TEMA 1 PRINCIPAL MATERIALS FOR SHIP CONSTRUCTION Vocabulario: . Aleacion Aluminium . Aluminio Brass... . Latén Cast steel . Acero colado, acero fundido . Cobre . Metales férricos . Acero forjado . Acero austenitico hiperaleado . Pieza fundida hiperaleada . Hierro . Acero hiperresistente hipoaleado . Acero de baja aleaci6n, acero hipoaleado Low alloy high tensile steel Low alloy steel Mild steel... . Acero dulce, acero bajo en carbono Pig iron . Fundicion bruta, hierro en lingotes Steel. Acero Steel casting . Pieza de acero fundido Steel forging... Pieza de acero forjado MATERIALS FOR SHIP CONSTRUCTION Materials used in the construction and for the equipment of ships are to be manufactured and tested in accordance with the requirements of the corresponding Classification Society. These tests and inspections shall be carried out at the place of manufacture before despatch. The tests generally required are: Tensile, bend, impact and charpy V- notch test. These tests are to be carried out in the presence of the Society Surveyor who will stamp the pieces with a special mark authorised by the Society. 1d METALS Metals can be divided into two categories: ferrous and non-ferrous. The most common non-ferrrous metals are copper, tin, bronze and aluminium. Aluminium is the only non-ferrous metal used in the structure of a ship. The main properties of metals are: Hardness is the property of a metal which gives it the ability to resist penetration when a load is applied. Strength is the ability of a metal to resist loads and stresses. Loads are external forces and stresses are internal ones. Plasticity is the ability of a metal to take deformation without breaking. Brittleness is a measure of the lack of malleability, or ductility of a metal.Toughness is the combination of high strength and the ability to deform permanently without rupture. Machinability means the way in which metals react to the action of a cutting tool. Conductivity is the property of a metal to conduct thermal or electrical energy. NON-FERROUS METALS: ALUMINIUM. The most common non-ferrous metals are copper, tin, zinc, bronze, and aluminium. Aluminium is the only non-ferrous metal used in the structure of a ship. There are excellent selections of aluminum alloys available for ship construction. The advantages of aluminium, when compared with steel and other metals, are its light weight and superiority under breaking stresses. It is also superior to other metals in its greater ductility, distortion strength and impact resistance, and offers a high resistance to corrosion. Aluminium is essential for the construction of special ships where weight is important, like hydrofoils and high-speed boats; in the case of minesweepers, it is used for its antimagnetic properties. The weight saving advantages of aluminium over mild steel are of vital technical and economic importance for the construction of superstructures in large passenger liners. Aluminium alloys are used in the holds of ships which transport cargo at very low temperature, for example in liquid methane tankers where transportation temperature is about - 260°; in this case mild steel cannot be used. Copper alloys are not used for the structure of the ship, but they are used for fittings, pipes, bearings . Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Brass normally contains 65% copper and 35% zinc. A brass containing 60% copper and 40% zinc, named “Muntz metal”, is used considerably for ship construction, particularly for sheathing, bolts and rivets exposed to the corrosive action of the sea.FERROUS METALS: STEEL Steel is the most widely used of all metals, consisting of iron hardened and toughened by the addition of a small proportion of carbon. The three major processes for making steel are the Bessemer process, the open hearth process and the electric process. The carbon content is usually below |% except for special steels. This type of steel is known as mild steel, and is generally used in the ship’s structure. For other parts of the structure where a steel stronger than mild steel is required, medium-tensile steels and high-tensile steels are used. Ultra high- strength steels are used in certain locations of the hull structure as deck girders and sheer strake plating. In the bilge strake, a greater strength steel than mild steel must be used. Cast steel is used for structural castings such as hawsepipes and stern castings. Steel is manufactured in two basic forms: plates and shapes. The plates have a thickness of a quarter inch or more and a width of 1460 to 110 inches; plates are generally specified in terms of their weight per square foot. Shapes are normally supplied as plain angle bars, bevelled angle bars, bulb angle, T- bars, T bulb bars, channels and | beams NON-METALLIC MATERIALS There are a large number of non-metallic materials used in ship- building. The most commonly used are wood and linoleum, but there are many other materials, known as plastics, which are used for purposes like deck coverings, insulation, decorative linings, etc. Vocabulario técnico Aleacién Prueba de flexién, prueba de curvatura (tubos) Esfuerzo de rotura, carga de rotura Quebradizo, no dictil Resistencia a la fragilidad Fragilidad, agrura Prueba de resistencia al choque con entalla en V. Conductividad Cobre Herramienta de corte Envio Alloy Bend test Breaking stress Brittle Brittle strength . Brittleness..... Charpy V-notch test Conductivity Copper... Cutting tool Despatch ... Distortion strength Resistencia a la distorsién Ductility ............ Ductilidad, maleabilidad Ferrous ... Ferroso Hardened Endurecido Hardness Dureza Hydrofoil . Hidroala Impact resistance Resistencia al choque Impact test . Prueba de choque Inch Pulgada Loa Carga Machinability . Maquinabilidad Mild steel ... Acero suave, acero bajo en carbono Minesweeper Buque dragaminas 15Plates.. Planchas Shape . Molde, perfil Stamp, to Estampar, marcar Steel ... Acero Strength. Resistencia Surveyor Perito Tensile test Prueba a la traccién Grosor Estafio Resistencia al choque, tenacidad WIGS: J sscccesiseeiiseotte Anchura Thickness . EE XSESReG slsScE -S EXERCISE A.- Answer the following questions: 1.- How can metals be divided? 2.- What does ferrous mean? 3.- What are the most common non-ferrous metals? 4.- What are some of the properties of metals? 5.- What does strength mean? 6.- What does plasticity mean? 7.- What is brittleness? EXERCISE B.- Use these prompts to make sentences: 1.- There/ wide/ varied/ use/ plastics/ shipbuilding. 2.- Steel/ purification/ pig iron. 3.- Plasticity/ ease/ metal/ bend/ given shape. 164.- Use/ high tensile steel/ large vessels/ reduction/ plate thickness/ and/ saving/ weight. 5.- Characteristics/ steel/ vary/ change/ chemical composition. EXERCISE C.- Fill in the gaps with only one word: Chemical tankers and some general cargo__(1) have tanks with special linings, either. (2) resist chemical attack by the cargo or to maintain the purity of a (3)__________such as an edible oil or a chemical which (4)________ nontolerant to ordinary steel. In (5)... =... __cases, however, it will (8) necessary to use stainless steel clad or nickel clad plates. Precautions must be___ (7) ______ to maintain the corrosion resistance properties of the clad surfaces by control of the composition of welds joining the plates and______ (8) final clean-up procedures. Stainless steel_______(9)_________ offers good resistance to (10) chemicals,is not particularly resistant to stagnant salt water,and special____ (11) will be necessary if a stainless clad tank is to be used alternately (12) cargo and for saltwater ballast. EXERCISE D.- Translate the following text into English: Actualmente, la mayoria de las aleaciones de aluminio utilizadas en la construcci6n naval se emplean principalmente para la construccién de superestructuras. Para unir las diferentes partes estructurales, se pueden usar tanto el remachado como la soldadura, aunque hoy en dia la soldadura es el método mas utilizado. Las ventajas de utilizar aleaciones de aluminio, especialmente para superestructuras, son su poco peso, que conlleva una mejora en la 17estabilidad mas un aumento del peso muerto, la resistencia a los esfuerzos de flexidn y sus propiedades de resistencia a la corrosi6n. Las dos desventajas mas importantes son que resulta mas caro de trabajar y de soldar, y que la diferencia del coeficiente de expansion entre el acero y el aluminio puede dar lugar a una situacién de quebranto. EXERCISE E.- Listen and complete the blanks: With the exception of some. the aluminium alloys have in marine atmospheres. However, since they are anodic to most other__—__ PR EE ea VE ei itis BEE WEE Bee s-sych-as stecl-or bronze, they are susceptible to galvanic corrosion when coupled to these other gate eerie eee ne an electrolyte. Since seawater. it is essential to keep aluminium electrically insulated from other metals 18