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FOREIGN POLICY ANALYSIS:

SINO-INDIAN RELATIONS AND ITS IMPACTS ON PAKISTAN:

SUBMITTED TO:

DR.IRAM KHALID

SUBMITTED BY:

GHULAM SARWAR
M.PHIL (INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS)
1ST SEMESTER
ROLL NO. 03

Department of Political Science


University of the Punjab Lahore
SINO-INDIA RELATIONS AND ITS IMPACTS ON PAKISTAN

 Abstracts
 Key words
 Objectives
 Literature review
 China and India Foreign Policy Trends
 Efforts for cooperation and Limitations to Sino-India Relations
 Pillars of Sino-Pak entente cordiale
 Pakistan Geo strategic importance for china
 Pakistan and china strategic partnership
 Troubles and issues of convergence between china and Pakistan
 Sino India rapprochement observed through transformation in worldwide and regional
situation
 Implications for Pakistan
 Policy recommendations for Pakistan
 Summary
 Findings
 Conclusion
 References
ABSTRACT

Pakistan-China friendship has regularly been termed as “higher than the Himalayas and
deeper than the oceans”. However, following the post-bloodless warfare era or post cold war era,
wonderful readjustments came about in Sino-Indian relations. This raised many concerns
concerning the implications of this for Pakistan-China friendship. This paper seeks to research the
changing dynamics of Pak-China friendly relations inside the context of Indo-China entente. It
seeks to explore that how could Pakistan parent in this configuration of growing India-China
friendly relations and could this weaken Pakistan's traditional hyperlinks with China? The primary
end of the paper is that Pakistan’s significance in phrases of Sino- Indian good relations will stay
important and crucial for Pakistan. For this reason, the Sino-Indian détente can't undermine the
entente cordiale among Pakistan and China.

KEY WORDS: Pak-China relations, Sino-Indian, South Asia, Post cold-war

Pakistan was one among the primary international locations or countries, which identified
or recognized China in 1950. The China-Pakistan relations started on low ebb as China was upset
over Pakistan on becoming a member of the western military alliances South East Asian Treaty
company (SEATO) and central treaty organization (CENTO). (Bhatty, 1996: 149). Pakistan had
expressed its preference to foster friendly and cordial relations with China even before joining the
SEATO. The Bandung conference 1955 provided Pakistan the opportunity to dispel Chinese
distrust and to give an explanation for Pakistan’s reasons for becoming a member of western
alliances. Mohammad Ali, then Pakistan’s high Minister, took the occasion to personally assure
Chinese premier Zhou Enlai that Pakistan had no fear of aggression from China (Bhatty, 1996)
and that Pakistan joined western military alliance to defend against Indian chance. On the event,
Pakistan criticized Soviet Union’s expansionist rules and preferred the Chinese rules. This
dispelled the Chinese authorities’ misunderstanding and the Chinese language gold standard
conceded that that Pakistan’s membership of SEATO need to no manner come to be a hurdle to
pleasant relations among Pakistan and China.
Following the Sino-Indian war of 1962, Pakistan and China came in the direction of forge
common strategic understandings or knowledge. Pakistan at that point overtly condemned India
as an aggressor. The U.S and Soviet aid to India throughout the struggle during Sino Indian war,
made China clear and it recognize Pakistan’s importance in counterbalancing the regional and
international strength configurations. As a result, figuring out Pakistan’s geo-political importance
and its historical enmity with India, China sought to cultivate and consolidate its pleasant ties with
Pakistan to counter balancing the India. Furthermore, the geographical proximity of Kashmir to
the disputed India-China boundary has also contributed as important factor bringing Pakistan into
the strategic centre level of China’s South Asia coverage.

In 1963, Pakistan and China signed a boundary settlement to demarcate the boundary
among Chinese area of Xinjiang and the contiguous regions, over which Indian government
strongly protested announcing that “there has been no commonplace border between Pakistan and
people Republic of China” (Bhatty, 1996: 158), and defined the choice as a step further in the
China’s competitive targets toward India. For the duration of the 1965 India-Pakistan war, China
gave diplomatic, financial and moral assist to Pakistan and it become the Chinese ultimatum to
India to dismantle or take apart its military works on the Chinese part of the China-Sikkim border,
which caused Security Council’s urgent and vital call for ceasefire.

In the course of the 1971 India-Pakistani conflict, which brought about partition of
Bangladesh from Pakistan, China extended it complete diplomatic assistance to Pakistan and
strongly condemned India as an aggressor. China threatened to use its veto power in favor of
Pakistan and blocked the entry of Bangladesh into UN in defense to Pakistan’s call for of launch
of ninety, thousand prisoners of war (POW) by India. This purpose changed into executed or
achieved in 1973(Bhatty, 1996: 166-168). Inside the post-cold war struggle era, despite the fact
that Pakistan-China relations did undergo a mild shift, but the basic content and strategic relevance
stay as massive as ever. China nonetheless considers Pakistan an important component which
could assist it to achieve its strategic goals. In this paper I will seek to explore that what are the
strategic relations between India and china and its effects on Pakistan china relationship? And how
could Pakistan parent in the configuration of growing India-China friendly relations and could this
weaken Pakistan's traditional hyperlinks with China?
OBJECTIVES:

 The main objective is to analyze the China Pakistan strategic partnership.


 The other purpose is to evaluate the promotion of Sino-India strategic relationship.
 Basic purpose is to analyze the effect of Sino Indian strengthening ties on the Sino Pakistan
strategic partnership.

LITERATURE REVIEW:

 A wide variety of literature was reviewed for this research report. This included newspaper
articles, research reports, thesis for various degrees and books related to China and
Pakistan. The literature reviewed was from authors of diverse background including both
military and civilians to get a balanced view of the issue at hand.
 The book the china Pakistan axis: Asia new geopolitics written by Kunal Mukherji
discusses the strong bonds between China and Pakistan. The book offers a lot of
information on contemporary Pakistani history and the links that Islamabad has shared with
Beijing and the book analyses how this link has impacted on Pakistan’s domestic politics.
 The book, How Trade Shaped the World By William J. Bernstein May 2009 is a very
well narrated history of world trade from 3000 BC to globalization today that brilliantly
explores trade‘s colorful and contentious past and provides fresh insights into social,
political, cultural, and economic history, as well as a timely assessment of future of trade..
 The article, Expansion by stealth: China’s interests, Infrastructure & investment in
Pakistan & Afghanistan written by: Ayesha Siddiqa. This article considers China’s role
in the Afghanistan & Pakistan sub region, its existing problems, China’s initiated projects,
Chinese nature of political and economic stakes in Pak & Afghanistan,& also discussed
the greater challenges confronted by the region.
 The article, Sino-Pak strategic entente: implications for regional security written by:
Rajshree Jelty This article discusses the defence and security dimensions of the Sino-Pak
relationship and analyses some of the important political and Geo-strategic issues affecting
this relationship. It also focuses at the regional and International dimensions, in particular
the relevance of India and the US to Sino-Pak relations. It examines the trajectory of Indo-
US strategic ties and the downward spiraling of US-Pak relations which triggers its own
logic on Sino-Pak security dynamics.

Chinese foreign policy trends

• Economic interdependence became the trend of the new Chinese foreign and trade policy.
Economic interdependence introduced pluralization of actors in Chinese foreign and trade
policy. A new and ever-changing mix of forces/actors started reshaping Chinese foreign
and national security policy-making institutions and processes. The Chinese foreign policy
was to be largely shaped by the forces of globalization, decentralization, pluralization and
professionalization.

Indian foreign policy trends

• The Indian foreign policy, on the other hand, also saw a pluralization of actors but it
retained the prominent influence of the military institution.

• “Manmohan Doctrine‟ (2005)

• Renewed focus on internal development and a less prickly attitude to the outside world.

• Recognition of India’s new opportunities to improve relations with all major powers on the
basis of economic cooperation in the era of globalization.

• “Win-Win” Game

• “Relations with USA and China are being shaped by economic factors”. He called it Win-
Win game.

• Economic globalization will help reorder relations with the subcontinent. This was an
indication of Indian economic cooperation on win-win basis with its neighbors as well.

Sino-Indian relations

• China and India saw a phase of intense rivalry before concluding a rapprochement in the
1980s
• Territorial Conflict

• The post-1962 relations of these two countries were influenced by the 'Sino-Pak alliance'
and after 1971 by the 'Sino-Pak-US axis' against India

• China’s decision to reach a rapprochement with India was in no sense an indication of its
change of stance on the disputed territories; and so in the case with India.

• The two States set an ambitious but easily achievable new target of US$100 billion by the
end of 2015.

Efforts for Cooperative Relationship

• Normalization of Political Relations

• Economic Cooperation

• Common Perspectives

• The following important factors guide the national interests of both the countries:

• Promotion of export-oriented trade

• Guard against terrorist attacks

• Internal stability and prosperity

• Cooperation rather than confrontation in foreign relations

Limitations to Sino-Indian relations

• I. The territorial dispute

o The basic instability is arising out of the two States‟ unresolved territorial conflict, and
neither side can rule out the possibility of war.

• II. Sino-Pak relations

o China’s relations with South Asian States and Pakistan in particular, are a great source of
concern and apprehension for India.
• III. The US factor

o India’s close cooperation with the US in defense, high-technology exchanges, politics and
diplomacy has led to the Chinese perception that India may become a cooperative partner
to the US in encircling and restricting China strategically and economically.

• IV. Regional ambitions

• V. Global ambitions

Pillars of Sino-Pak entente cordiale

• Diplomatic support

• Energy corridor

• Strategic partnership

• Military Cooperation: The Eye Of The Tiger

PAKISTAN’S GEO-STRATEGIC IMPORTANCE FOR CHINA

Pakistan holds monstrous geo-strategic importance for China. Pakistan is situated on the
pass road of three regions which can be south, central and West Asia and the Middle East. It
provides a secure get entry to Gwadar that's path to Persian Gulf and central Asia. It offers the
shortest route or path to Chinese items and goods via Gawadar, Port Qasim, and Indus highway
and KKH imparting a smooth trade access to central and Western Asia. Presently, the maximum
of the central Asian states export their items through Russia via Europe that's the longest course.
The Gwadar port would be the most possible choice for these international locations or countries
helping them to store or save money and as well as time in transporting their items. As far as
importance and implications of the KKH that runs through occupied Kashmir, for the Indian
protection are concerned, Chengappa (2004: 113) prices Mahnaz Isphani:
No single carriage way or trade way has run through such touchy and sensitive territory
via an area, in which the borders of Pakistan, India, China, the Soviet Union and Afghanistan come
near together. by means of traversing those lands, the Karakoram highway and its associated routes
have posed threats and presented opportunities to all states of the vicinity or in other words to the
region…China has used the KKH as a form of ‘stadium diplomacy’ and concurrently bolstered
ties with the enemy of its enemy. Even though the route has yet for use in wartime, istan and China
have used it to ship sturdy messages to their opponents and neighbours as well (Chengappa 2004).
China has financial and strategic interest in Gwadar. Gwadar is anticipated to play a key function
in Beijing’s improvement plans and will function a gateway for western China because Xinjiang
lies 4500 kms from China’s east coast however just 2500 kms from Gwadar. Pakistan can act as
“a transit facility” or in other words provide transit route giving China get entry to central Asian
markets and power resources of central Asia” (Khan, 2006).

China is a whole lot involved approximately the opportunity of disruptions in the motion
of oil and gas tankers to China from the Gulf and Africa through the Malacca Straits because of
assaults by using pirates and/or terrorists. For this reason, China desires to reduce its dependence
on the Malacca Straits and is making eminent efforts to develop change routes (Joseph, 2005).
Presence in Gwadar will permit China not most effective access and basing centers inside the
Indian Ocean however additionally the chance to control the Straits of Hormuz to make certain
smooth strength supplies from West Asia (Kapila, 2002). This would assist China to collect a
strategic presence in this region. Pakistan has also agreed to allow China set up a “unique monetary
quarter (SEZ) in Gwadar, exclusively for the use of Chinese industries manufacturing goods for
export to Africa.”(Raman, 2007). This would assist lowering the producing and delivery charges
for Chinese goods. Pakistan can provide China an access to Indian Ocean, where India considers
China its competitor.

In line with evaluation of a retired Indian Brigadier:

“The Sino-Pakistan joint project of Gwadar seaport is meant to provide logistic base to the Chinese
military and might enable China to keep its presence within the Indian Ocean”(Memon, 2004: 91).
PAKISTAN-CHINA STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP

Pakistan and China have signed a defense pact with the focus on joint defense research and
production. Exchange of high-stage or high level defense visits continues. In 1989, Chinese most
excellent Li Peng, visited Pakistan China entered into settlement with Pakistan “to assist with the
installation of a nuclear power station” (Bhatty, 1996:183). Pakistan and China signed ‘The China-
Pakistan Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and accurate-neighborly family members’, on April 5,
2005, ratified on January 4, 2006, which binds the two international locations to desist from
‘becoming a member of any alliance or bloc which infringes upon the sovereignty, safety, security
and territorial integrity of the alternative aspect’. It also forbids actions of similar nature by each
that encompass the realization of treaties of this nature with a 3rd country. (Rajan, 2006). As a
clean sign that the treaty would retain to occupy a key function in destiny bilateral members of the
family, the Joint assertion issued at Islamabad at the belief of Chinese President Hu Jintao’s go to
Pakistan, 23-26 November 2006, defined it as one offering ‘an vital lawful foundation for the
Strategic Partnership’(Rajan, 2006) between Pakistan and China.

China has been related to Pakistan’s economic improvement now for many years. The
initiatives completed with Chinese assistance consist of the KKH, the Chashma-I nuclear energy
station, the machine tool manufacturing unit, and many others. The tasks now underway with
Chinese goods assistance consist of the Chashma-II nuclear strength, the second segment or stage
of the Gwadar port, the Saindak copper mines improvement, the Gomal Zam dam and several oil
and gas exploration schemes. At the whole, China is concerned in more than a hundred on-going
initiatives in Pakistan.

In the defense subject, they've jointly evolved the JF-17, a fighter aircraft, at the same time
as MiGs, tanks, artillery, frigates and other Chinese hands shape a substantial a part of Pakistan’s
armory (Khan, 2006). The Chinese authorities encourage its public and private region to actively
participate in initiatives primarily based in Pakistan. China's public and non-public quarter is
mission over 250 tasks in Pakistan from mega to small and from strategic to ordinary organizations.
At present, over 60 Chinese companies or goods groups have already everlasting places of work
in Pakistan (Khan, 2006).
TROUBLES AND ISSUES OF CONVERGENCE BETWEEN CHINA AND
PAKISTAN:

Pakistan and China both have safety, military and monetary worries. Advancing and
strengthening traditional, cooperative and cordial relations with China is an element of vital
importance for Pakistan’s foreign policy from the safety angle as well as economic angles. China
and Pakistan have commonplace perceptions at the worldwide scenario and worldwide strategic
developments. China is the most effective foremost power that shares Pakistan’s concerns
concerning Indian local goals. Each has concerns regarding India’s nuclear coverage. Pakistan
absolutely helps China’s vision of multipolar international world. Each Pakistan and china
supported a just equitable worldwide monetary order and reform of the global economic system.
Despite the fact that a smaller country, Pakistan rivals India in an unconventional weapons.
Especially, it has tied down 500,000 to seven hundred, thousand Indian troops inside the Kashmir
Valley for the beyond fifteen years. By preserving hundreds and heaps of Indian troops engaged
in Kashmir, Pakistan indirectly ease India's challenging task to China’s defenses on their disputed
borders. Given the reality of India-Pakistani suspicion and hostility, a strong Pakistan method that
India must hold the majority of its armed forces deployed on its western border (Garver, 1996:
80). Hence, the number one motive for China’s entente with Pakistan is also maintaining
Pakistan’s power on the way to prevent India from concentrating its may in opposition to China.

SINO-INDIAN RAPPROCHEMENT OBSERVED THROUGH


TRANSFORMATION IN WORLDWIDE AND REGIONAL SITUATION:

IMPLICATIONS FOR PAKISTAN

Sino-Indian all kind of relations has remained on bad terms in the past and has gone through
many ups and downs. But in the post bloodless war or we can say post cold war era, each the
countries have realized the need and want for cooperation for their long-term desires of security
and financial improvement. China now does not keep in mind India a threat and each are
cooperating in a range of avenues. India and China have understood that their relation must not be
held hostage to the past or any 3rd country. In April 2005, during Wen Jiabao’s visit to India, a
joint declaration or we can say statement issued which stated:
"we've got agreed to establish a strategic and cooperative partnership for peace and prosperity and
it codifies the consensus between us that India-China relations transcend bilateral troubles and
feature now acquired a global and strategic character.” (Ghanta 2005)

As regards the results of Sino-Indian rapprochement for Pakistan, Pakistan being a mature
member of the comity of countries, believes that enhancing Sino-Indian good relations could be
conducive for achieving the goal of organizing regional peace and stability. It is probably to open
new avenues of cooperation for all the South Asian nations. But, at the same time, looking at the
opposed mindset of India toward her at some point of, Pakistan has its own issues. Some analysts
have opined that the growing Sino- Indian dating would shift the stability of power in Asia and
this may increase critical and crucial issues for Pakistan. Now the query arises that how might
Pakistan determine in this configuration of growing India-China friendly relations and will this
weaken Pakistan's conventional links with China? Exceptionally different people analyze it in
different way. One view is that over the long term, a growing Sino-Indian relationship could
unavoidably have an effect on the Pakistan-China ties.

The other more dominant view is that the improvement in Sino-Indian relations can't
overwhelm the geopolitical value of Pakistan to China, as a neighborhood balancer towards India,
a gateway to the Islamic international states, and a treasured accomplice in a risky location wherein
China has many strategic interests. Regardless of the truth that India continues to elevate serious
worries over China-Pakistan relations, China has maintained convivial relations just like family
members with Pakistan. Pakistan and China have constantly expressed determination to further
raise their all-climate friendship and strategic partnership. Cooperation among Pakistan and China
keeps deepening day by day and the way of life of common high-stage visits keeps going on.

Pakistan turned into the most active endorse helping China’s entry into South Asian association
for regional countries (SAARC). Each has a commonality of views on international and regional
troubles. They’re committed to fight all kinds of terrorism and to undertake comprehensive
measures. they may be dedicated to cooperate and coordinate to work in particular at the United
nations and in other multilateral fora to promote worldwide peace, stability and for the simply
decision of conflicts and disputes in diverse components of the world. Pakistan is pretty confident
that China, its all-climate buddy, will in no way similarly members of the family with India at the
rate of its traditional friendship with Pakistan.
In this regard, Tang Jiaxuan’s statement, then Chinese foreign Minister, on 24 July 2000,
as quoted in Reuters 24 July 2000, could be very crucial, this is: “Sino-Indian relations are Sino-
Indian relations. Sino-Pakistani relations are Sino-Pakistani relations.” In other words this simply
shows that China-India normalization will no longer be on the price of China’s long-installed
friendship with Pakistan. Pakistan’s then Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz paid a legitimate visit to
China at the invitation of surest Wen Jiabao, from 16-20 April 2007. At the conclusion of the visit
a joint statement become issued by means of Embassy of People’s Republic of China and Islamic
Republic of Pakistan in which both aspects reiterated that:

“The time-honored and traditional friendship among China and Pakistan is a version of pleasant
co-existence among developing international locations and between neighboring international
locations. Pakistan firmly upholds the only China policy and considers Taiwan an inseparable a
part of the People’s Republic of China. China is firmly dedicated to guide Pakistan's efforts to
safeguard its sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence.”

Although there are a few issues, like Kargil and Kashmir, wherein a mild tilt in China’s
Pakistan coverage may be observed however general this has been time-tested, all-weather
friendship. A shift in China’s Kashmir policy turned into observed in 1996 when Jiang Zemin in
his deal with to Pakistan Senate advised that Pakistan set aside the Kashmir difficulty for a greater
rewarding financial cooperation among the two nations. For the reason that then China is steadfast
in following a quite impartial Kashmir coverage, which turned into also visible for the duration of
the Kargil battle, and later army standoff among India and Pakistan (Panda, 2003: 24-25). As a
ways China’s careful mind-set concerning Kashmir problem is involved, realistically seeing this
isn't because of its perceived closeness to India, but due to the modified global and home situation.
On the domestic stage, China is faced with the Tibet problem and the unrest in Xinjiang. On the
grounds that territorial integrity is critical for China, it's miles sincerely tough for her to help the
secession of Kashmir or any territory inside India (Joseph, 2005). Pakistan’s strategic alliance with
China, otherwise, stands unchanged.

The military cooperation among China and India has made the security circumstance in
the region difficult for Pakistan. China and India have held joint activities. Cooperation with China
will give India get entry into a great deal desired business, industry and in military technology.
India is already one of the international’s largest armed forces, twice the dimensions or size of
Pakistan’s. It is indigenously producing tanks, armored automobiles, jet fighters and superior naval
vessels. Realistically seeing, this may positioned Pakistan in a weaker role compared with India
within the security area. Following Sino-Indian rapprochement, China is appreciating Pakistan to
solve disputes with India and construct cooperative family member’s relations in economic and
improvement sectors. Consequently, there are apprehensions that China may also pressure
Pakistan to alternate its stance on Kashmir. Sino-Indian trade which reached the set goal of $forty
billion via 2010 is likely to growth to 100 billion by 2015 (The news on line, 2014). The
intensifying change and trade might naturally enhance the stakes for China in its relationship with
India. With booming economic system, robust militia India will be in a role to exert pressure on
Pakistan mush effortlessly after having China as an impartial player in South Asia. India has a side
in facts technology area. Its thriving economy has capacity to attract greater foreign investors. So
politically, economically and militarily rising India may be an immediate danger to Pakistan
protection and development.

POLICY RECOMMENDATION FOR PAKISTAN

Pakistan-China relations are holistic covering all aspects. Pakistan-China in diplomatic,


political, economic, trade, defense, nuclear power era and education are exemplary and are
strengthening the entire manner. The Pakistan-China strategic alliance did no longer come to be a
count number of convenience. It emerged out of strategic compulsions of both Pakistan and China
and the following strategic convergences. Regardless of the changes in global and regional energy
configurations, the content of strategic relations among Pakistan and China has remained
unchanged. Friendship among Pakistan and China has constantly been a fantastic component
inside the South Asian place and has served to create nearby stability and equilibrium of power.
Despite the fact that, economically Pakistan is no healthy to booming financial system of India
and China, however from the factor of power protection, Pakistan gives China a powerful
counterbalance force to counter Indian targets. Currently China is pursuing a balanced foreign
policy in the direction of India and Pakistan, but, this shift is a result of India’s growing
significance as monetary and army strength in Asia. In the mild of reworking worldwide and local
state of affairs, Pakistan wishes to take sure measures to enhance its cordial relations with China.
Regrettably, notwithstanding their time-tested friendship at the political and diplomatic front,
economic co-operation among China and Pakistan stays insignificant. Pakistan desires to play its
playing cards prudently.

Pakistan ought to pay special attention in the direction of strengthening of its traditional
relations with China. Each economy is complementary and thus has a splendid scope for promotion
and expansion. Pakistan desires to take measures to get China engaged extra and extra
economically. It needs to search for a widespread up gradation of trade ties. Thus it is at most need
for the country to exploit its potential market area, call for, reasonably-priced labor, investment-
friendly climate and plenty of other incentives. The final of Gwadar port production should be
resumed as soon as viable. it's going to help similarly strengthening Pakistan-China ties. More
interest ought to receive to the promoting of people-to-people contacts, exchanges in cultural,
academic and sports areas as nicely. This will assist growing consciousness about Pakistan many
of the new generation of China. Pakistan needs to searching for most infusions of Chinese
technology and funding in the infrastructure. Pakistan must enlarge its cooperation with China in
counter-terrorism and take the necessary measures to allay the Chinese fears about the security
and law and order situation in the country to create greater attractions for the Chinese investors
and traders. Besides, in the realm of foreign affairs, even as persisting in our policy of friendship
with China, we want to broaden our alternatives at the nearby and worldwide tiers. Anwar Hussain
Syed (1974: 155) positioned it in following words:

“Given the relative insufficiency of her military capability and her foreign connections, Pakistan
must strengthen the political and other non-army elements of her protection” (Syed 1974).

A coherent regional policy need to be significant element of our typical foreign policy. Pakistan
ought to pragmatically remember alternative methods of considering the triangular relationship as
well as a potential Chinese function within the subcontinent. There are regions too, in which both
nations nonetheless have competing pastimes. China suspicious of the warming ties between India
and America, that are seen as an attempt through Washington to contain China's political affect as
its large economic system gives it ever extra weight. For this reason, regardless of cooperation in
a number of regions, Beijing and New Delhi remain on their defense towards each other, knowing
that as regional giants they appear fated to be monetary or we can say economic and probably
political competitors. China desires a balancer and counterweight towards India to dilute the
consequences of its hegemonic aspirations and emergence, and to tug back India, if wished.
Handiest Pakistan is the vicinity or region which can act as that balancer. In this situation, China
is properly privy to the really worth of Pakistan card and could not make any pass which may
additionally cause the lack of this card. In the words of Maqbool Ahmad Bhatty (1996: 183):

“Inside the unfolding scenario in which the West can be willing to take advantage of the Tibet
issue, and to apply India for exerting strain on China, the importance of Sino-Pakistan good
relations is probably to boom as rather than to decrease.”

SUMMARY

Pakistan-China friendship has regularly been termed as “higher than the Himalayas and
deeper than the oceans”. However, following the post-bloodless warfare era or post cold war era,
wonderful readjustments came about in Sino-Indian relations. As we know India and China has
very crucial history. Sino Indian war of 1962 on border dispute makes their relations more critical.
But presently both the countries relies the need of cooperation with each other in order to boost
their economy and to lessen their military burden. This raised many concerns concerning the
implications of this for Pakistan-China friendship. This paper seeks to research the changing
dynamics of Pak-China members of the family inside the context of Indo-China entente. It seeks
to explore that how could Pakistan parent in this configuration of growing India-China good
relations and could this weaken Pakistan's traditional hyperlinks with China? The primary end of
the paper is that Pakistan’s significance in phrases of Sino- Indian good relations will stay
important and crucial for Pakistan. Pakistan will face problems if India becomes stronger in the
region. As well as Pakistan know the importance that Sino India friendly relations are very
important for the stability of the region as well as the stability of South Asia. For this reason, the
Sino-Indian détente can't undermine the entente cordiale among Pakistan and China.
FINDINGS:

 Pakistan geo strategically is very important for china because it is a gateway to Islamic
states and more particularly central Asian states.
 Close relationship between India and china will not affect the Sino-Pak relationship
because China knows very well the importance of Pakistan. Pakistan is a big balancer to
India in a case when India will pose threat to china.
 China perceived that U.S.A supporting India in order to contain china. U.S.A wants to
maintain its hegemonic position in the international world for this purpose America
supporting India in order to contain China.
 Sino-India friendly relations are very important for the stability of the region.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, round of the discussion China and Pakistan revel in time-honored friendship.
Cooperation among the 2 international locations maintains to deepen day by day. The cordial
relations among the two countries in diplomatic, political, economic, exchange, defense, nuclear
energy generation and training are deepening all the way. The pragmatic solution to the question
we raised within the begin of this paper that whether India can ever wean far from Pakistan, is
poor one, at the least for a while to come. Pakistan welcomes the improvement in China-India
growing relation, viewing it a wonderful development toward worldwide and local peace and
improvement. China is well privy to geostrategic importance of Pakistan. Pakistan’s significance
in phrases of Sino-Indian friendly relations will continue to be essential. The Chinese has assured
Pakistan on many activities that their advanced relations with India will in no way be on the fee of
China’s friendship with Pakistan. Therefore, the détente between China and India cannot
undermine the entente cordiale between Pakistan and China. China is in all likelihood to hold near
ties with Pakistan because it needs balancer if India turns into too strong.
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