The vascular network consists of a very large number of segments with various properties

and thus, the pulsatile blood flow inside is very complicated. Not only blood pressure, but blood flow
gives important information. It describes the supply of blood in organs and tissue. Transition to
turbulence represents one of the most intriguing natural phenomena. Flows that are smooth and
ordered may become complex and disordered as the flow strength increases. This process is known
as transition to turbulence.

A mathematical model of the blood flow through a blood vessel was developed using the
Navier-Stokes equations. A numerical approach has been used to analyse behaviour of the
blood flow. Evaluation of the velocity profile of blood in a vessel of was done using Matlab’s pde tool.

In this dissertation,
we develop theoretical and computational tools for analysis and control of transition
and turbulence in shear ows of Newtonian, such as air and water, and complex
viscoelastic uids, such as polymers and molten plastics.

Cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke are the leading cause of death or serious
long-term disability with substantial neurologic as well as medical and psychological
complications thus results a lot of money each year for healthcare, medication etc. Although the
major cause of a cardiovascular disease is a blockage in artery, it remains unknown about
whether, when, and how a plaque will develop, progress and eventually rupture, leading to a
heart attack or stroke.

Due to the advances in computer hardware and numerical algorithm, patient-specific

computational hemodynamics has emerged as a promising tool to reveal the hemodynamic
mechanism of plaque disruption or embolization. However due to its complexity, patient-
specific computational hemodynamics heavily relies on the utilization of commercial software
packages with inherent limitations in physical modeling and computational performance. We
innovatively develop a unified computing platform to simulate patient-specific hemodynamics
and flow-vessel interaction using lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), which integrates anatomical-
structure extraction from imaging data and numerical simulation in one computation mesh
structure, where the LBM solves level set equation for image segmentation and Navier-Stokes
equation for fluid dynamics respectively. The patient-specific vessel geometry, volumetric ratio
of solid versus fluid, and the orientation of the boundary obtained with high accuracy seamlessly
feed to the numerical simulation needs. In order to better treat the complex geometry, we
specifically develop volumetric lattice Boltzmann scheme which strictly satisfies mass
conservation when boundary moves. Validation study is on hemodynamics and flow-vessel
interaction in healthy and diseased aortas. Flow rate and structure, pressure and vorticity
distribution, as well as wall normal and shear stresses, are revealed in both cases. This
computation system is suitable to be paralleled on GPU platform aiming to perform real-time
simulation and visualization of blood flow in a human body.

In developed countries, the mortality rate is more than 40% due to cardiovascular disease.

Atherosclerosis is the progressive state of narrowing of the arteries due to deposition of fat
and smooth muscle cells in the artery wall that leads to partially or fully occlusion of smaller
distal vessels.

Unfortunately, the main parts of our body such as the brain (stroke) and the coronary
arteries (myocardial infarction) are subjected to damages due to this build up.

Therefore, focus is on mathematical analysis for blood flow.

Chapter 1
\section{Scope of this project}\label{Scope of this project}
\begin{itemize}
\item Detect abnormalities in blood vessels
\item Efficient
\item Inexpensive
\end{itemize}

\section{This is a section} \label{This is a section}

\subsection{This is a sub section} \label{This is a sub section}

Mention some figure like this Fig.1.1. which is saved at the location where
this file is saved. This is an example of subfigure.
You do not need to number the figure, latex will automatically number it
for you! And it will appear automatically in the list of figures too!
\begin{figure}[H]
\subfigure[Source moving to stationary detector
d]{\label{fig:a}\includegraphics{Fig1_1a.jpg}}
\subfigure[Source moving from stationary detector
d]{\label{fig:b}\includegraphics{Fig1_1b.jpg}}
\caption{Principles of Doppler Ultrasound}
\end{figure}
\noindent This is how you write equations and mathematical symbols:

\noindent In the Fig.1.1(a), an ultrasound source is moving with velocity

$v_s$ toward the detector. After time $t$ following the production of any
particular wave front, the distance between the wave front and the source
is $(c$ - $v_s ) t$ , where $c$ is the velocity of ultrasound in the
medium. The wavelength $\lambda$ of the ultrasound in the direction of
motion is shortened to
\begin{equation}
\lambda = \frac{(c - v_s )}{\nu_0}
\end{equation}

\subsubsection{This is a subsubsection} \label{This is a subsubsection}

\noindent This is how you enter a single figure.Entering the caption
automatically gives the figure its number, and the caption appears in the
list of figures
\begin{figure}[H]
{\centering \resizebox*{4.8in}{2.8in}{\includegraphics{Fig1_3.jpg}}\par}
\caption{The Continuous Wave Doppler system. Signals from the receiving
transducers are compared in frequency to those transmitted.}
\end{figure}

\noindent This is an example of a table. You need to write the caption so

that it appears here with its table no. as well as in the List of Tables.
\begin{table}[!ht]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{||c|c||}
\hline\hline
column1 & column2\\
\hline\hline
1st row 1st column & 1st row second column\\
\hline
2nd row 1st column & 2nd row 2nd column\\
\hline
3rd row 1st column & 3rdd row 2nd column\\
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{A test table.}
\end{table}
\pagebreak

As shown in the figure, the various blood flow parameters are studied. The parameters of the blood
flow are extracted from Matlab by using Navier Stokes Equations. From this we get to know how the
blood is flowing (laminar or turbulent). With the displayed results, the necessary medications or
actions are taken.

\subsection{Implementation in Matlab} \label{Implementation in Matlab}

The Navier stokes equation is implemented using the PDE tool.
\begin{figure}[H]
{\centering \resizebox*{7in}{2.8in}{\includegraphics{e.png}}\par}
\caption{PDE tool}
\end{figure}
\noindent The equation used by pde tool is merely a rearrangement of the
Navier-Stokes equation with pressure (f) on the right side of the equation.
After defining the correct parameters based on the assumptions previously
described (c = viscosity, a = gravity, f = pressure, d = density).
\subsection{Simulation Results} \label{Simulation Results}
Figure shows the

Navier stokes equations were used to form a simple, yet efficient way to study and analyse the blood
flow in any blood vessel.

The simulations show the results of a normal and abnormal blood flow, after which the necessary
precautions must be taken.

The motion of blood in the ascending aorta has the character of a pulsating flow in an elastic tube.
The laws of hemodynamic can be applied, but in order to solve the equations certain restrictions
must be introduced. It is, however, of particular interest to this study to apply equations for laminar
flow to the motion of blood.

A clustering-based approach for the visual analysis of vortical flow in simulated cerebral
aneurysm hemodynamics. Also, how embedded vortices is developed at saddle-node
bifurcations on vortex core lines and convey the participating flow at full manifestation of
the vortex by a fast and smart grouping of streamlines and the visualization of group
representatives. The grouping result may be refined based on spectral clustering generating
a more detailed visualization of the flow pattern, especially further off the core lines.

Besides quantitative hemodynamic information, also qualitative flow characteristics, e.g.,

the inflow jet and impingement zone are correlated with the risk of rupture.
This approach utilizes local streamline properties to formalize the inflow jet and
impingement zone. We extract a characteristic seeding curve on the ostium, on which an
inflow jet boundary contour is constructed. Based on this boundary contour we identify the
impingement zone.

A new, highly scalable implementation of the lattice Boltzmann method which

addresses key challenges such as multiscale coupling, limited memory capacity
and bandwidth, and robust load balancing in complex geometries.

A unified computational platform for patient-specific computational hemodynamics using

lattice Boltzmann method was used. Preliminary results on patient-specific hemodynamics in
healthy and diseased aorta was simulated using CFD.
\subsection{Velocities of normal blood vessel} \label{Velocities of normal
blood vessel}
\begin{figure}[H]
{\centering \resizebox*{7in}{2.8in}{\includegraphics{d.png}}\par}
\caption{velocities of a normal blood flow}
\end{figure}
\noindent Figure show the blood velocities obtained due to a normal blood
vessel. this means that a normal blood vessel will flow in a laminar way.

\subsection{Simulation of abnormal blood vessel} \label{Simulation of

abnormal blood vessel}
\begin{figure}[H]
{\centering \resizebox*{7in}{2.8in}{\includegraphics{f.png}}\par}
\caption{Abnormal blood flow}
\end{figure}
\noindent Figure show simulation results for abnormal blood blow. The
abnormality could be due to various reasons, such as, plaque, clot,
weakened blood vessels etc.

\subsection{Velocities of abnormal blood vessel} \label{Velocities of

abnormal blood vessel}
\begin{figure}[H]
{\centering \resizebox*{7in}{2.8in}{\includegraphics{g.png}}\par}
\caption{{velocities of an abnormal blood flow}
\end{figure}
\noindent Figure show abnormalities in the blood vessel. Therefore,
necessary precautions need to be taken when the reading are abnormal.
\\

While the study on blood ow has a very long history, it is still a very active research
topic with urgent needs on clinics and a lot of challenging problems. Modelling the
blood flow and properly interpreting the results need knowledge of multidisciplinary
fields including physics, applied mathematics, computer science and medicine.

A simple code using MATLAB, to detect abnormalities in blood vessels was used.

The code needs to be improved for better results.

The motion of blood in the ascending aorta has the character of a pulsating flow in an elastic
tube. The laws of hemodynamic can be applied, but in order to solve the equations certain
restrictions must be introduced. It is, however, of particular interest to this study to apply
equations for laminar flow to the motion of blood.

Navier stoke equations were used to form a simple, yet efficient way to study and analyse
the blood flow in any blood vessel.
The simulations show the results of a normal and abnormal blood flow, after which the
necessary precautions must be taken

1. A matlab code to calculate TTP and TD was implemented in which arteries and veins
were segmented with different colour. An aneurysm can be shown with a different
colour than a normal artery.
2. Vortical flow is a hemodynamic characteristic of blood flow which helps in detecting
abnormalities.
3. Hemodynamic characteristics like inflow jet and its impingement zone play an
important role in rupture in cerebral aneurysms.Local streamline properties of blood
flow were used for a formalization of the extraction process, (i.e. imprigement zone
and inflow jet)
4. Boltzmann method which addresseskey challenges such as multiscale coupling,
limited memory capacity and bandwidth, and robust load balancingin complex
geometries.
5. Good for patient-specific flows in human organs