Grammar Contents

LESSON 1 Present Simple - Present Continuous page 6

LESSON 2 Present Perfect Simple - Present Perfect Continuous page 10
LESSON 3 Past Simple / Past Continuous - Past Perfect / Past Perfect Continuous page 14
LESSON 4 Future Tenses page 18
LESSON 5 Nouns page 22
LESSON 6 Prepositions page 26
LESSON 7 The Infinitive page 30
LESSON 8 The Gerund page 34
LESSON 9 More about Gerund and Infinitive page 38
LESSON 10 Modal Verbs page 42
LESSON 11 GRAMMAR REVIEW: LESSONS 1-10 page 44
LESSON 12 Passive Voice (1) page 48
LESSON 13 Passive Voice (2) page 52
LESSON 14 Causative form page 56
LESSON 15 Reported Speech (1) page 60
LESSON 16 Reported Speech (2) page 64
LESSON 17 Relative pronouns page 68
LESSON 18 Conditionals (1) page 72
LESSON 19 Conditionals (2) page 76
LESSON 20 Wishes - Would rather - Prefer page 80
LESSON 21 GRAMMAR REVIEW: LESSONS 11-20 page 82
LESSON 22 Unreal Past: Had better - As if / As though - It’s time page 86
LESSON 23 Inversion page 90
LESSON 24 Question tags - Exclamatory structures - Subject/Object questions page 94
LESSON 25 Demonstratives - Subject/Object pronouns - Possessive adjectives/pronouns -
Reflexive pronouns - Possessive case page 98
LESSON 26 More determiners (1) page 102
LESSON 27 More determiners (2) page 106
LESSON 28 Revision exercises page 110
LESSON 29 Adjectives page 114
LESSON 30 Adverbs page 118
LESSON 31 GRAMMAR REVIEW: LESSONS 21-30 page 120
LESSON 32 Clauses of Reason / Result page 124
LESSON 33 Clauses of Concession / Relative clauses page 128
LESSON 34 Clauses of Manner / Time page 132
LESSON 35 Clauses of Purpose page 136
LESSON 36 Consolidation of clauses page 140
LESSON 37 Consolidation of Unreal Past / Inversion / Reported Speech / Conditionals page 144
LESSON 38 Consolidation of Tenses / Passive Voice / Causative form page 148
LESSON 39 Consolidation of Modal Verbs / the Infinitive / the Gerund page 152
LESSON 40 Consolidation of Adjectives / Adverbs / Nouns / Articles / Determiners / Pronouns page 156
 LESSON 1
READING
Who invented the hamburger? There is a continuing dispute about who made the first hamburger and bun
6 in America and there are several stories about where and how the hamburger
g came into being.
g One story is
that during a trip to Asia in the early 1800’s, a German salesman noticed that the local people softened their
1 meat by keeping it under the saddles of their horses. The motion of the horse broke up p the meat; the locals
would then scrape it all together, season and cook it. The salesman took the idea home to Hamburg, where
cooks broiled the meat and referred to it as Hamburg meat.
2 German immigrants
g took the recipe
p to the United States,, but the word ‘hamburger’
g is believed to have first
3 been used in 1834 in New York. Another story about the ‘invention’ of the first proper hamburger is that it was
produced in 1885 by Charlie Nagreen of Wisconsin. Charlie, at the age of fifteen, went to the Outagamie
Country Fair and started selling meatballs. Business wasn’t good and he quickly realized that it was because
8 meatballs were too difficult to eat while walking g around the fair. In a flash of
inspiration, he flattened the meatballs, placed them between two slices of bread
and called his new creation a hamburger. Wisconsin now claims to be the
‘Home of the Hamburger’ and even has a Hamburger Hall of Fame. But it
is also claimed that in 1885 the brothers Frank and Charles Menches of
5 Ohio were at another fair when they ran out of pork. They used ground
beef in their sandwiches instead, calling this sandwich the hamburger
after Hamburg, New York, where the fair was being held.
The first evidence of serving ground meat patties in buns - takingg on
7 the look of the hamburgerg as we know it today y - was in 1904 at the St.
Louis World Fair by a Texan called Fletch Davis. Yet it was not until 1921
4 that a cook from Wichita,, Kansas introduced the idea of the hamburger g
restaurant. He started the White Castle hamburger chain, which was an
instant success.

1. Why did the local Asian people put their meat 5. What did Frank and Charles Menches first sell?
under the saddles? a. meatballs c. pork sandwiches
a. to cook it quickly b. pork sausages d. beef patties
b.. to break it into bits
c. so they could season it 6. What does the writer say about the hamburger?
d. to have more meat a. there are many stories about its invention
b. it is made from ham and beef
2. How did the recipe spread to America? c. it was first eaten in a bun in Asia
a.. Europeans moved there d. it was available in the 18th century
b. salesmen traveled there
c. Charlie Nagreen lived there 7. What became available in 1904?
d. Asians went to America a. pork hamburgers
b.. a modern looking hamburger
3. According to the text, where is the word c. the White Castle restaurant
‘hamburger’ said to have come from? d. ground meat patties
a. Wichita c. New York
b. Hamburg d. Asia 8. What made it hard to eat Charlie Nagreen’s
meatballs?
4. When was the first hamburger restaurant opened? a. there was no bread
a. 1834 c. 1904 b. they were too big
b. 1885 d. 1921 c. they were not in a bun
d. walking at the same time

ORAL PRACTICE What are your favorite foods? Do you know how to prepare a dish, like an omelet? Do you
like traditional Greek food or foreign dishes? Why? How often do you eat meat? Some people are vegetarians.
Can you think of reasons why? Would you consider becoming a vegetarian? Why or why not?

4
 TOPIC VOCABULARY

1. raw ˆÌfi˜ 12. recipe Û˘ÓÙ·Á‹ Ì·ÁÂÈÚÈ΋˜ 23. notice ·Ú·ÙËÚÒ

2. invent ÂÊ¢ڛÛΈ 13. fair ·ÓËÁ‡ÚÈ 24. spread ‰È·ÛÎÔÚ›˙ˆ, ‰È·‰›‰ˆ
3. continuing Û˘Ó¯È˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ 14. inspiration ¤ÌÓ¢ÛË 25. meatball ÎÂÊÙ¤˜
4. dispute ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë 15. flatten ÈÛÔ‰ÒÓˆ, ·Ù¿ˆ 26. beef ‚Ô‰ÈÓfi
5. bun ÛÙÚÔÁÁ˘Ïfi „ˆÌ¿ÎÈ 16. instant ÛÙÈÁÌÈ·›Ô˜ 27. pork ¯ÔÈÚÈÓfi
6. come into being ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ì·È 17. introduce Û˘ÛÙ‹Óˆ, ÂÈÛ¿Áˆ 28. soften Ì·Ï·ÎÒÓˆ
7. saddle ۤϷ 18. motion ΛÓËÛË 29. evidence ÛÙÔȯ›·
8. scrape Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓˆ 19. locals ÓÙfiÈÔÈ 30. proper ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˜, ηÓÔÓÈÎfi˜
9. season ηÚÈ·ˆ 20. bit ÎÔÌÌ·Ù¿ÎÈ 31. realize Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈÒ
10. broil „‹Óˆ ÛÙË Û¯¿Ú· 21. run out of ÍÂ̤ӈ ·fi 32. meat patty ˙˘ÌˆÌ¤ÓÔ ÌÈÊÙ¤ÎÈ
11. immigrant ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˘ 22. salesman ˆÏËÙ‹˜ 33. ground ·ÏÂṲ̂ÓÔ˜

VOCABULARY - Multiple-choice
1. Visiting the local museum was a great idea. We all 8. Finding a cure for AIDS would be quite a(n)
admired a(n) collection of objects found in achievement.
excavations in the area. a. reliable ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜ c. evident ÂÌÊ·Ó‹˜
a. proper ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˜ c. extensive ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓÔ˜ b. noticeable ·ÍÈÔÚfiÛÂÎÙÔ˜, d.
d remarkable ·ÍÈfiÏÔÁÔ˜,
b. instant ÛÙÈÁÌÈ·›Ô˜, ·Î·ÚÈ·›Ô˜ d. professional Â·ÁÁÂÏÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜˜ ·ÈÛıËÙfi˜ ÂÓÙ˘ˆÛÈ·Îfi˜
9. The cop had to be punished after it was discovered
2. He recommended that we get tickets in case that he was .
we wished to visit the theme park. a. crooked ·Ó¤ÓÙÈÌÔ˜ c. inspired
p ÂÌÓ¢Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜
a. early ¤ÁηÈÚÔ˜, ÚfiˆÚÔ˜ c. obvious ÚÔÊ·Ó‹˜ b. satisfied ÈηÓÔÔÈË̤ÓÔ˜ d. insecure ·Ó·ÛÊ·Ï‹˜
b. advance ÚÔÏËڈ̤ÓÔ d. continuing Û˘Ó¯fiÌÂÓÔ˜
10. “Why did you go to the bank?”
3. Although little Billy was against chickenpox, “I had to some money from my account to my
he still caught it. sister’s account in Leeds.”
a. protected ÚÔÛٷهˆ c. introducedÛ˘ÛÙ‹Óˆ, ÂÈÛ¿Áˆˆ a. broil „‹Óˆ ÛÙË Û¯¿Ú· c. transfer ÌÂٷʤڈ
b. softened Ì·Ï·ÎÒÓˆ d. vaccinatedÂÌ‚ÔÏÈ¿˙ˆ
d b. include ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿Óˆ d. flatten ÈÛÔ‰ÒÓˆ

4. They intend to found a(n)
the threat of extinction.
a. office ÁÚ·Ê›Ô
b. shelter ¿Û˘ÏÔ, ηٷʇÁÈÔ
for animals facing
c. temple Ó·fi˜
d. motion ΛÓËÛË
11. I’m sure that talking to a therapist will help you
your problems.
a. reject ·ÔÚÚ›Ùˆ c. recover ·Ó·ÎÙÒ, Û˘Ó¤Ú¯ÔÌ·È
b. overcome ÍÂÂÚÓÒ
b d. cure ıÂÚ·‡ˆ

5. Can you who it was that said “the buck stops 12. It’s obvious that it was your fault. So you’ll just
here”? have to responsibility for what happened.
a. spread ·ÏÒÓˆ c. extort ·ÔÛÒ, Â΂ȿ˙ˆ a. attend ·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒ p ·Ô‰¤¯ÔÌ·È
c. accept
b. notice ·Ú·ÙËÚÒ d.. recall ı˘Ì¿Ì·È b. report ·Ó·Ê¤Úˆ, ηٷÁÁ¤Ïψ d. scrapep ͇ӈ, Á‰¤ÚÓˆ

6. The rescue workers saved a young boy that had 13. Why don’t you some sugar on the fruit cake
been trapped in the of the collapsed building. before serving it?
a. debris ÂÚ›È· c. evidence ·ԉ›ÍÂȘ a. throw ÂÙ¿ˆ c. spit
p ÊÙ‡Óˆ
b. locals ÓÙfiÈÔ˜ d. leftovers
f ·ÔÊ¿ÁÈ· b. sprinkle ·Û·Ï›˙ˆ, Ú·ÓÙ›˙ˆ d. face ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ˆ
b

7. You need to be ambitious if you wish to such 14. It was really difficult, but in the end Sue her
a difficult career. father to buy her a car.
a. inspire ÂÌÓ¤ˆ c. pursue ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒ a. ordered ·Ú·ÁÁ¤ÏÓˆ, ‰È·Ù¿˙ˆ c. persuaded ›ıˆ
b. dispute ·ÌÊÈÛ‚ËÙÒ, d. realize Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈÒ b. arrangedηÓÔÓ›˙ˆ, Ù·ÎÙÔÔÈÒ d. determined ηıÔÚ›˙ˆ
ÏÔÁÔÌ·¯Ò
5
 GRAMMAR - Present Simple and Present Continuous
Present Simple Present Continuous
I work He / She / It works I am working
Do I work? Does he / she / it work? Am I working?
I don’t work He / She / It doesn’t work I am not working

Use
1. ªÂ ÂÈÚÚ‹Ì·Ù· Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ·˜ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· Ú¿ÍË Ô˘
Â·Ó·Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ·ÚfiÓ.
always usually often frequently sometimes
occasionally seldom rarely hardly never
CAREFUL: £∂™∏ Δø¡ ∂¶πƒƒ∏ª∞Δø¡ ™Δ∏¡ ¶ƒ√Δ∞™∏
He never comes to work late. (ÚÈÓ ·fi ÙÔ Î‡ÚÈÔ Ú‹Ì·)
He is always late. (ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ Ú‹Ì· BE)
2. °È· ÌÈ· ÌfiÓÈÌË Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË ‹ ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·
(.¯. ÓfiÌÔ Ù˘ ʇÛ˘).
e.g. Michael goes to work every day.
We go out at least twice a week.
The earth goes round the sun.
3. ŸÙ·Ó ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ Û ÛÙ·ıÂÚ¿ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· /
‰ÚÔÌÔÏfiÁÈ· (Û˘ÁÎÔÈÓˆÓ›·˜) [timetables].
e.g. The train leaves at 4:25.
School starts in September.
The performance begins at 10 o’clock.
Use
1. °È· οÙÈ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ô˘ ÌÈÏ¿ÌÂ.
KEY WORDS: now, at the moment, still, Look!, Listen!
e.g. We can’t leave now. It’s still snowing.
Listen! Somebody is crying.
He is studying at the moment / now.
2. °È· Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„Ô˘Ì οÙÈ Ô˘ Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ ÚÔÛˆÚÈÓ¿/
·˘Ù‹ ÙË ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô.
e.g. Tom is looking for a new house these days.
They’re currently staying with me.
3. ªÂ Ù· ÂÈÚÚ‹Ì·Ù· always / constantly / continually/
never ÎÏ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰Â›ÍÔ˘Ì fiÙÈ ÌÈ· Ú¿ÍË Ì·˜ ÂÓԯϛ.
e.g. He is always using my shampoo.
They are never studying for the exams.
CAREFUL: In case of a difficulty my best friend is
always helping me.
(∞˘Ù‹ Ë ÚfiÙ·ÛË Â›Ó·È §∞£√™ - ‰ÂÓ ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ·
Ú¿ÍË Ô˘ Ì·˜ ÂÓԯϛ)

4. ™ÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ: 4. °È· ÌÈ· ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·ÙÈṲ̂ÓË Ú¿ÍË ÛÙÔ ÎÔÓÙÈÓfi ̤ÏÏÔÓ
™Â ÂÚÈÁڷʤ˜ ·ÁÒÓˆÓ (ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˜ Èı·ÓfiÙËÙ˜ ·Ó·‚ÔÏ‹˜ Ù˘).
e.g. Ronaldo takes the ball but fails to score. e.g. We are leaving for the States next week.
™Â ·ÊËÁ‹ÛÂȘ I’m meeting my boss at noon.
e.g. Suddenly the door opens and the murderer...
™Â Ù›ÙÏÔ˘˜ ÂÊËÌÂÚ›‰ˆÓ 5. ŸÙ·Ó ·Ó·ÊÂÚfiÌ·ÛÙ ÛÙËÓ ÂͤÏÈÍË ‹ ÙË ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏ‹
e.g. “Railworkers go on strike” ÌÈ·˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘.
™Â Ô‰ËÁ›Â˜ e.g. His behavior is getting better and better.
e.g. Chop the tomatoes and add them to the mixture. More and more young people are drinking
alcohol nowadays.

Non-continuous verbs
Δ· ·Ú·Î¿Ùˆ Ú‹Ì·Ù· ¢∂¡ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È Û ¯ÚfiÓÔ˘˜ ‰È·ÚΛ·˜ ∂∫Δ√™ ·Ó ÛËÌ·›ÓÔ˘Ó Î¿ÙÈ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈÎfi ·fi ÙËÓ
·Ú¯È΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛËÌ·Û›·.
see smell hear (Ú‹Ì·Ù· ·ÈÛı‹ÛˆÓ)
know believe think = ÓÔÌ›˙ˆ doubt understand (ÁÓˆÛÙÈο / ·ÓÙ›Ï˄˘)
like hate detest love (Ú‹Ì·Ù· ·ÚÂÛΛ·˜)
have own possess belong (Ú‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ‰ËÏÒÓÔ˘Ó È‰ÈfiÙËÙ· / ηÙÔ¯‹)
feel weigh fit appear cost seem
owe want contain include require depend
keep be wish suppose mean concern
e.g. I am seeing Mary next weekend. I’m visiting
John is having dinner right now. John is eating

6
 GRAMMAR - Multiple-choice
1. David all his evenings playing video games. 6. The River Nile the longest river in Africa.
a. spending c. is spending a. be c. was
b. spend d.
d spends b. is being d. is
d

2. We my in-laws this Christmas. 7. Carla in the Trump Tower.

a. visit c. are visiting a. works c. work
b. will visiting d. would visit b. working d. be working

3. enough sleep? You look tired. 8. Whenever I see Jim he his fingernails!
a. Get you c. Getting you a. always bites c. is always biting
b. Do you get d. Do you getting b. will be always biting d. would always bite

4. I in Washington with my brother for the time 9. At the beginning of the movie, the hero the
being. heroine.
a. am living c. lives a. is meeting c. was meeting
b. live d. would be living b. meets
b d. was met

5. Tell Jim I’ll call him back. I lunch right now. 10. “What are you doing?” “I the beds.”
a. be having c. have a. am making c. makes
b. will have d. am having
d b. make d. be making

PHRASAL VERBS
Use the phrasal verbs below to complete the sentences. Their forms may need to be changed.
make for = ηÙ¢ı‡ÓÔÌ·È ÚÔ˜, Û˘ÓÂÈÛʤڈ make up for sth = ·Ô˙ËÌÈÒÓˆ ÁÈ· ÎÙ
make out = ‰È·ÎÚ›Óˆ, ηٷϷ‚·›Óˆ, make up = ÛηÚÊ›˙ÔÌ·È, ÂÈÓÔÒ
Û˘ÌÏËÚÒÓˆ ÂÈÙ·Á‹ make it up to sb = ·Ô˙ËÌÈÒÓˆ Î ÁÈ· ÎÙ
make sb/sth into sb/sth = ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ˆ/·ÏÏ¿˙ˆ make (it) up with sb = Ù· Í·Ó·ÊÙÈ¿¯Óˆ Ì Î

1. I’m sorry I stood you up. I’ll take you out to dinner to k it t you.
2. They didn’t say much, so I couldn’t k t if they were satisfied with our service.
3. I will pay by check. Who should I k it t to?
4. The robbers hopped on a motorcycle and d f the city center.
5. The magnificent view d f the exhausting hike to the mountain top.
6. The council intend to k the old school i t City Hall.
7. Will you stop ki stupid excuses and take responsibility for your actions!
8. Constant disagreement doesn’t k f a successful partnership.
9. They may quarrel a lot, but they always k (it) in the end.
10. I can’t k t what it says on that sign without my glasses.

CONFUSING VERBS
Use the verbs below to complete the sentences. Their forms may need to be changed.
1. rise - rose - risen = ÛËÎÒÓÔÌ·È / ˘„ÒÓÔÌ·È / 3. arise - arose - arisen = ÛËÎÒÓÔÌ·È ·fi ÙÔ ÎÚ‚¿ÙÈ /
·Ó·Ù¤Ïψ ÚÔ·Ùˆ ÁÈ· Úfi‚ÏËÌ· /
2. raise - raised - raised = ˘„ÒÓˆ / ÛËÎÒÓˆ ‰˘ÛÎÔÏ›· / ηÎfi ηÈÚfi
Also: raise money raise questions 4. arouse - aroused - aroused = ÚÔηÏÒ / ÂÁ›ڈ /
raise hopes raise a child ·Ê˘Ó›˙ˆ

1. Don’t forget to visit the house where N. Kazantzakis was i d during your stay in Crete.
2. If you have any questions, please i your hand.
3. We hadn’t expected so many difficulties to i when we decided to make changes.
4. After the explosion, black smoke up and covered the whole area.
5. His new invention has d great interest.
6. The local charity organization organizes many events to i money for the poor.

7
 LESSON 11 GRAMMAR REVIEW LESSONS 1-10

GRAMMAR - Choose the right answer.

1. She can give you more details when she . 6. Imagine! At this time next Monday I to Paris.
a. arrives c. will arrive Isn’t it great?
b. is arriving d. has arrived a. will have flown c. will have to fly
b. will fly d. will be flying
2. “When did you last meet Jenny?”
7. According to the schedule, the train at 7:00
“Well I her for almost ten years.”
but we must be there at least an hour earlier.
a. haven’t seen c. didn’t see
a. will leave c. is going to leave
b. have to see d. hadn’t seen
b. leaves d. is leaving

3. “Your little dog is very cute.” 8. “When will you be ready?”

“Isn’t she? We her for 5 years.” “Don’t worry, by the time you come I packing.”
a. have been having c. had been having a. will have finished c. will have been finished
b. had had d. have had b. will be finishing d. will finish

4. “I heard that Sheila won a trip to the Bahamas.” 9. “Do you think we can organize an excursion?”
“Yes, she tomorrow.” “Unless we could go for a picnic.”
a. will leave c. is leaving a. it doesn’t rain c. it won’t rain
b. going to leave d. leaves b. it will rain d. it rains

10. Someone to open this lock; it has been

5. Stop crying! I’ll stay with you your parents
tampered with.
get back.
a. tampered c. has been trying
a. as soon as c. by the time b. had been tampering d. has tampered
b.. until d. before

Sentence completion
Fill in with the appropriate PREPOSITION.
1. “When did you arrive i London?”
“ At seven o’clock
o clock i the afternoon.”
2. I can’t concentrate on my project due to the noise coming f upstairs.
upstairs Betty,
Betty who lives the
third floor, is having a party again.
3. “Where is Peter?”
“He’s / ith the other students and you can’t see him.”
4. What I enjoy most while on vacation is lying the beach.
5. As I was walking t/t your house I saw you leaving.
6. The elevator was out of order so I had to walk the stairs to the top floor. An hour later I realised that
I had forgotten some documents i my car so I had to walk d the stairs again.
7. You can come and get your TV back at the end of the week. I will have fixed it by then.
8. We had a meeting Monday morning but we had to postpone it .
9. I can’t make out Tim as he’s standing b hi d those trees.
10. There was an antique chair i the corner of the room.

44
 Sentence completion
Fill in with the appropriate MODAL VERB.
1. She t have forgotten to lock the windows as I found some of them open.
2. There ’t/ h ld ’t be any more people trapped in the burning building according to the rescue team.
3. I don’t have to work overtime today so I h ld be home before 4:00 o’clock.
4. I’m leaving early in the morning so I i ht/ not see you tomorrow.
5. You t ’t smoke during the flight, madam.
6. I ld ’t believe it when she said that she used to live next door to Tom Cruise.
7. Shall I help you with your homework? I have nothing else to do.
8. The hotel guests / t not use this elevator as it’s only for the staff.
9. You ht to have your teeth checked before going on holiday.
10. The students ’t b bl t put on this performance, as they won’t have enough time for the rehearsals.

GRAMMAR - Choose the right answer.

1. It was _____ bad weather that it took us more 9. They’d better _____ telling lies. Otherwise their
than an hour to get home. parents will get furious.
a. such c. much a. stopping c. stop
b. a very d. such a b. being stopped d. to stop

2. She likes giving people _____. 10. The girl _____ as a secretary for this company is
a. an advice c. advices my sister.
b.. advice d. the advice a. who working c. who she works
b. she working d.. working
3. I wonder why you took so _____ with you for a
three-day trip. 11. I’m sorry but I can’t stand _____ the violin.
a. many luggage c. few luggages a. to play c. be playing
b. much luggages d.
d much luggage b. his playing
b d. being played

4. “Were there many guests at the party?” 12. Although Ken never admitted _____ the money,
“ _____. Imagine that she had to order extra pizzas.” we all know that he did it.
a. A few c. Few a. stealing c. to have stolen
b. Quite a few d. Only a few b. to steal d. steal

5. “What did he tell you?” 13. Would you like _____ more ice-cream? I know
“He told me that the money _____ in the bank.” it’s your favorite flavor!
a. has deposited c. has been deposited a. some c. any
b.. had been deposited d. were deposited b. little d. much

6. My brother has lost his car keys and they are 14. We all expect her ______ the exam as she is
_____ to be found. an excellent student.
a. anywhere c. nowhere a. passing c. to pass
b. everywhere d. somewhere b. to passing d. to be passed

7. My elder sister made me _____ her room again. 15. I can’t afford ______ an apartment now but I hope
a. to clean c. cleaning I’ll be able to in the future.
b. clean d. being cleaned a. to buy c. to be buying
b. to buying d. to have bought
8. I was in such panic that I didn’t know who _____.
a. I have called c. to have called
b. to call d. to be calling

45
45
 GRAMMAR - CONSOLIDATION OF TENSES / PASSIVE VOICE /
CAUSATIVE FORM
1. “Did you fix the leaking faucet yourself?” 11. The notes by noon, come anytime after to
“No, I .” pick them up.
a. had to fix it c. had it fixed a. will be typed c. will have been typed
b. would have fixed it d. had been fixed b. will have typed d. will type

2. Did you know that Mary stolen at the station 12. It is reported that more candidates for the
yesterday? exams than expected.
a. got her bag c. had to be her bag a. there to be c. there are
b. her bag was d. gets her bag b. there to have d. there to have been

3. cleaned by a professional. Otherwise you’ll 13. Please have these photos for me.
ruin it. a. to be developed c. to develop
a. Make it c. Have you been b.. developed d. been developed
b. Have you d. Get it
d
14. “I saw Jim the other day. He looked pale.”
4. A new theater to be built here, but they “It’s because he well recently.”
haven’t started its construction yet. a. hadn’t slept c. didn’t sleep
a. supposed c. has supposed b.. hasn’t been sleeping d. hadn’t been sleeping
b. was supposed d. suppose
15. “Where is your sister?”
5. There used to be a gallery here, but it “I think she her hair dyed at the moment.”
demolished after the earthquake. a. has c. has had
a. had been c. had to be b. is having d. has been having
b. had d. was being
16. I can’t come to the movies with you tonight. I
6. I hate like a five-year old child. I’m mature studying for my exams.
enough to make my own decisions. a. will c. will be
a. treating c. to be treating b. going to d. am going
b. to treat d. being treated
d
17. I don’t know what’s wrong with our new secretary.
7. “Have you heard anything about the missing child?” It’s seven o’clock and he five pages so far.
“Unfortunately, she yet.” a. has only to type c. has only typed
a. hasn’t to find c. wasn’t found b. is only typing d. only typed
b. hasn’t been found d. hadn’t found
18. Why didn’t you tell her where her dictionary?
8. He is rumored come into a big inheritance a. did you leave c. had you left
recently. b. you did left d. you left
d
a. that he had c. that he has
b. to have had d. to have 19. “How long this car?”
“Almost a decade.”
9. “Why is he out of work again?” a. have you had c. do you have
“He due to his constantly being late.” b. have you d. did you have
a. has fired c. got fired
b. has been firing d. were being fired 20. If you want a good job, you should get a university
degree. It’s not enough high school only.
10. The factory workers are rumored a protest a. to have finished c. to finishing
these days. b. you finished d. you finish
a. to organize c. to be organizing
b. to have organised d. to have been organised

148
1 8
 GLOSSARY (in context)
Lesson 1 immense ·¯·Ó‹˜, ÙÂÚ¿ÛÙÈÔ˜
beef ‚Ô‰ÈÓfi islet ÓËÛ›‰·, ÓËÛ¿ÎÈ
bit ÎÔÌÌ·Ù¿ÎÈ maintain ‰È·ÙËÚÒ
broil „‹Óˆ ÛÙË Û¯¿Ú· narrow-minded ÛÙÂÓfiÌ˘·ÏÔ˜
bun ÛÙÚÔÁÁ˘Ïfi „ˆÌ¿ÎÈ oversee ÂȂϤˆ
come into being ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁÔ‡Ì·È prejudiced ÚÔηÙÂÈÏËÌ̤ÓÔ˜
continuing Û˘Ó¯È˙fiÌÂÓÔ˜ pristine ¿ıÈÎÙÔ˜, ·Úı¤ÓÔ˜
dispute ‰È·Ì¿¯Ë reconfirm Í·Ó·-ÂȂ‚·ÈÒÓˆ
evidence ÛÙÔȯ›· refund ÂÈÛÙڤʈ ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù·
fair ·ÓËÁ‡ÚÈ reissue Â·ÓÂΉ›‰ˆ
flatten ÈÛÔ‰ÒÓˆ, ·Ù¿ˆ scenic ÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi˜
ground ·ÏÂṲ̂ÓÔ˜ service Â͢ËÚÂÙÒ
immigrant ÌÂÙ·Ó¿ÛÙ˘ sibling ·‰ÂÚÊfi˜-‹
inspiration ¤ÌÓ¢ÛË soar ‰ÂÛfi˙ˆ
instant ÛÙÈÁÌÈ·›Ô˜ terrain ¤‰·ÊÔ˜
introduce Û˘ÛÙ‹Óˆ, ÂÈÛ¿Áˆ thrive ¢ËÌÂÚÒ, ¢‰ÔÎÈÌÒ
invent ÂÊ¢ڛÛΈ trench Ù¿ÊÚÔ˜, ¯·ÓÙ¿ÎÈ
locals ÓÙfiÈÔÈ unique ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi˜
meat patty ˙˘ÌˆÌ¤ÓÔ ÌÈÊÙ¤ÎÈ unlawful ·Ú¿ÓÔÌÔ˜, ·ı¤ÌÈÙÔ˜
meatball ÎÂÊÙ¤˜ unspoiled ·›ڷ¯ÙÔ˜, ¿ıÈÎÙÔ˜
motion ΛÓËÛË void ¿Î˘ÚÔ˜
notice ·Ú·ÙËÚÒ
pork ¯ÔÈÚÈÓfi Lesson 4
proper ηٿÏÏËÏÔ˜, ηÓÔÓÈÎfi˜ accommodate ¯ˆÚÒ, ÛÙÂÁ¿˙ˆ
raw ˆÌfi˜ affordable ÚÔÛÈÙfi˜ ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈο
realize Û˘ÓÂȉËÙÔÔÈÒ commercial ÂÌÔÚÈÎfi˜
recipe Û˘ÓÙ·Á‹ Ì·ÁÂÈÚÈ΋˜ concern ·ÓËÛ˘¯›·
run out of ÍÂ̤ӈ ·fi conference Û‡Û΄Ë, Û˘Ó¤‰ÚÈÔ
saddle ۤϷ confidentiality ÂÌÈÛÙ¢ÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·
salesman ˆÏËÙ‹˜ corporate mogul ÌÂÁ·ÏÔÛ٤ϯԘ
scrape Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓˆ Âȯ›ÚËÛ˘
season ηÚÈ·ˆ customize ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ˆ
soften Ì·Ï·ÎÒÓˆ executive ‰È¢ı. Û٤ϯԘ
spread ‰È·ÛÎÔÚ›˙ˆ, ‰È·‰›‰ˆ firm Âȯ›ÚËÛË, ÂÙ·ÈÚ›·
furnish ÂÈÏÒÓˆ, ÂÊԉȿ˙ˆ
Lesson 2 in excess of ÛÂ ÂÚ›ÛÛÂÈ·
admission ·ÓÙ›ÙÈÌÔ ÂÈÛfi‰Ô˘ interior ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ¯ÒÚÔ˜
arrange ηÓÔÓ›˙ˆ leisureˆ ¿ÓÂÛË, Âχı.¯ÚfiÓÔ˜
available ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌÔ˜ modify ÙÚÔÔÔÈÒ
booking ÎÚ¿ÙËÛË onboard ÂÈ‚È‚·Ṳ̂ÓÔ˜
claim ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÌ·È one-upmanship ÙÔ Ó· Â›Û·È ¤Ó·
comfort ¿ÓÂÛË ‚‹Ì· ÌÚÔÛÙ¿ ·fi ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÙ¤˜
contact ÂÈÎÔÈÓˆÓÒ outfit ÂÍÔÏ›˙ˆ, ÂÊԉȿ˙ˆ
extensive ÂÎÙÂٷ̤ÓÔ˜ price tag ηÚÙÂÏ¿ÎÈ ÙÈÌ‹˜
gate ı‡Ú·, ‡ÏË rivalry ·ÓÙ·ÁˆÓÈÛÌfi˜
in advance ÂÎ ÙˆÓ ÚÔÙ¤ÚˆÓ
independent ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙÔ˜ Lesson 5
individual ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi˜ bug ÎÔÚÈfi˜
install ÂÁηıÈÛÙÒ certificate ‚‚·›ˆÛË
latest ÈÔ ÚfiÛÊ·ÙÔ˜ clause fiÚÔ˜ Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ·›Ô˘
projection ÚÔ‚ÔÏ‹ complete ÔÏÔÎÏËÚÒÓˆ
range ÔÈÎÈÏ›·, Áο̷ condition ¿ıËÛË
release Ó¤· ΢ÎÏÔÊÔÚ›· conduct ‰ÈÂÍ¿Áˆ
reserve οӈ ÎÚ¿ÙËÛË cord Û¯ÔÈÓ›, ηÏÒ‰ÈÔ
screen ÔıfiÓË covert ÎÚ˘Êfi˜, Ì˘ÛÙÈÎfi˜
senior citizen ¿ÙÔÌÔ ÙÚ›Ù˘ ËÏÈΛ·˜ dawn ·˘Á‹, ÍË̤ڈ̷
state-of-the-art ÙÂÏ. Ù¯ÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜ determine ηıÔÚ›˙ˆ
storey fiÚÔÊÔ˜ device Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜, Û˘Û΢‹
take your pick ‰È¿ÏÂÍÂ Î·È ¿Ú dusk ÛÔ‡ÚÔ˘Ô
trademark Û‹Ì· ηٷÙÂı¤Ó evasive Ô˘ ÛÙԯ‡ÂÈ Û ‰È·Ê˘Á‹
unobstructed ·ÓÂÌfi‰ÈÛÙÔ˜ freefall ÂχıÂÚË ÙÒÛË
vehicle fi¯ËÌ· further ÂÈϤÔÓ
view ı¤· holder οÙÔ¯Ô˜
what’s on ÙÈ ÚÔ‚¿ÏÏÂÙ·È instruction ÂÎ·›‰Â˘ÛË
wraparound digital sound launch ÂÎÙfiÍ¢ÛË
„ËÊÈ·Îfi˜ ‹¯Ô˜ surround mail Ù·¯˘‰ÚÔÌÒ
medication Ê·Ú̷΢ÙÈ΋ ·ÁˆÁ‹
Lesson 3 midweek ÌÂÛÔ‚‰fiÌ·‰·
applicable ÂÊ·ÚÌfiÛÈÌÔ˜ overweight ˘¤Ú‚·ÚÔ˜
authority ÂÍÔ˘Û›· parachute ·ÏÂÍ›ÙˆÙÔ
command ÂÌÓ¤ˆ, ÂÈ‚¿Ïψ postpone ·Ó·‚¿Ïψ
comprise ·ÔÙÂÏÒ, Û˘ÓÈÛÙÒ require ··ÈÙÒ
discipline ÂÈı·Ú¯›· schedule ÚÔÁÚ·ÌÌ·Ù›˙ˆ
distinctive ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi˜ secret agent Ì˘ÛÙÈÎfi˜ Ú¿ÎÙÔÚ·˜
diverse ÔÈΛÏÔÈ slight ÂÏ·ÊÚ‡˜
easy-going ηÏfi‚ÔÏÔ˜, ·Ó¤ÌÂÏÔ˜ statewide Û fiÏË ÙËÓ ÔÏÈÙ›·
equator ÈÛËÌÂÚÈÓfi˜ supervision Â›‚Ï„Ë
hospitable ÊÈÏfiÍÂÓÔ˜ takes place Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ
humidity ˘ÁÚ·Û›· turn x years old Á›ÓÔÌ·È x ÂÙÒÓ
idle ÙÂÌ¤Ï˘ weigh ˙˘Á›˙ˆ
Lesson 6 observation ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË
adventure ÂÚÈ¤ÙÂÈ· prior to ÚÈÓ ·fi
apply οӈ ·›ÙËÛË redundancy ÂÚ›ÛÛÂÈ·
biodiversity ÔÈÎÈÏÔÌÔÚÊ›· religious ıÚËÛ΢ÙÈÎfi˜
˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÒÓ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ skyline ÁÚ·ÌÌ‹ ÙÔ˘ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·
brochure ‰È·ÊËÌÈÛÙÈÎfi Ê˘ÏÏ¿‰ÈÔ take in ‚Ϥˆ, ·Ú·ÙËÚÒ
camp ηٷÛ΋ӈÛË valid ¤Á΢ÚÔ˜
coral reef ÎÔÚ·ÏÏÈÔÁÂÓ‹˜ ‡Ê·ÏÔ˜ version ÂΉԯ‹, ¤Î‰ÔÛË
counselor Û‡Ì‚Ô˘ÏÔ˜
curriculum ÚfiÁÚ·ÌÌ· Lesson 9
deepen ÂÌ‚·ı‡Óˆ acceptance ·Ô‰Ô¯‹
enrol ÂÁÁÚ¿ÊÔÌ·È be named after sb ·›ÚÓˆ ÙÔ
enrolment ÂÁÁÚ·Ê‹ fiÓÔÌ· Î
fill up ÁÂÌ›˙ˆ ˆ˜ ¿Óˆ bill ¯·ÚÙÔÓfiÌÈÛÌ·
high-quality ˘„ËÏ‹˜ ÔÈfiÙËÙ·˜ carry on Û˘Ó¯›˙ˆ
innovation ηÈÓÔÙÔÌ›· coin ΤÚÌ·
inspiring Ô˘ ÂÌÓ¤ÂÈ currency ÓfiÌÈÛÌ·
instructor ÂÎ·È‰Â˘Ù‹˜ empire ·˘ÙÔÎÚ·ÙÔÚ›·
materials ˘ÏÈÎfi entire ÔÏfiÎÏËÚÔ˜
miss out ·Ú·Ï›ˆ handwriting ÁÚ·ÊÈÎfi˜ ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·˜
policy Ù·ÎÙÈ΋ / ÛÙÚ·ÙËÁÈ΋ issue ÂΉ›‰ˆ
portion ÌÂÚ›‰· / ÌÂÚ›‰ÈÔ mine ÔÚ˘¯Â›Ô
ratio ·Ó·ÏÔÁ›· monetary ÓÔÌÈÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜
refer ·Ú·¤Ìˆ official Â›ÛËÌÔ˜
refund ÂÈÛÙÚÔÊ‹ ¯ÚËÌ¿ÙˆÓ once οÔÙÂ, ÌÈ· ÊÔÚ¿, ÂÊ'fiÛÔÓ
resources ËÁ¤˜ origin ÚԤϢÛË
staff ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi plantation Ê˘Ù›·
supplies ÚÔÌ‹ıÂȘ pronunciation ÚÔÊÔÚ¿
underwater ˘Ô‚Ú‡¯ÈÔ˜ revolution Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË
utilize ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÒ shorten ÎÔÓÙ·›Óˆ, Û˘ÓÙÔ̇ˆ
worldwide ·ÁÎfiÛÌÈÔ˜ term ÚÔÛÔÓÔÌ¿˙ˆ
trade ÂÌÔÚ‡ÔÌ·È
Lesson 7 valley ÎÔÈÏ¿‰·
act ‰ÚÒ, ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÒ widespread ¢ڤˆ˜ ‰È·‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˜
breed Ú¿ÙÛ·
coat ÙÚ›¯ˆÌ· Lesson 10
dignitary Â›ÛËÌÔ˜ ashore ÛÙËÓ ·ÎÙ‹
eventually ÙÂÏÈο chilly ·ÁÂÚfi˜
fur ÁÔ‡Ó·, ÙÚ›¯ˆÌ· conditions Û˘Óı‹Î˜
glare ÂÎÙ˘ÊψÙÈ΋ Ï¿Ì„Ë continent ‹ÂÈÚÔ˜
goat ηÙۛη cruise ÎÚÔ˘·˙Ȥڷ
guard ÊÚÔ˘ÚÒ ever-shifting Ô˘ ·ÏÏ¿˙Ô˘Ó ı¤ÛË
highly Ôχ expedition ·ÔÛÙÔÏ‹
high-ranking ˘„ËÏfi‚·ıÌÔ˜ facilities ÂÁηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ
insulation ÌfiÓˆÛË fortnight ‰ÂηÂÓı‹ÌÂÚÔ
location ÙÔÔıÂÛ›· full board Ï‹Ú˘ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹
master ·ÊÂÓÙÈÎfi hospitality ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓ›·
monk ηÏfiÁÂÚÔ˜, ÈÂÚ¤·˜ marine ı·Ï¿ÛÛÈÔ˜
native ÓÙfiÈÔ˜, Èı·ÁÂÓ‹˜ pick-up point ÛËÌ›Ô
neck ·˘¯¤Ó·˜ Û˘Ó¿ÓÙËÛ˘ / ÂÎΛÓËÛ˘
nevertheless ˆÛÙfiÛÔ pioneer ÚˆÙÔfiÚÔ˜
nurture ·Ó·Ùڤʈ reduced ÌÂȈ̤ÓÔ˜
personnel ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi remarkable ·ÍÈÔı·‡Ì·ÛÙÔ˜
raise ·Ó·Ùڤʈ remote ·fiÌ·ÎÚÔ˜
reach ÊÙ¿Óˆ Û seaman Ó·˘ÙÈÎfi˜
religion ıÚËÛΛ· shore ·ÎÙ‹
represent ·ÓÙÈÚÔÛˆ‡ˆ sightseeing ÂÚÈ‹ÁËÛË Û ·ÍÈÔı¤·Ù·
respect Û¤‚ÔÌ·È spotting ÂÓÙÔÈÛÌfi˜
sale ÒÏËÛË stunning ηٷÏËÎÙÈÎfi˜
temperature ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· sunscreen ·ÓÙËÏÈ·Îfi
therefore ¤ÙÛÈ ÏÔÈfiÓ surroundings ÂÚ›Á˘ÚÔ˜
thick ·¯‡˜ thrive ¢ËÌÂÚÒ
turn into ÌÂÙ·ÙÚ¤ˆ ultimate ·fiÏ˘ÙÔ˜, ·Û‡ÁÎÚÈÙÔ˜
whale Ê¿Ï·ÈÓ·
Lesson 8
abbreviated Û˘ÓÙÂÙÌË̤ÓÔ˜ Lesson 12
access ÚfiÛ‚·ÛË advanced ÚÔ¯ˆÚË̤ÓÔ˜
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act approved ÂÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓÔ˜
admission ›ÛÔ‰Ô˜ canvas η̂¿˜, ÌÔ˘Û·Ì¿˜
assistance ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· course ·ÎÏÔ˜ Ì·ıËÌ¿ÙˆÓ
combo (combination) Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi˜ digital „ËÊÈ·Îfi
commentary ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ draw ۯ‰ȿ˙ˆ
comprehensive ÂÚÈÂÎÙÈÎfi˜ employment ··Û¯fiÏËÛË
departure ·Ó·¯ÒÚËÛË first-aid ÚÒÙ˜ ‚Ô‹ıÂȘ
downtown ÛÙÔ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ fiÏ˘ gemologist ÂȉÈÎfi˜ ÔχÙ. Ï›ıˆÓ
eligible ‰ÈηÈÔ‡¯Ô˜ goldsmith ¯Ú˘ÛÔ¯fiÔ˜
flexibility ¢ÂÏÈÍ›· grooming ÂÚÈÔ›ËÛË ˙ÒÔ˘
honeymoon Ì‹Ó·˜ ÙÔ˘ ̤ÏÈÙÔ˜ interactive ‰È·‰Ú·ÛÙÈÎfi˜
intensity ¤ÓÙ·ÛË investigation ¤Ú¢ӷ
notify ÂȉÔÔÈÒ nutrition ‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹

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