 2 3B y 1 2 i % 3 2 % 4 a ' n 3 i is 2 % ' is i 8 is 10 a i ® 15 ” 4 % 3 & x FA 2 u 3 % “ * is ie 3 aR 3 B & FA is B i i i a zy FA 5 Bo i in i it % | it i : i i 5 % is u 3 ' uu 3 2 FA 2 3 3 i 6 is % : u 1 $ 2 ° : 3 1 ; 6 a 48 B * 2 Pr 3 » 2 x io FA i x i R & ae i ih Balai 3 is % im % in i | ® 3 8 x FA 8 it ' % : i % is u u ! 8 i 2 2 2 3 8 i 3 is 6 i 3 ' 3 2 ¢ ; 3 ' $ % «me # z 3 x ® % i 8 3 2 4 x 6 % i 2B 2 3 ¥ u a 2 ie ine 2 ‘5 % ie 2 i ' % 2 8 % is % % ' 2 ; u e 2 ° u i 3 ‘5 % 3 ¢ ' a @ ° 7 3 ' ‘ % no 7 8 2 % 3 7 6 % 1 8 2 a i % z x a ® i i 2 % x is 2 ‘6 ' uu 2 u % i % a ' 2 3 u Fd 1 < a i 3 is % z 3 i 7 2 ei] 8 i 1 t %PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION 244 TABLE 12—FRICTION OF RECTANGULAR ELBOWS (CONT.) RADIUS eisow isons fainewSunaTviRe SQUARE au suer ADIUS ELBO RADIUS ELBOW—WITH VANES? QUARE ei8owsE oimensions | — 7 aera = CR IG) | CIR Co ak Kel O IS) we mae DBevble Thickness | Single Thcknos Bo= "128 | (racemmended) Toning Vo Teming Venet ADDITIONAL EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF stRAIGHT DUCT Grn Venes Ven won 1s u 2 vy 2 u a x 3 * : 5 i 3 x ie 3 8 } 8 ; a is is i " : i 3 13 ie 2 § n i 3 is % 2 ° 1 ? 2 3 3 : i é i Ber Fy % 3 B % a 2 v 3 n % e B 2 3 20 3 ie a x 3 is i rr : i 0 2 n 8 ' @ 3 19 B is % u i i : $ is " ® % ; : is % ; 2 i ; 2 : $ ; i é % é 5 ‘ 2 a 2 i 3 2 % oe % i : ” SS ie a 5 : “ 3 uu a x q a i % 2 ® z is ° * ' ° 3 2 is 2 z ; i ; is 0 é : 1 é a ¢ 5 ; } 5 b é i i : ae % 7 y i a a n a : 3 3 8 = ‘5 i : i qv x ; . i 2 fi xe ; ; é is é i 5 iH 5 ' 5 13 i ‘ : 7 7 3 3 3 9 B 1% ; : ? 3 ° x Fre q : ; : : : Fr 7 ; i 5 is é 5 i : 2 5 5 i ‘ i i 3 ‘ i 7 z 7 ¢ 7 3 7 3 : ; : : ; x a ° ; ; : : é n te 5 5 i : a : i 5 1 i % é ‘ 3 3 7 a 5 7 7 3 é Fa Pa n : i 5 2 : ip ie : i ' 5 3 5 % ° ‘ i i 3 % : 3 3 : oe 3 7 7 7 7 * is ie 8 3 ' ‘ 3 i 3 = é ‘ i 3 u 2 | 3 3 2 “Danses Rard Ben awe {fo tor rai on so Tabs Hard boa for tt og {fer ther sense Feb. XQ % ones mat be lated os tated in Chrt 6, pope 24; S t hove thre wine leCHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN CHART 9—LOSSES FOR ROUND FITTINGS Elbows, Tees and Crosses $88 8 8a8ae & a eae = || | eth (ieee eee G er nec nace wie SS NOTES: Ito for tee or ert io function of the valociy in the branch Tht represents the Tet in stoic to the branch, Qe i the retio of ir quantity ofthe bronch fe the main upsteom 2-to1 for 45° smocth elbow Is equal to onatalf the lee for @ 90° smooth elbow. 3: tow for 45° S.pece elbow is egual to oneal the lis for « 90° Spice elbow. ED 1 conationing company presure from the malin upsream246 selected should not exceed those in Table 7. Equiva ent round diameters may be obtained from Chart > using air velocity and air quantity. Table 6 is used with the equivalent round diameter to select the rectangular duct sizes. The fan static pressure re uited for the supply is determined by caleulation, using the longest ran of duct including all elbows and fittings. Tables 10 and 12 are used to obtain the losses thru the rectangular elbows and fittings, The Jongest run is not necessarily the run with the Sreatest friction loss, as shorter runs may have more elbows, fittings and restrictions, This method is not normally used, as it requires a broad background of duct design experience and Knowledge to be within reasonable accuracy. It should be used only for the most simple layouts. Splitter dampers should be included for balancing purposes, Equal Friction Method This method of sizing is used for supply, exhaust and return air duct systems and employs the same friction loss per foot of length for the entire system. The equal friction method is superior to velocity reduction since it requires less balancing for sym ae PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION metrical layouts. If a design has a mixture of short and long runs, the shortest run requires consider- able dampering Such a system is difficult to balance since the equal friction method makes no provision for equalizing pressure drops in branches or for Providing the seme static pressure behind each ait terminal. The usual procedure is to select an initial velocity in the main duct near the fan. This velocity should be selected from Table 7 with sound level being the limiting factor. Chart 7 is used with this initial velocity and air quantity to determine the friction rate. This same friction loss is then maintained throughout the system and the equivalent round duct diameter is selected from Chart 7. 'o expedite equal friction calculations, Table 13 is often used instead of the friction chart; this results in the same duct sizes. The duct areas determined from Table 13 or the equivalent round diameters from Chart 7 are used to select the rectangular duct sizes from Table 6. ‘This procedure of sizing duct automatically reduces the air velocity in the direction of flow. TABLE 13“PERCENT SECTION AREA IN BRANCHES FOR MAINTAINING EQUAL FRICTION ce uct CFM uct | cra pucr | ‘CFM | buer % Se Ze Se % % 3 u 3 38 a 3 2 : 15 u a | & ses a W 7s 36 440 | 6 68.0 88 ry 23.0 at al 66 725 am 20 27.0 4s 530 | 70. 765 95 25 325 50. so | 25 205 100 Teor Comey 5mm2 CHAPTER 2 AIR DUCT DESIGN To determine the total friction loss in the duct system that the fan must overcome, it is necessary to calculate the loss in the duct run having the highest resistance. The friction loss thru all elbows and fittings in the section must be included, Example 4 — Equal Friction Method of Designing Ducts Given ‘Duct systems for general ofice (Fig. 47) Total air quantity — 5400 cfm 18 air terminals ~ 300 cfma each Operating pressure forall terminals — 0.15 in, we Radius elbows, R/D = 1.25, Find: 1. Initiat duct velocity, area, size ancl friction rate in the ‘duet section from the fan to the fst branch, 2, Size of remaining duct runs, 5. Total equivalent length of duet run with highest re 4. Toial static pressure required at fan discharge Solution: |. From Table 7 select an inital velocity of 1700 fpm 5400 etm Duct atea = Toop ar Seq fe From Table 6select a duct size ~ 22 in, x 82 in Initial fieion rate is determined from Chait 7 using the air quantity (5400), and the equivalent round duct diameter from Table 6. Equivalent round duet diameter 145 in. wg per 100 fof equivslent length, 2 The duct areas are caleulated using Table 13 and duct siws are determined from Table 6. The following tabi lates the design information: nik car uct quantiry | capacrry sten10N (an o Toa 00 To Ma soo ° mi a0 3 hts "eno * Mots vato = ie 00 @ feat wo | ot hte mo | Tuer pucr pucr | ane | areas | Sizes section |“tor | “eto | Stn Toa | 1000 3.18 82x22 ea | ng aa | ais Bi | no | gato tein | as he | iexto Maas ans | st ite | ae mm | aie te | ts so | ‘ax rie | tos 38 ano air quantity in duct section total alr quantity ‘Duce area = percent of area times inital duet area (fn te) ‘Percent of clin Refer to page 27 for reducing duc sizes ED 1 cntsonieg comseer Duet sections B thru 12 and A thew 6 have the same dimension as the corresponéing duct sections in B thru 18. 3.16 appears that the duct run from the fan t0 terminal 18 has the highest resixance. Tables 10 and 12 are used to determine the losses thru the Butings, The following list, fs a tabulation of the total equivalent length in this dtuct ran; ADD. pucr | re LENGTH | EQUIV. SECTION, LENGTH @, a, Toa AB Bets | Duct 0 = |" Etbow 7 14-15, Dest | | 15-16 | Duc | 6-17 | Duct | | 17-18 | Duce Tout 210 18 4. The total friction fost fy the ductwork from the fan to last terminal 19 is shown in te following; Los = total equiv length % fection rate in wg 0 te Total static pressure required at fan discharge is the sum of the terminal operating pressure ancl the loss in the ductwork, Credit can be taken for the velocity regain Detween the frst and last sections of duct: = 22980 $32 oF 8 in. wg Fic. 47 ~ Ducr Layour ror Low Vetocrry Sysrext (EXameLes 4 ap 5)Velocity in initial section = 1700 fpm Velocity in ast setion = 590 fpm Using a 15% regain coefficient, vf) -(@Y] = 75 (18—.02) = 12 in. wg ‘Therefore, the total state pressure at fan discharge: = duct friction + terminal pressure ~ regain 33415 — 12 36 in. wg The equal friction method does not satisfy the design criteria of uniform static pressure at all branches and air terminals. To obtain the proper air quantity at the beginning of each branch, it is necessary to include a splitter damper to regulate the flow to the branch, It may also be necessary to have a control device (vanes, volume damper, or ‘adjustable terminal volume control) to regulate the flow at cach terminal for proper air distribution In Example 4, if the fan selected has a discharge velocity of 2000 fpm, the net credit to the total static pressure required is determined as described under “Fan Conversion Loss or Gain:” Gain =.75 [aay - (ai) J = 75 (25.18) Static Regain Method ‘The basic principle of the static regain method is to size a duct run so that the increase in static pres sure (regain due to reduction in velocity) at each branch or air terminal just offsets the friction loss in the succeeding section of duct. The static pres sure is then the same before each terminal and at each branch, The following procedure is used to design a duct system by this method: Select a starting velocity at the fan discharge from Table 7 and size the initial duct section from Table 6 The remaining sections of duct are sized from Chart 10 (L|Q Ratio) and Chart 11 (Low Velocity Static Regain). Chart 10 is used to determine the £/Q ratio knowing the air quantity (Q) and length (L) between outlets or branches in the duct section to be sized by static regain. This length (L) is the equivalent length between the outlets or branches, including elbows, except transformations, The effect of the transformation section is accounted for in Chart 11 — Static Regain.” This assumes that the transformation section is laid out according to the recommendation presented in this chapter. PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION Chart 11 is used to determine the velocity in the duct section that is being sized. The values of the L|Qratio(Chart 10)and the velocity (V,) in the duct section immediately before the one being sized are used in Chart 11. The velocity (V,) determined from Chart 11 is used with the air quantity to arrive at the duct area. This duct area is used in Table 6 to sive the rectangular duct and to obtain the equiva. Jent round duct size. By using this duct size, the friction loss thru the length of duct equals the in ereasc in static presure due to the velocity change after each branch takeoff and outlet. However, there are instances when the reduction in area is too small to warrant a change in duct size after the outlet, or possibly when the duct area is reduced more than is called for. This gives a gain or loss for the particular duct section that the fan must handle. Normally, this loss or gain is small and, in most in: stances, can be neglected. Instead of designing a duct system for zero gain or loss, it is possible to design for a constant loss or gain thru ail or part of the system. Designing for a constant loss increases operating cost and balancing Hime and may increase the fan motor size. Although not normally recommended, sizing for a constant loss reduces the duct size. Example 5 — Stotic Regain Method of Designing Ducts Duct layout (Example ¢ and Fig. 47) ‘Total alr quantity — 54C0 fim Velocity in initial duct section — 1700 fpm (Example 4) ‘Unvaned radius elbow, R/D = 1.25 18 air terminals ~ $00 efin each Operating pressure for al terminals ~ 0.5 in, wy Find: 1. Det sizes, 2, Total static pressure required at fan discharge Solution: 1, Using an inital velodty of 1700 fpm and knowing the air quantity (6400 cin), the initial duct area after the fan discharge equals 3.18 sq ft. From Table 6.4 duct size of 22" x 22" is selected. The equivalent round duct size from Table 6 is 4.1 in. and the friction rate from Chart 7 is 0.149 in. wg per 100 ft of equivalent length ‘The equivalent length of duct teem the fan discharge to the fst branch, = duct tength =H+RE RH ‘The friction loss in the duet section up to the first branch ditional length due to fittings qui length of duct » friction rate ous, = 72x 5 = odin. wg The remaining duct scions ate now sized ‘The longest duct run (4 to outlet 18, Fig. 47) should be sited first. In this example, itis desirable to have thestatic pressure in the duct immediately before outlews 1 and 7 equal to the static pressure before outlet 13, Figure 48 tabulates the duct sizes, 2 The total presure required at the fan discharge is ‘equal to the sum of the friction loss in the initial duct section plus the terminal operating pressure Pan discharge pressure ction Joss + terminal pressure Ot 15 = 25 In we 1t is good design practice to include spliteer dampers to regulate the flow to the branches, even though the static pressure at each terminal is nearly ‘equal. Comparison of Static Regain and Equal Friction Methods Examples 4 and 5 show that the header duct sizes determined by the equal friction or static regain method are the same. However, the branch ducts, sized by static regain, are larger than the branch ducts sized by equal friction, igure 49 shows a comparison of duct sizes and weights established by the two methods, The weight of sheet metal required for the sys- tem designed by static regain is approximately 139%, more than the system designed by equal friction, However, this increase in first cost is offset by re duced balancing time and aperating cost. IF ie is assumed that a low velocity air handling system is used in Examples 3 and 4 and that a de. sign air flow of 5400 cfm requires a static pressure of 1.5 in, wg, the increased horsepower required for other equal friction design is determined in the fol- Jowing manner, Sane oar moan | menos wemiop'se, | aetnoD Sr Gn. 9g) Gin.) “Air handling equipment 1S ry tie “ou ‘s emia rsa is 3 tere z <2 “ea i ca Additonat np= 85-= 15 = 639, approx. A. 6% increase in horsepower often indicates a jarger fan motor and subsequent increased elec tical transmission costs, NH VELOCITY DUCT SYSTEMS ' high velocity air distribution system uses higher vir velocities and static pressures than a conven- ional system. The design of a high velocity system involves a compromise between reduced duct sizes and higher fan horsepower. The reduced duct size PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION is a savings in building space normally allotted to the air conditioning ducts, Usually Class II fans are required for the in. creased static presture in a high velocity system and extra care must be taken in duct layout and con. struction. Ducts ate normally sealed to prevent leak. age of air which may cause objectionable noise. Round ducts are preferred to rectangular because of greater rigidity. Spiva-Pipe should be used whenever possible, since it is made of lighter gage metal than Corresponding round and rectangular ducts, and does not require bracing, Symmetry is a very important consideration when designing a duct system. Maintaining as symmetrical a system as possible reduces balancing time, design time and layout. Using the maximum amount of symmetrical duct runs also reduces construction and installation costs Particular care must be given to the selection and Jocation of fittings to avoid excessive pressure drops and possible noise problems. Figure 50 illustrates the minimum distance of six duct diameters be ween elbows and 90° tees. If a 90° conical tee is used, the next fitting in the direction of air flow may be located a minimum of one-half duct diameter away (Fig. 51). The use of a conical tce is limited to header ductwork ard then only for increased initial velocities in the riser. ‘When laying out the header ductwork for a high velocity system, thece are certain factors that must be considered 1. The design friction losses from the fan dis charge to a point immediately upstream of the first riser takeoff from each branch header should be as nearly equal as possible. These points of the sime friction Joss are shown in Fig. 52. 2, To satisly the above principle when applied to multiple headers leaving the fan, and to take maximum advantage of allowable high veloc. ity, adhere to the following basic rule wherever possible: Make as nearly equal as possible the ratio of the total equivalent length of each header run (fan discharge to the first riser takeoff) to the initial header diameter (L/D ratio). Thus the longest Spira-Pipe header run should preferably have the highest air quantity $0 that the highest velocities can be used throughout, 5. Unless space conditions dictate otherwise, the takeoff from the header should be made using 4 90° tee or 90° conical tee rather than a 45°CHAPTER 2 AIR DUCT DESIGN ‘Total SP. Les for supply duet stem = SP. for ertcal duct — In, wg plos air ule SP loss inv wg 7 Tn WE Z iano aed 5 @ 7 3 3 Seorion | aim equ. | —L_| VELoarry AREA DUT | FRICTION| TOTAL No. | QUAN-|LENGTH] —- pias. | “Loss on | "se. Ty v ‘on | TAKE-OFF] Loss z [RATIO tom oat necr.| | To) oN e stziy | TAKE-oFF| DUCT Si - Indicated | Seleced| indicated | Selected conics am | eo iny_| “Gn | Gn. we) FanwoA | 5400] 72 00 a wxz | 01m | aioe a8 soo | 20 | ass | isto 238 2x06 Bas iso | are |e | im 14 Baio 14 wso0 | 20 | 33 | 3000 150 2x10 1s 200 | 20 | 2s | ‘ee var 2x10 sao | 20] saa 135 2x10 co | 2 | a | a9 tor 16x10 soo | 20 | ‘ss | 480 a8 lox Be? roo | i+ 2x1 na 1500 | 20 2x0 3-0 1200} 0 zxo | 2.10 on | 30 20%1) wot eo | 2 16x10 1g sco | 20 oxo Act 1800 2x0 re i500 2x19 a3 1200 | 20 Bx 5.4 soo | 20 20x10 a5 am | 20 6x16 a6 00 | 20 19x10 "Duct size is assumed to determine los thru elbow. Duct sits from Table 6. Longest duct run is sized fst Remaining duct sections are the same size, a they are From Form Ea? ‘not symmetrical and handle different air quantities, an . initial velocity is ascumed at the symmetric to branch B thru 18. Mother branches sve header before take-of. Fic, 48 — Duer Sizne Carcutation Forse ning of the branch, ‘This velocity is somewhat lest than the velocity in the EQUAL FRICTION METHOD STATIC REGAIN METHOD Duet Duct Duce Dace een) Dimensions Weight Dimensions Weight ‘my oy ) Tox xa si Bet a2 Atos 22x16 179 2x16 v9 Aa, Bas 22x10 a4 22x16 304 2,78, 1814 8x10 an 2x1 438 23,89, 148 x10 0 wxio 8 $4. 9.10, 15:16 12x10 21 20x10 435 465, 10-1, 16.17 8x10 270 16x 10 84 56,1012, 1718 ax10 270 oxo 207 “Total weight of dua Ba u57 Allow 15% fo scrap fo a3 ‘Total wt of sheet metal = Se ‘Total weight Includes transformation and elbows, Fic, 49 — Comparison oF Duct Sino Mrtions apetee, By using 90° fittings, the pressure drop to the branch throughout the system is more uni- form. In addition, two fittings are normally required when a 45° tee is used and only one when 2 90° fitting is used, resulting in lower first cost. ‘The design of a high velocity system is basically the same as a low velocity duct system designed for static regain. The air velocity is reduced at each take-off to the riser and air terminals. This reduce on in velocity results in a recovery of static pres sure (velocity regain) which offsets the friction loss in the succeeding duct section. The initial starting velocity in the supply header depends on the number of hours of operation, To achieve an economic balance between first cost and ote Tp Lhe PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION operating cost, lower air velocities in the header aye recommended for 24-hour operation where space permits, When « 90° conical tee is used instead of a 90° tee for the header to branch take-of, a higher initial starting velocity in the branch is recom- mended. The following table suggests initial veloci- ties for header and branch duct sizing: RECOMMENDED INITIAL VELOCITIES USED WITH CHARTS 12 AND 15 (fpm) HEADER I2 hr. operation 3000 - 4000 24 br. operation 2000-3500 RANGA? 90" conical tee 400-5000 90° tee 500-4000 TAKE-OFFS TO TERMINAIS Boo maxima “Branches are defined a8 a branch eider of Tis having @ (05 or more take-ofs to terminals, Static regain charts are presented for the design of high velocity systems. Chart 12 is used for designing branches and Chart 13 is used for header design, ‘The basic difference in the two charts is the ait quantity for the duct sections, Chart 12 is used for sizing risers and branch headers handling 6000 cfm or less. The chart is based on 12 ft increments between take-offs to the air terminals in the branches or take-offs to the risers in branch headers. A scale is provided to correct for spacings more or less than 12 ft, Chart 13 is used to size headers, and has an air quantity range of 1000 to 40,000 clin, The chart is based on 20 ft increments between branches. A cor. rection scale at the top of the chart is used when take-off to branch is more or less than 20 ft. Examples 6 and 7 are presented to illustrate the use of these two charts, Example 6 is a branch sizing problem for the duct layout in Fig. 53, and Exam. ple 7 isa header layout (Fig. 55), Fic. 51 — Spacing oF Frrvincs Wien Usine 90° Conicet Tre raCHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN CHART 12—BRANCH HIGH VELOCITY STATIC REGAIN i YL Form E1484 DD 1s consstoning Company254 NET ORIN OR Loss Cin We 8 XK 5 ems (OSE PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION CHART 13—HEADER HIGH VELOCITY STATIC REGAIN [Reono BUY eouTALEN Lenora Fon = 207CHAPTER 2, AIR DUCT DESIGN Fic. 62 — Hien Vexocrry Heapers ap BRaNcHEs Example 6 — Uso of Branch Duct Sizing Chart Given Office building riser ax shown in Fig. 53 12 air terminals — 100 cfm each ‘Total air quantity — 1200 cfm Air terminal state pressure — 1.3 in, we Find) Duet sites for Sections I thru 6, ig, 53 Solution: 1. Sketch branch as shown in Fig, $2. Enter appropriate values in columns 2,8 and 8, Fig. $4 255 aay ae He ool ume of} een wt, DELS se o4 CHA ots Fic. 58 — Brancit Ducr For ExaMpue 6 2 Enter Chart 12 at the velocity range recommended for branch risers with a 90" conieal tee, poge 32, Intersect the initial branca air quantity. 1200 cfm, as shown at point 4. Read 7 in. duct size and $8 in. wg Joss per 100 ft of equivalent pipe and 4500 fpm velocity. Enter these values on the high velocity ‘calevlacions form (Fig. 4). 4. From point 4, determine header take-off loss by_pro jecting horizontally to the left of point 4 and read 125 in. wg 5, Enter 1.25 in. wg in Fig. 3¢ for section 1 6 Determine equivalent lengih from the header to the fist air terminal take-off INITIAL CONDITIONS: Gim 1200; Doct Sie 7 in Velocity #300 Ipm 7T? 7.3 ‘Ts o 7 7 [* [3 BRANGH [AIR |-EQUIV TAKEOFF | SR] ai] bueF | WiLoc: secr. quan. | uct’ | pressure neapinc | TO anzap | verwe | size | “xry No. Trry |uexora (we) taxcors | “or | "Nat v @ fou sp. | TAKEORF) PRESS. CHANGE Ywsuat | seteaed | nina 5 (cfm) {fy Gin. we) in. wa) fin. ve) in) (pm) 1 Piao) ~233 | tranch Tako FL Era 2a [7 | a0 Duct Freon Los = “a 2 fo | 266 | oto tas ~o8s 299 ww] or | smo 3 | wo | iz | os | ose 0 ao | as | 7 | ss # | ao | iz | os | os or zo | is | 7 | geo 5 | wo} a2 | ox | oa ~ oes 27 um | 6 | tom s{ om | | om | om owe 255 ms | os | tas ‘Maximum 5 P. Isat Section 29 IS FS = 408 From Form E-148, Fic, 4 — Hic Vetocrry Branct $izine CatcuLationsLength of pipe = 6 +12 = 18 f1. One 7 in, smooth etl 53 ft. Total equivalent length = 18 + 5.8 = 284 ft Pressure drop = 28.5 x 38/100 = 89 in, we. Determine duct sie for section 2: From point 4 on Chart 12, project thew points # and {0 the 1000 cfm line at point D. Determine equivalent length for section 2: Actual duct length = 12 + 2 = 14 ft. Two smooth 99 ells, = 2X 58 = 106 ft, Toul equivalent length = 14 + 10.6 24.6 f. Determine pressure Joss i section 2 Project vertically from point D 20 reference Tine, thea to point &, Proceed on the guide lines to 246 fe equivalent length, point F, Project vertically trom F to 1000 cfm line at point G, then along the 1000 cfin tine to point Enter point H (1.25 in. wg) and point G (1.0 in. wg) in ig. $4, columns 4 and 5. The net loss is “point Hf — point G* = 1.25 = 1.00 = 25 in. wg. This is entered in column 6 of Fig. 4. Enter 7 in, diameter in column & Determine duct sie for section 8 Project downvard on the 7 in, diameter line to the 1000 fm line, points Hf to J Project along guide lines at the right side of the chart from I to the 800 cfm line at point J. Duet site is 7 in Enter appropriate values from the chart in columas 4 5,8 and 9 of Fig, $4 Determine duct size for section 4 Project downward on the 7 in. diameter line to the 800 fm line, points to. Project along guide tines at the right side of the chart from point & to the 600 clin line at point L. Project long the 600 cfm line to the 7 in, diameter line, point £0 M. This resulis in a static regain of 37 ~ 47 = 10 in, wg. Dut size for section ¢ i$ 7 in, Enter appropriate ales in Fig. 54, columns 4,5, 6,7 and 9, NOTE: If the 600 cfm line is projected from point L to the 6 in, diameter line, 2 net foss of 88 — 45 = 43 in, wg results, This friction toss unneces. sarily penalizes the system. Therefore, the pro. jection from £ is made to the 7 in, diameter line 5: Project downward Determine duct size for section 5: from At 10 600 cfm tine, point N. Project along. guide Hines to 400 cfm Tine, point 0. Continue along the 400 «fm line (0 the 6 in. diameter line, point O to P. This results in a static presure loss of 0 — 315 = 085 in wg. Duct sie is 6 in, Enter the appropriate values in Fig. 54, columns 4, 5,6, 7 and 9. NOTE: If the 400 cfm is projected from point ca ‘he 7 in, diameter ine, a net regain of 315 — 20 = A115 in, wg results, Therelore, the 6 in size is sed to save on fre cost since the net toss sing the 6 in, sie is insignificant. Determine duct size for section 6 Duct sie i 5 in. a determined from point 5 Determine velocities for duct sections 1.6 from points A,1,K, N,Q and T respectively; enter in eolunin 10 7. Determine take-off and runout pressure drop by enter. ing upper right hand portion of Chart 12 at 100 cfm and read a pressure drop of 19 in. eg for a4 in. runout size Sd 239 in. wg (maximum from column 7) plus 1. in. Wg (column 8) plus .19 (ake-off and runout drop) «0 Sind 4.08 in, wg (lotat branch §-P). lll PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION Example 7 — Use of Header Sizing Chart Given: Office building, 12hour operation Header as shown in Fig. 38 10 branches — 120) cfm each ‘Total air quantity — 12,000 cfm Fine: Header size for sections 1 thru 10 Solution: 1. Sketch header as shown in Fig, 55, Enter appropriate values in Fig. 36, columns 1,2, 3 end 8, 2. Rater Chart 13 at the velocity range recommended for headers in a system operating 12 hours, page 52. 3: Imterset the initial header air quantity 12.900 cfm as shown, a¢ point 4. Read 24 in, duct size and 62 in Wm loss per 106 £1 of equivalent pipe and $800 fpr Enter these values on high velocity caleulation forr, (Fig. 56). 4, Calculate the equivalent length of section 1 and record {mn column 3; straight duct = 20 feet, no fittings: pressure Arop = 20 x 62 =124 in. wg, 5 Size duct section 2: From point 4 on chart, project thru points B and C to the 10,800 cfm line at point D. 6. Determine equivatent length for section 2: Actual length 20 fe One S-piece 90° ell = 24 ft. Total equivatent Tength = 20+ 2¢= 44 f. 7. Determine pressure toss in section 2: Project vertically from point D to reference line, point £. Proceed om the Auide lines to 44 fe equivalent length, point F, Project vertically from F to 103800 cfm line at point G, then long the 10800 cfim line to point H. Enter the net Joss read from point G (84) and from point #2 (0) in columns 4 and 5, Fig. 36."The net loss is “point FF point 6" = 60 ~ 84 = 06 in. wg. This is entered in column 6, Fig. 56. Enter 2¢ in. diameter in column 5 8. Determine duct size for section $; Project downward on the 24 in, line t the 10800 cfm line, point 1 to 7, Project along the guide lines at the right side of the ¢ hart from 7 10 the 9600 cfm line at point J. Enter appropriate value: from the chart in columns 45.6 and 9, Fig. 56 Fic, 55 — Hick Vexoorry Ducr System — Heaven. Stavic REGAIN MetHop Sizing neiim CHAPTER 2 AIR DUCT DESIGN 281 INITIAL CONDITIONS: fo 12.000; Duct Sie 24 ing Velocity S800 pm. 1 2 5 4 5 6 7 3 2 10 weabER| AiR | EQUIV. | PRESSURE READING| TAKEOFF | se. | pRaNcH | pucr | vexoe sect. | QUAN: | DUCT ro | aman | se. | size | ity No. | TiTy | LENGTH (i.e) taxeorr | “or v @ 1 SP, CHANGE) TAKE-OFF seteced | minus 5) | | & Goes) | dnwe | dinewe) | ging | tomy 1 | 120 | 2 Duct Friction = 0184 oat aus [2a | seo 2 | ros | 4 | one 090 0.06 ose aos | ae | ston 3 sono | 20 | 07 070 4004 ose 40s | 24 | so00 4 so | 20 | 037 035 002 24 ae | 2 | 2600 5 nwo | 20 | ose ose 00 zs aco | 4 | 2280 é oo | a om 030 oor ons ace [ae [1000 c 7 ao | | ome 025 004 oss zz | 1800 5 sco] 20 | ots | oa =o08s | eo 20 | 1650 ° zoo | 20 | 016s | ose Hors | 0364 16 | i650 0 woo | 20 | os | om 01s | 0309 1 | 1500 ‘Maximum SP. at Section 10= 0814 From Form E-l49 Fic. 56 — Hicn Vetocrry Hraper Sizixc CALCULATIONS 9. Determine duct sites for sections 4 thrw 10 in a manner Find) similar 10 Step 8 using the listed ait quantities and Ar quantities at ezch outlet ‘equivslent lengths: One exception is duct section 6. Since Solution: les equivalent length is 44 feet, use the method outlined 1, Room air quantity required at 60 F im Steps 5, 6 and 7 to determine the pressure drop. In addition, se Example 5, Steps 18 and 14, for explanation when the chart indicates a duet diameter other than ‘hose listed, for instance 23 inches. DUCT HEAT GAIN AND AIR LEAKAGE Whenever the air inside the duct system is at a temperature different than the air surrounding the duct, heat flows in or out of the duet. As the load is calculated, an allowance is made for this heat gain or loss, In addition, air leakage is also included in the calculated load, The load allowance required and guides to conditions under which an allowance should be made for both heat gain or loss and duct leakage are included in Part I, System Heat Gain. Chart 14 is used to determine the temperature ise or drop for bare duct that has an aspect ratio of 2:1. In addition, correction factors for other aspect ratios and insulated duct are given in the notes to the chart. Example 8 — Calculations for Supply Duet Given Supply air quantity from load estimate form — 1650 cfm Supply duct heat gain from load estimate form — 5% Supply duct leakage from load estimate forin — 5% Unconditioned space temp — 95 F Room air temperature ~ 78 F Duct insulation U vale — 24 Det shoven in Fig. 37, ED 1 costae comer C = 1500 cf Normally a 10% leakage allowance is used if the com. plete duct is outside the zo0m, Since a large portion of Ue duct is within the room, 5% is used in this example. Determine the temperature rise from 4 to B; Select an Ina) starting velocity from Table 7 (assume 1400 fpr). Calculate the temperature rise from the fan to the room, Enter Chart 14 st 1300 cfm; project vertically to. M400 fpm and read 27 degrees temperature change per 100 1 per degree F difference. Using aspect ratio of 8:1, temperature rte SB & 27 F change x 185 x (95 — 60 100 aa Fic, 87 = Ducr Hear Gav ano Am LEagace,2.58 PART. Air temperature entering room 2, AIR DISTRIBUTION ‘Outer chm adjusted for temperature rise Actual ar quantity entering wom Aa es Allowance for duct cooling Ai temperature rs from 4 10 B =s50— (18 x wt) = 498 cm a a Supply ae temperature dif to outer scion oc eh Tne Sos ee gn 8 — (60.52 + 83 Requited air quantity ta outlet In 1180 fpr, Determine temperature rise From Chert if, read 43 F for ‘Temperature rise 00 x! og 500% GEES = 582 etm 6 ac outer 1180 fpm and 50 ef, with no allowance for cooling rom the dt = AB 104% 7p = 06 F Supply se smpertre dit = 164 11= 159 F Outlet B cfn with allowance for duct cooling Outlet cfm adjusted for temperature rise ‘ 2 (ssi =) 8 = 500 x f= 588 etm ‘3. Determine cfm for outlet C: Use equal friction method. Allowance for duct cooling to determine vey in Second Seton af dec oh = 1540-42 ~ 1048 ns slot = 98 fon ose (sare HE) = norm Determine tenperstre rie 1 outlets Hom Cher read .82 for 1280 fpm and 1040 cfm. Temperature rise 5. Check for total cfm: t 492-488-2515 = Lose sexnax lS aor his compares avraly with the 150m enerng vom Supply ar teperatne ai = 172 = 8 = 04 F ig 57 shows origina ad corrected ose air quan CHART 14—DUCT HEAT GAIN OR LOSS 8 | g 3 8 Sues | : ‘TEMPERATURE RIS OR BREF 06 F/( DEG F OFF K\0OFT) "60 #0 809400 805 600 800 100 2500. $660 1000 6660. S50 19000 cru aie NoTEs, Aspeet Ratio Corection 1, Based on bore rectangular duct asped fio | Revnd [1a [3 [od —51[ oa [9a PRT [TOT ithe 2) expec rt, oresion 189 [99 fun T8128 1a5] bal] 15] Se Tae 1 Csi furedsin or isuated, ve the following coresion foctersForedsin duct 5 Insulated (U'= 27) “tas Insleted (U= 113) — 0 3. For ir quenttos greater then 10,000 chm, divide air quantity by 100 ond mutisly degree chonge by 0. aiaCHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN HIGH ALIITUDE DUCT DESIGN When an ait distribution system is designed to operate above 2000 feet altitude, below 30 'F, or above 120 F temperature, the friction loss obtained trom Chart 7, Page 33, must be corrected forthe wt densiy. Chart 13 presents the correction factors foe temperature and altitude, The actual elm is ued to find the friction loss from Chert 7 and this loss multiplied by the correction factor or factors from Chast 15 0 obtain the actual friction loss. ‘When calculating losses thru filters, cooling coils, heating coils, etc., adjust the actual cfm to standard clm by multiplying by the air density ratio. Obtain the friction loss for the equipment from published ‘lata based on the standard cfm, Divide the frietion fom the published data by the air density ratio to ‘obtain the actual air friction CHART 15—AIR DENSITY CORRECTION FACTORS, Leo. ALTITUDE) Lio hos 88. 78; ‘DUCT FRICTION FACTOR (TO CORRECT FOR DENSITY CHANGE DUE TO TEMP on STANDARD Ala 0743. L8/CU FT at 70 F JAND © ALTITUDE + x 3 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14900 © scrituoe fer eG oo 20080300 AIR TEMPERATURE (F)2-60 DUCT CONSTRUCTION ‘The sheet metal gage used in the ducts and the reinforcing required depends on the pressure con- ditions of the system. There is also a wide variety of joints and seams used to form the ducts which also depend on pressure conditions in the duct sys- tem. Low Pressure Systems Table 14 lists the recommended construction for rectangular ducts made of aluminum or steel. The method of bracing and reinforcing and types of joints and seams are included in the table. Round duct and Spira-Pipe construction are included in PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION Tables 15 and 16 which apply for low and high pres sure systems. Fig. 58 illustrates the more common seams and joints used in low pressure systems, TABLE 16—MATERIAL GAGE FOR SPIRA-PIPE Duct Low and High Pressure Systems DUCT DIMENSION. DUCT MATERIAL GAGE Ain) ste ‘Aluminom Us.Goge | 08S Gogo Up tes x) # ooze M 20 2k 2 i TABLE 14—RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION FOR RECTANGULAR SHEET METAL DUCTS Low Pressure Systems oo MATERIAL GAGE pect rs RECOMMENDED constecTiON® DIMENEION oeren 8 Jeni, Brecing ond Relntoreing ust] lip ared 24 [a4 anf 20 | Petat ap F Bar ps apoced Tat ve an ag SO 2410 20 26 [a [| 20 : —]_Postet spor tors sp, speed not mre thon fur fet epert aio | 2 | [0] 18 eateeeee fe infored pocket ipl or vlforced Bar, spaced at move Tan ow fo ster wo] ] we fe 1A" x Y" dioganel ange reinforcing! r 114" x 1%" « 1" gith infrcng loved midway between ote Aelnforeed pocket slipt or reinforced Bar slit spaced not move thon Toor feet open, 7310 90 2 | 0 | te | 16) THETA" « 14 atogenalenle retrain or 14" x 114" 16" ginh ‘ale reinforcing ected midway berwacn eos 3A x" bed ro ty bron for dot wih 73" 90", Reinforced poet spt or reinforced Bar slip spoced not more Pow fow {esl oper. TEXT" x 14" dogonal angle reeforsngt or 114" x 114" x JA" gh 91 and Up 18] 20 | 16 | 16 | cnoterentrcng$ lected nidery sorre at TAT WA" bond ion stay brocing ford wah $1" to 120°, LA" x J4" band ion sey brahg speced 48" oper fos duc widhe | | 12" and ep. “Al ducts over 18" neither dinason ove wannbralon ove oF duct conection iso be inelled. ve seoms ore her Pi Reinforce Jit wih 114" x 14" bond iron pt those fe which rigid board isulolion i appad or area of dua Where oule? isburg lock seam or longitude! seam ‘Analen ore otached Yo duet by tock welding, sheet metal sews, or rivets on 6" camer TABLE 15—RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION FOR ROUND SHEET METAL DUCT Low ond High Pemure Spans onion ——tered 22 Round duet sections re joined to- = TERE W pa 7 oa ! oa 2 is inforcing s ewern t : my ieee ree vee » bn es Pa” |e am on wn a ny | 73 and Up 16 7 inforcing spaced on 4’ centers. a TaeCHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN eal TR ge J Fic, 58 ~ Joints anp Seas For Low Pressure System High Pressure Systems Table 17 contains the construction recommenda. tions for rectangular duct made of aluminum or Steel. The table includes the required reinforcing and bracing and types of joints and seams used in high pressure duct systems, Fig. 59 shows the common joint used for rectangu: lar ducts in high pressure systems. The ducts are constructed with a Pittsburg lock or grooved longi tudinal seams (Fig, 58) Table 15 shows the recommended duct construc - tion for round ducts, The data applies for elther S\souteo high or low pressure systems. Fig, 60 illustrates the seams and joints used in round duct systems, The uct materials for Spira-Pipe are given in Table 16. LED 1 cnttonie compsey Fic, 59 — Jour For Hick Pressure SystemTABLE 17—RECOMMENDED CONSTRUCTION FOR RECTANGULAR SHEET METAL DUCTS High Pressure Systems (MATERIAL GAGE RECOMMENDED ‘Aluminum ] CONSTRUCTION" t de BESGese | racing end Reinforcing IM fin) Fonaed_ngle sooner ban ote Sam isons ese “adie hon ane fect Seep Sogn ors Tia" Tee Tae aE a a oi | cote nora ipSca Fe open 691060 longed ongle gasket Init or but welded ft Wah ich engl, spaced rot more than hwave feet ‘per Angier are V4" + Tar nee TAT TA" a He" git whoates TAI duc over 18" acer i “ich rigid board ili is appli or area where cute are Holle. Seams ore cher Pssburg lock eam or lngivdinl seam. [nate are oteched Yo duct by tock welding or rivets on 6” centers ‘and Up PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION SHEET METAL SoREWS \ “spina Pie' sea Fic, 61 — Jor axp Seam For Spia-pipe Fittings are normally used to join sections of Spira-Pipe as shown in Fig. 61. Sealing compound is used to join Spira-Pipe to fittings, WEIGHTS OF DUCT MATERIALS Table 18 gives the weights of various materials used for duct systems. (_—— Baop——— a Fic. 60 — Roun Duer Jousts axp Seams ‘GROOVED LONGITUDINAL SEAMCHAPTER 2. AIR DUCT DESIGN a TABLE 18—WEIGHTS OF DUCT MATERIAL TS waionr | CAGE (THICKNESS) |_WEIGHT PER SHEET (by ae/eat) | ind x96 | 48x96 | ae ite GALVANIZED STEEL, U.S, GAGE 0 | 26.00.1022) [are | a0 | van wise | 24g0. (one) | rr | aro | 282 Moe 2ge.toa) | Sse | aso | Sea ress | 2090. (040) | ae7 | S30 | Sta ziss | iegetos) | 5a | oo | $63 2486 | 16 g0.(0e) | aoe | aso | sees sae | r4Ge.toeo) | 78 | soso | tata HOT ROLLED STEEL, US. GAGE 730 | 200.1079 [180 ] m0 | soo 1000 | 2490. (023) | aco | Jag | 398 ta | 2290.(027/ | 300 | too | Sao r ys00 | 209010959) | 340 | tan | See 2000 | iege.(ou7s) | aso | sao | £5 2500 | 1690.05 | soo | 00 | 1009 i ais | t4g0.(or7) | 760 | 1000 | 190 sors | tose.tiss) [1980 | ts00 | tas ALUMINUM, 8 & § GAGE (35) ae | 24 90. (020) oe | sa [ns 5s | 2290: 023} es | ond | 3 56 1033) no | us | 133 i575 | 18 ge: (010) ma | tee | 230 72 | 18 60: (031) va | 22 | deo $14 | gatos) | 220 | daa | dae ves" | 120: (ort) uz | ind | a3 STAINLESS STEEL, U.S. GAGE (302) 28 92. (016) ise] au | aoa 26 go. (010), wer | 252 | io 19s | mee toas) | asa | doe | tte ial) mgeton) | Sis | dae | Be We | ogee) «=| ra | Soe | Be 29 | isge.toso =| Sou | oh | ano 243 | t6ge(oe) | 50 | tuo | vaso 52e_| sectors | ver | rose | Ste covren, 07/50 Ft 100 | eoxcoate) [240 | azo tas | doer (oar) goo | ica vs0 | aextoszn | 380 | te5 zoo | 32en.(o4s2) | aso | sao ID os cotteg canny: CHAPTER 3. ROOM This chapter discusses the distribution of condi tioned air after it has been transmitted to the room, ‘The discussion includes proper room air distribu. tion, principles of air distribution, and types and location of outlets. REQUIREMENTS NECESSARY FOR GOOD AIR DISTRIBUTION TEMPERATURE Recommended standards for room design condi tions are listed in Part I, Chapter 2. The air dis tributing system must be designed to hold the temperature within tolerable limits of the above recommendations. In a single space a variation of 2F at different locations in the occupied zone is about the maximum that is tolerated without com: plaints. For a group of rooms located within space, a maximum of 8 F between rooms is not usual, Temperature variations are generally more objectionable in the heating season than in the cooling season. Temperature fluctuations are more noticeable than temperature variations. These fluctuations are usually a function of the temperature control system, When they are accompanied by air movements on the high end of the recommended velocities, they may result in complaints of drafts AIR VELOCITY Table 19 shows room air velocities. It also il lustrates occupant reaction to various room air velocities in the occupied zone. AIR DIRECTION Table 19 shows that air motion is desirable and actually necessary. Fig. 62 is a guide to the most desirable air direction tor a seated person, PRINCIPLES OF AIR DISTRIBUTION The following section describes the principles of air distribution Blow Blow is the horizontal distance that an air stream travels on leaving an outlet. This distance is meas. ured from the outlet to a point at which the velocity of the air stream has reached a definite minimum value, This velocity is 50 fpm and is measured at 6.5 ft above the floor ID oe coseeg cnr SERS TCHRMERRERTETONNOTE AIR DISTRIBUTION TABLE 19—OCCUPIED ZONE ROOM AIR Vetoerries room Ae M.A en Recommenoto voc eacron | eid O18 | canon abe vega] oe 25 | Ses dege—tovcbie 2550 | resol trwabe wr 50] crease s 75 | Upper tw | eerie rs100 | Sentecryoreonttonne im "iste266 Blow is proportional to the velocity of the primary air as it leaves the outlet, and is independent of the temperature difference between the supply air and the room air, DROP. Drop, or rise, is the vertical distance the air moves between the time it leaves the outlet and the time it reaches the end of its blow. INDUCTION Induction is the entrainment of room air by the air ejected from the outlet and is a result of the Nelocity of the outlet air. The air coming directly from the outlet is called primary air. The room air which is picked up and cartied along by the primary air is called secondary air. The entire stream, com- posed of a mixture of primary and secondary air, is called oral air, Induction is expressed by the momentum equation: MV, +M,V,=(M,+M,) x Vy where M, = mass of the primary air ‘M, = mass of the secondary air V, = velocity of the primary air ve, vy Induction ratio (R) is defined as the ratio of total air to primary air; velocity of the secondary air velocity of the total air total air __ primary + secondary air Ra = Demy + secondary air primary air primary air IMPORTANCE OF INDUCTION Since blow is a function of velocity and since the Tate of decrease of velocity is dependent on the rate of induction, the length of blow is dependent on the amount of induction that aceurs. The amount of induction for an outlet is a direct function of the Perimeter of the primary air stream cross-section. For two outlets having the same area, the outlet with the larger perimeter has the greatest induction and, therefore, the shortest blow. Thus, for a given air quantity discharged into a room with a given pressure, the minimum induction and maximum blow is obtained by a single outlet with a round crosssection, Conversely, the greatest induction and the shortest blow occur with a single outlet in the form of a long narrow slot. SPREAD Spread is the angle of divergence of the air stream alter it leaves the outlet, Horizontal spread is di- PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION vergence in the horizontal plane and vertical spread is divergence in the vertical plane. Spread is the included angle measured in degrees, Spread is the result of the momentum law. Fig. 63 is an illustration of the effect of induction on stream area and air velocity. outer, 1 sor 1000 cw tooorew aS © steam ance 2000.cFu 500 FPM VEL Fic, 68 — Errecr oF Iypucrion Exomple 1 ~ Effect of Induction Given 1000 cfm primary air 1000 cfm secondary air 1000 fpm primary ar velocity 0 fom secondary a: velocity Find, ‘The velocity and area of the totat air strea slim of primary and 1400 cin of secondary Solution Ares ofthe initial primary air stream before induction 00 5 Fagin ¥* Toog = 4 when 1000 re mixed, Substituting in the momentum equation (2000 > 1000) + (1000 0) = (1000 + 1066) r, = 500 ‘rea of the total air stream +A, 1000+ 1000 ¥, 300 anh An outlet discharging air uniformly forward, no diverging or converging vane setting, results in 2 spread of about an 18° to 20° included angle in both planes. This is equal to a spread of about one foot in every six feet of blow. Type and shape of utlet has an influence on this included angle, but for neatly all outlets it holds to somewhere bet ween 15 and 28°, INFLUENCE OF VANES ON OUTLET PERFORMANCE Straight Vanes Outlets with vanes set at a straight angle result in a spread of approximately 19° in both the hori. ontal and vertical plane (Fig. 64).CHAPTER 3. ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION —_— HAL Fic, 64 — Sereap with Steaiour Vanes Converging Vanes Outlets with vanes set to divect the discharge air (Fig. 65) xesult in approximately the same spread (19°) as when the vanes are set straight. However the resulting blow is approximately 159%, longer than the straight vane setting, Diverging Vanes Outlets with vanes set to give an angular spread to the discharge air have amarked effect on direction and distance of tavel. Vertical vanes with the end vanes set at a 45° angle, and all other vanes set at intermediate angles to give a fanning effect, pro. duce an air stream with a horizontal included angle ‘of approximately 60° (Fig, 66). Under this condition the blow is reduced about 50%, Outlets with end vanes set at angles less than 45°, and all other vanes set at intermediate angles to give a fanning effect, have a blow correspondingly larger than the 43° Vane setting, but less than a straight vane setting, Where diverging vanes are used, the free outlet atea is reduced; therefore, the air quantity is less than for straight vanes unless the pressure is in sreased. To miss an obstruction or to direct the ait ina particular direction, all vanes can be set for a specific angle as illustrated in Fig, 67. Notice that the spread angle is stil approximately 19° INFLUENCE OF DUCT VELOCITY ON OUTLET PERFORMANCE An outlet is designed to distribute air that has been supplied to it with velocity, pressure and irection, within limits that enable it to completely Perform its function. However, an outlet is not de. Signed to correct unreasonable conditions of flow in the air supplied to it ED te contoning company eae sce eneerarenn marae 2.67 [ i \VW/7——_ Fic, 65 ~ Sparap wernt Convercine Vanes Fic, 66 — Spreao wits Divercine VaNes A Fic, 67 ~ Sprean wit Sreaicitt Vanes Ser Ar AN AncLE,alla 2.68 PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION Where an outlet without vanes is located directly ‘against the side of a duct, the direction of blow of ‘he air from the outlet is the vector sum of the duct elocity and the outlet velocity (Fig. 68). This may ‘be modified by the peculiarity of the duct opening, Where an outlet is applied to the face of the duct, {he resultant velocity Vg ean be modified by adjust able vanes behind the outlet. Whether they should be applied or not éepends on the amount of dic AN uct veLociry vergence from straight blow that is acceptable. OIFFERENCE ACROSS OUTLET collars away from the face of the duct. Whenever the TT ow nesucrant OUTLET vetocrte dluct velocity exceeds the outler discharge velocity, Vanes should be used where the collar joins the duct, Results are indicated in Fig. 63, Fic. 68 — Ourter Locaten ix Ducr IMPORTANCE OF CORRECT BLOW nN a Normally it is not necessary to blow the entire length or width of a room, A good rule of thumb to follow is to Blow 34 of the distance to the opposite wall. Exceptions occur, however, when there are focal sources of heat atthe end of the room opposite the outlet, These sources can be equipment heat and open doors. Under these circumstances, over blow may be required end caution must be exercised | { to prevent draft conditions Sy Win HA o ee fae vn , i patna he allowable supply temperature difference that eee wm vanes can be tolerated between the room and the supply air depends to a great extent on (1) outlet induecon ratio) obstructions in the path of the primary air, Fic. 69 — Conta ror Ouruers and (3) the ceiling height. Fig, 70indicates the effect of changing the supply air temperature from warm to cold. Since induction depends on the outlet velocity, SUPPLY AiR waRMER there is a supply temperature differential. which peer leee|t ‘must be specified to give satisfactory resulis, TOTAL ROOM AIR MOVEMENT suPeey a [The object of room air distribution is to provide eQuaLs sutisfactory room ait motion within the oecupi y Qual tisfactory ir motion within the occupied Tene zone, and is accomplisted by relating the outlet characteristics and performance to the room ait ma tion as follows: SUPPLY AIR COOLER 1, Total air in circulation THAN ROOM AiR — fe = outlet clm x induction ratio, 2. Average room velocicy Fic. 70 ~ Aim Sraeant Parterns FoR Various ‘Temperature DIFFERENTIALS| ' i CHAPTER $. ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION ¢ room velocity average $8. K= 77x induction ratio outlet cfm = = Clear area of wall opposite outlet(s) where K is the room circulation factor ex- pressed in primary air cém/sq ft of wall op- posite the outlet, ‘The multiplier 1.4 allows for the blocking caused by the air stream, Note that the clear wall area is indicated in the equation and all obstruction must be deducted. See Note 8, Table 21. Table 19 indicates that the average room air move- ment should be kept between 15 and 50 fpm for most applications. Tests have been performed on outlets at various outlet velocities to determine per formance characteristics. The results of such tests ‘on a specific series of wall outlets (Fig. 92) are shown in the rating tables at the end of this chapter. This rating data can be successfully used for outlets hav. ing the nominal dimensions and free area indicated in Table 21. An example illustrating outlet selection accompanies the table. The K factor as indicated in Item 3 is shown at the bottom of the rating table as maximum and minimum cfm/sq ft of outlet wall area. TYPES OF OUTLETS PERFORATED GRILLE ‘This grille has a small vane ratio (usually from 0.05 to 0.20) and, therefore, has little directional effect. Consequently, it is used principally as an exhaust or return grille but seldom as a supply arille, When a manual shutoff damper backs up this srille, it becomes a register, FIXED BAR GRILLE ‘The fixed bar grille is used satisfactorily in loca tions where flow direction is not critical or can be Predetermined. A vane ratio of one or more is de. sirable. To obstruct the line of sight into the duct interior, closely spaced vanes are preferred ADJUSTABLE BAR GRILLE This grille is the most desirable for side wall location. Since it is available with both horizontal and vertical adjustable bars, minor air motion prob lems can be quickly corrected by adjusting the vanes, StorteD ourter This outlet may have multiple slots widely spaced, resulting in about 10% free area. Performance is about the same as for a bar grille of the same cfm LD i cottneenyny eres PREETI 2-69 and static pressure, but che blow is shorter because of greater induction at the outlet face. Another design to effect early completion of in- duction is the long single, or double, horizontal slot, It is particularly advantageous where low ceiling heights exist and outlet height is limited, or where ‘objections to the appearance of grilles are raised EJECTOR OUTLET ‘The ejector outlet operates at a high pressure to obtain a high induction ratio and is primarily used for industrial work and spot cooling. When applied {0 spot cooling, a high degree of ejector flexibility is desired, INTERNAL INDUCTION OUTLET Where a sufficiently high air pressure is used, room air is induced thru auxiliary openings into the outlet. Here it is mixed with primaty air, and dis. charged into the room at a lower temperature dif. ferential than the primary stream. Induction pro- gresses in two steps, one in the outlet casing and the other alter the air leaves the outlet, CEILING OUTLETS Pan Outlet This simple design of ceiling distribution makes use of a duct collar with a pan under it. Air passes from the plenum thru the duct collar and splashes against the pan. The pan should be of sufficient diameter to hide the duct opening from sight, and also should be adjustable in distance from the ceil- ing. Pans may be perforated to permit part of the air to diffuse downward. Acvantages of the pan out. let are low cost and ability to hide the air opening. Disadvantages are lack of uniform air direction be. cause of poor approach conditions and the tendency to streak ceilings. Ceiing Difuser These outlets are improvements over the pan ‘ype. They hasten induction somewhat by supplying air in multiple layers. Approach conditions must be good to secure even distribution, Frequently they ate combined with lighting fixtures, and are avail able with an internal induction feature See Fig. 71, Perforated Ceilings and Panels Various types of perforated ceilings for the intro. duction of conditioned air for comfort and indus. twial systems are available, The principal feature of this method of handling air is that a greater volume of air per square foot of floor area can be introduced at a lower temperature, with 2 minimum of movement in the occupied zone and with lessCHAPTER 5. TABLE 20—RECOMMENDED OUTLET VELOCITIES APPUCATION Broaden 300.00 Reisene 500750 cna 00.750 Sherkes so0780 fete bedrooms 500739 Uegincte eaters S00750 Piboteefiecy, coool Wreoted 500.750 Feat off no ested 300.800, ‘Moron plore totes 1000 Genero otes vooest 250 Dept sores upper floors 1500 Ph sore, male Noor iies OUTLET LOCATIONS Interior architecture, building construction and dirt streaking possibilities necessarily influence the layout and location of the outlet, However desit ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION TERMINAL Velocity H Fic. 72 — Downprart From Coun Winnow ED te ctitecmpey it may be to locate an outlet in a given spot, these items may prevent such location, Alter all the foregoing limitations have been successfully dealt with, the air distribution princi ples which relate to flow, drop, capacity and room air circulation create further limitations in design ing an acceptable air distrisution system, These are tabulated in the rating tables at the end of the chapter Local loads due to people concen mint heat, outside walls and window locations fre- quently modify the choice of outlet location, The downdraft from a cold wall or a glass window (F 72) can reach velocities of over 200 pm, causing discomfort to occupants, Unless this downdraft is overcome, complaints of cold feet result. In northern climates this is accomplished by supplementary radi t loca:ed under a window as ation, or by an ou Fig. 73. Fic. 73 — Discance Ain Orrserrine Winpow Downprarr2-70 PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION Fic. 71 — Iwrerwat INpuetion Cemive Dirrosee dlanger of draft. Since discharge velocity is low, induction is low. Therefore, care must be taken te provide adequate room air motion in excess of 18 fpm, Duet designed for a perforated ceiling is the same ws duct designed for a standard ceiling. To obtain Adequate supply to all areas, the same care necessary for conventional systems must be taken in laying out ducts for the perforated ceiling. The ceiling Panels should not be depended upon to obt: proper air distribution, since they cannot convey {0 areas not otherwise properly supplied. Perforated Panels do assist in “spreading out” the air supply and, therefore, comparatively large temperature dif ferencials may be used, even with low ceiling heights APPLICATION OF CEILING DIFFUSERS Installations using ceiling diffusers normally re sult in fewer complaints of drafts than those using side wall terminals. To eliminate or minimize there complaints, the following recommendations should be considered when applying ceiling diffusers. Blow Select ceiling diffusers for a conservative blow, Benerally not over 75% of the tabulated value, Over blow may cause problems on many installations; under-biow seldom does, PRESSURE DROPS Most rating tables express the pressure drop thru the outlet only and ¢o not include the pressure crop necessary to force the air out of the duct thre the collar and outlet and into the room. Therefore itis recommended that rated pressure drops be care fully investigated and che proper safety plied when necessary, DIFFUSER APPROACH An important criterion for good diffuser perform ance is the proper approach condition, This mean cither a collar of at least 4 times the duct diameter OF good turning vanes. If vanes are used, they must be placed perpendicular ta the air fow at the upper end of the collar and soaced approximately 2 in apart OBSTRUCTIONS Where obstructions to the flow of air from the diffuser occur, blank off 2 small portion of the dif fuser at the point at which the obstruction is located Clipon baffles are usually provided for this purpose OUTLET NOISE LIMITATIONS One important criterion affecting the choice of an Outlet is its sound level. Table 20 shows recom mended outlet velocities that result in acceptable sound levels for various types of applications mares| CHAPTER $. ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION ications are the result of thousands of installations dae offered asa gue for better air disrbution, Apartments, hotel and offce buildings are discussed seri common to ese types of bulldings, Bank, waRtrants and department and specialty stores are ‘beuued in more general termoy although the com Cd an be applied. APARTMENTS, HOTELS AND OFFICE BUILDINGS 1, Corridor Supply — No direct radiation (Fig. 76 ) Advantage — Low cost Disadvantage — Very poor in winter, Downdraft under the window accentuated by the outlet blow Precaution — Blow must be not more than of the room Iength 2, Corridor Supply — Direct radiation under win: dows (Fig. 77): Advantage — Offset of downdraft under window in winter when the heat is an, Disadvantage ~ Slight downdraft still occurs dur. ing intermediate season or whenever radiation is shut off during cool weather Precaution ~ Do not blow more than room length. fof 8. Duct above window blowing toward corridor (Fig. 78): Advantage ~ Somewhat better than corridor dis tribution but does not prevent winter downdraft unless supplemented by direct radiation, Disadvantage ~ Nearly as expensive (considering building alterations) as window outlet which re sults in better air distribution, 4. Window outlet (Fig. 79): Advantage — Eliminates winter downdraft — by far the best method of distribution. Disadvantage — May not be economical for multi ndows, 2-73 3. Return grille: Where return air thru the corridor is permissible and return ducts are not used, it is necessary 0 use relief grilles or to undercut office doors, In apartments and hotels, codes must be checked before using the corridor, as a return plenum. Even if codes permit, it is not good engine: to use the corridor as a retern plenum. ig practice a —— ELEVATION connivor Ain SupPLy wrrit Dikect Rapiarion ELEVATION Fic. 78 — Ducr Anove Winnow, BLowiNe Towaan Corrior \ ELEVATION Fic. 76 — Conainon Aim Surety Do esti open ELEVATION Fic. 79 — Wixpow OBANKS (FIG. 80) Often the center bank space has a high ceiling with an electrical load. In this case, use of side wall outlets part of the way up the wall may result in segregating some of the ceiling load and keeping it out of the occupied zone, thus permitting some re- duction in cooling load, This location of outlets part way up the wall is used with ceiling heights in excess of 20 ft DEPARTMENT STORES (FIG. 81) There is nothing critical about air distribution in department stores if ordinary precautions are ob- served, provided the ceiling is high enough, Care should be taken in conditioning a mezzanine since the outlet is likely to overblow and not cool its occu pants. Longitudinal distribution is preferred, Base. L —- TELLER x CAGES ' ELEVATION Tos i | | ! Fie, 80 — Am Distarmurioy wrrn Heit Cetuine |} {____. wron PS PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION hnients mnay give trouble due to low ceilings and pipe obstructions. Main floors usually require more air near doors, RESTAURANTS (FIG, 82) Great care must be taken in locating outlets with respect to exhaust hoods or kitchen pass-thru win: lows, Usually the air velocities over such openings are low and excessive disturbance due to direct blow or induction from outlets may pull air out of them into the conditioned space, STORES 1. Outlets at rear blowing toward door (Fig. 83) Requirements — Unobstructed ceiling. Disadvantage — May result in high room cireula tion factor K. Precaution — Blow anlust be sized for the entire KITCHEN wrong — |] srcrr PLAN Fic, 82 ~ Restaurant Air Distrimution = RIGHT ELEVATION. Fic, 81 — Mezzanine Aim Distaiution PLaN Fic. 83 — Am DisrrusvTion FROM REAR OF STORE iii |ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 8. ngth of the room: otherwise a hot z0n€ may KEE uc to inflation at the doorwaye Gare Shin be taken to avoid downdrats near walls 2, Outle over door blowing toward rear (Fig. 8) Requirements Unobstructed cling Dicedentage ~ May teil in high foom crc tation ducto induction trom doorway 5. Outles blowing from each end toward center ig 3) (idsontage ~ Moderate room civetaion. Precaution ~ There may be a downdrat in the gener, Quiles should be sized or blow nox greater han 40 percent ofthe toa length a the 4, Center outlets blowing toward each end (Fig. 86}: Advantage — Moderate room cixculation, 5. Duct along side wall blowing across the store (Fig. 87): Advantage ~ Moderate room circulation, Precaution — Overblaw may cause downdrafts on the opposite wall. 6. Ceiling diffusers (F Requirements — Ne cut up. 88) ‘essary where ceiling is badly =k ee PLAN Fro. 84 — Aig Disraisurion From Over tHe Door _\ Fic. 85 — Arm Disrrinurion rrow Each END oF Store 275 Advantage ~ Best air distribution, Disadvantage — High cost. THEATERS 1. Ejector system for small theaters, no balcony (Fig. 89}: Requirements — Unobstructed ceiling and ability to locate outlets in the reer wall Advantage — Low cost. Precaution — Possibility of dead spots at front and back of theater. Use mushrooms for return air under seats if excavated. In northern climates direct radiation may be advisable along the sides. Fic. 86 — Aum Disrainuvion FROM CENTER oF StoRE PLAN Fic. 87 — Aim Distrinutton Fkone Siorwatt OurLers o}]o;oO Fic, 88 ~ Ain Dismunurion From Cenine Dirrusers276 THEATER ELEVATION Fic, 89 — Aim Distaisuion For Sate. TeaTaes 2. Ejector system for large theaters with balcony (Fig. 90): Requirements ~ Unobstructed ceiling, Advantage ~ Low cost. Precaution — Balcony and orchestra should have Separate returns, Preferred location, under seats; acceptable location, along sides or rear of theater. Return at front of theater generally not accept able, Outlets under balcony should be sized for distribution and blow to cover only the arca Girectly beneath the balcony. Orchestra area under baleony should be conditioned by the balcony system, Allow additional outlets in rear for standees when necessary, 3. Overhead system (Fig. 97): Requirements — Necessary when ceiling is ob- structed. T= — BALCONY ELEVATION Fic. 90 ~ Arm Distamurion ror Laxce THEATRES wit Batcory a BALCONY ELEVATION Fic. 91 ~ Ovexstean Aun Distrinurion PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION Advantage — Complete coverage, no dead spots. Disadvantage ~ Higher first cost. Precaution — Air must not strike obstructions with a velocity force that causes deflection and drafts in the occupied zone, Temperature differ entials must be limited in regions of low ceiling heights. Use low outlet velocities, RETURN GRILLES Velocities thru return grilles depend on (1) the static pressure loss cllowed and (2) the effect on occupants or materia's in the room, In determining the pressure loss, computations should be based on tae free velocity thru the grille, ot on the face velocity, since the orifice coefficient may approach 0.7. In general the following velocities inay be used: GRILLE LOCATION FPN OVER GROSS AREA vamerclal ‘Above cccupied zone 800 and above Within occupied zone not near seats | 600.800 Within occupied 2one near seats 00-600 Door or wall louvers 500-1000 Undereutting of doors 600" 1800 and above 400 Industriat LOCATION Even though relatively high velocities are used theu the face of the return grille, the approach velocity drops markedly just a few inches in front of the grille. This means chat the location of a re turn grille is much less critical than a supply grille Also a relatively large air quantity can be handlcd Uuru a return grille without causing drafts, Gene: drift toward the return grille must be within c ceptable limits of less chan 50 fpm; otherwise com plaints resulting from drafts may result. Fig. 92 indicates the fall-off in velocity as distance from the return grille is increased. 1t also illustrates the ap- proximate velocities at various distances from the grille, returning 500 cim at a face velocity of 50 pm, Ceiling Return These returns are not n Difficulty may be expected when the room circuls ion due to low induction is insufficient to cause warm air to flow to the floor in winter. Also, a Poorly located ceiling return is likely to bypass the cold air in summer or warm air in winter before it has time to accomplish its work, mally recommended. lalaROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 5. PLAN Fis, 92-Verocnry FALLOFF per Distance FROM GRILLE Wall Return A wail return near the floor is the best location, Wall returns near the ceiling are almost a5 unde. sirable as ceiling returns. Differences due to poor mixing in the winter are counteracted by a low return since the cool floor air is withdrawn first and is replaced by the warmer upper air strata, i > Floor Return These should be avoided wherever possible be- cause they are a catchall for dirt and impose a severe strain both on the filter and cooling coil, Whenever floor returns are used, a low velocity set: tling chamber should be incorporated. Fic. 93—Watt Ourter ON ED oe conttniorcopeny 277 | OUTLET SELECTION ' The following example describes a method of } selecting @ wall outlet using the rating tables on I page 78. ' } | Example 2— Wall Outlet Selection Ghren Smal sore Dimensions ~ 2 fe 2 fx 10 Ceting~ tac oad ~ equally cistbted Ait quantty ~2000 etm ‘Temp dif 25 F Find: | Number of outlets Size of ose i Location | Sotution: } First, ind the requited blow ia feet and the wall cutlet | | area (air movement K factor). The minimum blow is 75% (of the room width for the givea condition of equally div tributed heat load. Therefore the minimum blow necessary is 4 X 28 = 175 ft. The maximum blow is the width of the toom. The outlet wall area K factor is, equal to the ‘im supplied divided by the outlet wall area 2000 SF go 9 primary aie chm sg fe wall area Seg —~ 89 primary air cng te wall Enter Table 2! and select one or more outlets to give a blow of at lest 17. ft, Air morement must be such that the value of K equals 3.9 primary air efm/sq ft and that this value falls within the maximum and minimutn values which are shown at the bottom of the rating tables. The tables in dicate that, to bes satisfy conditions, four outlets, nominal site 24 in. x 6 in,, are to be used, By interpolating. itis {ound that the four 24 in. x 6 in, outlets at 500 cfm have range in blow of 175 to $4 ft. By adjusting the vanes the proper blow can be obtained, Abo the velocity of the our tet is found to be about 775 fpm. This ie well within the Fecommended maximum velocity of 1500 fpr, Table 20, ‘The minimum ceiling height from the table is juse over 9 ft. This is less than the height of the room: therefore, the ‘outlet selection is satisfactory. The top of the outlets should be installed at least 12 in from the ceiling, (Note 8, Table 21), Wanci Ratines Ane BaseoTABLE 21—WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FOR COOLING ONLY For Flat Ceilings OUTLET veLociry STATIC PRESSURE __STANOAgO OUTIET | Si 8 = 051, 22% ry PART 2 AIR DISTRIBUTION oem ope | as Stale pressuRe wink] Geb = 01, 22%" Sas [are 261.747 0 | ae = 78 aR MEWING Rae Bn | Bit age ‘Nom. Size | ‘Suter | vane tow | Teme But cr) | tow | Teme Bitte) (and Free | Seng sae Las | pyaar. ie (ss Tae [as ox | sae Tae | 33] 83 ]78] 29) 190 ]74] eo] a We] es] 90] 90 tas | BP | | BIST STE 25 [78/23] 25| a |29]85] 28] 29 ef [60 | 60 | 63 [3] 70) 70. tox a | Siete | 182/83] 50/20 ul | ae 7a|l7oneg Sion vo] 9s 9/75 33] | 28 (22/18 10751 80} 60 80 [70 | $3 200 | as tga | 73 0x4 2 |70| $3] (wes teeth axe | Sinhr ange Seip nit |'29 [eT ssjioa] —Tizeaatics ot 22 |$8] 851 99 | 2 a |e 9s|ieo 3 set #80 a0) 3/"ta 65179 | ek tao] $0/ 32) $2 va hao fios|its fee |63/"ta lisa ito | $3] 33/82 o fies finals aise |"salies "a0 240 (93 [100 [119 Peed z20 fiz0 | 250 fda [ios ite [iro |'s0]'¢3|'s0 Straight axe | Selah topos | 22% axe | Sela PAA 130/95 fice |ios| i 339 tao ait 70 (03 |"90 [93 01 75/ 89| a0, | [Bae Beis) | r 7 350 [28/190 /i40 irs | Ga "eo |83] 90) p3/ ave | 0 /'90|'95|ize| aap [382 129] 22[i40 | $2178) 40] to] M fioe | a8] g5)'28) 7 | 40)108 nosis 1 FACTOR Mox Cfm/Sq Fr 2, 0 T M ] Se ee a w |ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 8. 279 TABLE 21—WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FOR COOLING ONLY (Cont.) For Flat Ceilings ‘our vaocity STATIC PRESSURE STANOARD OUTIL = 211, 2214 = 2 Grav PRESSURE WiTH METERING PLATE Wem 715, 2u = 7H ore 136 T Temp Dit oF) a 15 [20] 38 | tiny 3200 FPR Be = 378, 24 = AB wort. pees a esha Sr alow Temp birt) Sere is is | 30 [as | os Min eli Mow nde ac ano 119 wis] n8] 125 33) a7 | 4e|"5) 30) ‘93 70) 75 a8 73] 90) 93 hos is @ |i0s|i1s|120 930)'#3| aoe | 45|"99|'93 [tao 75|% | 36] 73/33 |'98 fis] | aa fios|inslias 93| oe | @|'so|'ss)o0 Giéoaie Ae {75| | s1| 73} 73] 00 Sheen tnte 20 45/19] 20/125 100) aes | 45/'s0/100 [105 « oeweent sive tor vic! ao | | 35] 78) '95|'6 * Rann Sera ttse 20 @|valiae|ise Solera stent Woo} ere | $0) 25/100/105 ree eer on on eo | 73|a0| 80 Sift ed me Oviet Wat Arce 120 walinsfizefise itd. 18] v0 | St/'35|t08| 108 Cc 34) 75] 801 85s velocity i tered on atacive vas 7a] iishias|ias ~ Mrate 495) saa | 23]'53) 30/119 Bo 35] 73) 88 "AS 6 sae remo ance as) | zifirgiias|ias edema ess Sata oo ]rme | Sa]"9s|tos| ta See WSS [80 36) 73) '83| ‘28 . Ties vz) i2]tao)iso’ ” Minin eats M3 [ ane | €2)t03 [109/123 as 79 (83) 93,33 a 921140) 155/165 5 tae sninimum cating Height 'ao| aze | Gp /i13] 23] 150 * fananen Soe tem a5| | S's] 'e3|08 iss 44s] iss |i79 123] eas | 50) tt] 123) 193 35] | |'b9) 53 has 6s) fioz]iss) 70/180 430| ss | '97]125] 18) 103 133 5)'93| 03a a] | ia8| iol 75190 323 lore [84 189/149 |e id s{ioa|toslite vs} fins] iza) asfies 03 |rave [ea] 198) 108182 Ie [ide |tos ite Sraedartes os 180) tis}i7s| 190 [20 ot au one 350 fone [ts /123] tee lied Serene sr na s3[roo|ielize Sess et ne 198 veo]res|2te Layrsel he dele ene, He 18/19 aa a EDD te conasionng compasy "rermemameneeraermrae2-80 PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION TABLE 21—WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FOR COOLING ONLY (Cont) For Flat Ceilings STATIC PRESSURE WITH METEING RATE 8 ya a= i fot [GAY Tou] te ome soning [Stine 20 ty | a) [15 | 38 | 15 | 20 | 25 Lt | Pa i | is | Praca i | Ps Tse Ta | Zales] ee] oa Ta} es fo 1220 [100110] aj 3 Jiao] s]ao me | na] 53/75] da] 23] a [is] & 30) 93/226 '50| 90]100/100] aap | 3° fies] na 120 M10 | €@ |'es a [i 32} z0|7s| 75] 7° [0] 73] 80 8s 9953 40] 9.0] 95/100] {$2 /190[03/110[” Tazo fire freotiasi 40 fias/iasjiss” OF fw [B/E] E 2] |g0 3] ag an) a AEE we | pal hast 3] 2 2 TS) a [8 fs 183 BA | aa | Bloc ns [isso tala] taxa i shearep fot resist Halt 5/185 no] [ae | 3|'sa[toa| 78 | 33] ts]ioalioal ia) efiea| Lak 138 tes — | 2501120 | USI ow [sles ie] tofu fuasf a a 23) 90) Pi) aw | 18) 1/08/83 we [ines hs 1] oa | 38 [aio ice | 73| g0) & S| Go|'ss!'s 30{ 20| salioo| | 3 (elias [iad hoo|ios/iis}—fise Vg]izofia0) Tago lias issvise % fiss| 70/180 fot [139/23 [190|103] avo fine r35)s03] 31 ayy | se i8s] i182 —{ 291 83{ ano] [ins '93/'oal igs] Me | Be (28) 98] 88 sexe x /s3[tas]88) sex [zzalina|ieaes| fare rua/is0 ane [es/'ae) om |e /23 tee] fo) nn [Be |ieg lee tes] | ae io|ita ize | east peepee ta as 35 | tm | [88 a ge "ese | ae] Tisslus as]inal [3 ]iaa|iaayras [4 lissfieo five vento | Sin 322|'02 [103/110] ae | og |ttoligalt23] agg | a8 fiszliea]ieg | val ESB) 4° aad [SF | 3 93 |'8s | 9d vo| 9s [roa] "| af (28) Mt$ 82 inalze isola] lava hns tia 1 fz9fias a0 "49('83)""9[t20] ay Jiro lizalisslisel 44, | & ize 150 [16.5 sta} [esl"sal ag |'9s) “7 [822/188 03 fos ite [igs iio fiaat Riofins iss| ies 220 |i4s 4a| 70] —Y ae 30 m3 'ng| M0 [449/415 |103 1128) ooo |309]145]149),29) ayy | 9.0 |'90|'95, }ras|'s0/'931 455 [100 [105 | 80, 15/200 [210 145/158 [170 za [10/120 128 itsoa} a a9 fi20 fiasfias 220) 135/343}, $0170] 5] “I se Jies]ai-s|an0 M980 | “| alsa) $9 "73 hiaa|ige) 7 [#49 de lies His | M6 | [iss ie jes Cees | ao | 24 Veg fea]ieal #29] 42/180) 160] —Taso tian 175] 1.0] 1 40 Jaoalarotaas ant sa [Pt [ios its 120) o | 28 |t40 82) 8 | so Jaso/naa ide lts3| ass | £2 [#08] e233 41] 95 [90 '55 Jno 9 ho | a wo hie folio] "* | 36 |ielins tgs 110 {210 hao]iasy 210/125 ]i3s]isop ]310]tas eo] 170 $5 |183]200]21.0 tka I | : a4 { 81 hoe |i0s/11.0) a6r [tao ive [ies 12.5| #22 {!20/130/140/ rae | 41 {1433160 |170 [| EES EPS) so Way8 Peal ia] | 28 |3 188 e [at its] 28 905, 32 2] ido) 176] as00 ee “ox 121 [120 40] | 22h a0 15.0| 160] ‘]a30 jraopirs 0 | 40 |200]220)235 25/95] 3) a cs igie es) [sa Pca] 2) ou | [ge] 9) 382 +80 90 | 90] os 110 | 95 p00} 83] ro|no|ne|raa} °° | 39 |ts9|r23 [155 a 122 FPS (3z|47] ,., [240 [ies fieofieal 350170 [1¢3]203] ¢ f2is]240/250 2 70 | 100 |i hizo tag) ass | 180/140) 740 | 200 co [ass 143/010 | 48 {iro tas [200 Jie sfc es ee a fas ea em [Fg 136/135 fias ss ‘250/15 ¥72]180/200)21.5] 5 |29.0/ 260/278 oo ins i213) ass | #8918 | | 3 [10 jo Ha vas fae hiss sie fiat Pal fussy i] 390 i93 210] 71 Jeuslars fava OO LAE | oe [ghee ae liay wwe [R288 08/28, [ate ig luelans sore [3 [ine ira| 222 mtg Leo) ssheojies| [ike has ha tes [oo [ing (139/135 as [iso lias [155 Sear 109 * Min Cfn/Sq ae ~ Set Wat Leo eal |at a | cuiarren 5. Room atm pisrainv tion 2s TABLE 21—WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FOR COOLING ONLY (Cont.) ‘ours velocity 100 FP 1500 Fem Te FP STATIC. PRESSURE = 098,224 = 11 | Sw 8 = 211, 224% = 24 | SO = 975,224 = a2 Norte, | stanbaso unt ait eee ries “rac peessuRe with] Sa = 33,2247= a3 | Sees 715, me > Te Sir 8 = 136 1 yt aang og to NETaENG Rate ees ees arena ft eae vane lasan-|siow Teme OF.) | oA |.) temp over) QA Jai] romp pitt ir) Sardine cling! (end Free | senna [ty | an [1 | 20 [ 28 {ry | ton 15] 20 28 | hy” [ah | a8 | 20 [28 ‘eet ceimy | OY Fi cia | (etm) etm | [ini cia * Bema crs ane) Sa B ]jeo} iso] ies ry Tat [re0)200] 215 Siean's foment a wast | eit | ase | 39 [ttslias|iss| ore | os vos |'51) 140] 85| 128 wens |e 34 |'9| 168 tea) 8 ees seo as an ano wane | Sasi 7 [iso} 65] 60] 3s v24]200]220] 2.0 * see" eae | Sane | ere | 43 125] 133/143] oe | 7 vasa | 109/185] 70) 13 < , ‘i dp |'95] ta| ito a | t19| 120) 186, a @ fiso) 180] 95 12 tua [21.0] 295] 220 * yo | 47 180) 148/ 153] 1150 | 77 [ise 35] 120 | asco | tan [tes a) 3H [too] 03] 15 72 | 20] } se « [170] 120200 11720) ara 20 | 49/133] 150 [183 us| 175} : 33 [tos] 0] i29 78 13 wae [iz] i95}a9 1s [735] i ango | 31 140]155 176] was | "ta [tas |t23| tos | anno | e303 i fia] 3] 2s 38 113] 130] 133 79130 cere 71 8s] 203/220 1ig)215s|250) 265] [ies [z4s eect vot | 32/163] 180) 175] ane | "ty [17) tea 203] ane | 133303 3 |r| 120] 123 58 [120] 1301140 a2 |i3o | ara 71 |rso 205) 720 Tig|212) 750) 265) [isa [240 | a roa | 53143) i66|1753| 1190 | ‘ey |izo| toa] 09 | asec | 123199 | ce _ 38 [110] 120) 128 36/120] 130] 140 & [130 ' rte | Seite 7s |ies]z20[z40) [122 |zs0|zas|2r0] [ira |a60 [ Baar | HE | oe | $8 185 |t20) te] vaya | "92 fao|ino) ars | see | 190 [200 oe s 3s [nt] 125] 195 81 1139) 40 139 [iad aecie | Stsigh 0 f2io|240]255 131 24s] 26s) 210] | es]200 [320 ‘esad | TEE" | rade | 60/165) 165) i938] x790 | pe [iv] 200] 223] 2400 | 139 at's [ace , ra 28 /i39| 189] 123 6 (135 | a3] 153 35 [a f sexo | Srsiol te fazs)2ss|27s 139 [263] 05] 340] [ip6]20.) 240 me vsoa | 65/160 19.5] 710 zase | 104 [205) 213] 245 anos | Her |99 [20 | | 8 fies) a3] 70 [in| 133] 163 iss t aa «7 frss|z65]205 142 |ez0|3is{3e0] | 00]215]360| \ Mxte soe | $5 /'t3| 05/218] aro | 106 [at.o|230| 259 sere | 150| 293 ar0| 24 [138 | fe isa 71 fia | io] 70 |" | too [155 175 Tenia | isis ar 219 |240] 285 731 245/200) 210) iss ]as0)s20 Uiisa? | HME | ove | 61 es] ie) 165] va | "90 tno 2t5| ans [ase | 138 31 [ace i |" | 8 | a ial tsa 2a} 6 [133] 143 153 93 | 143 [ta | wan | Sisitt a7 |233|243]255| | i42 |ezo|31s[3s0] | a00]a1]se0 Tebat | FA" rans | 65 /f85|200)215] rose | 105 aro| 295) a0 faasa | tao [as [ara] 209 ad 1180) 105] 150 71 fia | tea] 70 |" | 100 (1851175199. «ie ey oxy wen ane ane 93 (250) 245|310 133 fap0|s4o|sre| ——[aia|aas|aes|ans ” esetcecteagee te Wad 70 {19 | 213 230 zaa0 | 15 [220/250 | 248 | neo | io lass [ard [135] 80 |t69 77 [i80|70) eo] | tor |tas tes ; wun 6 |270|31.0|340 ves jans|ses/aoe) J226/sa0] 09 : teeast 74 10 |2a0|250| arve | 122 [aud 27.0265 ar00 | ter ara | ; 23 15] F687] #2 [fgo|iea| iso [113 (175 | Mata ioe |290}s30/350| | 72 [sas|zsa| 2s] ase [avo aso) ead saxo | '77 f2z0|243|265| sans | 129 [250|280| 300 | aso | 178 [205 [325 22 [50 ieali7s is [tgs [tes]200| |i [iso 203 Factor Ser Wee Ba 2 a ‘hn Chas Ft a Sete al Kew es o ion niente 7 }2.82, PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION TABLE 21—WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FOR COOLING ONLY (Cont.) For Beamed Ceilings Oumar veioary orem arm ea Fra To Frm ass Sun | "ARM aT [See aly ayrm ais] awa = ae | Bede stinouRD OUTET eo) Paes ns ae Son tane RAE | T= gl ts = a8 [Bene ana ge = aa] Gram og, anes Be | BES oe Tp MEER Rate BB Pear rai we Wom. Size | ae mae perm [Ar am Temp bar sroeter | vee | onan] tow] Fe 201 0 [Qa Ty, romp om [8% Jy, | tome vn emp iN faqaioe | sane [i [mr 18 [0 Tas Shoe [ aa] One [aw ee te is [a0 [a5 ae} [mime | cat | hn cay dy | OY age ‘in ia + lame | 23] 73] 77 [an 70] 82] a7] on 97104] 119 ta | HE | ae] 28) 63] 72/28) ae) 81ST TB], 23's) 's3 = | tal 83 23 [73 35| 03) 28 | 93 va| fal at as) zal 77 fea 74] aa} aa] oa 3 ae ar} 25) 70 74) sr | ss| 75) 80| 62) 75 ml Ja] es 37 69| 72] 75|_ as} 24 75] ea] 28] oa wu 23/4 oo] 55/98) 28/83) | “| ala 35] fal 32) 73 exe | Basile az] 73 73| 84] 09] oa oof m4 ov! 27) 72 92 | 60] 77) a1) a4 122 ase) | 42 23) | 73 | 73 £0] 7a] 73 94 wena | Sean 49) 76] a0 [84 20} 84] 90] v4 tissh | ARP | | 38) 78) 53/54) na | ST 84] 287) aay we | 30) €| 33 | 74 5/8 | Gena | Sra 43} 74] ao faa ch fae | oof 1] 24l se] ear us aot $5] 22/33/28 Sigh 42] 77] ar] as] mai” | ane | 33] 73) $2] 83] as am ae | MY orl aa 28 (78 : set [SBR ao | 43 m ase fs} es ee Yaalinal-asahiaa|itahea] [anal se tas pa lisa] ase |iro|'ealiot ide] ane [288] 128 f _ Sif as) [ye] ga|'aa ha) | Ba/ae ene ioe 3sa)iiz|izojinal ——faoofaaa seat 97 74/120) 9.8/10.5|01.2/ say | 220/121 _ a “| to] at 'so "a3 | B82 wee izo)ios/na alive) i2slie4l —tszolveo 20s $0] 23/108 |t23} a | Holrat|ia8|'24| aoa [222] 42 ost | 33) sel til alsa] 7 | 'S0|'65)"95) aa)“ | 42) 08 nene [Bet @ ‘s0)iozfnis ‘sa/iis|izeiaz} Isso fia of | S88" | aa | 28 veg] 94] 102/107] ze [tea|iog|itt ita] ane [S23 /if4 ate Ly st 25 | 43) "ea #0] '03|"sa|'ea]_ “ [H8) NE aeze | Sosa 70 vsa)inelna v99]i22/ 193] 11 —facoliee Bh [SHE | ano | 22 193/96] 04 103] aoe | 143104) 104 [0631 on | 24] ta toro | 4 a 45| aal'aa|'s4] * | iaol'ep|'ea| isa] S07 (282) 21 sere | rai zi {3a/ira]i20[i24] Tl isalias|iastier] | ssalice xh [SAE] as | 100/'98{ 08 tit] vm | 140/109 [106 (189) as [322( 182 | as? 25] 65] 65| 9.1 | 5) 199] 9.0} 97 101 ja.0| 9.9 Kfacron eases 90 ue | * din Cafe aa ‘ as _ Our We L L eS 9“aE a es CHAPTER 3. ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION TABLE 21—WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FOR COOLING ONLY (Cont.) For Beamed Ceilings oon Waa ia Fe 7 A a rr STATIC PRESSURE | Sir B= .093, 22%4°= 11 | Sir B = 211, 224° = 24 |S B = 375,22%°= al SeNao ume oe ot ee “Fane paessune wai] re = a3, mye= a | Sees 718 Meo oe Sans Pate ee Be a Tome out (F) | Ai ove en ip [a [5 [a6 a5 |g ce | © anc Cy 24 [104 na 119] 40 Tne fize}isa) ove | FAY RAP E2] gg] ae | 3 PSY RETEST aw Sreige as]ios|inayizi| | az hasfist ce ed 3/33] a ope ee 3 [30/43/38 =i 7 hoz ite |2a|jad oz fas esfiar vane | Sag 3 aoa | 3 ARIST a it u Paani wee | Beier iis es] 57]iso hier rene | SRY | ae nt an) 82S ue a | 330/888 wae | aioe ra Parene wens | Se | 7 gigs] ist ae [a2] es] erase a rea|isalisa wnt | S38 | oe BF] aye iss sh |e |e tt 13)'33| 93 wa. | eT 7 rea hisz|za (sea) ase 9. a9) 95 (160 we | See vez] —} aefuesfise lie | Sat | ase 2 ame | |] Lom 45° 9.6) 34 | 9.0) 96/101 aa | one Tal wel 8 Maa 4] Be] ae Na) ana | isa) tag] ain | a woot] 3a i ve veal] elisa enolaiz at PPro | feral | esa) eg 8 mee ves) —P gelies|anefaar ant a TES] aoe | 75]085) 80/2 2 et a] | hte es ‘exe jaa oa zat [ear tas on is 723) |e | | ii |taalisa eae | Sees 7a rt feta] aaa get | eae | oe 174] sore | "9 ca] 83) 83 aro | alte | Sie eg) aeraiece aaa] [rir ag ]aea at ef | S88 [oe 123) same | "3 99) fed sea es | waa] | [ize] es at wore | aay 2a] [is fay fasafani fog | S88 Pan 385 nae | Tad [35/289] R stoves | io Me) se )2s| aes sere | Beat ea] [ity fauefasaans as | SSR Toe vara | $3 /823] 78) 782} soso | 28 [285/788] 8 45° | 26 | 10.9] 11.6) 12.4) 42 |119 | 129] 149) 13.0} 140/153 FAR Tener = Min Cima /Sq nae ents —_ oui Wel Keo | 22 MM M4 ED ee contioning company ee ee ge outer blow htt ted Sheesh 4 Mestre esting tagh ane2.84 PART 2. AIR DISTRIBUTION TABLE 21—WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FOR COOLING ONLY (Cont) For Beamed Ceilings Sacer em a a ee ee cee Set = 0a 224 Ba a sags” 9 | SO gaa [ne a= oe Tae esse with ae = BIS | Be = on, tao a Beda a ag oe es Rae he A way | [ae Tr Trem i Tow] Tome bu Tome om) [is [a0 [a5] 992" 30 125 1 Sh | tay [1S 1a ae 15 | 30 | 25 Pine ccm | in cat T one | oT2S nas | 180 [139 | tio |'s3 7.4 (10.9104 ]113) tating 124 7130 53/80 831103] ave [ig]93 as 37 60) 844 70| ws 9a) ov» | [ids] 8] 03 48 {t09 |r| tha se esl) *ESPRLU A/S) se | 28 ]32] 291 a eae 2) 22078583) 2" | a apd] au Meleclaalial | 8 og es ia “astialiaa|iaz [az |jeiee| —facopeat eat “@ [ies faso a7 3) ao sa) "3] 2 | zeae 8 ee) as 139 86 ta (us ten a | eo ]ins|iza)iaay — 'z0]i9afias|iss] ——asaliaa}neg 190]2101 209 5 S5/90/t2) 2 | BS) aS] E887 ae | He za] | | 25/'e5|'82 85 | 9a] o2/ion| “° [139|)28) 28/18 Faahssfislise —pesieerestett | ‘aa ifat real aolaay SAE | SURTIS/ 2] ae Belushis) Ts fuslealaae Par rear ceytes] — 9 95s as] | Seas a2) we | Uae ia are SE SAI AZ/IR8) om | 80/2771 Nea] oy |e ta tl gz eta ae a sel wal valida) [Meelis |ian| itd] 7% | #282 | al ea fat|iga [ita vate TP SSR [a | Blize]i93/ ica] Deepen paayiest 63] 19011971 fits |zza aca Be [BE | aoe] 34 aay Bf [28 eg] ve [ BU a feel fas 4s Tre ace ied asl nal 2 | S82 TET oe | [8] z [eahisayiz aeaar [ERR [aw | 28H isla ea tae fas /eal ig [2° | 33/3/3813 8 (ins| initia] 7 | Hh 9 (08218 1 fae 33 save TE] | se] ieal an [glial zal} co Paoa fst Year as] ana 4x 1 20° | $5188 1539) 122) se | 160/194/ 1051185] go | 398187] 204 225 [iss 203] fat SShrosliaa|ital “| 16 ibe itt 137148 hraliatgt Peps a Tzoftee 67/308 Tas 1 fo wx aoe | "80 [ia 188 | 128 TES|IS2) 751 | 240/168 teal fos] vax | $2 [269/282 | 202 | lisse) | fe r04 138] moyersyezeytae| | tes|inal ina ita] "| 24 (03 348 cal i a | 724 rg [ia w20]77[ 195 330 208/207 2501 Tao Tae taaslavF } us. ja |S 88 es] 2 182 48) 184123] 900 | 250 [109/783] 389|yany | £2 oa (399| 281 : Si as{ivotiial OY [ii |itt| iat liza) [288 |T48 182/208 [ies ast T stight 1.0 113.9715] 16. [210 ]ter ize) ter 31.0 [187] 20.8] 22.5] (24.1 [265/284 Vex 2 [meter] ize) | | waa? | Sag $5 /db iad Ra) oe | ASUS CG T0) a | S12 tes Hes] vas | a [ian 28s) a rashes} —— {toasts aa] "| nfs) a7 aa aa oxi | Sroignn 352) te) 173] nolirzfies [at a0 [205] 227| 259] |zsz|aes|siz sso | Be 25 183] 8) 8] ao | 100 (103) 128 fp 280 169/103) 200] one | fe fasalane| sty 0 | iss fiet ea reat pistes iat tao] © [39 [es] ital feel oe | ise ar Sraign 12g liealizafisal | liez|aoz ney —Pacopos ess 87/320 [940 21 [36 Me | 8 | 109 18e) 148/140] ses | tee isa |fo9 24 740 | 2600/1718] 1953] 12 a [| 08 gel neel a8) ee | iia 183 | 33 | 033) “Ta | aan |S fi [tz 228 7oa] alfa ou [BSla|zeae [on | esta ns escapes lm | 236 [as zoho oss 3 TSIETES om | 8 aT STS ae | BB RETPZT 2.0 111.5 (122 }133] {13.9 j12: rary 30.0 {14.4} 15.4) 1729) TCrActon Ra TaiR aa 0 ue] Sao, [me a ne tas fg 7 2 | a i Owner Wal Ares |a a CHAPTER 3, ROOM AIR DISTRIBUTION 2.85 TABLE 21—WALL OUTLET RATINGS, FOR For Beamed Ceilings COOLING ONLY (Cont.) ‘unet voary | 1o00 Free 1300 Fem] ___ 000 Fem sane reessutt | Sve = 0ns,27K"= 11 | Swe= anmyos a | Bras 975 mos sfanoaro OUnET won oe Be Suave passes witi] Ses a3,2a4°= a | Bre = 7)5 204° = 78 era = 375 Medan nae ees ae Wom 8 To [aA Jorow fame omc Tome 014) | gA Jo. ] Zamp owe Gatteee | setting |Shiy’| [5 | 20 [as 15 | 28. [95 | hy | ey [8 | 38 ‘het ccm | ie a ‘Min ia | cmd | “| ina tant B fez ives ]aial ve fruo]705]253] | [229] 364288 uxt asa | Se ltealt2a|tra] ore | &s [ice iad [ato] oe | ‘31 e330 225 25 [id tas 8 fin} isn] 3] [ita ta vexe | oath & hies|217 |asa ¥5|z34|z6a)z0s| | 104 lass]z04 vere | SER | ove | £2 (055/973 |fea] one | 31 [th ]203|229] sana | 120 [pos [ane fg ge fit) ta7 138 2 fins 03138, fiat s53 wene | Beit a [nis 204l2sal [ea [ass faea]zia] [ae ana]ava wens | See | yo | oF jie |te5|a05| nao | 37 line [at | 205] asa | fon a1 [20 ae 4 [iaa| teal Briss [150] 33 a iso [fe ene | Bit as 221 247270) | vor |as_|s00]228] | ii [ara|aas Biz | SER | oxo | $5 (175/982) 205] vane | "Bo food [ae [2c | saa | 183 |2ea| 208 ae 53/105 140 [ten] | $0 1803 183] f a9 cone | iit Pasian izes [acs ia)ass aaa | ERR | sneo | $1 [F020 {285 azae | "en Br [aus [238] ano | 18 [240] 29 ! ra [i914 [33 fa [tea 3] faa vex 71 asa 27a aes] 299|s04]3ea) | vee pas] ara ara soe | h3) 212 | 228) aone | ‘ey [223 |2e9| 206] aeoe | 128 [248] 20 5 [iS 129 |fa3) 153 as a3 |ieal tea a 7 fae)a7azes aes |soa)zea] | vee [azar i yon | 33 |in9|212|2aalvveo | ‘er [243 [ace] 203] rsa | 198 2ca| set 3 (38| 935 [faa 133 fea [tea tea a 75 a80]296|s20| | 122 |309|sso|zes] | i7efosafaoa aaa sou | 3 [Bos 229 208] ora | "az [aes [zor 209] vee | 130 [ara] 303 a8 [808] [93 2 lies tas tea 7 [i790 nag |r so jae0|220|s4a] | 12» [an0|ee|aas] [as aut faaa Hapad | SHE | vaoo | Ge fats 20 | a7] 700 | "he [aes lan |304| aso | 139 foes] 20 |3e0 a 1 (R53 tes fe & [ies ist soa] 0" | 98 fe | S| 2a8 sense | Sigh ‘toa ssalaral fae 43] | wes [aig] 70] sua essde | SHR | ssoa | 65 [293/205 |03| anes | tee 288] aoe | 12 [att] ae4| Sea “ 8 [igs tea tea "0 a8 [oo |aze [oes serve @ pisiseolsas| fier 190] | 300 [ase]. [ase “53 & [hea 379 29a] an | tae 345] sare | tas fan, ae |e 83 725 a9, Fa 223°" | too faos| 233359 aa a [389] 229 ]349 ras} | 198 sea] | s00 Mea fate [ata eet Savas | 13 [aes| a0 [se _ a fas ea |fe so alae aos w [siafseo fas] Par 29 ss ras | & [213 [270 lava] seas | fod 203) ace sulea Laid 44 {166 [18.5 | 19.7 7 22.3 | 23.3 |25.9 ws fasaanefeza] a sis salen vaso | $0 [288/202 [219] anno | 112 368] ano salar 13 (6a is ao 2 333 BH 98 [267 [424442 1a 558 39.0] 4652 3 (iba [ata [ae wove | te 30) |a700 33/083 zi ie fies 20s ae 2 2a 263/201 on ios faealasi [ara] fire 87 ‘a9/en2 tA sae | '%7 lana|380 [389 2048 | tae 17) ae ti5 |e 3 lisa laia |ss0 362 alas ‘hex Cafe Fh ies Wat A 73 ‘hin Cine a Outer Wat Aveo ED er conttenecomoney Ptopmerconrenenarsenssnneneneniar2.88 Duct Design (cont) ‘conomice, 2-17 chart 3, 218 chart 4, 2.19 share §, 2-20 clbow friction, rectangular, 2-22, 238 table 10, 2-40, 2-41 table 12, 2-43, 2-44 clbow frietion, round, 2.22, 2-38 hart 9, 245 table 9, 2-39, table 11, 2-42 elbow vane location, 2-28, chart 6, 2:24 ual friction method, 246 table 7, 2-37 table 13, 2-46 ‘equivalent round diameter, 2-52 table 6, 2-34 thr 2.36 fan conversion loss or gain, 2-88 ttings, 220 table 3, 2-20, exible metal condi ‘hare 8, 2-38 friction chart, 2-38 hart 7, 2-35 fiction Fate, 2-19, 2.32 chart 5,220 chart 7, 2-33, deat gain oF Toss, chart 3, 2.18 chart 14, 2-58 table 5, 2.28 high altitude, 2-59 chart 15,2-59 igh velocity duct systems, 2-80 Static regain, 2.52 Tow velocity dact systems, 2.38 equal irietion, 2-46 stati regain, 2-48 velocity redietion, 2-38, pressure, 2.17 reducing duct, 2 space, 217 Matic regain, high velocity, 2 ‘hart 12, 2.53 chart 13,2-34| static regain, low velocity, charts 10, 11,249) 32 1 table 9; 2.39 velocity, 2:17, 2-32 table 7, 2-37 velocity pressure, 232 table 8, 2.37 velocity redaction method, 2-38 weights of duce materials, 2-62 table 18, 2-63, Duct heat gain or loss, chart 3, 2-18 chart 14, 2-58 table 5, 2.28 Duct layout access doors, 2-80 air control, 2-28 condensation, 2.28 table 42.27 table §, 2.28, 18,2.57 Duct layout (cont.) considerations, 2.20, economies, 217 elbows, 2-22 fire dampers, 2-29 ‘obstructions, pressure loss, 2:21 table 10, 2-40, 24 reducing duct size, 2-21 take-off, 225 ‘ansformations, 2-20 vvaned elbows, 223 ‘chart 6, 2-28 E Economies apparatus design, 2-1 Adoet design, 2-17, 2.50 chart 3, 218 chart §, 2.19 chart §, 2-20 Ejector outlet, 2.69 Elbows Dressure loss, eectangar, 2-22, 238 table 10,2-40, 2-41 table 12, 2-43, 2-44 pressure los, round, 2-22, 2.38 chart 9, 2-45 | table 9,2:39 table 11, 2-42 types, 2-28 vane spacing, 223 chart 6, 2-04 Eliminators, 2-8 Equal friction method sizing ducts, 246 table 7, 2.37 table 13, 2-46 Equivalent duct diameter, 2-32 table 6, 24 thr 236 F Fan, 2.9 ‘onnections, 2-10 thru 212 conversion foss or gains, 238 motor and drive, 259 Fitters, see air Fire dampers, 2-29 ‘construction, 2-29 thr 2-31 rectangular louver, 2-29 rectangular pivot, 2-29 round pivot, 2-20 Fittings air control, 2.28 elbows, 2.22 cobstructians, 2-21, take-ofls, 235 transformations, 2.20 types and classes, 2.20 table J, 2.20, Flexible metal conduit, ‘chart B, 2-38 Floor outlets, 2-72 application, 272 location, 2-71 thru 2-76 ——— PART 2, AIR DISTRIBUTION G Grille sdjastable bar, 2-69 aplication, 2-72 location, 2-71 thru 2-76 perforated, 2.69 Feturn se return grille H Heat zn o loss, 218,257 care a,2-18 share 143.58 tale 5 228 Heating cole retest 28 fener 28 serve, 2 semrerng, High aliade doct design, 2-59 é 3 chart 15, ‘High velocity duct design, 2-50 Hotel outlet location, 2-73 T Inducton outlet, 2-69 pplication, 2-72 location, 2-71 thra 2-76, L Louver damper ‘construction, 2-6 design, 2-4 chart 2,2. table 1,25 Low velocity duct design, 2-58 M ‘Metal conduit, exile, 2-82 chart 8, 2-38 ° Obstructions, duct design, 2-21 pressure loss, 2.38 table 10,240, 2.41 Office building outlet locations, —"A ‘Access door, 2-15, 2-30 construction, 216 Accessories ‘pparatus, ace apparatus uct systems, see duct Air ‘apparals, see apparatus bypass around equipment, 2-8 cleaning equipment, 2-8 contrat, 2-28 dampers, 24 the layout, 2-26, 2.28 direction, 2-65 Aisteibution, 2-65 ‘low, 2-63, 268 rection, 2.65 drop, 266 dct velocity, 2-67, induction, 2-65 ovement, 2-68 ‘outlet types se outlets ise, 2-06 spread, 2.66 temperature, 2-65, 2-68 vane performance, 2-66 vane types, see eames velocity, 2-65, table 19, 2-65 oct design, see duct design filters, 2-8 friction, ducts, 219, 23 chart'§, 2-20 cat 7, 2-33, leakage, 257 movement, 2-68 pressure, dct design, 217 terminals, see outlets velocity duct design, 2-17, 2-32 table 7,237 outlet discharge, 2.65 table 19, 2-65 table 20, 2-71 pressure, 232 table 8,237 Apartments outlet location, 2-75, Apparatus ‘onstruction, 213 table 2,2 connections to masonry, 2-13, seams, 2:13, fervice, 2-15 design, 2-1 economic considerations, 21 layout, 2-2 location, 21 sound considerations, 2-1 ‘cauipment, 2-3, access door, 215 air bypass, 28 air cleaning, 28 apparatus easing, 2-9 belt guard, 2-12 ED 1 contisioning company TREE INDEX Apparatus (cont) cooling cols, 2-8 drains, 214 tliminators, 28 fans, 29 fan connections, 2-10 thru 2-12 fan conversion foss oF gain, 238 fan motor and drive, 2-9 heating coil, 2-8 insulation, 2-14 layout, 2-2 location, 2 louver damper, 24,2-6 chart 2, 2.$ table 12-5, Dutdoor aie louver, 2-3 chart 1,25 Inarine lights, 2-14 relief damper, 27, 2.8 service, 215 sprays, 28 ‘Architectural appearance, duct de- sign, 2-17 Aspect ratio, duct design, 218 chart 3, 2-18 chart 4, 219 chart §, 2-20 B Bank outlet location, 2-74 Belt guard, 2-12, Blow, ostlet, 2-65, 2-68 ic Ceiling diffuser ‘application, 2-70, 2.72 approach, 2-70, lov, 2-70 location, 2-71 noise limitations, 2-70 table 20,2-71 obstructions, 2-70 pressure drop, 2-70, types fifuser, 2-69 pan, 2-69 Perforated ceiling and panels, 2.69 Fetuen grille, 2.76 Ceiling return outlet, 2-76 Coils Cooling, see cooting colle heating, see heating coils Condensation on duct, 2:28 Cooling coils, 28 Service, 215) D Dampers louver, 24 2-87 Dampers (cont) chart 22-5 table 12-8 constraction, 2-6 relief, 28 contraction, 2-7 Departrient store outlet location, 274 Diffuser application, 2-72 telling, 2-70, 2-72 locatien, 271 thru 2-76 Drop, air from outlet, 265 Duet access doors, 2-30 fir pressure, 2-17 air velocity, 2-17, 2-32 table 7, 237 classication of systems, 217 condensation, 2-28 table 42-27 table 52.28 constraetion, see duct construction desig, sve duct desion fire dampers, 229 fittings, type, 220, table 3, 2-20, layout, 2°20 pressure, 217 velocity, 2-17, 232 table 7,2-37 velocity pressure, 232 table 8 2-37 Duct construction high pressure, 2-61 table 15, 2-60, table 16, 2.60, table 17, 2.62 low pressure, 2-60 rabies 14, 15, 16, 2-60, weight of duct material, 2-62 table 18, 2-63 Duct design, 2-30 accessories, 2-29, ir control, 2-28 air leakage, 257 air quantity, 2-32 air velocity, 217,232 table, 237 architectural appearance, 2-17 aspec: ratios, 218 hart 3, 2-18) chart 42.18 ‘chart §,2-20 condensation, 2-28, table 4,227 table $,2.28 construction (high pressure), 2-61 table 15, 2-60 table 16, 2-60, table 17,2462 construction (low pressure), 2-60 tables 14,15, 16 2-60 duct diameter, 2-32 table 6, 2-34 thru 2-36INDEX Outdoor air louver teonstraction, 2-3 Sesign, hare 1, 25 Outlet ‘adjustable bar grill, 2-69 tir movement, 2-68 ait velocity, 2.65, 2.70 table 18,2465 table 20, 2-71 aplication, 2-70, 2.72 blow, 265, 2-68, 2:70, ceiling, 2-69, Ceiling difusers, 2-63, 2.72 ceiling eturn, 2.76 frp, 2-65 ejector, 2-68 fixed har grille, 2469 oor, 272 oor retwen, 2-77 Jndetion, 266, 2-69 location, 2-71 thru 2-76 ‘ise limitation, 270 table 20, 2-71 ‘obstrvctions, 2.70 pan, 2-69 perforated ceiling and panels, 2-69 perforated grille, 2-69, ratings, ile 21, 2-78 retun grille, 2-76 selection, 2-77 femperatore differential, 2-63, 2-68, vanes, 2.66, wall, 2-72 seal return, 277 ‘window Pan outlet, 2-69 Perforated ceiling and panels, 2-69 Perforated grille outlet, 2-69 Preheat coils, 2-8 Pressure, duct sising, 217 R Reheat coils, 28 Relief dampers, 28 teonstriction, 3.7 Restaurant outlet locations, 274 Return grille ‘eiling, 2-76, Boor, 277 location, 2.76 velocity, 2-76 wall, 277 ‘ise, air from outlet, 2.66, Room air distribution, see air distri busion s Slotted outlet, 2-69 Sound level ‘pparatus, cL uct design, 2-32 table 7,237 outlets, 2-70, table 20, 271 Space limitation, duct design, 2417, Sprays, 2-8 Static rogain sizing ducts Tigh velocity, 2-52 hart 12,253 chart 13,254 low velocity, 248 chart 10, 1, 2.49 ‘Store outlet location, T ‘Take-off ‘act Layout, 2-25 pressure drop, round ‘chart 9, 2-48, table 8, 2-29, ‘Temperature, outlet discharge, 2-65, 268 ‘Tempering coils, 28 ‘Theater outlet locations, 2-75, ‘Transformations, duct layout, 2-20, v Vanes ‘converging, 2-67 tiverait g, 267 performace, 2-66 pacing, 223 ‘hart 6, 2-24 saraight 24 Velocity, duct design, 217, 2. ‘able 7,237 Velocity pressure, 2 Table, 2-37 Velocity reduction method, sicing ducts, 2-38 w Wall outlets, 2-72 Wall retarn grille, 2-77 ‘Weight of duct metal, 2.62 table 18, 2-63 Window outlets, 2-72