Chapter-20-Matrices Important Points MATRIX: A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (real or imaginary). Examples are Order of Mate: x 3 (ead 2 by 3). 1 1) ie of order 2 is of order 2 x 2 3 0. is of order 1 43 6 A matrix of order m x a¢ontains m rows and n coltmivis. Algencral matrix of order m x nis usually written using double(suffix notation as oy, ] or simply by [ai}m j., ieeiflllelements below the principal diagonal are zero, then A is called an upper triangular matrix, If A is upper tridngularer lower triangular then A is called a triangular matrix, Gli) If ary =0 for i+), them is called a diagonal matrix, A diagonal matrix is both upper triangular and lower triangular. Gv) Tfaij =0 fori#jandan=a: = sux then A is called a sealar matrix. (v) If ary =0 whenever i2j and = L then A is called a unit matrix or identity matrix. Identity matrix is usually denoted by I or by Iz (indicating the order of the matrix) an = a2: Addition of Matrices : Addition is defined for matrices of the same order. If A= [aoija+n and B= [bijluwa then A+ B=[e:jJaca where cig =aist baySealar Multiplication: If 4 = [aij] a.2 and kis a scalar then RA = [e:]] m., where ¢:)= kai; Properties: If A, B, C are any m x n matrices k, ki and ke are any three scalars then G) A+B=B+A Gi) (4+ 8)+C=4+ (B+ (ii).4+0-04.4-4 Gv) 4+(-4)=(-4)+ 4=owhere — 41s the matrix got from A by replacing each element of A by its negative () Kas Blak k (i) (y+ =a icky) = ke (dl Matrix Multiplication: If 4=|a,|_. and B=[b,|_, then the product AB is defined by 42=[cy],,, where Cg =O Dip Op Dag = + Opdyg Ssbo AB is of order mx p 4?is defined iff A is a square matrix, Properties: @ If 4-2, |. 8=bsl,,and C= [ex],., then (48)¢ = (BC)Gi) TF ele B= Bel, and C=[ca|.., then (4+ B)o=4C+ BC a pe = Pie ie and ¢ slexl, then 4(B+C)=48+4C =Al, =A Gi) If a=[2,|_, then 1, 4 ho = [0 |,., 28424 a scalar then (44); Matrix multiplication is not commutative ie. AB= BA in general Cancellation law does not hold. je. 42=4C does not imply B=C AC=28C does not inkply A=B AB=0 does not imply, 4=OorB =0 ‘Transpose of a Matrix: The transpose of a matrix 4, denoted by 4", (also by .#'), is got by changing the rows of A into corresponding columns and columns of A into corresponding rows, J then? Jon Where ay =a, 3) (k4F =k" & being a scalar 4) (45) =B7ATSymmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices: A square matrix A is said to be symmetric if 4 and skew symmetric if 4° =—4 IfA is any square matrix then 4=P+Q where P 4(a=a?) is symmetric and +(4—4°) is skew symmetric. IfA and B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then AB is symmetric iff AB= BA