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in/
BE103
Introduction to
Sustainable Engineering
Module II

Air Pollution, Effects of Air Pollution

Arun Xavier
AP, EEE
VAST
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2 Module II
 Air Pollution, Effects of Air Pollution; Water pollution-
sources, Sustainable wastewater treatment, Solid waste -
sources, impacts of solid waste, Zero waste concept, 3 R
concept. Global environmental issues- Resource
degradation, Climate change, Global warming, Ozone
layer depletion, Regional and Local Environmental Issues.
Carbon credits and carbon trading, carbon foot print.
 Students may be assigned to do at least one project for
 a) Assessing the pollution status of a small area
 b) Programmes for enhancing public environmental
awareness
 c) Observe a pond nearby and think about the different
measures that can be adopted for its conservation

04-09-
ARUN XAVIER, VAST
2016
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3 Pollutions

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4 POLLUTION

 The word “pollution” originated from the LATIN word

“Pollutionem” which means to make dirty
 Pollution may be defined as the excessive
discharge or addition of unwanted and undesirable
foreign matters to the environment that causes
much damage to human, plants and animal life
 Environment include air, water, land, etc.
 The unwanted foreign matters are called pollutants

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5 AIR POLLUTION
 W.H.O defines air pollution as limited to situations in
which the outer ambient atmosphere contains materials
in concentrations which are harmful to man and his
environment

 “Air pollution is the presence of foreign matter in the

ambient atmosphere, generally resulting from the activity
of man, in sufficient concentration, present for a sufficient
time and under circumstances which interfere
significantly with the comfort health or welfare of person
or with the full use or enjoyment of property”
-Indian Standards IS-4167(1996)

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6 AIR POLLUTION
 Air pollution is the introduction of particulates,
biological molecules, or other harmful materials
into Earth's atmosphere, causing diseases,
allergies, death to humans, damage to other living
organisms such as animals and food crops, or the
natural or built environment.
 Air pollution may come from anthropogenic* or
natural sources.
 Air pollution is the excessive concentration of
foreign matter in the air which adversively effect
the well being of the individual or causes damage
to property.
*Human impact on the environment
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7 SOURCES OF POLLUTION
 In developed and industrialized countries: high levels
of smoke and SO2(combustion of fossil fuels
containing Sulphur)
 Traffic Emissions
Petrol and diesel engines motor vehicles emit a wide
variety of pollutants like CO, NOX, VOCs and
particulates which have an increasing impact on
urban air quality
 Petrochemical reactions resulting from the action of
sunlight on NO2 and VOCs forms the secondary
range pollutants, which impacts in rural areas often
far from the original emission site
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8 SOURCES OF POLLUTION

 Motor Vehicular Exhaust

 Power Stations
 Demolition of Buildings
 Road Construction
 Industries
 Volcanic Eruptions
 Forest Fires

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9 CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
 Huge Increase in Population
 Rapid Industrialization
 Rapid Urbanization
 Uncontrolled Exploitation of Ecosystems
 Radio Activity
 Volcanic Eruptions, etc.

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10 Air Pollutants

 Air pollutants coms in the form of gases &

finely divided solid aerosols.

 Aerosols are defined as “any solid or liquid

particles suspended in the air”

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Types of Air Pollution
11 Natural Air Pollution & Anthropogenic Air Pollution
 Natural air pollution
 Volcanoes – smoke, ash, CO2, SO2, etc.
 Dust
 Forest fires – ash, dust, CO2, NO2, etc.
 Wetlands – microbial actions will create methane & release to
the atmosphere
 Anthropogenic air pollution
 Stationary Point Sources – an identifiable point source, eg:
emission from chimney
 Mobile Sources – exhaust emissions from vehicles
 Evaporative Sources – volatile liquids that are not completely
enclosed in tanks, releases vapour over time eg: paints,
pesticides, perfumes, etc.
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Types of Air Pollution
12
Outdoor and Indoor

 Outdoor - Automobile Exhaust, industrial emission, etc.

 (Big six criteria air pollutants = oxides of nitrogen,
oxides of sulphur, ground level ozone, particulate
matter, carbon monoxide, lead vapour)

 Indoor - smoking, cooking, painting, etc.

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Types of Air Pollution
13
Primary & Secondary

 Primary – emitted directly to the atmosphere & they

exit in same form eg: CO, CO2, SO2, H2S, etc

 Secondary – formed by the interactions of two or

more primary air pollutants eg: PAN (peroxy acetyl
nitrate) photochemical smog, formaldehyde, etc.

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Types of Air Pollution
14
caused by Hazardous air pollutants

 Hazardous Air Pollutants – are toxic can cause

health effects such as cancer, birth defects,
neurological health issues, etc.

 Heavy Metals, Asbestos, Formaldehyde(in paints

& solvents), Vinyl Chloride (plastics), etc.

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15 Types of Air Pollution

 Particulate Matter(PM) pollution - Material like dust,

smoke, etc.
 Gaseous air pollution - SO2, CO, NOx, etc.

 Air pollution caused by VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

 VOCs – organic compounds which easily evaporate at
room temperature. Eg: benzene, acetone, xylene, etc.

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16 Some ORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
 Acrylonitrile
 Benzene
 Butadiene
 Carbon disulfide
 Carbon monoxide
 1,2-Dichloroethane
 Dichloromethane
 Formaldehyde
 Polycycli aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
 Styrene
 Tetrachloroethylene
 Toluene
 Trichlorethylene
 vinylchloride
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17 INORGANIC AIR POLLUTANTS
 Arsenic
 Asbestos
 Cadmium
 Chromium
 Fluoride
 Hydrogen sulfide
 Lead
 Manganese
 Mercury
 Nickel
 Platinum
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 Vanadium
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18 Effects of Air Pollution
 Health problems
 Eye irritation, increases in mortality rate, causing
cancer, etc.

 Effects on Plants & Animals

 Acid deposition, damage the aquatic life,
respiratory problems in animals, etc.

 Environment and Property

 Reduces the visibility due to smog, eat away
stones on statues, etc.
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19 CLASSICAL AIR POLLUTANTS

 Nitrogen dioxide
 Ozone and other photochemical oxidants
 Particulate Matter
 Sulfur dioxide

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20 Effects on the environment

 Acid Rain
 Ozone Depletion
 Global Warming
 In Human Population- respiratory
problems, allergies, strengthens lungs,
and a risk for cancer

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21 Acid Rain

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22 Acid Rain

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23 Control Measures to Reduce
Air Pollution
 Air Quality Management Plan
 Development of new technology- electric
cars, cleaner fuels, low nitrogen oxide
boilers and water healers, zero polluting
paints, etc.
 Use of Natural Gas
 Carpooling
 Sharing of car journeys so that more than
one person travels in a car.
 Follow the Laws enacted
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24 Control Measures to Reduce
Air Pollution
 Afforestation programme
 Reduction of the use of fuels
 Periodic Air Quality monitoring programs
 Promotion of renewable energy recourse
 Catalytic converters can be fitted to cars to reduce
NOx emissions
 Reduce the Traffic emissions including diesel engines
 Reduce combustion sources burning coal and wood
 Reductions of SO2, N0x, NH3 and VOC

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25

Regards
Arun Xavier
http://arunxeee.blogspot.in

ARUN XAVIER, VAST 04-Sep-16