Nutraceutical

Chia is grown commercially for its seeds rich in α-

linolenic acid.
A Nutraceutical is a pharmaceutical-grade
and standardized nutrient.[1] In the US,
"nutraceuticals" do not exist as a
regulatory category; they are regulated as
dietary supplements and food additives by
the FDA under the authority of the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.[2]

Regulation
Nutraceuticals are treated differently in
different jurisdictions.

Canada

Under Canadian law, a nutraceutical can

either be marketed as a food or as a drug;
the terms "nutraceutical" and "functional
food" have no legal distinction,[3] referring
to "a product isolated or purified from
foods that is generally sold in medicinal
forms not usually associated with food
[and] is demonstrated to have a
physiological benefit or provide protection
against chronic disease."

United States

The term "nutraceutical" is not defined by

US law.[4] Depending on its ingredients and
the claims with which it is marketed, a
product is regulated as a drug, dietary
supplement, food ingredient, or food.[5][6]
International sources

In the global market, there are significant

product quality issues.[7] Nutraceuticals
from the international market may claim to
use organic or exotic ingredients, yet the
lack of regulation may compromise the
safety and effectiveness of products.
Companies looking to create a wide profit
margin may create unregulated products
overseas with low-quality or ineffective
ingredients.

Market
A market research report produced in
2012 projected that the worldwide
nutraceuticals market would reach
US$250 billion by 2018,[8] defining that
market as "Dietary Supplements (Vitamins,
Minerals, Herbals, Non-Herbals, & Others),
and Functional Foods & Beverages"[9]

Classification of
nutraceuticals
Nutraceuticals are products derived from
food sources that are purported to provide
extra health benefits, in addition to the
basic nutritional value found in foods.
Depending on the jurisdiction, products
may claim to prevent chronic diseases,
improve health, delay the aging process,
increase life expectancy, or support the
structure or function of the body.[10]

Dietary supplements

Dietary supplements, such as the vitamin B

supplement shown above, are typically sold in pill
form.

In the United States, the Dietary

Supplement Health and Education Act
(DSHEA) of 1994 defined the term: “A
dietary supplement is a product taken by
mouth that contains a "dietary ingredient"
intended to supplement the diet. The
"dietary ingredients" in these products may
include: vitamins, minerals, herbs or other
botanicals, amino acids, and substances
such as enzymes, organ tissues,
glandulars, and metabolites. Dietary
supplements can also be extracts or
concentrates, and may be found in many
forms such as tablets, capsules, softgels,
gelcaps, liquids, or powders.”[11]

Dietary supplements do not have to be

approved by the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) before marketing,
but companies must register their
manufacturing facilities with the FDA and
follow current good manufacturing
practices (cGMPs). With a few well-
defined exceptions, dietary supplements
may only be marketed to support the
structure or function of the body, and may
not claim to treat a disease or condition,
and must include a label that says: “These
statements have not been evaluated by the
Food and Drug Administration. This
product is not intended to diagnose, treat,
cure, or prevent any disease.” The
exceptions are when the FDA has reviewed
and approved a health claim. In those
situations the FDA also stipulates the
exact wording allowed.

Functional foods

Functional foods are fortified or enriched

during processing and then marketed as
providing some benefit to consumers.
Sometimes, additional complementary
nutrients are added, such as vitamin D to
milk.

Health Canada defines functional foods as

“ordinary food that has components or
ingredients added to give it a specific
medical or physiological benefit, other
than a purely nutritional effect.”[12] In
Japan, all functional foods must meet
three established requirements: foods
should be (1) present in their naturally
occurring form, rather than a capsule,
tablet, or powder; (2) consumed in the diet
as often as daily; and (3) should regulate a
biological process in hopes of preventing
or controlling disease.[13]

History
Considered a father of Western medicine, Hippocrates
advocated the healing effects of food.

The word "nutraceutical" is a portmanteau

of the words "nutrition" and
"pharmaceutical", was coined in 1989 by
Stephen L. DeFelice, founder and chairman
of the Foundation of Innovation
Medicine.[14] Indians, Egyptians, Chinese,
and Sumerians are just a few civilizations
that have used food as medicine.[15] “Let
food be thy medicine.” is a common
misquotation [16] attributed to Hippocrates,
who is considered by some to be the
father of Western medicine.

The modern nutraceutical market began to

develop in Japan during the 1980s. In
contrast to the natural herbs and spices
used as folk medicine for centuries
throughout Asia, the nutraceutical industry
has grown alongside the expansion and
exploration of modern technology.[17]

See also
Health claims on food labels
Cosmeceutical for cosmetic products
with quasi-medicinal claims
References
1. Sarris, Jerome; Murphy, Jenifer;
Mischoulon, David; Papakostas, George I.;
Fava, Maurizio; Berk, Michael; Ng, Chee H.
(2016). "Adjunctive Nutraceuticals for
Depression: A Systematic Review and
Meta-Analyses". American Journal of
Psychiatry. 173 (6): 575–587.
doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.15091228 .
ISSN 0002-953X . PMID 27113121 .
2. "Labeling & Nutrition" . The Food and
Drug Administration, US Department of
Health and Human Services. 5 October
2016. Retrieved 2016-10-11.
3. "Nutraceuticals / Functional Foods and
Health Claims on Foods: Policy Paper" .
Health Canada. June 24, 2013. Retrieved
January 30, 2014.
4. Staff, FDA. Last updated March 29, 2013.
Food Labeling & Nutrition Overview .
5. Staff, FDA. Last Updated March 27, 2013.
Q&A - Dietary Supplements
6. Committee on the Framework for
Evaluating the Safety of the Dietary
Supplements (2005). "Committee Change" .
Dietary Supplements: A Framework for
Evaluating Safety. Institute of Medicine.
p. 21. ISBN 978-0-309-09110-7.
7. Hasler, Clare M. (2005). Regulation of
Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: A
Global Perspective. IFT Press and Blackwell
Publishing. ISBN 0-8138-1177-5.
8. Staff, PRNewswire-iReach Nov. 19, 2012.
/Global Health Movement Drives Market for
Nutraceuticals to $250 bn by 2018;
Probiotics to Touch $39.6 bn and Heart
Health Ingredients Near $15.2 bn
9. Staff, Global Industry Analysts, Inc. July
1, 2012 Market Research Report:
Nutraceuticals
10. Nutraceuticals/Functional Foods and
Health Claims on Foods
11. "Overview of Dietary Supplements" .
Fda.gov. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
12. "Glossary - Biotechnology" . Hc-
sc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2011-06-03.
13. Hardy, G (2000). "Nutraceuticals and
functional foods: introduction and
meaning". Nutrition. 16 (7–8): 688–9.
doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00332-4 .
PMID 10906598 .
14. Kalra EK (2003). "Nutraceutical-
definition and introduction" . AAPS
PharmSci. 5 (3): 27–28.
doi:10.1208/ps050325 . PMC 2750935  .
PMID 14621960 .
15. Wildman, Robert E. C., ed. (2001).
Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional
Foods (1st ed.). CRC Series in Modern
Nutrition. ISBN 0-8493-8734-5.
16. Cardenas, Diana (2013). "Let not thy
food be confused with thy medicine: The
Hippocratic misquotation" . e-SPEN
Journal.
17. Shibamoto, Takayuki; Kanazawa,
Kazuki; Shahidi, Fereidoon; et al., eds.
(2008). Functional Food and Health. ACS
Symposium. p. 993. ISBN 978-0-8412-6982-
8.

Further reading
Books
Pathak, Y.V. (editor, 2010). Handbook of
Nutraceuticals(vol. 1): Ingredients,
Formulations, and Applications. CRC
Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-8221-0
Shahidi, F. / Naczk, M. (eds. 2003).
Phenolics in Food and Nutraceuticals
(2nd edition). CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-
58716-138-4
Shahidi, F. / Weerasinghe, D.K. (eds.
2004). Nutraceutical Beverages:
Chemistry, Nutrition, and Health Effects.
American Chemical Society. ISBN 978-0-
8412-3823-7
Review articles on possible health
benefits
Aggarwal, B.B. et al. “Molecular Targets
of Nutraceuticals Derived from Dietary
Spices: Potential Role in Suppression of
Inflammation and Tumorigenesis”,
Experimental Biology and Medicine
(2009),234(8):825-849.
Gupta, S.C. et al. ” Regulation of survival,
proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and
metastasis of tumor cells through
modulation of inflammatory pathways
by nutraceuticals“, Cancer Metastasis
Reviews (2010),29(3):405-434.
Kannappan, R. et al. “Neuroprotection by
Spice-Derived Nutraceuticals: You Are
 What You Eat!”, Molecular Neurobiology
(2011),44(2):142-159.

External links
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,
Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals,
2007
US FDA/CFSAN - Dietary Supplements

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