INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY TRAVNIK

TRAFFIC FACULTY

Seminar work: REAL TIME TRAFFIC MONITORING

Mentor: AIDA TERZIĆ, MA Student: ADISA DRINIĆ

Index no. S-12/16

November 2017, Travnik

CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1. TRAFFIC SYSTEMS IN WHICH TELEMATICS IS USED......................................................................... 4
1.1. VEHICHLE SUBTYTLES .............................................................................................................. 5
2. TELEMATICS TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................................. 5
2.1. GSM (Global System for Mobile) ............................................................................................. 6
2.2. GPS/GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) .............................................................................. 7
2.2.1. EUTELTRACS..................................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2. GLONASS.......................................................................................................................... 9
3. DIGITAL ROAD CARD SYSTEM ........................................................................................................ 11
3.1. RASTER MAP .......................................................................................................................... 11
3.2. VECTOR MAP ......................................................................................................................... 12
4. TELEMATIC SYSTEMS ..................................................................................................................... 12
5. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................. 14
6. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................................. 15

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INTRODUCTION

Traffic and its increase and environmental impact, is a fundamental problem of modern
society. Because of that, the need for better control and traffic organization led to the need for
new technology that would be effective in this. Therefore, the ITS (Inteligent Transport
System) was designed to help the classical transport system that was used so far in achieving
better coordination, security and effectiveness.

The development of a modern society is based on the application of modern information and
telecommunication technologies. On the basis of traffic systems, these technologies combine
telematics. Its application includes the use of computers for controlling and monitoring the
system via GPS, digital maps, and choosing the optimal transport route. And all this in order
to improve the functionality, productivity and safety of vehicles and drivers. Using telematics
systems, information is transmitted in real time, allowing complete control of the vehicle.

Its application does not eliminate the classic control methods, does not interrupt the activities
of these services that do regular traffic control, but it certainly helps them to discover the
location of the accident and the possibility of going to the field to help solve the situation.

Speed and up-to-date data transfer of the ITS system is simply a necessary component in
every major and more developed transport center.

Telematics combines modern information and telecommunication technologies. It is defined

as the science of sending, receiving and storing information with the help of
telecommunication devices. It actually makes a connection between modern information
technology and the latest achievements in the field of telecommunications11.

The use of telematics can be defined as the use of computers to control and monitor remote
devices or systems where real-time information about an individual vehicle is obtained while
performing daily operational tasks.

Intelligent transport systems supported by telematics are used in the multi-purpose transport
system of passenger transport, intelligent traffic control systems, navigation systems,
intelligent transport systems in modern transport technologies, security systems, and traffic
sign systems and message signs.

1
http://www.sf.bg.ac.rs/downloads/katedre/dgt/odtr/telematika2006-2007.pdf

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 1. TRAFFIC SYSTEMS IN WHICH TELEMATICS IS USED

Systems supported by telematics are used in the following systems:

Multi-purpose transport systems for passenger transportation

Traveling from the start to the end may be the transfer and change of means of transport. The
IT system proposes the most favorable route and gives the timetable of the means of transport.

Intelligent traffic control systems

These systems manage traffic networks by changing lights, public city parking systems,
emergency service systems, parking systems for information and guidance.

Navigation systems
Drivers are given the opportunity to get information about weather conditions, road traffic
status, alternative directions for congestion or possible accidents, the optimal way.

Intelligent transport systems in modern transport technologies

Provide minimal retention of means of transport for the transhipment and tracking of goods
and vehicles throughout the journey.

Security systems
Systems that alert drivers to weather disasters such as a wet road, an ice road, strong wind
blows, etc.

Traffic signs and message systems

They are used as traffic information systems to avoid critical sites. RDS (Radio Data System)
is installed in the radio receivers, which in case of important notification stops broadcasting
and reports traffic information.

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 1.1. VEHICHLE SUBTYTLES

 Personal vehicles
 Commercial vehicles
 Transit vehicles
 Help vehicles

The vehicle subsystem collects all data used by drivers in obtaining vehicle management
information. Traffic information, traffic congestion, meteorological conditions and other
information received by drivers via AM / FM receivers.

It also includes equipment for program and assembly support for the provision of services to
drivers. These services may be related to GPS-based guidance, alerting the driver to the
possibility of collision, monitoring the driver's condition while driving, and improving
visibility. The subsystem also includes program interfaces to equipment and devices located
in the vehicle environment as an interface to an information service provider, toll collection
and parking.

The vehicle subsystem includes a test vehicle equipped with devices for measuring traffic
parameters as time to move distance or speed. This vehicle can identify dangerous
environmental conditions and send collected data to other vehicles.

2. TELEMATICS TECHNOLOGY

The application of telematics includes these technologies:

- GSM (mobile telephony or cellular phone) that enables the installation of mobile
telephony and radios in the vehicle,

- GPS (Global Positioning System) that allows you to precisely locate a particular
vehicle at any time,

- a system of digital road maps and IT databases that include information on traffic
conditions, travel planning, and some important events on the roads,

- other information that drivers need2.

2
Prof.dr.sc. H. Baričević: Tehnologija cestovnog prometa

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The development of these technologies makes it possible to integrate into a single system that
is suitable for serial installation in commercial vehicles. For the functioning of this system, it
is necessary to build an appropriate infrastructure that is not connected to the transmission of
information from the vehicle to the control center and vice versa, via satellite, mobile
telephony, radio network, camera installation and traffic monitoring sensors.

The telematics system also allows informing the driver of the most favorable direction from
destination to destination. The computer is located in the head office and information about
the state of traffic in a particular area is received at any time. It is only necessary for the driver
to enter the destination of the trip. Then, information about driving direction selection is
received by a medium computer, and it is forwarded to the driver in visual and audible form.
Telematics allows the driver to receive other useful information as information about the price
of fuel, the occupancy of the goods terminal, customs transitions, road traffic jam.

In addition to technical and technological aspects, telematics equipment can be very good in
the field of road safety. The UDS (Unfall Detector System), which is mounted on the floor,
uses sensors connected to the ignition system, engine performance indicators and safety light
devices.

2.1. GSM (Global System for Mobile)

Text messages represent a simple, convenient and secure way of communication, where they
are short and clear, and remain in the system. Receiving and sending text messages is usually
done via a mobile phone network (SMS). Most text messaging systems have pre-defined
messages, saved or recorded for the needs of both the driver and the base in order to reduce
similar requirements.

Benefits are the reduction of high costs of verbal communication, especially international
conversations, reduction of verbal communication errors, and increased road safety.

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 Picture 1. GSM communication

2.2. GPS/GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

By combining GPS technology with other technologies, for example mobile phone, enables
all users to use the data recorded, which can be very useful for some applications such as GPS
tracking on the ground or fleet management.

By placing the GPS receiver in the vehicle, it is possible to determine the location of the
vehicle. Vehicle location can be used by the driver for easier navigation or can be used to
monitor the position of the vehicle. Due to the good coverage of the terrain by the signal and
the spread of GSM mobile telephony, it is precisely this technology that is used to transfer
data from a mobile object to a monitoring center.

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 Picture 2. GPS monitoring

The main feature of such systems is the embedded GPRS module that sends the vehicle data
to the dispatch center via a mobile network. The positive features of GPRS are coming to the
fore here - the tariffing of mobile operator services is very convenient because GPRS takes
mobile resources only when it sends data, which is relatively rare and low loads the network.

The US Global Positioning System (GPS) is a functional global satellite navigation system,
although its competition is composed of the Russian satellite navigation system GLONASS
and the satellite system of the European Space Agency (ESA) called Galileo.

GPS consists of 24 active satellites arranged in orbit of the earth (21 navigational and 3
spare). Position information is read from the GPS receiver. 24 GPS satellites are moving in 6
orbital planes, evenly distributed in relation to Earth. In each orbital plane, they move in 4
satellites. The diameter of the orbit is about four times the diameter of the Earth, and the
satellite velocity is 11 000 kilometers per hour, which means that each satellite travels its orbit
(Earth) for 12 hours, so that in relation to the surface of the Earth, every satellite visits the
same day path.

The flight height of the satellite is about 20,200 kilometers above the Earth's surface, whose
daily visibility is about 5 hours. Working at such a height allows the signals to overlap a
larger area. Active satellites are evenly distributed on 6 paths, allowing at any time, at any
point of the earth, above the horizon, to have at least 4 visible satellites, which will provide a
condition for global positioning.

To determine the position of the vehicle using this system, a signal with at least three satellites
must be received.

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GPS can not function indoors or underground. The GPS receiver should have an open view of
the satellites and it is best to place it on the roof of the vehicle cabin or behind the windscreen.
Developed systems for more reliable use transfer the last position that is stored in memory if
the vehicle is unable to receive the signal.

2.2.1. EUTELTRACS

It is a satellite European navigation system that covers 90% of the Earth's surface and allows
two-way communication. One satellite is used for communication, and the other for a distance
calculation. The satellites are about 36,000 km above the earth, and the system is accurate in
several meters.

2.2.2. GLONASS

Glonass is a Russian satellite system that allows measurement of position, direction vector
and time in some cases with more precision than GPS. 24 satellites are arranged in 3 orbital
plane, and the difference between satellites is that they transmit the same code, but use
different frequencies. Glonass has two levels of navigation signals, standard accuracy for
civilian level system use and high accuracy for specific users. There is also a combination of
GPS and GLONASS satellites, which makes it possible to increase the accuracy of several
satellites that the user can track and because of the signal processing process.

There are receivers that have high sensitivity and can be used in conditions of very bad GPS
signals. One of these receivers is the CW 25 - NAV GPS receiver.

This GPS receiver allows you to quickly locate the vehicle even in areas with very poor GPS
signals. Such areas may be areas covered by forest, streets with high facilities and situations
when the vehicle is in the interior of a building. This receiver features small dimensions and a
very integrated architecture that requires a minimum number of external components, which
enables easy integration into existing in-vehicle systems.

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 Picture 3. CW 25 - NAV GPS reciever

Using GPS allows passive and active monitoring of vehicles.

The passive principle of vehicle monitoring is based on the memory of certain points that the
vehicle was passing, not the entire route. All information is saved to a GPS device, and can be
processed by computer. The information obtained by this method does not represent
information in real time, but information that can be used to check the frequency of the sites
visited.

Active GPS vehicle monitoring is a way to use when the need for position information is a
function of time. Therefore, information is updated periodically, so that the movement of the
vehicle can be monitored in this way. In addition to the position of the vehicle, the
information to be sent may be speed, direction.

GPS receivers contain positioning errors that are the result of ionospheric and tropospheric
delays, multiple paths, orbital errors, the number of visible satellites, satellite geometry /
shadowing, satellite clocks imprecision, numerical errors.

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 3. DIGITAL ROAD CARD SYSTEM

In addition to all state, country, regional and local roads, it also contains many other important
and interesting points: border crossings, gas stations, ferry ports, marinas, embassies,
hospitals, churches and important state institutions.

The purpose is to enable citizens, as well as all other foreign visitors who own a quality road
map on which navigation and orientation will be possible.

3.1. RASTER MAP

Raster maps consist of roads and terrain roads represented in color. They are easy to use and
read, and are relatively cheap. Scanning can lead to an error.

Picture 4. Raster map

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 3.2. VECTOR MAP

Vector maps are made up of data from the database, including street names, names and road
markings, and coordinates of the intersection with latitude and longitude. The data available
are about the locations of bus stops, obstacles, depots, low overpasses. The best solution is if a
high accuracy of vehicle location is required.

The difference between the raster and the vector map is in its graphical form. Vector formats
remember computers more easily than demanding raster images. All computer graphics
display the vector image into a raster format. Raster image is stored in memory and contains
data for each individual pixel of an image.

Picture 5. Vector map

4. TELEMATIC SYSTEMS

Telematic-supported systems use modern computers, information and communication

technologies to increase mobility, security and environmental protection. The goal of applying
telematic systems is to create communication between the user and the one who manages the
transport system.

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The use of telematics by the traffic system is managed in real time, from the traffic user an
immediate response is obtained, and the possible change in the current reaction is obtained.

The development of intelligent systems began with their application in road and city transport,
and there are 3 phases:

- classic way of traffic management using vertical, horizontal and light signaling,
- one-way communication systems with RDS transmitters use digital maps in the search
for optimal paths and variable signaling on the roads,
- two-way communication systems with drivers where the driver sends information
about the actual travel time to the control center and determines the current optimal
routes sent to other drivers using the obtained data.

The development of intelligent systems can be tracked through several basic development
areas:

 navigation systems,
 control systems and non-cash collection,
 security systems,
 traffic control and management systems,
 maintenance,
 public transport,
 commercial transport,
 pedestrian traffic,
 obilazni putovi za izvanredne situacije3.

There are many different telematics systems. Each of these systems represents different
combinations of the three basic components:

1. hardware components - devices placed on a vehicle that collects data,

2. data transmission components - data collected are transferred from vehicle to data
collection service,

3. The management software-the collected data is converted into useful information necessary
for the successful operation of the company.

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Dražen Kovačević: Razvoj telematike i njezina primjena u prometu

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 5. CONCLUSION

Global changes have contributed to increasing traffic and transport resources in order to meet
fast-growing worldly needs such as food, energy and other commodities. The growth of traffic
demand leads to the creation of congestion on the roads, which is a major problem of today.
In order to answer this problem, IT specialists have developed a significant number of modern
intelligent solutions that are tailored to the day-to-day practical application.

The use of telematics systems aims to minimize this problem by optimizing the use of roads.
The devices built into the vehicle collect information and forward them to the monitoring and
management center that processes this information and sends it to other users. They primarily
affect the improvement of traffic flows and reduce traffic congestion and traffic safety, and
are particularly effective in incident situations.

Using telematics systems, it is possible to quickly and effectively select optimal transport
routes. Telematic solutions are of interest to transport companies using various means of
transport to track movement and achieve savings in order to ensure greater profitability and,
therefore, competitiveness.

The great advantage of applying telematic solutions is in the current transparency of the
traffic situation and a large number of vehicle-related information regardless of distance from
one control position.

Therefore, the main goal of the intelligent transport system is to integrate the system to
improve the movement of people, goods and information. With this main goal achieved in the
countries in which it was introduced, but also improved, it encouraged the realization of
additional desirable goals. The working efficiency and capacity of the transport system,
mobility have increased, and the level of accidents and damage caused by transport as well as
energy consumption has been reduced. It has also enabled better control of adverse effects on
the ecological system, or environmental protection.

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 6. REFERENCES

Literature:

1. Baričević H. „Tehnologija cestovnog prometa“, Rijeka 2001.

2. Fantela N.: „Telematički sustavi u vozilu“, Rijeka 2009.

3. „Inteligentni transportni sustavi“, FESB Split, HT-TKC Split, Split 1999.

4. K. Dražen „Razvoj telematike i njezina primjena u prometu“, 2003.

Internet sites:

http://www.sf.bg.ac.rs/downloads/katedre/dgt/odtr/telematika2006-2007.pdf

https://www.cis.hr/files/dokumenti/CIS-DOC-2012-01-036.pdf

https://www.gfi.com/support/manuals/en/

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