3 33 ,

UR
Of f

/ 5 522 7 0 24

EG Y PT IAN S Y MB O LS
CO MPAR ED T O T HOS E or T HE HEB R EWS

C H AP T E R I .

P R I NC I P L E OF SY MB O L O G Y .

T HE o ri g i n th e sc i e n ce o f sy m b o l s i s l ost i n th e
of

d i s t a n ce o f t i m e a n d see m s t o be co n n e cted w i t h th e
,

c r a d l e o f h u m a n i ty — th e o l dest r e li g i o ns w e r e g o ve r n e d
by i t ; th e a r ts o f des i g n a r c h i te ct u r e st a t u ar y a n d
, , ,

ai n ti n w e r e bo r n u n de r i ts i n fl u e n ce and ri m i ti v e
p g p ,

w r i t i n g w a s o n e o f i ts a p p l i c a t i o n s .

D i d sy m bo l s ex i s t i n s p o k e n be fo r e b e i n g t r a n s l a te d
,

i n t o w r i tte n l a n g u a g e ? W e r e p r i m i t i ve w o r d s t h e
,

so u r ce o f sy m b o l s ? a r e th e q u esti o n s o n w h i c h t h ese
r ese a r ch es a r e b a sed .

T h e fi r st m e n i n o r de r t o ex p r ess a bst r a c t i d e a s b o r
, ,

r o w ed i m a es fr o m s u r r o u n d i n natu re ; b y a s u r ri si n
g g p g
i n t u i t i o n th ey a tt a ch ed t o e a ch r a ce a n d s p ec i es o f
,

a n i m al s t o l a n ts a n d th e e l e m e n ts i de a s o f be a u ty o r
,p , ,

u l i n ess o f oo d o r e vi l o f af fect i o n o r h a t r ed o f u ri ty
g ,
g , p ,

o r u n c l e a n n ess o f t r u th o r e r r o r
, .

Th ose fa th e r s o f t h e h u m a n r a ce d i d n o t co m p ar e b u t ,

th ey n am ed th e i r i de a s fr o m c r r esp n di g ly ec ts i n th e
'

o o n o

m a te r i a l w o r l d th u s i f th ey w i sh ed to sa y th e k i n g
, , ,

o f a n o bed i e n t eo l e th ey di d n o t c o m a i e h i m to a
p p , p
bee
g o vern i n
g a s u b m i s si ve h i ve b u t th ey c a l l ed h i m b ee ;
,

i f they des i r ed to sa y fi l i a l p i e t y they d i d n o t c o m p a i e ,

i t to t h e stor k feed i n g i ts fa m i l y b u t th ey c a l l ed i t sl r /c ; , u

t o e x r e ss o w e r th ey c a l l ed i t b ll ; th e o w e r of m an
p p , p u ,

the r m ; st r e n g th o f so u l l i on th e so l e xp i r i g t
a , u n o

h avee n th e h wk t h a t s ai l s i n th e c l o u d s a n d l oo k s s t e a d
, a

l a s t l y a t th e su n
'

Pri m i t i ve w r i t i n g t h e i m ag e o f p r i m i t i ve s p eech w a s
, ,
4 P R I NC IP L E OF
en t i r el y co m p osed o f sy m b o l i c ch a ra cte r s a s de m o n ,

st r a t e d by th e ex a m l e s o f C h i n a a n d M ex i co a n d th e
p ,

sy m b o l s w e h a v e j u st c i ted i n E gy p t i a n w ri ti n g 1
.

If th e p r i n c i p l e w e h a ve th u s a ss u m ed i s tr u e th e
, , ,

s p eech o f t h e fi r st p eo p l e m u s t h a ve l e ft p r o fo u n d t r a ce s
o f i t s a m b i g u i t i es i n t h e m o st a n c i e n t k n o w n l a n
u a es : do u b tl ess i n t h e l a se o f t i m e fi u r a t i ve e x
g g , p g ,

r ess i o n s a ssed f rom t r o es to a bst r a ct i o n s T h e

p p p .

des c e n d a n t s o f t h e p a t r i a r ch s i n p r o n o u n ci n g th e w o r d
,

b ee a n d a tt a c h i n g t h e i de a o f a k i g t o i t n o l o n g e r
, n ,

th o u g h t o f th e i n sect l i v i n g i n a m o n a r ch i c al s t a te ,

h e n ce a r ose a ch a n g e i n p r o n u n c i a t i o n a t fi r st sca r ce l y ,

p e r ce t i b l e
p b u t w h i ch
, de g e n e r ati n
, g fro m to n
g ue to
to n g u e fi n al l y dest r oyed eve r y t r a ce o f sy m bo l i s m ; a
, .

d e a d p oet r y d i s i n h e r i ted t h e li v i n g p oe t r y o f p r eced i n g

a es ; co m a r i so n s w e r e i n s t i t u ted a nd r h eto r i c too k
g p ,

t h e p l a ce o f sy m b o l s .

T h i s th eo r y r es u l ts fr o m th e fo l l o w i n g fa cts : Ho ra
p o l l o te a ch es t h e
p ri n ci l e of E y
p g p t i an sy m b o l o y w h e n
g
h e s a ys t h a t th e h a w k i s t h e sy m bo l o f t h e so u l ; fo r i n
t h e E gy p t i a n to n g u e t h e n a m e o f th e H a w k i s B A IE T H
, ,

s i g n i fy i n g sou l a n d h a r t— EM so u l a n d E T H h e ar t
e , , , .

( H o ra
p I . .

T h u s i n E g y p t sy m bo l o g y r e sted o n t h e fa ct th a t
, ,

th e n a m e o f a sy m b o l co n t a i n ed th e zdea o r i dea s sy m .

b o l i z e d s i n ce t h e H a w k bo r r o w ed i t s s i gn i fi c a n ce fr o m
,

th e t w o r oots o f i ts n a m e To u s t h e testi m o n y o f .
,

Ho r a p o l l o a p p e a r s p o si t l v e ; i s i t i n d i s p u t a b l e ?
T h e k n o w l ed g e o f sy m bo l s e m p l oyed by C h am p o l l i o n ,

a n d by t h e l e a r n ed o f t h e p r ese n t d ay t o dec i p h e r ,

E g y p t i a n w r i t i n g s d e p e n ds a l m ost e n t i r e l y o n Ho r a
,

o l l o ; t h e R osett a sto n e sh o w ed th e u se o f th ose ch a r

p
-

a c te r s m i n l e d w i t h a l h a bet i c w r i t i n by a r t l y c on
g p g p ,

fi r m i n g t he te x t o f the E g y p t i a n hi er og r a mma t .

”
H i th e r to s ay s Ch a m p o l l i o n I h a ve r eco g n i zed i n
, ,
“

th e h i e r o g l y p h i c te x ts b u t th i r ty o f th e seve n ty p hys i c al
,

obj ec t's i n d i c a ted by Ho r a p o l l o i n h i s fi r st boo k a s sy m ,

b o l i c s i g ns o f ce r t ai n i de a s ; a n d o f th ese th i r ty th e r e ,

1
g ll g
t o C h a m p o i o n , th e E yp ti a n s a p p a r en t y fi r st u sed
A c c or d i n l
g l
fi ur a t i ve a n d sy m b o i c c ha r a c te r s ( F r ears . M Lep si us a so . . l
g
t hi n k s th a t E y p ti a n wr i ti n g
was, a t fi r st, e n ti r e y fig u r a ti ve ( Aw l .

n a l es d e Z I n sti tu t d e cor r es on d a n ce a r cheol o z u e , t o m

'
p g q , p 24 . IX . .
 SYM B OLOGY . 5

ar e b utth i r tee n — to W i t th e r ever s d c r esc en t th e beetl e

, e , ,

th e vu l tu r e the h i n der p a r ts of th l i on th e thr ee c a ses t h e

, e , ,

ha r e th e Ib i s t h e i n k st t u d th e r eed the b u l l the Eg yp

, ,
r , , ,

ti a n g oose th e hea d o , f the Hoop oe a n d th e b ee w h i c h , , ,

i n r e a l i ty a p p e a r to h a ve th e m e a n i n g h e a tt r i b u tes to
,

th e m B u t th e g r e a te r p ar t o f th e sy m bo l i c i m ag e s
.
,

i n d i c a ted by h i m t h r o u g h o u t h i s fi r st b oo k a n d th a t ,

a r t o f t h e seco n d w h i ch see m s t he m ost a u th e n t i c

p ,

m a y be fo u n d i n sc u l p t u r e d o r i a i n t e d p i ct u r es e i th e r
P aia c e s a n d to m bs o r i n
,

o n th e w a l l s o f th e Te m p l es , , ,

m a n u sc r i p ts o n th e w i n d i n g sh eets a n d co ffi n s o f m u m
,
-

”
m i es o n a m u l ets etc
, (,P r ec i s . .

M C h a m p o l l i o n w het h e r r e a d i n g m a n u sc r i p ts o r i n
.
,

ex am i n i n g o the r r e m ai n s h as n o h es i t a t i o n i n g i v i n g to
,

sy m b o l i c fo r m s th e s i g n i fi c a t i o n a sc r i bed to t he m by
Ho r a p o l l o Th e desc r i p t i ve n ot i ce o f E gy p t i a n m o n u
.

m e n ts i n th e P a r i s m u se u m d i s p l a ys th e fa i th o f th e
, ,

l e a r n ed F r e n ch m a n i n t h e E g y p t i a n w r i t e r Ho r a p o l l o .

co u l d n o t th e n h a ve bee n m i st a k e n i n a n n o u n c i n g a s a
, ,

fa c t k n o w n i n hi s d a y t h a t ce r t a i n si g n s h a d ce r t a i n
,

si n i fi c a t i o n s bec a u se th e n a m e co n t a i n ed t h e si n i fi
g , g
c a t i o n A m e a n i n g m ay be i n ve n ted fo r a sy m bo l
.
,

or i t m a
y b e d i sto r ted f ro m th a t i t r e al l y
p ossesses ;
b u t th a t an E g y p t i a n w r i t e r sh o u l d s u p p ose so e x
t r a o r d i n a r y a p r i n c i p l e a s th a t o f h o m o n o m y a n d th a t ,

th a t p r i n c i p l e sh o u l d be fa l se i s m o r e t h a n w e c a ,
n

ad m i t T h i s r e a so n i n g h a s a p p e r ed co n c l u s i v to seve r l
. a e a

l e a r n ed m e n w h o h a v e st u d i ed E g y p t i a n w r i t i n g ; a m o n g
th e fi r st o f w h o m Z o e g a a u th o r o f a c e l eb r a t ed T r e a t i se
, .

o n O be l i s k s r eco g n i z ed i t i n ri n ci l
, p p e .

T h e n o m e n c l a t u r e e x h i b i t ed b y Z o g a i n h i s T r e a t e ,

i se o n O be l i s k s ”
s a y s D o ct r D nj a r d l n
,
a d m i t t d at
o ,
“
e

h o et i c e m l o y m e n t o f the h i e r l y h i c i ns i n wh ich
p n
p g p g o s ,

t he c h a r a cte r s o f t h e s a c r ed w r i t l n g s p r l kn n e d a p r t e
'

i a

a n a l o o u s t o th e f
g i g u res c o m
p i g ch s H ra
p l l o
os n a r /1 . o o ,

o n w h ose a u t h o r i ty Z o e g a a d m i tted t l n s fi ft h m o d of e

e x p r ssi o n g i ve s u s o l y a i n g l e e x a m p l e ; h e sh o w s u s
e , n s

th e H a w k e m p l o yed n o t fig r t i vel y to r e p r e se n t t h e
, u a ,

b i r d o f t h a t n m e n o t a s a tr p t o e x p r ess th e i d e a o f
a , o e

e l e v a t i o n n o t u lg m / i a l l y to r ec l l th e i de a o f th e g o d
, e u c a

H ru s b u t
o ,
t o des i g n a te th e S o u l T h e t w o .

n m es o f Ha w k a nd S o u l
a s u n d i n g t h s a m e to th e e a r
, o e ,

t h ese t w o t h i n g s th o u g h w i d e l y d i ffe r e n t be i n g h o m o
, ,
6 PR I N CI PL E OF
n y m s as soo n a s th e fi g u r e o f th e h a w k w as u se d to
,

d es i g n a te t h e n a m e o n l y o f th a t b i r d i t w i l l be a d m i tt ed ,

th a t fr o m th a t u se m i g h t r es u l t t h e ex p r essi o n o f t he
i de a so u l .

“
Th i s l a s t m od e o f ex p r ess i o n h as bee n p o i n ted o u t
by O r i g n y i n h i s R ese a r ch es o n A n c i e n t E g y p t a n d by
, ,

Z o e g a l n h i s T r e a t i se o n O be l i s k s a s l i k e l y t o p r e se n t
, , ,

i f a ct u a l l y m a de u se o f a n a l m ost i n s u r m o u n t a b l e o h
,

sta c l e to th e i n te r r e t a t i o n o f a r e a t n u m be r o f h i e r o
p g
g p l y h i c p i ct u r es E .ve r y to n u e b e co m i n
g g a l te r ed by

t he l a p se o f a g es i t i s p r es u m a b l e th a t the E g y p t i a n
,

co u l d n o t p a ss th r o u g h t h o u s a n ds o f ye ar s w i th o u t so m e
c h a n ges w i th o u t p e r h ap s co n s i de r a b l e m od i fi c a t i o n
, , ,

now , i n s u ch a l a bo r t he p r i m i t i ve a m b i g u i t i es a r e
,

e ffa ced a n d d i s a p p e a r w h i l e n e w o n es a p p e a r i n t h e n
,

l a ces T h e f r m a n d n a t u r al u a l i t i es o f o bj ects d o n o t
p . o
q
ch a n g e ; t h u s m odes o f ex p r ess i o n fo u n ded o n th a t fo r m ,

a n d th ose q u a l i t i es m a be ex ecte d to r ese n t th e s a m e

y ,
p p
r es u l ts a t d i ffe r e n t a n d ext r e m e l y d i st a n t e r i ods o f t i m e ;
p
b u t n a mes ch a n g e w i th t i m e so th a t a gi ve n fi g u r e , ,

w h i ch o n a cco u n t o f i ts n a m e m i g h t sy m b o l i z e a ce r t a i n
, ,

i de a a t a ce r t ai n t i m e m i g h t a t a fu t u r e p e r i od by th e
, ,

c h a n g es i t h a d u n de r g o n e ex p r e ss a ve ry d i ffe r e n t i de a
,
”
fr o m t h a t i n te n ded by th e w r i te r .
1

W e a d m i t both t h e p r i n c i p l e a n d th e r es u l t de d u ced
fr o m i t by M r D uj a r d i n
. a dd i n
g th a t sy m b o l o g y o r i g i
, ,

ma te d i n h o m o n y m i es b u t th a t th e sc i e n ce o n ce est a b
,

l i sh e d to n g u es m i g h t al te r w i th o u t a ffec t i n g th e p r i m
, ,

i t i ve s i g n i fi c a ti o n o f t h e sy m bo l s T h e st u dy o f t he .

Co p t i c p r oves t h i s fa ct s i n ce th e sy m bo l i c a m b i g u i t i es
,

h a ve i n a g r e a t m e a s u r e d i s a p p e a r ed fr o m th e s p o k e n l a n
, ,

u a e o f E y t w i th o u t a f fec t i n t h e v a l u e o f the s m
g g g p , g y
bo l s ; th e r e h a ve bee n fo r m ed by ch a n ce o r o th e r wi se , ,

n e w h o m o n y m i es i n the C o t i c w i th o u t i v i n r i se t o a
p g g ,

n e w sy m bo l o y e t a s th e r i n c i l e o f th e sc i e n ce o f s m
g y , p p y
bo l s w as p r ese n t i n t h e m i n ds o f th e h i e r o g r a m m a ts i t ,

h a s h ap p e n ed i n p e r i od s o f dec a y t h a t th e s a c r e d sc r i bes ,

l a yed u o n w o r ds w i t h a l e a n i n to r i dd l es o r un s ;
p p , g p
a s r e m a r k ed by C h a m o l l i o n i n t h e i n sc r i t i o n s o n the
p p
p o r t a l o f D e n de r a h
( L ette r s fr o m E y t
g p a e
p g ,

an d t h i s a e a r s to co n fi r m o u r hy ot h e s i s
pp p .

R evu e al es Deu x M on d es , II .
p a r t, XXV I , p p 7 7 1 , 7 7 2,
.
 SYM BOLOGY . 7

MD . j d i n co n c l u des t h a t th e C o p t i c n o t be i n g t he
u ar ,

r i m i t i ve E g y t i a n co u l d n ot r e i o d u c e th e sy m bo l i c
p p p ,

ho m o n y m i es ; t o w h i ch co n c l u s i o n w e a r e a l so l e d by
th e l o g i c a n d st u dy f th e fa cts L i g h t i s h e r e th r o w n
o .

u o n th e q u est i o n by th e l a bo r s o f M G o u l i a n o f w h ose
p .
,

syste m p r ese n te d i n hi s E ss ay o n th e H i e r o g l y p h i cs o f
,

Ho r a p o l l o w a s ar de n t l y s u st ai n ed by the l e a r n ed o r i e n t
,

a l i st , K l ap r oth a n d a tt a c k ed by C h a m p o l l i o n
, Th i s .

syste m p a r t l y r ests o n w h a t t h e R u ss i a n Ac a de m i c i a
, n

c a l l s mr o n oma ses o r p l a y o f w o r ds h e fo u n d b u t e i h tee n

I g
l n H r a o l l o c a a b l e o f be i n e l a i n ed by t h e C o t i c
o
p p g x
p p ,

a n d seve r a l o f th e se w e r e i n a d m i ss i b l e .

T h i s l a bo r h as b ee n se r v i ce a b l e t o sc i e n ce i n p r ov i n g ,

th a t E g y p t i a n sy m bo l o g y m u st h a v e o r i g i n a ted i n t h e
h o m o n y m i es s i n ce t r a ces o f i t a r e st i l l to be fo u n d i n
,

th e Co p t i c a n d m o r eove r t h a t i t i s u se l ess t o see k fo r

, , ,

a co m l e te ex l a n a t i o n o f E y t i a n sy m bo l s i n th a t
p p g p
to n g u e .

M G ou l i a n o f w as h i m se l f co n v i n ced o f t h i s w h e n h e
.
,

a b a n do n e d th e a r o n o m a ses to t ak e u w h a t h e c a ll ed
p p ,

u c r o l o i es o r e x l a n a t i o n o f sy m bo l s by th e s i m l e u se
g p , p ,

o f t h e i de n t i ty bet w ee n t h e fi r s t l ette r o f the n a m e o f

the sy m b o l a n d th a t o f t he i de a sy m b o l i z e d F i n a l l y .
,

no lon er fi ndi n i n th e Co t i c th e ex l a n a t i o n o f s m
g g p p y
bo l s a s g i ve n by H0 1 a p o l l o M G o u l i a n o f i n h i s A r c he ,
.
,

o l og i e Eg yp ti en n e fa l l s i n to th e d a n g e l p o u 1 ted o u t by
c ,

Z o e g a d O r i g n y a n d D uj a r d i n by u n d e r t a k i n g t o fo r m
’
, , ,

fr o m t he C o p t i c a l o n e a n e w sy m b o l g y i n o p p os i t i o n
,
o

t o th e t est i m o n y o f a n t i q u i t y a n d th e e v i de n ce o f m o n u
m e n ts .

Ho m o n y m s ex i st i n a l l l a n g u g es b u t a r e th ey sy m a ,

bo l s ? N ; th o se o f th e C o p t l c t o n g u e a r e f0 1 t h e
o ,

m o st p a r t t h e r es u l t o f ch a n c
,
a n d a few t h e m o f o n l y e , , ,

m n i f st the i n fl u e n ce o f sy 11 b o l g y
a e 1 o .

M G o u l i a n o f co l d e a si l y fi d h o m o n y m s i n th e C o p
. u n

t 1e , b u t th i s fa c t r e p r d u ced i n ,
ll t ngu es i s o f n o
o a o ,

v a l u e u l e ss i t c o fi r m s sc i n t i fi c f c t s n o w
n n e
g l a n ce a t a a

so m e of M Go u l ia n f s l n a ti ns w i l l su l l i c e to
’
x
.
p o e a o

sh o w th a t h i s n e w syste m i s 1 o
pp o si t i o n to 11

t h e r e l a t i o n s o f a n t i q u i ty a n d m d r n d 1 c o v e r i e s o e s

I h u s a cco r d i n g t An n n i n u s M
.

m e c l h n u a n d No r a
'
, o a s

p o l l o , t h e bee sy m bo l of a kin
, g 11 in
g 11 o bed i e n t « r 11V1 1 11

p peo l e w,
o uld d es i g n a te i
p i us k in s
g I h e w
11 1 h i te o .
'
 8 P R I NC I P L E OF

c r o w n a n d th e r e d c r o w n w h i c h a cco r d i n g to th e
, , ,

R oset t a sto n e a n d al l th e l e a r n ed a r e th e s i g n s o f
-
, ,

Up p e r a n d L o w e r E g y p t beco m e th e c r o w n o f t h e i m
,

i o u s P h a ra o h s a n d t he c r o w n s ot ted w i th b l oo d
p ,
p .

T he b eet l e w o u l d be th e a p oc al y p t i c sy m bo l o f th e
r a ssh o e r s co m i n o u t o f t h e b o t t o m l ess
g pp g p t ; fi n al l y
i ,

n o t o n l y w o u l d th e P h a r a oh s b e i m i o u s b u t th e ods
p g ,

w o u l d t ra n s fo r m th e m se l ves i n to dev i l s ( Ar ch é o l o g i e
E gy p t i e n n e t o m , .

We th i n k th a t th e b a ses o f E g y p t i a n sc i e n ce ar e h e n ce
fo r w a r d t o o so l i d l y est a b l i shed to be dest r oyed a n d t h a t ,

n e w d i scove r i es a r e o n l y t o b e m a de by k ee i n i n th e
p g ,

at h a l r e a dy m a r k e d o u t
p .

S al v o l i n i i n a cce p t i n g t h e i n d i s p u t ab l e fa cts a n d r e
, ,

co g n i z i n g t h e p r i n ci p l e o f E g y p t i a n sy m bo l o g y ga ve a ,

r e n e w ed i m u l se to t h e sc i e n ce a n d i f h e d i d n o t a t t a i n
p , ,

t h e e n d h e a t l e a s t c l e a r ed th e w a y ; hi s s u ccess i v
, , , e

d i scove r i es b r i n g o u t th e t r u t h o f t h e p r i n c i p l e o n w h i ch
w e r est i n i t s fu l l st r e n g th In h i s w o r k o n th e
. C am “

”
a n e d e R h a m sé s h e s ys He r e i s a fa c t th a t h a s
“
p g a ,

n o t ye t bee n est a b l i sh ed w e k n o w th a t a ce r t ai n l i k e
n ess o f a n o bj ec t h a s bee n u sed i n the s a c r ed w r i t i n s
g ,

a s th e t r o e o f a ce r t ai n i de a b ut I am n ot aware t h at
p
an o n e h a s c a l l ed a tte n t i o n to t h e h o n et i c e x r ess i o n
y p p
of the r o er n a m e o f th a t obj ect a s 1 t i s u se d i n s o k e n
p p , p
l a n g u a g e r e p r ese n t i n g s o m e t i m es i n w r i tte n l an g u ag e
,

th e t r o p e o f th e s a m e i d e a o f w h i ch t h e i so la ted i m a g e
,

o f th e o bj ect w a s o n ce th e sy m bo l S u c h i s th e o r i g l n
.
,

i n m y m i n d o f t h e s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f str e n g th o ft e n g i v e n
, ,

i n the te x t s to t h e w o r d 95m g th i h f n th o u h
g o u
g
l e d to t h i s co n c l u s i o n by a m u l t i t u de o f ex a m p l es I ,

w i l l o n l y c i te o n e It i s k n o w n by Ho r a p o ll o s te x t
.
’
,

t h a t i n E y t t h e v u l t u r e was t h e e m b le m o f v i c to ry
,
g p ,

(I . t h e n a m e o f th a t b i r d a s fo u n d i n i n sc r i p t i o n s i s
, ,

a l w a ys w r i tte n “ E O T ; th e C o t i c “ 0 7 3 3 N
p p 1 e w this .
,

sa m e n a m e h a s fr e u e n t l y bee n e m l oyed e i t h e r i n t he
q p ,

fu n e r a l R i t u a l o r o the r w r i ti n s to e x r ess t h e i de a to
, g p , ,

co n u er o r v i c to
q y o n l y
r i,n t h e l a t t e r c a se i t h a s a seco n d

det e r m i n a t i ve t h e a r m h l d i g to m ha wlt
, o n ct a

S u c h a fa c t h a s n o t h i n g e x t r a o r d m ar y i n i ts n a t u r e ;
b u t We sh o u l d ce r t a i n l y be s u r p r i sed u o n d i sco v e r i n g
p
th a t t h o u g h i n th e a n c i e n t E g y p t i a n t e x ts t h e r e ex i sts
,

a ce r t a i n n u m be r o f s m b l i w o ds s u c h a s I h a ve j u s t
o r
y c ,
 S Y M BOLOGY . 9

des i g n ated th e C o p t i c t o n g u e h as sc ar ce l y a t r a ce o f
,
”
th e m .
( S a l v ol i n i C am a
p g e d e R h a mses
,
p n , .

S al v ol i n i i n th e An a l ysi s of Eg yp ti a n T ex ts ex p r esses
, ,

h i s i de a s i n a m o r e co m p l ete m a n n e r an d a c k n o w l d e g e s ,

fo r th e Co p t i c t o n g u e a m o r e sy m b o l i c ch a r a cte r th an
h e at fi r st s u p p osed H e a d m i ts i n p r i n c i p l e th a t a w o r d
.
,

m ay h a ve fo r a dete r m i n a t i ve a s i g n t h e n a m e o f w h i ch , ,

i s t h e s a m e a s t h e w o r d a cco m p a n y i n g i t th o u g h i t i r ,

n o w i se r e r ese n ts t h e s a m e i de a ; i n t r a n s l a t i n h i
p g s

th o u g h ts w e a dd th a t sy m b o l i c de te r m i n a t i ves o bt ai n
, ,

t h e i r v al u e fr o m h o m o n y m i es Th e fo l l o w i n g p a ss a g e .

i s too i m p o r t an t to b e p a ssed i n s i l e n ce T h e ad m i s
s i o n o n m y p ar t o f a n o p i n i o n s u ch a s th a t I h a ve j u st
, , ,

a n n o u n ce d r e l a t i v e to th e o r i i n o f t h e u se o f t w o d i f
g
fe r e n t ch a r a cte r s a s t r o p es o f t h e i de a r a c e o r g er m w i l l ,

n o t fai l to s u r r i se t hose w h o k n o w h o w co n st a n t l y i t
p
h a s bee n d i s a vo w ed by m y i l l u st r i o u s m a ste r If w e .
1

m a y be l i eve t h e d o g m a s so u g h t to b e est a b l i sh ed by h i m
i n h i s l a s t w o r k t h e s i g n s e m p l oyed by th e E g y p t i a n s
,

a s t r o es a r e r ed u ced a s to t h e i r o r i g i n to t h e fo u r fo l
p , , ,

l o w i n g p r o cesses p o i n ted o u t by C l e m e n t Al e x a n d r m u s
,

fi r st by syn ec doc he seco n d by meton ymy ; th i r d by m et

, , ,

o h er ;
p fo u r th by en i m a s ;
g , b u t I m u st a c k n o w l ed e
2
g ,

a cco r d i n t o m o w n ex e r i e n ce th a t a b ri e f r o r ess
g y p p g ,

i n t h e s t u dy o f h i e r o gl y p h i c w r i t i n g w i l l de m o n s t r a t e
t he i n s u ffi c i e n cy o f th e fo u r m eth ods a bove c i ted fo r e x
p l ai n i n
g th e m u l t i t u d e o f sy m b o l i c ch a r a cte r s u n ce a s

i n g l y e m p l oyed by th e E g y p t i a n s Th e l e a r n e d p h i l o l .

o gi st h i m se l f w h o a t th e t i m e o f p u b l i sh i n g h i s P é is
, ,
r c ,

h ad a l r e a dy a c k n o w l ed g ed th e fo u r p r o c esses a n n o u n ced
i n h i s h i e r o g l y p h i c g r a m m a r fo r th e fo r m a t i o n o f sy 1n ~

b o l i c s i g n s a d m i ts i n th e l a tt r p a r t o f h i s w o 1 k th t
,
e
3
, a

t he r e on ly i n ed to b e fo u n d
r e ma j o r k n o wi n
g th e
a m tho d e

va l u e o s m b o l i c c ha r a c te r s ; a n d tha t , h e a dd s , i s th e o b
f y
ul l a n d e n t i r e k n o wl
sta c l e wh i t h se e m s d est i n e d to r e ta r d a
f .

ed e
g 1
] h i e r o l
g yp h i c te x ts I 11 11 1
p e 1 su a d e d
. th a t th e

m e t h od , w h i c h t h e l a t e C h a m p o l h o n des i r ed to h a v e
d 1sc o ve r e d , o f fi n d i n g th e o r i g i n o i th e g r e a t n u m be r o f
'

g l
T h i s p assa e se e ms to a l u de to G o u l i a n o f s sy ste m , a tt a c k e d b y
‘

C h am p o l h o n .

V i d e E g yp ti a n Gr a m m a r , p 2 3 . .

3
P r éc i s ( Ia S y stem e H z é r o g l yp h l q u e , p 3 3 8 , a n d 4 6 2 — 3 2 d edi . .

1*
10 PR I NC IP L E o r

E g y p t i a n ch a r a cte r s e m p l oyed a s t r o p es w h i ch co u l d ,

n o t be ex l a i n ed by C l e m e n t o f Al e x a n d r i a s r ocess
’

p p
th a t th i s m e th od I say i s fo u n d i n th e n e w p r i n c i p l e I
, ,

h a ve j u st a p p l i ed to e x p l ai n th e d ete r m i n a ti ve ch a r a c
te r s o f th e w o r d R o r g er m I h e r e g i ve m y fo r m u l a o f
'
.

t he p r i n ci l e
p
“
As e ver y hi er og l yp h i c i mag e ha s a p di n
g t er m i n
c or r es on

s o lre n l a n u a e a c e r ta i n n u m b er o th e m h a ve b een ta k en a s
p g g ,
f
n s f the sou n ds to wh i c h the a n swer , a n a bstr a c ti on
si
g o y f r om

the i r p r i m i ti ve si g n yi c a ti o n T h e h i er og l yp hi c c ha r a c ter s b e
.

l o n g i ng to th i s si ng u l a r m eth od of exp r essi on , a s a ll o th er

n s em l o ed i n E t i w r i ti n a s tr o es, ha ve b een
si
g p y g y p an
g p
”
e m l o ed ei th er by th e m se l ves , o r fo l l o w i n w or ds An a
p y g .

l y si s , p 2 2 5
. .

A s a n ap p l i c a t i o n o f th i s sy ste m , S al v o l i n i sh o w s th a t
th e E g y p t i an w o r d IR I , to do , i s u s u a l l y r e p r ese n te d i n t h e
te x t by t h e i so l a ted i m a g e o f a n eye be c a u se , a cco r d i n g .

to P l u t a r ch a n d th e m o n u m e n t s , t h e n a m e o f th e e y e i s
a l so IR I I n l i k e m a n n e r th e c a lf s sn ou t s i g n i fi es h e wh o
’
.
,

i s a t o r i n , bec a u se th e n a m e o f s n o u t o r n ose , P N l o r ' ‘

FE N T , al l u des to t h e w o r d PE N T E , he wh o i s a t o r i n .

T h e ch ar a cte r ha tc he t s1 g n i fie s G o d , b ec a u se t h e w o r d
I E R d es i g n a tes a ha tc he t a n d a G o d
‘
.

T h e i de a o f a s t a t u e w a s 1 e p r e se n t e d by th e g o d Toth ,
bec a u se th e n a m e o f T o th fo r m ed t h e w o r d sta t u e ( R o .

se tt a sto n e )
-
.

T h e g o d Toth p r ote c to r o f Her m op ol i s mag n a h a d fo r

, ,

a ti t l e i n t h e i n sc r i t i o n s t h e s i n l or d a n d th e s i n o f
p g g ,

th e n u m be r eig ht bec a u se i n E g y p t i a n th e n a m e Her

, , ,

m0p o l i s s i g n i fies e ig ht .

Th e g od dess Ne i t h h a d fo r a sy m b o l i c n a m e a k i n d o f
w e a v e r s l oo m bec a u se th e s a m e r ese m b l a n ce ex i sted
’
,

bet w e e n t h e n am e Nei th a n d th e l oo m n a t .

A s p ec i es o f a q u a t i c b i r d w as t h e s i g n fo r th e i de a o f
d octo r b ec a u se o n th e m o n u m e n ts th e n a m e o f th e b i n
,

i s S I M an d i n Co p t i c th e w o r d S E I NI s i g n i fies d octo r
, .

T h e fin e
r r e r ese n ts th e n u m be r t e n th o u s a n d a n d
g p ,

T E B si g n i fi e sfi ng er a n d T B A t e n th o u s a n d
,
.

“
I d o n o t k n o w a dds S a l v o l i n i w h eth e r th e fe w
”
, ,

e x a m p l e s I h a ve s u b m i t ted to th e r e a de r i n p r oo f o f th e
n e w fa cts th e e x i ste n ce o f w h i ch I be l i eve I h a ve d i s
, , ,

cove r ed i n th e syste m o f E g y p t i a n w r i t i n g w i l l be su ffi ,

c i e n t to co n v i n ce h i m A t o m y se l f t h o r o u g h l y c o n
. s ,
 SY MBOLO G Y . 11

i
v nce e al i ty o f t h e p r i n c i p l e I see k t o est a b l i sh
d of t h e r

a co n v i ct i o n fo u n ded o n r es u l ts obt ai n ed fr o m t h e a l i
pp
c a t i o n o f th i s p r i n c i p l e t o t h e i n te r p r et a t i o n o f a l ar g e
n u m be r o f texts — l fr a n k l y a vo w t h a t fr o m t he m o m e n t ,

I fi r s t s u s p e cted i ts ex i s te n ce t h e sy m b o l i c p o r t i o n o f
,

E g y p t i a n w r i t i n g s— a p o r t i o n w h i ch i t m ay b e s ai d , ,

C h a m p o l l i o n l e ft u n t o u ch ed a n d w h i ch i t i s n e v e r th e
, ,

l ess n ecess a r y to k n o w— a p p e a r ed to m e i n i ts t r u e
,

m e an i n g
”
( A .n a l ys i s
p , .

F o l l o w i n g t h i s dec i s i ve test i m o n y w e p r ese n t th a t o f ,

a m a n w h o m th e l e a r n ed o f E u r o p e j u st l y co n s i de r a s

o n e o f t h e a ct u a l r e r ese n t a t i ves o f E y t i an sc i e n ce
p g p
Mr L e p s i u s i n hi s l e tte r to R o se l l i n i e n d e a vo r s to
.

.
, ,

fi n d t h e m e a n s o f r e co g n i z i n g th e s i g n i fic a t i o n o f fi g u r a
ti ve s i g n s a n d h e a ss i g n s t e n l e a d i n g p r i n c i p l es fo r
,

a tt ai n i n g th a t e n d Th e fi r st ei g h t w h i ch w e r e p r od u ce
.
,

h e r e a s h a v i n g a do p ted the m i n o u r r ese a r ch es a r e : ,

1 Th e a ct u a l r e p r ese n t a t i o n o f the obj e ct t a k e n w i th

.
,

i ts p r o p e r m e a n i n g
2 T h e i m a g es o r p i ct u r es t h a t th e ch ar a cte r a eco m
.

an i e s ;
p
3 . E x p l an a t i o n s o f G r ee k or L at i n au th o r s ;
A n ci e n t t r an s l at i o n s ;
4 .

5 Th e co n text i tse l f ;
.

6 T h e p h o n et i c g r o u p a cco m p a n y i n g th e s i g n ;
.

7 Th e a i a n ts i n d i ffe r e n t texts ;
. v r

8 T h e fi g u r a t i ve s i g n s e m p l oy ed a s i n i t i a l s t o ce r t ai n
.

g r o u s o f w h i ch th e b a l a n ce i s p h o n et i c
p ,
.

I n d eve l o p i n g t h i s l a s t p r i n c i p l e t h a t o f i n i t i al s i g n s
Mr L e p s i u s s ay s
, ,

Th ese a r e s i g n s w h i c h w e r e a l so fr e q u e n t l y e m p l oy
e d a l o n e a n d w i t h a fi g u r a t i ve m e a n i n g b u t w h i ch a t
, , ,

th e s a m e t i m e se r ve d to r e p r ese n t a l l w o r ds o r p a r ts o f
,

w o r ds co n t a i n i n g th e s a m e l e t te r s t ho u g h t h ey o ft e n ,

h a d a ve r y d i ffe r e n t m e a n i n g W e h a ve seve r a l t i m e s
.

m e t w i th th e s a m e u se o f p u r e l y fi g u r a t i ve ch a r a cte r s .

The b a s k et i s p r o n o u n ced “ 6 a n d des i g a tes a s w e l l ,

n
”
L or d “3 8 as a ll “ S SS .

F r o m these l a st p a ss ag es o f S al vo l i n i a n d L e p s i u s i t ,

is e a sy to p e r ce i ve t h a t th e l a b o r s o f t hese l e a r n ed m e n

An n a l es de l In st ztu t d e
’
co r r esp o n d a u ee Ar chéO In q u e R o me , 1 8 3 7 ,
p 26. a nd 51 , t o m e i x .
12 PR I N CI PL E OF

de p e n d i n p ar t a t l e a st o n h o m o n y m i es an d a r e c o n
, , , , ,

seq u e n t l y i n a cco r d a n ce w i t h th e th eo r y o f th e R u ss i a n

o n l y M G o u l i a n o f w a n t s to fi n d the
,

a c a de m i c i a n ; .

e x p l a n a t i o n o f th e sy m bo l s i n th e Co p t i c al o n e Wh i l e ,

S a l v o l i n i a n d L e p s i u s l oo k fo r i t a l so i n th e h i e r o g l y p h i c
t e x ts . T h e n a t u r a l co n seq u e n ce o f t h i s l a st p r i n c i p l e
w a s t h e d i vi s i o n o f t h e E g y p t i an to n g u e i n to t w o d i a
,

l ec ts t h e Eg yp ti a n of the m on u me ts a n d t h e C op ti c a n
, n ,

sw e r i n
g t o t h e sa c ed ton u e a n d th e vu l a r to n u
g r
g g o f e

M a n et h o
L i ste n ag ai n to Mr L e p s i u s : T he E g y p t i a n s h e
.

“
.
,

s a ys h ad t w o d i st i n ct d i al e cts to w i t : th e a n ci e n t c l a s
, ,

si c a n d s a c r ed d i a l ec t and t h e
l
y h fi m r g a oa a

p po u l ar d i al ect ! i? the
no n/ sa c r e d w r i t i n
g
w e l l a s th e p op u l a r h i er a ti c w r i t i n g a l w a ys p r ese n t t h e
s a c r ed d i al ect ; a n d the p op u l a r p i stol og r ap hi c w r i t i n g a s e

w e l l a s C p t i c l i te r a t u r e p r ese n t t h e p o p u l a r d i a l ect
r 4

T h e fa cts a n d r e a so n i n g s o n w h i c h Mr L e p si u s fo u n ds
.

.
,

hi s O p i n i o n a p p e a r to be fi r m l y est a b l i shed ; t h i s d i v i s i o n
,

o f t h e t w o to n g u es ex l a i n s w h y t h e C o t i c c an n o t b e
p p
u sed to i n te r r e t t he sy m bo l s w h i l e i t i s a r t l y fo u n d i n
p p ,

th e s a c r ed t o n g u e ; ye t th e r e i s b u t l i tt l e d i ffe r e n ce
5

bet w ee n th ese t w o s a c r e d a n d p r o fa n e d i al ects a n d i f ,

th e fi r s t p r ese n ts a l a r g e n u m be r o f w o r d s n o t fo u n d i n
th e seco n d st i l l th e l a n g u ag e o f t h e m o n u m e n ts i s far
,

fr o m affo r d i n g a co m p l ete e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h e sy m bo l s .

W e h a ve n o do u bt h o w eve r t h a t n e w l a bo r s u n de r , , ,

t a k e n w i t h a v i e w o f d i scove r i n g sy m bo l i c w o r ds i n h i e
ro l
g yp h i c tex ts w i l l l e a d to i m o r t a n t r es u l ts ; b u t to
, p
a cco m p l i sh t h i s i t w i l l d o u bt l ess be n ecess a r y to co n s u l t , ,

t h e o r i g i n o f E gy p ti a n sy m bol s .

It i s n o w g e n e r al l y a c k n o w l ed g ed t h a t th e E g y p t i a n
r el i i o n a n d syste m o f w r i t i n w e re bo r r o w e d fr o m
g g
E th i o p i a .
6

T h e n ecess ar y co n se qu e n ce of th i s fa ct a n d w h a t p re ,

M th p J s C Ap p 44 5
an e a o
M th p S y ll C h p 4 0
. . . . . . .

2
ane a nce r on
M th p J l i b i
. . .
. . .

3
an e . a . os . . .

A n n a l e s d e l In sti tu t de cor r es Ar ch eol i x

’
1 8 a n d a p p en di x , p 6 7 . .
, .
, .

S al v ol i n i , C a m p de R ha m , p 91 , a n d T r ad u c d e l ’ O b e li sq u e , p 1 0
. . . . . .

5
g l
O f t he e i h t e x a m p es o f sy m b o i c h o m on y m i e s c i te d fr o m S al vol i n i l
f u r a r e fou n d i n the C op ti c t he y a r e the st a t ue , ei ht, th e Zoom a n d t he g
pg
i n er .

6
ll -
g
C ha m p o i o n F i ea c E yp te a n ci en n e , p 2 8 , 3 4 , 41 7
, g . .
 SY M BOLO G Y . 13

ce des i t i s th a t th e l a n g u ag e o f E t h i op i a co n t a i n ed a n
, ,

ex p l a n a t i o n o f th e sy m b o l s ; c o u l d i t i n fa ct b e a d m i tted , ,

th a t t h e i n ve n to r s o f a syste m o f w r i t i n g b ased o n l an ,

ua e sh o u l d h a ve m a de u se o f a st r a n e to n u e to
g g , g g
e x p r ess t h e i r i de a s ? T he E g y p t i a n s a cce p te d th e Eth i
o p i a n sy m b o l s w i t h th e s i g n i fi c a t i o n th a t h a d b ee n g i ve n
t he m w h e n w r i t i n g o r i g i n a ted W e h a v e a l r e a dy s ai d.

t h a t sy m b o l s d e p e n de d o n l a n g u ag e a t t h e p e r i od o f
t h e i r fo r m a t i o n a n d th a t t h e sy s t e m o f sy m b o l o g y h av
i n g bee n est a b l i sh ed l a n g u ag e m i g h t v a r y o r co m p l ete l y
,

c h a n g e w i th o u t m a k i n g t h e l e ast a l te r a t i o n i n t he p r i m i
t i ve m e a n i n g o f th e i m ag e T h u s th e Egy p t i a n s m i g h t
.

h a ve a d o p t ed th e E t h 1o p i a n sy m bo l o g y e n t i r e w i th o u t ,

t he i r l an g u ag e h a vi n g t h e l e a t r l a t i o n to th e si g n i fi
s e

c a n ce o f t h e sy m bo l s ; st i l l i t i s m o r e t h a n p r ob a b l e
,
.

t h a t E g y p t r ece i ed a p a r t o f th e Eth i o p i a n w r ds o n
v o

w h i ch th e sy m bo l s w e r e fo u n ded o r a t l e a st th a t t h e ,

w r i tte n l an gu a g e o f t h e E g y p t i a n s a cq u i r e d a sy m bo l i c
ch a ra cte r fo r e i g n to th e co m m o n to n g u e .

N o p e o p l e eve r exe r c i sed a co m m a n d i n g i n fl u e n ce o n

th e c i v i l i z a t i o n o f a n o th e r p eo p l e w i t h o u t i m p o s i n g o n
t he m a l o r ti o n o f th e i r l an g u age ; t h e Et h i O p l a n s m u st
h a ve l e ft p r o fo u n d t r a ces o f t h e i r r e h g i o u s i n fl u e n ce i n
t h e s a c r ed to n u e o f E g y t w h i l e t h i s i n fl u e n ce o n
g p ,

th e v u l g a r d i al ect m u st h a ve bee n m u ch m o r e c i r c u m
sc r i be d .

An a p p a r e n t co n fi r m a t i o n o f th i s O p i n i o n i s t h a t t h e ,

w o r d so f t h e s a c r ed to n g u e n o t fo u n d i n th e C o p t i c ex
'

, ,

i st i n p r t i n t h e l a n g u ag es co m i n g fr o m th e sa m e stoc k
a

a s th e E th i o i a n a n d t h a t th e e x p l a n a t i o n o f E g y p t i a n
p ,

sy m bo l s i s a l so fo u n d i n t h ese to n g u es .

L e t u s h e r e l i ste n to th e E g y p t i a n p r i e st M a n e th o , ,

e x p l a i n i n g th e n am es o f p a s t o r s o r hylesc h h e s a y s th a t os
‘

the w o r d T E Ki ng be l o n g s to t h e sa c r ed to g
,
, n n ue,

l ; w h i l e 2 522 a sto r be l o n s to t h e v u lg a r t n g
'

y s o
i a a u
p , g ,
o ue ,

3/ 0 4
t dt a he x r o v .

The w o r d 2 525: i s fo u n d i n t h e Co p t i c wi th th e s i g u i
fi c a t i o n g i ve n i t by the r i es t S e b e n n y t , N D
p SE p a sto r ;

t he w o r d T K hi n e x i st s o n t h e m o n u m e n ts o f th e
g
M
,
,

P h a r a o h s, a n d i s m i ss i n
g fr o m th e C o
p t i c ; w i th r .

Le p sl u s, w e h e r e fi n d a p r o o f th a t t h e C o p t i c w a s th e
c o m m o n , a n d t h e h i e ro l y h i c i n sc r i t i o ns the e x r es
g p p p
si o n o f th e s a c r ed la n g u age , .
14 P R INC I P L E OF

Th e w o r d I X does n o t ex i st i n th e E t h i o p i a n b u t i s
’

fo u n d aga i n i n th e Hebr ew a l a n g u a g e h a v i n g th e s a m e
,

o r i gi n ; th e w o r d T K r eco g n i z e d o n th e obe l i s k o f t h e
,

L u x o r by S al v o l i n i i s desc r i bed by th e p edn m a n d

l
,

a n le w h i c h g r ou t r a n sc r i b e d i n Heb r e w c h ar a cte r s
g , p ,

a cco r d i n g t o C h a m o ll i o n s a l h a bet i ves t h e o

’
w rd
p p g ,
"
a l a w, a d ec r ee , p p “ a l eg i sl a tor , a sover e i g n , o r k i n g
m ode r a to r , a s t r an s l a te d by S a l v ol i n i fl
T h i s w o r d i s a t th e s am e t i m e sy m b o l i c , t h a t i s,
fo u n ded o n h o m o n y m y s i n ce i t s i g n i fies i n Heb r e w a
,

sc e tr e a n d a sover e i n , an d t h a t th e sce t r e i s t h e s i n o f
p g p g
t h e i d e a Ici ng moder a to r . Th e i n t i m a te r e l a t i o n s ex i s ti n g
b et w ee n th e E th i o p i a n a n d Heb r e w l a n g u a g es c a n n o t
b e de n i ed W an s l e be n h a s b r o u g h t to g eth e r fi ve h u n
.

d r ed r oots th a t a r e t h e s a m e i n E th i o p i a n a n d Heb r e w ,
i n de p e n de n t o f othe r a n al o g o u s l a n g u ag e s ; th i s w o r k i s
r i n ted u dl o l f s E th i o i a n d i ct i o n a r y
i L (p
’

p n
p 4 7 5 e t
.

seq ) th e t ra ve l e r B r u c e , al so , n ot i ce d th i s r ese m b l a n ce ,
.

( to m e i i , p
. a n d th e l e ar n ed G e se n i u s co n sec r a te d

i t i n h i s l ex i co n .

An h i sto r i c al r e a so n m ay h e r e b e fo u n d fo r th e fa cts
so u g h t to b e est a b l i sh e d i n th ese r ese ar ch es T h e He
b r e w an d th e E th i o p i a n s p r u n g fr o m a co m m o n so u r ce ,
as
p h i l o l o y
g p r oves o n e o f th ese d i a l e cts w e fi n d
p re

se r ve d i n i t s p u r i ty i n th e P e n t a te u c h , W h i l e th e E t h i o
i a n l a n g u a g e h a s u n de r g o n e m a n y ch a n g e s , e i t h e r b y
p
th e d i ffe r e n t m i g r a t i o n s o f p eo p l e i n E th i o p i a , o r t h e
l ap se o f t i m e w e n ee d n o t , th e r e fo r e , b e a sto n i sh ed t o
fi n d ex p l a n a t i o n s i n Heb r e w n o t i n th e E th i o p i an .

A fa ct a l r e a dy n o ti ced , b u t n o t ex p l ai n ed , i s, th a t
E g y p t i a n w o r d s e x i st , a r e r e p r od u ced i n Heb r e w , b u t
a r e n o t fo u n d i n C o p t i c M
r L e s i u s u ses t h i s o bse r v a
p .

t i o n to ex p l ai n o n e o f th e E g y p t i a n n a m es o f t h e h o r se ,
mo SU S ( L e p s i u s , An n a l es, i x , I fi n d i n th e s a m e
w o r k th e w o r d sc her , w h i c h does n o t ex i st i n t h e C o p t i c ,
a n d w h i c h L e s i u s t r a n s l a tes by r ei n ( A n n a l es , l A
p g p , .

c ol 0
.
) th e Heb r e w ex l ai n s i t , fo r fi t: sc h er s i n i fies a
p g
r i n ce , a k i n a g o ver n or
p g , .

L ay i n g a s i de h e r e al l r e l a t i o n bet w ee n th e E gyp t i an

F a cade C h am p s-El ysé es, fir st i n sc r i p ti on

, u n de r the b an n er on the
l
e ft ; S a l v o li n i Ex p a n a t i on o f t h e o b e i sk
,
l .

2
g
C a mpa n e d e R ha mses, p 1 6 . .
 Q Y M B O L O GY . 15

an d Heb r e w l a n g u ag es d e si r to est a b l i sh t h a t eve n

,
we e

i f i t w e r e de m o n st r a ted th a t th e c o m p l e te s i g n i fic a t i o n
o f th e sy m b o l s co u l d b e fo u n d i n th e E y t i an a nd
g p ,

th a t t he r e w a s a s i n g l e w o r d t h e s a m e i n t he l an g u a g es
of M oses a n d th e P h a r a oh s th ese t w o l a n g u a g es st r a n , ,

g e r s to e a ch oth e r b u t a n i m a ted by t h e s a m e sy m bo l i c
,

g e ni u s wo u l d eac h
, g i ve t o t h e s a m e p hys i c a l obj e cts t h e
s a m e m o ral s i g n i fi c a t i o n .

T h e d i ffe r e n t a u th o r i t i e s c i ted h a ve s u ffi c i e n t l y e n
l i g h te n ed u s I th i n k a s to t h e p r i n c i p l e o f E y p t i a n
o , ,
g
s m b ol o
y gy i t °
now beco m es n ecess a r y to i n q u i re

w h e t he r th i s sy m bo l i c ch a r a cte r be l o n g s to th e He
bre w .

N ot o n l y al l th e n a m es o f m e n i n Heb r e w b u t th ose ,

o f q u ad r u ed s b i r ds fish es i n sects t r ees fl o w e r s an d

p , , , , , ,

sto n es a r e s i g n i fi c a n t Heb r e w sch o l ar s r eq u i r e n o p r oo f

.

o f thi s fo r th ey a r e n o t u n a cq u a i n te d w i t h th e l e a r n ed
a n d vo l u m i n o u s t r e a t i se o f B o c h a r t o n the a n i m al s
m e n t i o n ed i n t h e B i b l e .

Th i s p r i n c i p l e o f s i g n i fi c a n t n a m es r eco g n i z ed a n d ,

a d o t ed a s t 1 u e by t h e c e l e b r a t ed G e se n i u s a n d by a l l
p ,

l e x i c 0 g r a p h e i s b e fo r e hi m i s n o t to be d e n i ed b u t i ts , ,

a p l i ca ti o n b e i n g u r e ly a rb i t1 a 1 a n d h av i n b ee n un
p p o y g ,

d e 1 ta k e n w i t h o u t a n y de fi n i te p u r p o se h a s fu r n i sh e d ,

sc i e n ce w i t h n o u se fu l r es u l t .

B o c h a r t i g n o r i n g th e p r i n c i p l e o f sy m bo l o g y o n l y
, ,

so u g h t a n d fo u n d p u r e l y a r b i t ra r y si g n i fic a ti o n s i n th e
n a m es o f a n i m a l s d i stm t i n g t h e He b r e w r oo ts a cc o r d
i n g to h i s fa n cy h e 1 e p e l s t he m o r al s i g n i fic a n ce th ey
,

n a t u ra l l y r ese n t bec a u se h e does n o t u n de r st a n d th e

p ,

r e l a t i o n th a t m a ex i st bet w ee n an an i m al an d a h i l o
y p
s o p h i c a l i de a ; w h e n th i s r e l a t i o n i s too ev i de n t h e ,

g i ves i t a s i,t w e r e i n s p i te
, o f h i m se l f ; t h u s h e can n o t

d n y th a t t h e vu l tu r e s i g n i fies mer cy a n d th e m ol e th e
e ,

wo r l d .

T h e Heb r e w the n h a s a n ev i de n t i m p r i n t o f sy m b o l
, ,

si n ce i t i ves m o r a l s i n i f
i c a n ce to m a te r i a l o bj ects
o
gy ,
g g .

B e fo r e d r a w m g a co n c l u s i o n fr o m th i s r e m a r k a b l e fa ct ,

l e t u s r es u m e th e fo r e g o i n g ded u ct i o n s E g y p t i a n sy m .

b o l fo u n ded 0 11 h o m o n y m i e s to g e t h e r w i t h t h e i r r e l i
s, ,

o n a n d s ste m o f w r i t i n g w e r o n o w c d fr o m l Ct h i o i
'

g i b p a e
y
.
,

W h a ve J u st s a i d th a t t h e l l l n w a n d Eth i o p i a n we r e
e l '
'

f:

d i l V U l fro m a co m m o n o u i c e a d w e a re l d i n c o n s . n e ,
16 P R I N CI PL E OF

el u s i o n to see k w he th e r t h e He b r e w w i l l a ffo r d a n e x
,

l a n a t i o n o f E y t i a n sy m b o l s
p g p .

T h e q u est i o n th u s p r ese n ted c a n b e r eso l ve d b u t i n ,

t w o w a ys : by t he te st i m o n y o f th e w r i te r s o f a n t i q u i ty ,

an d by t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f Heb r e w t o h i e r o gl y p h i c
sy m bo l s .

C l e m e n t o f A l ex a n d r i a th e fa th e r o f m ode rn Eg y p ,

t i a n sc i e n ce s ays i n e x p r e ss te r m s t h a t tou chi g myste

, , , , n

r i ons thi ng s, the s

y m b o ls
f
o the Eg yp ti a n s are li k e u n to th ose
"
Heb r ews
c
Q Efi’ g a t n o k l ye
l /l e a vu T O én l x p v yu i
'

u a i nt ZQ nat a
Q y , ,

xa i T an ! Ai y v n r l a '
w a l v l y zi ar a .

Th e a u t h o r i ty o f C l e m e n s A l e x a nd r i n u s c a n n ot be
d o u b ted ; fo r h i s tes t i m o n y i s t h e fo u n d a t i o n o n w h i c h
C h a m p o l l i o n a n d t h e E g y p to l o g i sts e r ec t th e i r syste m s
o f i n te r r et i n g E g y t i a n w r i t i n s C l e m e n s Al e x an d ri
p p g .

n u s fo r t i fie d w i th B i b l e r e a d i n co u l d n o t h a ve r od u c e d
.
g p ,

so ext r a o r d i n ar y a n a ss i m i l a t i o n fo r a Ch ri st i a n a n d Eg y p
t i a n w i th o u t be i n g i n p o sse ss10 n o f p r oo fs o f th e t r u t h
,

o f h i s a sse r t i o n ; i n th e B i b l e a n d th e Heb r e w o n l y m ay

w e see k fo r a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f E g y p t i a n sy m b o l s .

W h eth e r t h i s i n te r p r et a t i o n a p p e a r t r u e o r fa l se i t ,

c an n ot be affi r m ed n o r d e n i ed w i t h o u t p r oo fs ; i n q u es
t i o n s o f t h i s n a t u r e t he a r g u m e n t i s s u b o r d i n a te to th e
,

fa ct s a n d to fa cts a l o n e w e a p p e a l
, .

T h e fi r st r es u l t o f th i s syste m w o u l d be to gi ve t he ,

e x p l a n a to r y m et h od o f E g y p t i a n sy m b o l s t h a t C h a m p ol
l i o n a s k e d fo r i n hi s P r ee i s ; 2 S a l v o l i n i i n h i s A n a l y s i s
’

o f E g y t i a n te x ts a n d t h at L e s i u s e n d e a
p (p p .

v o r e d to fi n d i n t e n d i f fe r e n t p r i n c i p l es T h e seco n d .

w o u l d be to co n s i de r th e H eb r e w i f n o t e n t i r e l y a t , ,

l e a st i n a g r e a t m e a s u r e th e ex p r ess i o n o f p r i m i t i ve ,

sy m bo l o g y W e sh a l l ap p l y th i s p r i n c i p l e to t h e sy m
.

b o l i c co l o r s i n t h e t h i r d ch a p te r o f th i s ess a y F i n al ly .
,

t h e th i r d a n d m ost i m p o r t a n t r es u l t w o u l d be th e a p p l i ,

c a t i o n of th e p r i n c i p l e o f sy m bo l o g y to t h e m o st sy m
b o l i c o f a l l boo k s the B i b l e ,
.

It ap p e a r s e v i d e n t to u s th a t i f th e He b r e w ex p l ai n s ,

t h e sy m bo l s o f E gy p t a n d ex p l a i n s th ose e m b l e m s th a t ,

S tr o m a t l i b V p. 5 66 , e d S y lb u r g — In thi s p assa e , C em e n t
. . . . . g l
l
of A e x an d r i a se e ms t o a u d e t o the d ou b e m ea ni n ll o f wor ds, si n ce l g
the d i c t i o n ar i es tr a ns a te bfl l x n l
g b y (en i g ma ti c u s ser mo, a n d a l w y p s
g
b y a m b a es v er b or u m .

P r e c i s, p 3 3 8 an d 4 6 2—3 , 2 d e d i ti on
. .
 S Y M BOLO G Y . 17

w e r e th e s am e a m o n g al l th e n a t i o n s o f a n t i q u i ty , i t
sho u l d a l so co n t ai n t he ex p l a n at i o n o f th ose b i b li c a l
i m ag es th a t th e l e a r n ed L o w th a n d a l l ot he r Heb r e w
r a m m a r i a n s h a v e fa i l ed to i n te r r e t
g p .

In t h e fo u r th ch a p te r , w e sh al l g i ve d i r ect p r oo f th a t
th e s a c r e d w r i te r s u sed h o m o n y m i es , a n d co n fi r m o u r
ded u ct i o n s by th e tes t i m o n y o f Heb r a i sts .

I t i s n ecess ar y to a dd , i n th i s p l a ce , a fe w r e m a r k s o n
th e m a n n e r i n w h i c h w e sh al l p r oceed i n th ese r e
se a r c hes .

E gy p t i a n w r i t i n g n e gl ects th e vo w e l s a n d i s c o m ,

p l e te l
y i de n t i fied by t h i s fa ct w i th Heb r ew w ri ti n
g
w i th o u t v o w e l p o i n t s
-
S u ch i s t h e fi r st a n d g r e a tes t
.

d i sco ve r y o f C h a m p o l l i o n a d i scove r y o n w h i ch a l l
—

oth e r s a r e b sed a . In t h es
1
r e se a i c h e s e t h e p o i n ts i n ,

Heb r e w w r i t i n g c a n t h e r e fo r e be o f n o u se a n d ar e
, , ,

co n se q u e n t l y o m i tted B u t i t i s n o t a l o n e o n a cco u n t
.

o f th e i d e n t i ty b et w ee n He b r e w a n d E g y p t i a n w r i t
i n g th a t w e r e co g n i z e t h e n ec e ss i t y o f n e g l ect i n g t h e
vo w e l p o i n ts i n h o m o n y m i s Heb r a i sts te a c h u s t h e
-
e .

s a m e m e th od i n see k i n g fo r r oots s i n ce th ey de r i v e o n e ,

w o r d fr o m a n o th e r p r ese n t i n g th e s a m e l e tte r s w i th o u t
, ,

r e g a r d to d i ffe r e n ces o f p r o n u n c i a t i o n m a r k e d by vo w e l ,

p o i n ts , w h i c h m e tho d w e sh a l l e m l oy a s i t i s e m l oyed
p p
o n e ac h a e o f G e se n i u s d i ct i o n ar y
’

p g .

T h u s th e h o m o n y m y i s to b e est a b l i sh ed o n th e w r i t
,

t e n a n d n o t o n t h e p r o n o u n ced w o r d ; fo r t h i s I sh a l l
,

fu r th e r a pp e a l to th e te st i m o n y o f th e ce l eb r a ted He i n
si u s w h o i n i n te r r et i n a ss a e o f th e G os e l o f S t
, , p g a
p g p .

J oh n s a ys th a t th e s a c r ed w r i te r a l l u des to th e d o u b l e
,

m e a n i n g o f t h e S y r i a c w o r d Ba p c o b bel a n d Ba p c b l p r e a , o

n o u n c e d d i ffe r e n t l y b u t o f w h i c h th e l ette r s a r e t h
, e

sa m e . \V e sh a l l r ec u r to t h i s p a ss a g e i n th e a p p l i c a t l o n s
to th e Bi b l e ( ch a p i v ) . .

As th i s m et h od o f n e g l ect i n g th e p o i n ts m a y a p p e a r
a r b i t r a r y to so m e r e a d e r s i t i s n ece ssa r y to ex l a i n i t
, p .

At th e t i m e w h e n w r i t i n g w a s i n ve n ted a l l w o r d s ,

w r i tte n a h k e h a d p r o b a b l y t h e sa m e p r n u n c i a t i o n ; a t o

a l a te r e r io d r ev o l u t i o n s c c u n c d 11 l n
o
g u a es
g the 1 a
p , ,

d i ffer e n t si g n i fi c a t i o n s o f w 1 l w e r e d i st i n g u i h ed by
a o ! s

C ha m p o ll i o n P r c c i s ( 1a S y s/em e se c o n d e d i ti o n.
’

p 1 11
 SY M BOLO G Y . 19

l ife ; i t i s o n t h i s a cco u n t t h a t , w h e n i n a s i t ti n g p ost u r e ,

i t r e p r ese n ts th e t w o e q u i n o x es ( Ho r a p I , . . t h at i s ,

th e st a te o f e q u i l i b r i u m b et w ee n l i g h t a n d d a r k n ess ,

be t w ee n g ood a n d ev i l t r u th a n d e r r o r o r be t w ee n b r u t e
, ,

a n d m a n : t h e fu n e r a l r i t u a l r e r ese n ts th e a e sea ted o n

p p
t h e sc al e for j u d gi n g so u l s .

T h e a p e r e p r ese n ted so u l s t r a ve r s i n g t h e c i r c l e o f
u r i fi c a t i o n be fo r e e n te r i n t h e fi e l d o f t r u t h ; w h i c h we
p g
a l so l e a r n fr o m i t s H eb r e w n a m e mp a n A e a n d to o r m
, p , f
a i i l i
c r c l e , a c h eve a r evo u t on .

Th e ex p l a n a t i o n of t h i s m yt h beco m es e a sy th e l i tt l e
o n e th a t th e a e c a r r i es o n i t s b r e a st , th a t i t l oves a n d
p
k i l l s , r e p r ese n ts th ose g ood se n t i m e n ts , t h ose v i r t u o u s
a ct i o n s t h a t w e l o ve , t h a t co n sc i e n ce eve r r ese n ts to
p
o u r s i h t , a n d ye t w h i ch w e k i ll i n o u r h e a r ts ; t h e
g
yo u n g o n e th a t t h e ap e c a r r i es o n i t s b a c k , w h i c h i t
h ate s a n d n o u r i sh es , sy m b o l i z es th ose ev i l se n t i m e n ts ,
th ose p e r ve r se a ct i o n s , w h i c h w e sh o u l d eve r r e p e l ,
w h i c h i n o u r co n sc i e n ces w e h a te , a n d yet w h i ch w e
‘
ch e r sh , as i t w e r e , i n s p i t e o f o u r se v es
i l Th ese e x
.

l a n a t i o n s , t h o u h m o r e o r l ess r ob a b l e , I sh a l l n e l ect ,
p g p g
a s n o t n ecess ar i l y co n n ected w i th t h ese r ese ar ch es .

In co n c l u d i n g t hese p r e li m i n ar y ob se r v a t i o n s , I m u st
a dd , t h a t seve r al a tte m ts t o i n te r r e t th e E g y p t i an
p p
m o n u m e n ts by t h e Heb r e w , h a ve l e d t o n o sc i e n ti fi c
r es u l t , bec au se t h ey w e r e , d o u b t l ess , fo u n d ed o n t w o
c ap i t al e r r o r s : fi r s t , t h a t th e l a n g u ag e o f o ses w a s M
th a t o f th e P h a r a oh s a n d, se co n d l y , th a t t h e hi e r o gl y
hi c s fo r m ed a se r i es o f sy m bo l s
p .

T h e p r i n c i pl e o f E gy p t i a n sy m bo l o g y , l ai d d o w n b y
Ho r a p o l l o a n d t a u g h t by Z o e g a , i s r eco g n i z ed eve n b y
th ose a u th o r s w h o de p e n d o n t h e H e b r e w , as L a co u r o f
B o r d e a u x a n d J a n e l l i o f Na p l es ; i t w a s d es i r ed t o
m ak e a t ri p l e a p p l i c a t i o n o f i t , to th e Heb r e w , to
Ho r a p o l l o a n d t h e m o n u m e n t s , b u t I b e l i e ve i t h as
n eve r bee n a cco m l i sh ed
p .

S y m bo l o g y , be i n g th e m o st m yste r i o u s , m u s t h a ve
bee n th e l a st p a r t o f th e E g y p t i a n w r i t i n g s d i scove r ed
i t be i n g n ecess a r y to u n d e r st a n d th e E g y p t i a n l a n g u a g e
an d sys te m o f w r i t i n be f o r e be i n a b le t o e n e t r a te
g g p

l g l
S t P a u sa y s : F o r th e o o d t ha t I wo u d d o I d o n o t b u t the
.
“
,

l l
ev i wh i c h I wo u d n o t t ha t I d o
.
”
l
( Ep ist e to t he R o m a ns. v i i
. .
20 PR I N CI PL E OF SYMBOLO G Y .

th e s a n c t u ar y S c i e n ce h a d t o fo l l o w th e r o u te t a k e n
.

b y t h e E g y p t i a n i n i t i a tes . C l e m e n s A l e x a n d r i n u s s ay s
t h ey fi r st l e a r n e d e p i sto l o g r a p h i c w ri t i n g th e n h i e r
,

a r c h i c al ,a n d fi n a ll y
, , t h e h i e r o g l y p h i c co n t ai n i n g sy m
,

b o l o gy . It w a s i n th i s m a n n e r th a t t h e l a b o r s o f
S y l ve ste r d e S a cy a n d Ak e r b l a d w e r e fi r st d i r ected to
e p i sto l o g r ap h i c w ri ti n g t h a t a t a l a tte r p e ri od Ch am
, ,

p oll ion dec i p h e r ed t h e h i e r a r ch i c al an d h i e ro ly hi c

g p
w r i t i n g s a n d th a t i n o u r d a y w e h a ve to fi n d a g a i n th e
, ,

e l e m e n ts o f E g y p t i a n sy m b o l o g y Th e p r i n c i p l e be i n g
.

a l r e a d y k n o w n a n d a c k n o w l ed ed by s c i e n ce th e e n
g ,

l i g h t e n ed c r i t i c w i l l n o t o f co u 1 se r e fu se to a p p l y i t t o
, ,

hi e r o g l y p h i c l a n g u ag e a s S al v o l i n i h a s do n e a n d t o
, ,

th e H e b r e w a s I p r o p ose to d o i n t h i s e ssay
, .
 C HA PTER I I .

AP P I L C A T I ON T O E G YP T I AN SYM B O LS )

B EE .

T HE b e e w a s th e sy m bo l o f a n o bed i e t p eop l e bec a use

n , ,

s a ys Ho r a p o l l o , i t al o n e o f all
, a n i m al s h ad a k i n g ,

( Ho r a p . I .

C h a m p o l h o n g i ves to th e bee th e si g 11 1fi c a t i o n , lri ng

A a r ce l l X V II
f
o a n o b edi e n t eo l e
p p ( m m M . . .

T l l g
fa c i i ta te r e se a r c h t he sy m b o s a r e a r r a n e d i n a p h a b e ti c a
o ,
l l
o r de r . T he d l c t 1o n a r 1e s c i te d a r e fo r t he He b r e w t h o se o f Ge sen i u s,
, ,

1 8 3 3 ; Itosc n m u l l c r , V o ca b a p p e n d e d t o S 1 m o u s B i b e , Ha l e 1 8 2 2
.
'
l ,

l l l o se r G u o r m , a n d t he T hesa u r u s o f R ob er tso n
, fo r the C o p t i c , P e y
r o n s Ix -x i e n n
’
.

l l ll
No te — T he a p ha b e t i c a o r d e r , i t W i h e u n de r stood , a p p i e s to t he l
Fr e n c h .
22 APPL IC A T I O N To

T he A bydos t a b l et sh o w s n u m e r o u s e x am p l e s o f th e
u se o f th i s s i n a n d co n fi r m s th e m e a n i n a tt r i b u te d to i t
g , g .

-
Th e H eb r e w n a m e o f th e bee i s m i n 1 D B UR E
(G e

r m m DB R E
se n i u s
) ,o ( G u ar i n
) .

ur n D B R s i n i fi es to a dmi n i ster to t u t i n or der

g g over n
, o
p , ,

to a c t i k e a s w a r m o f bees
l 1
.

T h e s am e r oo t fi n ! D B R h as th e fu r t h e r m e a n i n g o f
"

d i sc ou r se wo r d i sdo m i i s a l so
, , sen te n c e
p r ec e t o
p , f w t
t he ve r b to sp ea k F i n a l l y th e n a m e o f t h e bee i n the
.

u r a l fe m i n i n e
-
p l m a n 1 D B R UT H s i g n i fies wo ds
, p r ece ts
p r ,

( G e se n i u s) .

T h e bee w a s th e sy m bo l o f r oya l ty an d o f sa c r ed i n
s i r a ti o n
p h
, o n ey r e r e se n ted i n i t i a ti o n a n d wi se di sc ou r ses
p ,

S
( y m b o l i c C o l o r s,
p
T h e b ee w a s co n sec r a ted to th e k i n g s o f E g y p t a n d ,

th ey w e r e des i g n a ted by i t o n t h e m o n u m e n ts n o t o n l y ,

o n a cco u n t o f th e r e l a t i o n th a t m i h t ex i st bet w ee n t h e
g
g ove rn m en t of t h at
p peo l e a n d bees b u t a l so bec a u se
, , ,

th e i r k i n g s w e r e i n i ti a tes a n d g ove r n ed by sa c r ed i n sp i r a
,

ti o n fo r t h e y w e r e p r i ests
, .

T h e E g y p t i a n s r e p r ese n ted the ma n who ha d n ever been

e ha l u s he a d o f a n a ss , Ho r a
o ut
of hi s c o u n tr b
y y the on a c
p ( ) (
p o l l o
Th e He b r e w l a n g u ag e fu r n i sh es th e e x p l a n a t i o n o f
th i s sy m bo l , s i n ce m y O I K , th e y? ou ng a ss, s i g n i fies a c i ty ,
a
p l (
a ce G e se n i u s
) .

Th e oth e r n a m e o f th e ass, H E MUR , o r H E MR nn n ,

i s fo r m ed o f t h e w o r d mar1 H E M E to su r r o u n d wi th a wa l l
-
.

a n d mai n HE UM E , th e wa l l sur r o u n d i ng a c i ty These .

He b r e w sy n o n y m s , r e p r od u c i n g th e s a m e h o m o n y m s ,
de m o n st ra te th e t r u t h o f o u r th e o r y .

Th e ass w a s co n sec r a te d to Ty p h o n , th e g e n i u s o f

T hi s i n se c t, sa ys M oser was c a l l ed
,
—
T i n 1 o n a cco u n t of i ts ad mi ra
g
b l e ov er n m en t , we a r e r a t h e 1
“

o f t h e O p i n i on t ha t t h e ar t o f g o ve r n i n g
b or r owed i tsn a m e fr o m the b ee .
( B oc har t Hi er oz I I
,
.
 E GYP T I A N S YMBOLS . 23

evil ,p ese n te d by I u sse t co l o r ( S y m b ol i c C o l m s

re r
p , .

a n d th e na m e o f th e a ss a m HE N K s i n i fies to b l u sh
g ,

to b e i nfla m ed ; th e r oo t o f th i s w o r d i s on h m ( Ha m )
1
e ,

an E y ti a n r o e r n a m e a c c m d i n g t o th e Heb r e w a n d
g p p p
t h e m o n u m e n ts ( S e e a r t i c l e c r o c d i l ) Ac c o 1 di n g to P l u o e .

t a r ch th i s n a m e a l so s i g n i fied bl c k n ess a n d hea t c an HE UM

,
a ,

s1 n i fie s bl a c k ( P l u t a r c h D e Isid G e se n i u s ; i t fo r m s t h e
)
g .

w o r d c a n HE M S vi o l en c e i nj u y r a p i e , ,
r , n .

T h e a ss w as th e sy m b o l o f i g n o ra n ce u n i ted to w i c k
e d n e ss o r ood n ess : u n i 1 H E MR t h e b r o w n a ss r e r es e n t
-
g p , .

ed v i c i o u s i g n o r an ce ; t h e wh i te fema l e a ss (J u d v . .

w a s t h e e m b l e m o f 1g n 0 1 a n c e u n i t ed to g ood n ess a n d
c an do r m m , .

Th i s g oo d o r b ad i g n o ran ce w as th a t o f th e p r o fan e .

Th e a ss r e p r e se n ted th e st u p i d p eo p l e o f E g y p t can ,

Ha m wh o m a te r i al l y n eve r l e ft th e l i m i ts o f th e i r
, , ,

h o r des a n d m o r al l y i m p r i so n ed i n t h e bo n ds o f e r r o r
, ,

an d r ej u d i ce n eve r a c u i r ed a k n o w l ed e o f t h e m s
p q , g y
t e r i e s r eve a l e d l n th e i n i t i a t i o n .

T h e w h i te sh e ass r e p r ese n ted m a n n o t ye t p o sses sed

-
,

o f s i r i t u al k n o w l ed e b u t c a a b l e o f a cq u i r i n i t t h
p g p ,g ; e

sto r y o f Al p u l é e d eve l o p s th i s m yth i n a m ost i n g e n i o u s

m a n n e r ; m a n w h ose a ffec t i o n s a n d i de a s a r e st r o n g l y
,

bo u n d u p i n m a te r i a l l i fe i s m et a m o r p h o sed u n d e r th e ,

fi g u r e o f a n a ss ; h e t r a ve l s fo r a c o n 3 1de r a b l p e n ed e .

a r1 e
1 1 i n E g y p t w h e r e h e r ecov r s t h e h u m a n fo r m by
s ,
e

n u t i ti o n a T h e a ss o f S i l e n u s t h a t c a r 1 i ed th e beve r ag e
.
,

o f e t e r a l y o u th ch a n ed i t fo r a fe w m o u t h fu l s o f w a te r
n
g .
,

( N e l l ) 1 e t de l a F a b l e ) e m b l e m a t i c a l o f th e p r o fan e
o , .
, ,

r fe r r i n th e k o w l ed e f th e w o r l d to t h o se s r i n s
p e
g n
g o
p g
O ' 11 v 1 n
g w a te r th a t n eve r d r
y pu

M Le n o r m an t i n h i s r ese a r ch es o n Ho r ap o l l o sa y s
.

.
, ,

th b o o k o f th a t h i er og r a m m t h a s ev i de n t m a r k s o f i n t e r
e a

p o l a ti o n an d t h a t t ,h e o n a c p h a l s i s a n i n ven ti n o f e u o

t l 3 G ee k t r a n s l a to r P h i l i e s I k s ys
f
r '
a
pp P r u 1 0 o a no ,

h e a d ha s n o t b e e n j b u n d a m o ng th e h i er og l yp h i c s
’
h t, We u ss s

bu t r .
! Na n tr a ve l er s ! m en T t d l C U/Cfl i n th a t c o u n tr y fo r
n e ver 4 i d i t e vi d en tla” su c h i d ea s
u l te a r e a s c o n tr a r
q y y
o the s i r i t (f A n c i e n t E
ne
p /m e t p .
g yp t .
( L e n o r m a n t,

R e c h e 1 c h e s su r Ho r ap o l l o ) .

In l ik e m a n n e r Hm t he as s a n d be in fl '
a ne t -
i

h ea t o
f an g e r , a n d a n ene m
y ( G c sc n i us) .
24 APPL IC A T I O N T O

In fa ct , t h e E g y p t i a n s h a d th e g r e a test h o r r o r o f s tr an
g e r s , as t h e h i e r o g l y h i cs i n co n test a b l y p r o ve

S al v oli n i , C a m p de R a m ses, p 1 5 ; a n d C h a m p o ll i o n ,
. .

Egy p t G r a m m a r , p
. . B u t Ho r a p o l l o does n o t sa y
t h a t th e o n a c e p h al u s w as t h e sy m bo l o f a m an w h o h a d
n eve r bee n o u t o f E gy p t , b u t o f o n e w h o h ad n eve r
q u i tted h i s n a ti ve c ou n tr y, h i s ci ty o r hi s r e si de n ce .

i n d ece n c y T ij s n a r g l do s per) drt o dnpt rfa a u r a

‘
.

If th e ass s h e a d h a d n o t yet b ee n r eco g n i ze d a m o n g

’

th e h i e r o g l y p h i cs , th a t a n i m al w o u l d b e fo u n d i n t h e
Heb r e w w i t h t h e s i g n i fi c a t i o n a ss i g n ed t o i t by H ar a
p o l l o , a n d i n o u r syste m t h i s
p r oo f w o u l d be a co n v i n o

i n g o n e ; b u t t h e fi g u r e o f t h e a ss w a s st am p ed o n th e
c ak es o ffe r ed t o Ty p h o n , th e g e n i u s o f ev i l a n d d ar k n e ss
fi n al l y , th i s a n i m al i n th e h i e r o gl y p h i c s i s o n e of t h e
fo r m s o f S e t h o r Ty p h o n , o f w h i ch C h a m p o l l i o n g i ve s u s
a d ra w i n g a t 1 2 0 o f h i s G r am m a r
p . .

Ty p h o n w as so m et i m es r e p r ese n te d wi th a n a ss s h e a d, ’

a s t h e fo l l o w i n v i n e t te , e n g r a ved afte r t h e m an u sc ri p t
g g

W EPBHB

of L e y d e , p u b l i sh ed by L ee m a n s , p r o v e s T hi s .
l
ar

so n ag e , b e ar i n o n h i s b r e a st th e n a m e o f S a on
g
e

th e l e g e n d t h a t o f th e a ss 1 m a p p e ar s ti as to b e . re

l a t e d to t h e on a c ep ha l u s o f H o r a p o ll o

MO UT H
0 o .
=a
11 Q

In th e h i e r o gl y p hi c te x t s , th e m o u t h i s th e d e te r m i n

Leem an s, Le y de
’
s g
E yp t i an M onum en ts p , . 15 an d 16 an d Le tte r
to S a l v ol i n i , p 5
. .
 E GYP T I AN S YM B OL S . 25

a t1 ve sy m b o l o f door ( E g y p t i a n G r a m m ar p 8 0 an d
an d , .

i t a l so de si g n a t e s t h e i d e a o f p a r t p or t i on fr a c ti o n , ,

a n d th a t o f c h p ter ( Id e m p
a , .

T h e Heb r e w w o r d n ; P E s i g n i fi es mo u th door a p a r t , , ,

a p i o r t on .

An d w e fi n d i n Co p t i c P0 m ou th
, , door , c hap ter , p or ti o n
?\ b m ou th , d oo r .

B UN C H O F R EE D S .

C h a m p o l l i o n s ay s i n hi s G r a m m a r ( p
, t h at t h e .

n a m es of w o m en , e x c e
p t th o se ( E
f g yp t i a n
q u ee n s, a r e ter m i n

a ted or a cc o m a n i e d b
p y a bu n ch (
y fl o we r s .

T h e b o u q u et i s fo r m ed o f th e fl o w e r s o f th e p a p y r u s ;
fl ax A B E , t h e a vus, th e r ee d , fo r m s t h e w o r d ru n s A E B B
p py
the wo ma n l o ved z fl x A E B , l ove ,
.

Th e b u n ch o f p a p y r u s i s a l so t h e g e n e r i c d e te r m i n
a t i ve o f a l l t h e n a m es o f a n ts h er b s, a n d fl o wer s E
p l ( g yp,

t i an G r am m a r , p .

: s AB , r een th i n s, r a ss, i s t h e r oot o f h a s A B E , th e

g g g
r us
p pya .

G OA T .

Th e g o a t w as th e sy m b o l o f Sh a r
p he ar ni g ( Il o ra ol
p .
,

II .

1: oz
g , a oa t, a n d c c o rd in
31 s g t o C a e
A Z N, a n ea r : a s

n i u s th e l et t e r s : 0 a n d x A a e
, ft n ,
fo u n ded i n He
, l o e con

b r e w ; th a t ce l b r t e d l Ie b i a i st p a r t i c u l r l y p i n t o u t
e a
-
a o s

t h e r o o t 3 : O Z N a s n e ce ss r i l y th e sa m
1
, a s 31 1: A Z N
a
( L ex e .

p . C o n u l t th a r t i c l e Ea r
s e .

S TO RK .

T he Eg y p t i a n s r e p r e se n t e d fi l i a l p i e ty by a st o r k ;
be c a u se ,sa y s l l o r a
p o l lo
‘

a l tw , h a v m g b e e n fe d b y i ts
 E GYP T I A N S Y MBOLS . 27

a ny O R B , so th e n a m e o f th e sett i n g su n an d t h e
is al

sh a do w o f d a r k n ess ; i n E g y p t i a n cos m o g o n y n i g h t w a s ,

t h e m oth e r of th e w o r l d o n w h i ch a cco u n t m a r r i ag e w a s
,

ce l eb r a ted a m o n g th e At h e n i an s d u r i n g t h e n i g h t ( S y m
b o l i c Co l o r s p ,
.

A m a n w h o h ad l i ved to a s u ffi ci e n t ag e w a s r e p r e ,

se n ted by a de a d r oo k ; th i s b i r d a d ds Ho r a p o ll o l i ves , ,

a h u n d r e d ye ar s II Th e n am e of t h e r o o k my
( .
,

ORB , d es i g n a tes s u n set sy m b o l o f t h e n a t u r al e n d o f

,

e ve r y p e r i od Th e d e a d r oo k w as th e su n h a v i ng set
. .

H OR NS .

O n t h e m o n u m e n ts , th e h o r n s ar e th e s i g n o f th e i de a ,
to b e r a d ia n t , r efu lg en t , to sh i n e , b ec a u se s a ys C h a m p o l l i o n
, ,

the E a ste r n p eo p l e fo u n d a m a r k e d a n a l o g y bet w ee n t h e

h o r n s a n d th e r a ys o f th e su n ( E g y p t G r a m , p 3 5 9 a n d . . .

In w r i t i n g th ose l i n es h e h a d , d o u b t l ess , i n m i n d
t h e si g n i fic ati o n s o f th e Heb r e w w o r d mp Q R N , w h i ch “

s i g n i fies a b or n to b e r a d i a n t, r esp l en den t , to shi n e ; fo r t h e

,

Co p t i c w o r d a h o r n d oes n o t s i n i fy t o sh i n e , a n d
, g
the m “ s i g n i fies to to
wa d
e /
h i de , c over . an d a b or n .

MANG E R .

T h e h i e r o gl y p h i c n a m e o f th e c i ty o f T hebes h as a ,

q u ar te r c i r c l e fo r a dete r m i n a t i ve sy m bo l o f w h i c h th e ,

c u r ved p a r t i s p r ese n ted i n a co n t r a r y d i r e ct i o n to t h e

w ri ti n g . T h e e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s sy m bo l h a d l o n g bee n
so u h t w h e n a t l a st th e flo t i l l a o n bo a r d o f w h i c h w a s
g , ,

C h a m p o l l i o n s sc i e n t i fi c ex p ed i t i o n s a i li n g to w a r d Nu
’
,

b i a p e r ce i ved o n sh o r e a r o w o f h i g h m a n g e r s fo r m ed o f
, ,

t w i s t ed st r a w a n d r i ve r m u d a s i d e v i e w o f w h i c h p r e
-
,

se n ted th e h a l f c i r c l e o f th e T h e b a n sy m bo l T hese .

m a n g e r s w e r e i n te n d ed fo r l a r g e h e r d s o f c a tt l e I t was .

the n r eco l l ected th a t i n fu l ly d eve l o p e d texts the r e

, ,

wa s o fte n see n a b u l l p l a ced be fo r e t h e sy m bo l o f t h e

.
28 A PP L IC A T I O N T O

ci ty o f T h ebes A m a n g e r w a s h e n ce fo r th r eco g n i ze d
.

i n th i s sy m bo l a n ev i de n ce o f t h e s i m p l i c i ty th a t h ad
,

r es i ded a t t h e fi r st r a h i c co m b i n a t i o n s o f th e E
p g p g y p
t i a n s ( Le n o r m a n t R ese a r ch es o n Ho ra p p
.
”
, .
, .

Th ebes w a s th e c i ty co n sec r a ted to A m o n th e g o d o f ,

l i g h t t h e di vi n e w o r d ( S y m b ol i c C o l o r s 7 0
, th e ,

Heb r e w n a m e o f Th ebes i s Am on nu s m ; th e m a n g e r ,
“

w a s co n sec r a te d t o A m o n R a t h e g o d l i g h t b ec a u se t h e -
,
—
.

n a m e o f th e m a n e r w a s a t t h e s a m e t i m e th a t o f l i ht
g g .

m am A UR UT H o r ri m s A R UUT H , a ma n g er a
. , sta bl e , i s
th e fe m i n i n e p l u r al o f m m , AU R E , l i g ht, was, AUR t h e ,

su n , l i ht , r evel a ti o n
g

C RO C O D I L E .

P l u t a r ch s ays th a t t h e c r o cod i l e w a s co n sec r a ted to

Ty p h o n ( Is a n d O si r c ap L )
. . .
, . .

Acco r d i n g to D i o do r o s o f S i c i l y t h i s a n i m a l ex p r essed ,

i n th e h i e r o g l y p h i cs a l l k i n ds o f m al i ce ,
f w i c k ed n ess , o

( II .I 4 ,p 1 7
. 6 W esse l ,s ’

Ho r a p o ll o t t r i b tes th e s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f r a p a c i ty
a u ,

fu r y t o i t ( I i t a l so des i g n a tes th e w e s t ( I
'

. .
,

t h e c r ocod i l e s t ai l w as th e sy m bol o f d a r k n ess ( I

’
.

i ts eyes r e p r ese n te d t h e e a st ( I .

T h e n a m e o f t he c r o cod i l e a p p e a r s t o m e to h a ve bee n
m n HE M T a w o r d t r a n s l a ted i n th e S e p t u a g i n t ve r s i o n
a , ,

by fig a n d by t h e l ex i co g r ap h e r s l i z a r d ; th i s n a m e
oa a , ,

d es i g n a tes the e n t i r e s u r i a n fa m i l y an d es p ec i a ll y th e
a , , ,

E g y p t i a n c r ocod i l e I n E g y p t th e s am e w o r d d e si g
.
,

n a t e d th e l i z a r d a n d c r ocod i l e ; fo r Ho r a o l l o s a ys th a t
p
t h e c r ocod i l e w as t he sy m bo l o f fec u n d i ty ( I t he .

i d e a r e p r ese n ted o n th e m o n u m e n ts by th e l i z a r d .

( C h am p G r a m p p
. .
, .

The w o r d n HE M T r oc odi l e o r l i a r d i s fo r m ed by
roa , c , z ,

th e r oo t DH HE M d v i n g h t m n HE M E i n ca n d sc
, e ou r ea ,
a , e en ce ,

f y p
u r, oi so n Th e. w o r ds f o r m ed by t h i s r o o t
g i ve t h e
h i sto r y o f th e m y t h o f Ty p h o n g e n i u s o f ev i l sy m bo l , ,

i z e d a cco r d i n g to P l u t a r c h by t he c r ocod i l e
, ,
.

An d a t fi r st w e fi n d t h e n a m e o f th e a ss al so co u s e
, ,

c r a ted to Ty p h o n r oan H E MUR o r H E MR t h e

“
ss , , a .
 E G YP T I AN S Y M BOLS . 29

Th e n a m e o f th e r u sset co l o r a tt r i b u ted to Ty p h o n
y bo c Co o rs c an HE UM
( S m l i l 2 5 7 ) i s , b l a c k c ol r b u r nt , o ,

c o l or ; m ” H E MUT S o r
’ n H E MT S th e r ed t h e a wn
l v , t y
a , , ,

th e op p r essor th e vi l e n t ( see Ar t R u sset C o l or )

,
o . .

Th e w o r d b a h H MS s i g n i fies vi ol en c e i nj u r y r ap i n e a n d , , ,

a n s w e r s to t h e si n i fi c a t i o n s i ve n to t h e c r ocod i l e by
g g
Ho r ap ol l o a n d to th e E gyp t i an n am e o f th e a n i m a l
,

MS H h on .
1

Th e m e an i n g h e r e gi ve n to i t by th e E g y p t i an H i e r o
r a m m a t a n d Heb r e w h o m o n y m i e s i s co n fi r m e d by th e
g ,

m o n u m e n ts O n e o f th e ch a p te r s i n th e F u n e r e a l R i t u a l
.

r e l a tes to t h e co m b a t bet w ee n t h e d ece a sed a n d th e

c r ocod i l e — th a t i s ag a i n st h i s b a d p a ss i o n s ; h e k i l l s i t
,

w i th th e Hoop o e h e a d ed sce p t r e t h e k n o w n e m b l e m ,

o f v i r t u o u s a ffe ct i o n s .

I n th e L ev i t i c al a s i n t h e E g y p t i a n r e l i g i o n
, the ,

c r ocod i l e zm n HE M T i s a n u n c l e a n a n i m al
, , .

Ho r a p o l l o a d ds t h a t th e c r ocod i l e w a s th e sy m b o l o f
fec u n d i ty ( I a n d t h e w o r d o n HE M r ese n ts th e
.

p
i de a s o f r e l a t i o n sh i p m a r r i ag e ; a cco r d i n g to G e se n i u s
, ,

the G r ee k w o r d y i/ m a r r i ag e i s de r i v ed fr o m a n ; w e
et t o g, ,

h a ve j u st r e m a r k ed th a t o n t h e m o n u m e n ts th e l i z ar d , ,

w a s t h e sy m b o l o f fe c u n d i ty .

Acco r d i n g t o C l e m e n t o f A l ex a n d r i a ( S t r o m at V . .

th e c r o cod i l e r e p r ese n te d t i m e ; t h e E g y p t i a n S a t u r n
w o r e a s a h e a d p i ece a c r ocod i l e s h e a d a n d t he w o r d
’
-
, , ,

3 73 7 ! H E MQ s i g n i fies to ma k e a c i r cl e to tu r n a r n d ; t h i s w o r d
, , ou

r e l a tes to t h e co u r se o f t h e su n s i n ce man HE M E si g n i ,

fies su n a n d i n Heb r e w th e p r o p e r n a m e o f ti me si g n i
, ,

fi es t tu r n 13 s A P N a n d fo r m s j 5 m A UP N a wheel ( G ese
o , , ,
~

n i us

b
A c o r d i n g to Ch a m p o l l i o n th e l i z a r d w a s co n sec r a ted ,

t o B o u to d i v i n i ty o f p r i m a l d a r k n ess ( No t i ce o f th e
Mu se u m C h a r l es X p
,

a cc o r d i n g t o Ho r a o l l o
.
,
p .
,

th e c r ocod i l e s t a i l w a s th e sy m b o l o f d a r k n es s ( I
’
.

a n d th e w o r d o m HE UM s i n i fi e s th e b l a c k c o l r th e
g o ,

c o l o r o f d a r k n ess .

Th e n a m e o f E g y p t a cco r d i n g to P l u ta r ch ( De Is ,
. .

In the C o p ti c we fi n d g ai n “ C5 c r o co rl rl u s, M B O T E od u
‘

6
‘
a

ha bc r e .
— Eu Y PT . G ru n t p , . 3 84 .
30 APPL IC A T I ON TO

an d s i g n i fied HE M hea t a n d
bl a c k n ess an d hea t ; on , ,

HE UM bl k n ss a r e a s am e r oot fo r m i n g th e n a m e o f
, ac e ,

t h e c r ocod i l e c a n HE M T ; th e n a m e o f E gy p t p r ese r ved i n

th e B i b l e i s i n fa ct a n HE M a n d th i s w o r d i s i n sc r i bed ,

o n th e o be l i s k a t P a r i s by th e c r c od i l e s ta i l a n d th e
’
o

i h o n et i c al l y fo r m i n th e w o rd on HEM
l
n
y ct c or a x
p , g .

T h e s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f t h e n a m e o f E g y p t i s a l so fo u n d
i n t h e Co p t i c Kb u e b l ck ( C h a m p G r a m p a . .
, .

W hy d i d th e E g y p t i a n s g i ve th e i r co u n t r y a r e p r o
b a ted n am e co m p ose d o f th e C r oc od i l e sy m bo l o f d ar k
, ,

n ess a n d th e Ny ct i co r a x sy m bo l o f de a t h
, ( Hor ap ol I
, . .
,

7 0 II, .
, T h e a n s w e r i s c l e ar ; E g y p t h a d th r ee
n a m es ; o n e sy m bo l i z ed by th e l i l y des i g n a ted U p p e r
, ,

E g y p t ; th e o th e r r e p r ese n ted by th e p a p y r u s L o w e r
, ,

E g y p t T h ese t w o n a m e s an s w e r to th e Heb r e w w o r d s
.

bfi nb P T H R US Up p r E g y p t an d mm: MT S UR L wer
, e ,
“

, o

E g y p t ; t h e fi r st i n d i c a ted th e r e g i o n o f ex p o u n de r s a n d
r e l i i o n ; t h e seco n d th e l a n d o f a r i c u l t u r e a n d c i v i l i z a
g g ,

t i o n a s ex p l a i n e d u n de r th e a r t i c l e l i l y ( co n s u l t t h e Ar t
, .

Vu l t u r e) .

Th e th i r d n a m e a n H E M o r H AM de si g n a te d th e
, , ,

r o fa n e de ad m en c r o u ch i n i n th e d ar k n e ss o f
p o r , g
i g n o r a n ce Vi de Ar t Ass) . .

Ho r u s t h e g o d o f l i g h t i s so m et i m es r e p r e se n ted
, ,

u n de r t h e fo r m o f a c r ocod i l e w i th a h a w k s h e a d su r
’
,

m o u n ted w i t h h o r n s a n d th e so l ar d i s k ( C h a m p G r a m
, . .
,

T h i s co n fi r m s t h e a sse r t i o n o f Ho r a o l l o t h a t
p .
p ,

th e c r o cod i l e s eyes r e p r ese n ted l i gh t an d h i s tai l d ar k

’
,

n ess ( I 6 8 .
,

T h e B i b l e s a ys : T he a nc i en t a n d hon or a b l e he i s the ,

hea d ; a n d the ro het tha t tea che th l i es, he i s the ta i l

p p .

( Is ai a h i x , .

FI NG E R .

”
A fi ng er desi g n a tes the sto ma c h o f ma n ( Ho r ap I I . .

”
Th i s , s ays L e n or m a n t , “
i s w h a t w e fi n d i n t h e L a ti n

S al v ol i n i , T r a n s o f O b e i sk p . l , . 16 Ak er b l ad Letter ,
to M De .

S ac y , p 3 7 G ese n i u s, v e r b o o n
. .
,
 E G YP T I AN SYMBOLS . 31

an d F r e n ch ve r s i o n s o f Ho r ap o l l o b u t th e G r ee k a u th o r
w a s far fr o m h a v i n g so b u r l esq u e a n d i n e x p l i c a b l e a
th o u g h t ; h e s i m p l y m a d e u se o f a L a t i n ex p r ess i o n , n o t
u n de r st ood b y h i s t r a n s l a to r s ; a r e a xo o , i n
n P h i li pp e ’
s
t r a n s l a t i o n m e a n s , a s i n L a t i n , a ng er T he fing er , s ay s
, .

h e i n di ca tes the a ng er of m a n , i t i s t h e fi ng er (y G o d i n
'

t h e sc r i p t u r es I t h i n k th a t t h e u se o f th i s s i g n i s fre
.

u e n t l y fo u n d i n t h e h i e r o l y h i c te x ts ; b u t I h a ve n o t
q g p
”
su tfi c i e n t s a ce to e l a bo r a te m
p y op i n i o n ( L e nor m a n t ,

R ese r ch o n Ho r p p
a u , .

T he Heb r e w w o r d sz xs AT S B O, s i g n i fies a fi ng er a n d , ,

m et a p h o i c al l y p wr , o er , c ou r a
g b
e
( G u a ri n G e se ,
)
ni u s ;

:1“
1 a "
3 2m ther e r s th e
/ i ng e r (
y God .

WA TE R .

In E g y p t i a n cos m o g o n y
th e fi r st b oo k o f M o ses , as in ,

th e w o r l d w a s c r e a ted fr o m th e body o f w a te r s Th i s .

d oc t ri n e s ays C h a m p o l li o n w a s p r o fe ssed i n E g y p t i n
, ,

th e m ost d i s ta n t t i m es ( P a n t h eo n Eg y p t i e n C n o u p hi s ,

Ni l u s) W a te r w a s th e m other of the wo r l d th e m a t i x o f
.
, r

a l l c r e a ted be i n s n d th e w o r d 3 c m MS C H B R s i n i fies
"
1
g a , g
m a tr i x an d wa ves, c a n n on

M
.

an co n s i d e r ed a s a n i m ag e o f th e w o r l d t h e
w as ,

i n i t i a te w a s to b e b o r n a g a i n t o a n e w l i fe a n d th e b a p ,

t i sm th e n ce fo r w a r d sy m bo l i z ed th e r i m ev a l w a te r s ; i t
p
w a s o n th i s a cco u n t th a t th e i n i t i a t e w a s c a l l ed Hu m
MS CHE Moses a w o r d s i g n i fy i n g i n E g y p t i a n a cco r d i n g
, , ,

to J ose p h u s ( A n t i q I I 9 sa ved r o m th wa te r o r by
f
.
, .
, e

th e w a te r des i g n a ted i n H eb r e w by n n u m MS C H H E E
, ,

a c t i n a n d m m M SCHE to sa ve
u o , .

In exte n d i n g th e se p h i l o l o g i c a l r e se a r ch es i t w o u l d b e ,

e a sy to p e r ce 1ve th a t th e w o r d R ama ma tr i x a n d wa ve i s , ,

co m p osed o f th a t o f th e i n i t i a te me n a n d th e n a m e eve n
o f c r e a t i o n m : B il /1 1 c r ea ted th e fi r st w o r d o f G e n es i s ;
, 1 1: ,

m o r eov e r : B B si g n i fi es
,
a o n a c hi l d a n d
p ur i /
y bec a u se
a s , , ,

th e cos m o g o n y bec a m e t h e sy m bo l o f s p i r i t u a l b i r t h o r
n e r a t h n ; a cco r d i n H I
ra o l l o
( a ter w a s
’

re
g e i
g t o o
p w .

th e sy m bo l o f p u i t a n d d e i n a ted th e b i r t h o f th e
y g r ,
s

u r e o r i n i ti a t e s a s w e sh a l l sh o w i n t h e a r t i c l e D e w
p , .
 APPL I C AT IO N T l)
“

HAW K .

NT S h a wk , fo r m s t h e w o r d 1 3 3 N T S H E , eter n i t
the
y : ,
y ,

s l en do r
p A. cco r di n
g to H o r a o l l o , th i s b i r d , o n a cco u n t
p
o f i ts l o n l i fe sy m b o l i z ed di vi n i t a s w e l l a s the su n ,
g , y
u
p o n w h i c h h e ste a d i l y
g az ed
( H o r a
p I O n the . .

m o n u m e n ts th e h a w k i s t he s i g n o f t h e i de a G od ( Ch a m p .

G r a m E gy p t , p
. .

It r e p r ese n ted subl i mi ty a n d h u mi l i ty, a dds th e Eg y p t i a n

p h i l o l o g i st , bec a u se i t fl i e s i n a st r a i h t l i n e , u
g p a nd

d o w n , r m N T S B , to j ly ( G e se n i u s) .

It w as th e sy m b o l o f b l ood , bec a u se i t d r an k n o w a te r ,
b u t b l ood o f vi c tor y bec a u se i t ove r c a m e a ll oth e r b i r ds
,

( H o ra ol
p I . 6 , . fi x : N T S B , to d r a w the swor d , to d e

va sta te b w a r ; h as N T S H E to va n u i sh
y q .

Ho r ap o l l o fu r th e r s ay s th a t th e h a w k , s p r e a d i n g h i s
w i n g s i n t h e a i r , r e p r ese n ted th e wi n d , a s th o u g h t h e
w i n d h a d w i n g s ( Ho r a p II . .

W e d i scove r fr o m th i s p a ss a g e t h a t th e h a w k a n d
w i n g , o r th e ac t o f fly i n g , w e r e sy n o n y m s i n th e s a c r ed
l a n g u a g e o f E g y p t ; w h i ch w e a r e al so gi ve n t o u n de r
st a n d b y D i odo ro s o f S i c i l y , w h e n h e s ay s th a t t h i s b i r d
r e r ese n te d e ve r yth i n do n e w i th ce l e r i ty , b ec au se h e
p g
s u r p assed a l l othe r s i n th e r a p i d i ty o f h i s fl i g h t ( D i o d .

S i c u l I I I 4 , p 1 4 5 ed R h o d u m )
. . .
, . .

” e h a wk , fo r m s fi x: N T S B , to ” ”
V N T S t h ,
fly V , N U T SE,

wi n g , fea ther y u NU T S , to fly , to fly a wa y ( G e se n i u s) ( V i de
'

M
.
,

E ss a y o n H i e r o g l y p h i cs by L a co u r , p x xx )
. . .

FA C E .

M L ep s i s sh o w s
. u , to R o se l l i n i ( An n al es
i n h i s l ette r ,

IX . 77 et t h a t the n am e o f th e n ose i n th e s a cr e d ,

di al ect , w a s W T a w o r d o f w h i ch n o t r a ce i s to b e
‘

QS‘ '
 Y P T IAN SY M BOLS . 33

fo u n d i n th e Co p t i c ; i ts dete r m i n a t i ve is t h e figure of a

ca l Ps s n o u t .

T h e n o se a n d i ts n a m e a r e e m p l oyed i n th e s a c r ed
w r i t i n g s w i th t h e s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f r esi d i n g i n
, .
1

I n th e s a c r ed t o n g u e t h e n a m e o f t he n ose o r r a th e r
, , , ,

t h a t o f th e fa c e a s p r o ved by a v a r i a n t w h i ch w e g i ve
, ,

h e r e a cco r d i n g to t h e E g y p t i a n g r a m m a r ( p
, m u st .
,

co n se qu e n t l y ex p r ess th e i de a r esi di ng i n
, , .

Th e E g y p t i a n n a m e ( IN T t r a n sc r i bed i n Heb r e w .

ch ar a ct e r s g i ves th e w o r d N B P N T H o r P H NT H t h e r oot
, , ,

o f w h i ch w e fi n d a g ai n i n th e H eb r e w w o r d n u s P N IM ,

si n i f i n g fa ce c o u n ten a n c e fa c i es v u l t u s a n d a t th e s a m e
g y , , , ,

t i m e W h a t i s i n t r i o r wi th i n i n t u s i n t r o ( R o se n m ii l le r )
e , , ,

m ns: the i n ter i or i n te r i o r ( G e se n i u s)

a
, .

T h e n a m e o f th e n ose 1 n Heb r e w as AP co m es a c , ,

co r d i n g to G e se n i u s fr o m was A NP the f c e to r esp i r e by

, , a ,

the n o se a r oot w h i ch w e l i k e w i se fi n d i n m m P NI M fl t c e
, ,

c o u n ten a n ce .

Th e d i fle r e n t m e m be r s o f th e or b u l l o r c a lf ar e u sed
'

, ,

i n t h e E gy p t i a n g r a m m a r a s d ete r m i n a t i ves to de n ote ,

t h ose m e m be r i n g e n e r a l ; n o t i ced by C h a m p o l l i o n i n
s

h i s g r am m a r a n d S a l v o l i n i C a m p a g n e d e R h a m se s 90
, , , .

Is t h i s th e r e a so n th a t t h e h u l l w a s t h e sy m b o l o f p o w e r
( see A r t B ull.
) a n d t h at co n se u e n t l y
.
q th e e a r o f th a t , ,

n i m al de n o t ed st r en th o h ea r i n a s the n ose the

a
g f g p owe , r

f
o b e i n g wi thi n or
f r esi di n g
o

B E AN .

H e r od o t u s r e l a tes t h a t a m o n g th e E g y p t i a n s th e be a n
w a s co n s i d e r ed a n 1 m p u r e ve g t a b l e ; t h e p r i ests co u l d e

n o t eve n be a r th e s i h t o f i t E l i b I I
g ( u te r
p ca
p . . .
, .

Th e a ve r s i o n o f th e P yth a g o r e a n d i sc i p l es fo r t h i s sy m
b o l o f u n c l e a n th i n g s i s a l so k n o w n .

Th e H eb r e w O x p l a i n s th i s h o r r o r o f t h e be a n ; th e
n a m e o f th e ve et a b l e i s th e s a m e a s th a t o f th e n o m a d i c
g
eo
p p l e w ,h o we r a n a bo m i n a t i o n i n the si g h t o f t h e
e

E gy p t i a n s In G e n es i s J ose p h s a ys to h i s b r et h r e n
.
2
,

Le p si u s An n a e s I
,
l ,
X
7 7 e t se q ; S a l vo l i n i , A n a y si s, p 22 9
. l . .

“
l
T he o n y d i ffe r e n c e i s t h a t b e a n i s i n t h e fe m i n i n e , an d n omad l c
l
p p e i n t he m a sc u i n e g e nd e r
eo l .

4
2
:
 E G Y P T I A N S YM B O L S . 35

W a s i t n ot th e i n te n t i o n o f t h e E g y p t i an p r i es ts th u s
to ex p r ess th a t m a n sy m bo l i z ed b y t he b u l l o n l y he , ,

c a m e co n t i n e n t w h e n ch ai n e d by m a r r i a g e r e p r e se n ted ,

by th e fi g t r ee ? -

NO E gy p t i a n m o n u m e n t a t l e a st n o n e t h a t I k n o w ,

o f r e p r ese n ts a b u l l ti e d to a fi t I t i s r o b a b l e th a t
g r ee
p
-
.
,

th i s p a ss ag e o f Hor a p o l l o r e l a t es t o a p r ove r b o r p o p a
l a r s a y i n g bo r r o w ed fr o m th e s a c r ed to n g u e .

ANT .

T h e E g y p t i a n s r e p r ese n ted k n owl edg e o r i n tel l ig en c e ,

y m b
'

by
a t g,t h e a n t b ec a u se i t fi n ds w h a t m a n h i des w i th
,

c a r e ; a n o t h e r r e a so n a d ds Ho r ap o l l o w a s th a t u n l i k e , , , ,

oth e r a n i m al s w he n g a t he r i n g p r ov i s i o n s fo r w i n te r i t
, ,

n e v e r m i st ak es t h e p l a ce b u t a r r i ves t he r e w i th o u t ,

e r r o r ( Ho rap I . .

T h e a n t i s h e r e p r ese n ted as a sy m b ol o f i n i t i a t i o n o r ,

o f a n i n i t i a te w h o h a s r ece i ved k n o w l ed g e h i d de n by ,

th e p ri es t s fr o m th e v u l g ar .

Th e n a m e o f t h e a n t 71 5 3 ! NML E i s fo r m ed by th e ,
7
,

ve r b 5m NML s i g n i fy i n g to c i r c u mc i se ,
.

W e l e a r n fr o m He r o dot u s ( II 3 6 a n d D i o do r u s .

o f S i ci ly
( III 3 2 i n fine W esse l
.
p 1 98 ) an d Bh i l on , , .

( l i b H .
g z é p fi)e th a t th e i n i t i a tes i n
’
fl tt o t g t h , e m y ste r i es ,

w h o w e r e i n s t r u cted i n th e sec r e t d oct r i n es o f th e

E gy p t i a n p ri ests w e r e c i r c u m c i sed ; t h e cy n o ce p h a l u s
, ,

a cc r d i n t o Ho r a o l l o r e r ese n ted t h r 1 e sth o o d b e

o
g p p p ,
e ,

c a u se i t i s n a t u ra l ly c i r c u m c i sed ( Ho r u p I 1 4 L ee . . .

m a n s Ad n o t p , . .

Th e J e w i sh p eo p l e w e r e i n i t i a ted i n th e m y ste r i es o f
t r u e r e l i g i o n a n d a l l Is r a e l i te s h a d to be c i r c u m c i sed
,
.

T h e ta b l e o f th e M y r m i d o n s o r a n t s ch a n g ed i n to ,

men i g n i fi s th a t th e p r o fa n e w h o a c q u i r e k n owl dg e
, s e e

o f t h e m y s te r i es t h a t t h e c i r c u mc i sed o r a n ts beco m e
, , ,

tr u e m e n .

T h e p a r t i c u l a r r e l a t i o n b et w ee n th e a n t a n d c i r c u m
c i si o n i s t h a t th e a n t a cco r d i n to t h e a n c i e n ts c u t the
,
g , ,

to p o f the e a r to g e t th e g ra i n o u t ; to u se th e Heb r e w
e x p r e ss i o n i t c i r c m c i sed i t ( Bo c h r t H er z i co n II
’

u a , i v o ,
,

5 8 7 e t se q ; J o b c x x i v v
p . .
, . .
,
36 APPL IC A T I ON T o

Th e sy m b o l i c si g n i fic at i o n g i v e n b y Ho r ap o l l o t o th e
a n t i s co n sec r a te d by t h e r ove r b s of S ol o m o n T her e
p .

b e fou r th i n s wh i c h a r e l i ttl e u on the ea r th , b u t the

p y ar e
g
ex c ee di n w i se ; th e a n ts a r e a e o l e n ot str o n et the
g p p g y
,
y
r e a r e th ei r mea t i n the su m mer ,
p p etc ( P r ove r b s xxx
. .

FR O G .

Th e fr o g a cco r d i n g to Ho r a p o l l o ( I
, r e r ese n ts
p .

u n fo r m ed m a n

M Ch a m p o l l i o n c a l l s th e fr o g the em bl em o f p r i ma r y
.

ma tte r da mp a n d wi tho u t for m ;1 th e t r u th o f t h i s i n

,

t e r p r e ta ti o n i s de m o n st r a ted by t h e i m a g e o f th e D e m i
u r i c He r c u l e s e n r a ve d o n th e b a se o f a r e r ese n t a t i o n
g g , p
o f t h a t an i m a l
2
.

Th i s sy m bo l i s o n e o f t hose th a t se r ve t o i de n t i fy i n
th e m ost u n e q u i oc a l m a n n e r E g y p t i an Cos m o g o n y a n d
v

I n i t i a t i o n s i n ce o n o n e h an d o n th e m o n u m e n ts de
, , ,

c i p h e r ed by C h a m p o l l i o n t h e fr o g r e p r ese n ts ch a os o r
, ,

r i m a l m a tte r w e t a n d w i th o u t fo r m a n d o n th e oth e r
p .
, , ,

a cco r d i n
g to H or a o ll o
p th e fr o g i s th e sy m b
, o l o f nu

for me d ma n .

T h a t th e w o r l d w a s bo r n fr o m t h e m i d s t o f th e w a
te r s i s t a u g h t by t h e Egy p ti a n d o c t r i n e s ( see A r t i c l e
Wa ter ) a s w e l l a s th e fi r st boo k o f M oses t h u s t he p r o
,

fa n e i s co m p ar ed t o p r i m a l m a t te r d a m p a n d w i th o u t ,

fo r m o ve r w h i c h th e s p i r i t h as n o t y e t m oved an d
, ,

w h i ch i s b o r n a g a i n fr o m t h e w a te r s o f b ap t i s m ( c o n
s u l t S y m bo l i c Co l o r s p , .

T h e He b r e w n a m e o f th e fr o g w as! : T S P R D O i s c o m , ,

p osed of 53
"
1
T S PR t o tu r n to c on ver t o n e s sel
, f in a,
’
,

p h ys i c a l a s i n a m o r a l se n se ; t h i s v e r b i s a
pp l i ed to a

t i m i d a n d de g r a de d m a n w h o m o r al l y t u r n s a n d r et u r n s
,

o n a l l s i des T h e seco n d r oo t o f th e n a m e o f
( G e se n i u s
) .

th e fr o g i s DO w h i ch s i g n i fies sc i e n ce k n o w l e d g e
, ,

wi sdo m .

1
C h amp ol l i o n Noti ce d a M u sé e C h ar l e s X p
, .
, . 40
.

2
C ha m p i b i d . .
 E G YP T I AN SYM B OL S . 337

T h u s th e fr o g r e p r ese n ts a m a n co m m e n c i n g t o t u r n
t o w i sdo m ; i t sy m bo l i z es t h e n eo p hy te n o t ye t s p i r i t
n al l y fo r m e d b u t w h o i s a bo u t to be or m a b eco m e
, y ,

so T h i s sy m bo l m a r k s t h e u n deci ded st a t e o f th e
.

m ystes w h o m ay a cq u i r e a n e w l i fe o r be r e p l u n g e d i n ,

d a r k n ess ; th i s i s t h e m e a n i n g o f Ho r a p ol l o w h e n h e
s ays i n a n oth e r c h ap te r ( II th a t t he fr o g r e p r e
.

se n ts a n i mp ud en t m a n wi t h a b r a z en l ook ; th i s a n i m a l
,

a l so r e r ese n ts t h e
p p r o fa n e co m b a t i n
g w i sd o m W e .

fi n d th i s seco n d si g n i fic a t i o n a g ai n i n t he He b r e w w o r d ,

s i n ce 511: T S P R al so s i g n i fie s to tea r wi th n a i l s ( c l a w s ) a n d
"
1
,

a ! D O wi sdo m ; t h u s t h e fr o i s a l so th e sy m bo l o f t h e
"
, g
sh a m e l ess p r o fa n e w h o e n de a vo r s t o d es t r oy w i sdo m by
,

fa l se r e a so n i n g i n t h i s se n se th e Ap oc a l y p se s p e a k s o f
thr ee u n c l ea n s i r i ts l i k e fr o s ( x v i a n d th a t i n E x
p g .

od u s i t i s s a i d th a t Aar o n s t r etch ed o u t h i s h a n d o ve r
,

th e w a te r s o f E g y p t a n d fr o g s c am e u p an d cove r ed
,

t h e l a n d ( Exod u s v i ii 1 to 1 0 P s l x x v i i i
.
, cv . . .

T h e E g y p t i a n p h i l o l o g i st a dd s fu r the r o n ( II .

t h a t m a n w h o h a d r e m a i n ed a l o n g t i m e w i tho u t m o
,

t i o n a n d w h o w a s s u bseq u e n t l y e n a b l ed to m ove w a s
, ,

sy m bol i z ed by a fr o g h a v i n g i t s h i n d l e g s bec a u se t he ,

fr o g co m es i n to t h e w o r l d w i th o u t t h e m .

T h e m ot i o n l ess m a n h a v i n g a cq u i r e d th e p o w e r o f
,

m ot i o n i s a l so t h e r e g e n e r a ted m a n fo r i n H e b r e w
, ,

m u: S CH U HE s i n i fi es to wa l k a n d to m edi ta te R ose n
g ( ,

m ull e r ) a n d j b u E L K to wa lk a n d to l i ve
,
m a n j z n h e who
,
’

wa l k s up r i g htl y ( P s x v . .

AXE .

Th i s s i g n w h i ch ce r t a i n l y r e p r ese n ts a n
, a x e , as e x

p l a i n ed by C h a m o l l i o n i n h i s G ra m m a r
p 5 and 1 1 0,
p , .

a nd r o v ed by W i l k i n so n s d esc r i t i o n of Egy t,
’
as
p p
di
,

gg
l n m r s of t/ e Eg yp ti a ns I r i s th e s i g n , . o f t h e i ea
o

Hi s n am e inE g y p t i a n i s co m p osed o f th e a x e th e ,

se g m e n t o f a s p h e r e a n d th e m o u th w h i c h g i ves i n a c
, ,
38 APPL IC A T I ON T O

c o r da n c e w i th C h a m p o l l i o n s a l p h a be t , th e w o r d nu:
’

N D R , w h i ch s i g n i fies i n H e b r e w a vow, a th i ng vowed ,

c on se c r a ted Th ese d i ffe r e n t a cce p t a t i o n s a r e a p p l i ed to
.

th e co n sec r a ted i m a g es o f th e g ods , a n d to th e te m p l es .

T h e r oot o f th i s n a m e o f c on sec r a ti o n an: ND R i s m :

ND E , to sep a r a te bec a u se t h i n g s vo w e d o r co n sec r a ted
.

w e r e se t a p a r t t h e a x e w as t he s i g n o f th e i de a to se p
a r a te , a n d t h e w o r d r m ND H E es p ec i al l y s i g n i fi e d t o
st r i k e w i t h th e a x e ( D e u t x x 1 9, G e se n i u s ) .
l
. .

S al v o l i n i see k s a n e x p l a n a t i o n o f t h i s sy m bo l i n t h e
wo rd T S A n a l ys i s , I l o n l y c a l l a tte n
P( w i l
“

p .

t i o n to t h e fa ct , th a t o u r g r o u p , a cco r d i n g to L e p s i u s ,
fo r m s th e w o r d D T T B ( An n a l es , i x 7 7 ,
SI '

P which
’
.

-
al so a
pp e ar s in t h e Heb r e w a u.

S W ALLOW .

In E g y p t , th e s w a l l o w w a s t h e sy m b o l o f the en t i r e
her i tag e l eft to c hi l dr en ; be c au se , s a ys Ho r a p o l l o , w h e t
a b o u t t o d i e , i t r o l l s i tse l f i n th e m u d a n d fo r m s a n es t

fo r i ts y o u n g ( Ho r a p II , . .

-
Th e Heb r e w n a m e o f th e swa l l ow i s a w n 1 D R UR ; th e

r oot o f th i s w o r d i s as D R o r a n D UR , w o r ds h a v i n
g al i k e
t h e s i g n i fic a t i o n
1 Ha b i ta ti o n , h o u se , w h i c h a n s w e r s to th e w o r d i n
.

Ho r a p o l l o x r fio w p ossessi o n , w h i c h I t r a n s l a te by i n
,

h e r i t a n ce .

2 T h D UR a l so s i g n i fies a g en er a ti on , y e r stir ( seve n ty ) ,

. /

an d co n se q u e n t l y a n s w e r s to Ho r ap o l l o s w o r d s x x iyo w
’ '

o r t z ij v e n er a ti ve sessi on , o r a te r n a l i n h e r i t a n ce
y /
g ,
p o s
p .

Th e s w a l l o w w a s t h e sy m b o l o f a n cest r a l i n h e r i t a n ce ,
bec a u se i t b u i l t i t s n es t i n t h e h a b i t a t i o n o f m a n ; o r :

w h i c h a cco u n t i t w a s co n se c r a te d to t h e h o u se h o l d
g od s ( No el ) .

T he n a m e o f the Na z a r i tes “ 73 si g n i fie s c o n se c r a te d an d sep a r a t e d

“ 3 se a r a vi b sti n u i t G e se n i u s)
p
t se , a . se con se cr a v t t
( .
 E G YP T I AN SYMBOLS . 39

E I G HT .

63 6
T h e go d Th oth s ays S al v o l i n i ,
w a s r e g ar de d i n ,
“

a n c i e n t E y t a s th e r ote cto r o f th e c i ty o f H e r m p o l i
g p p p s

M a g n a o n t h i s a cco u n t h e eve r y w h e r e r ece i ve s i n t ll

,
t

i n sc r i t i o n s t h e t i t l e w h i c h i s fo u n d i n t h e c h a1 a c t e 1
p
“ K B, l r d fo l l o w e d by th e n u m b e r e ig ht
o , T h at t h e .

r ead e 1 m a u n de r st a n d th e o r i i n o f th e u se o f t h e n u m
y g
b e r e i g h t i n th e ex p r ess i o n o f t h i s d i v i n e t i t l e i t w i l l ,

o n l y be n e cess ar y fo r m e to r e m i n d h i m th a t t h e Egy p
ti a n n a m e o f Her m op ol i s r e a ds u g ? “ S C H MO UN a n d
’

th a t i n th e Co p t i c a s w e l l a s i n th e E gy p t i an a w o r d
m ,
,

i de n t i c a l w i th th i s n a m e g u fi w i i n d i c a te s t h e n u m b e r
‘

e i ht
g .
”
( A n a l ys i s
p
, .

In Heb r e w a l so t h e w o r d e i g ht 1 8 m m ; S C H MNE
, , .

K NO TT E D C O RD S .

Ho r a p o l l o s a ys p ss
in a g e a l te r ed by th e C o p y i sts
a a , ,

th a t k n otted c r ds y z r e pr ese n ted I n th e hi e 1 o g l y p hi c s

o n a g,

M the c ha se dea th th e a i r a n d a s ( Ho r a p l i b II
,

e, , , on . .
, . .
,

2 6 Vi de L ee m a n s Ad n o t I d o n o t a tte m t to r e r o
.
,
) .
p p
d u ce t h e t e x t I o n l y g i ve t h e w o r ds i t co n t a i n s a n d
,

w h i c h I a l so fi n d i n t h e si g n i fic a t i o n s o r t h e r o o t o f th e
H b r w n a m e o f k tted c r ds
e e no o .

S IG V I F I C A T IO V S GIV E N SI GN I F IC A T I O N S O F T H E NAM E
B Y HO R A PO L L O O F K N O T T E D C o n e s I N HE B R E W
. .

K n otted co r d s a H E B L k n o t ted c r d s , o .

Th e c h a se 52 7 I I E B I k t t e d o r ds n ets
1 no c , .

A so n bz n H E B L a ch i l d , .

D e a th b z n 14 14 1 to d es t r oy 1 1. ,

cm ru t zo n
p .

a B B L, t he b re e z e .

3 m 11 1 mm, t o l o v e ,
 4C APPL IC A T I ON To

H AR E .

Th e E gy p t i a n s r e p r ese n ted th e i de a o f a n op en i n g ,

oer/ 0& by th e ha r e b ec a u se th i s a n i m a l a l wa ys h a s i ts
9,
,

eyes O p e n ( Hor a p I t h e m o n u m e n ts co n fi r m t h i s
. .

s i g n i fic a t i o n to op en o r a n op en i g ( L ee m an s p n , .

A cco r d i n g to C h a m p o l l i o n th e h a r e w as th e sy m b ol
M
,

o f O s i ri s N o t ce u s é e C h a r l es X th a t d i v i n i ty
( i p 4 6 ) .
, .

be i n g r e p r ese n t ed by th e eye a n d t h e h a r e des i g n a t i n g ,

o
p en e
y es“

T h e Heb r e w gi ves th e r e a so n o f th i s u se o f th e sy m bo l ,

s i n ce fi z z 1s ARN E T H th e ha r e i s co m p osed o f i s A R li g ht
-
, ,
“
, ,

an d ha ve i n tu i ti o n 1
NE T , to c o n te m
p l a te , to .

T h e w o r d n uns A R B E , a n op en i ng , a n op en wi n do w, i s
co m p o sed o f t h e s am e r oo ts a s th e n a m e o f th e h a r e 2
.

A cco r d i n g to t h e Heb r e w s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f th e n a m e o f
th i s a n i m al , i t sh o u l d be i n E g y p t t h e sy m bo l o f m o r a l
l i g h t r e ve a l ed to t h e n eo p hy tes , a n d c o n te m p l a t i o n o f
d i vi n i tv , w h i c h ex p l a i n s w h y i t w a s t h e sy m bo l o f O s i r i s .

LI O N .

Ho ra p o l l o
s a ys th a t t h e E g y p t i a n s r e p r ese n te d th e
so u l o r i n c a n desc en c e W e d by t he l i o n ( Ho r a p I s. . .

”
T h e H eb r e w n a m e o f th e l i o n tu n : L B IA i s fo r m ed o f ,

th e r oo t 2 > LB s i g n i fy i n g sou l hea r t ; n ab L B E fla me

7
, , , ,

hea r t .

Ho r ap o l l o a dds th a t t h e l i o n
, i s r e m a r k ab l e for th e s i ze
1
T he l a st l e t te r i s her e g
fr o m n t o m b e c a u se i n Heb r e w
c h an ed

l
th ese t wo e t te r s ar e th u s o ften c ha n e d ( G ese n , p 3 8 3 ) g
b e t ha t as i t . .

m ay , t h er e c a n b e n o d o u b t as t o t h e r o o t , si n ce i t c om e s fr o m t h e v e r b
an) , to p i e r ce to o p en , wh i c h for m s th e wo r ds p m
, : to p r op hecy , an d a n
to con te m
p l a te .

2
as, l i ht, g and m : o r 11 3 3 : a n Op e n i n g , a doo r , of an: to p i er ce ,

to O
p en ( Ge se n i u s ver bo
 E G YP T I AN SY M BOLS . 41

o f hi s h ead fl a m i n g eyes h i s fa ce s u r r o u n ded w i t h a

, hi s ,

r a d i a t i n g m a n e li k e t he su n a n d th a t i t i s o n th i s a o,

co u n t t h a t l i o n s a r e p l a ced u n de r t h e th r o n e o f Ho r u s ,

to sh o w t h e sy m bo l i c al r e l a t i o n s be t w ee n t h i s a n i m al
a n d d i v i n i ty .

Th e n a m e o f Ho r u s t he g o d S u n s i g n i fies l i k e w i se
, , , ,

i n Heb r e w t h e su n was AUR p r o n o u n ce d H OR o r a s AR

, , , ,

th e su n .

u s AR I i s o n e o f th e Heb r e w n a m es o f l i o n a n d o f r e ;
H
fi
th e w o r d aw n s AR I AL i s i n te r p r e ted by l i on of Go d o rfi r e
l

b s x ARAL l i o n t
l
o
f G od a n d -
y G d h er oes ( G e se n i u s)
i ,
f
o , .

T h u s a cco r d i n g t o Ho rap o l l o t h e sy m b o l i c r e l a ti o n s
, ,

ex i sti n g be t w ee n th e g o d S u n an d t h e l i o n a r e c l e a r l y
m a n i fested i n th e Heb r e w .

T h e hi nde r p a r ts of the l i on a cco r d i n g t o th e s am e au th o r

, ,

h a d t h e s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f st r e n g th ( Ho ra p I Th e . .

w o r d w s L I S CH de s i g n a tes a l i o n a n d str eng th ( G e se n i u s)

’
a
.

T h e h e a d o f th e l i o n s ays Ho r a p o l l o w a s th e sy m b o l
, ,

o f v i i l a n ce a n d c a r e b ec a u se th a t a n i m a l c l oses h i s eyes
g ,

w h e n w a k i n g a n d o p e n s t h e m w h e n a s l ee p w h i c h d e si g ,

n a tes v i i l a n ce i t w a s o n a cco u n t o f th i s sy m b o l i c
g
q u a l i ty th a t l i o n s w e r e p l a ce d a s g u ar d i a n s a t th e i n c l o
s u r es o f t h e te m p l es ( Ho r ap I . .

T he l i o n s h e a d w as p a r t i c u l ar l y ch ose n t o des i g n a te
’

c a r e a n d v i gi l a n ce o n a cco u n t o f t h e r e l a t i o n s est a b l i sh ed
,

bet w ee n th e l i o n an d th e su n ; th e n a m e o f Ho r u s o r l i g h t
”R AR fo r m s th e ve r b Hm RA E t see to or see to c o n tem
f o , e ,

a te ; a n d t h e n a m e o f th e l i o n n s A R I fo r m s t h a t o f
"
p l i

v si
i on ”3 “
RA I .

A cco r d i n g to C h a m p o l l i o n th e l i o n w a s th e e m b l e m o f
P h t h a a n d o f Ar o e r i s ( N o t i ce M
,

u see C h a r l es X
p .
, .

In th e Co p t i c w e fi n d Al O r S l i a n d 10 0 7 6 s l en d r
’

p
‘
on , o .

LI L Y OR LO T U S .

A l i ly t l k o r
-
s a , a b u n c h o f th e m e p l a n t e x p r es se d
sa ,

th e i de f th e r i o n of U e r E y t ; a st a l k o f t h e
a o e
g pp g p
 E G YP T I AN S Y M BOL S . 43

Th e p al m d oes n o t desi g n a t e a m o n t h b u t a ye a r a s , ,

r oved by t h e m o n u m e n ts E y
( g p t G r am a nd
p p . .
, .

a s est a b l i sh ed by H o r a o l l o h i m se l f i n a n oth e r a ss a e
p p g
I 3
h
.

T e Heb r e w n a m e o f th e p a l m o r p a l m b r a n ch i s ,
-
,

m om S N S NE r a m u s p a l m e ; t h e r oo t o f t h i s w o r d i s fo u n d
, e

a ai n i n m a: S O H N E t h e yea r 1
g , .

H A ND .

Ho r a p ol l o
s a ys th a t th e E g y p t i a n s r e p r ese n ted a m a n
fo n d o f b u i l d i n g by a h a n d bec a u se fr o m th e h a n d p r o
,

c e e d al l l a b o r s
( II .

I D ha n d s i n i fies a l so a m on u m en t a n d
T
j b r c e p ower
1
, g , , , ,

172 0 0 7 3
O

Ha n ds j o i n ed w e r e th e sy m b o l of co n co r d ( Ho r ap .

II .

In Heb r e w n w ’
S CH L E E ,
g i ve th e h a n d , fo r m s th e
to
w o r d c abin S C H L UM, c on c o r d
( G e se ni u s
) .

S HE -
MUL E .

Th e sh e m u l e s ay s Ho r ap o l l o r e p r ese n ts a b ar r e n
-
, ,

w o m a n ( II .

T h e w o r d n s P R D a m u l e s i g n i fies al so to sep a r a te to
u
, , ,

di j o i n a ve r b a p p li c a b l e t o th e se p a r a t i o n o f th e sexes
s , .

E G Y P TI A N GO O S E .

T h e E g y p t i a n s s a ys Ho r a p o l l o r e p r ese n ted th e i d e a
, ,

o f son by t he c h e n a l o e x oose T h i s a n i m a l ex h i b i ts
p g .

A c c o rd i n g t o G ese n i u s, t he l e t tp rs u: a n d a are i n te r c ha nge a b l e in

He b r e w . He e ve n g i v es ex a m p l es in t he r oo t mo
 44 APPL IC A T I ON To

g erat t e n de r n ess f o r i ts l i tt l e O n es — t h e fa th e r an d
m oth e r p r ec i p i t a t i n g th e m se l ves i n de fe n se a g a i n st the , ,

h u n te r s w h o e n de a v o r to t a k e t he m ( Ho r a p I . .

T h e E g y p t i a n m o n u m e n ts co n fi r m th i s i n te r p r e t a t i o n
C h o o n Pré c is L ee a n s o n Ho r a
( am
p l l i p 1,1 9 2 1 8 ; m, .
p , .
,

p .

Th e A byd os t a b l e t h a s te n r e p e ti t i o n s o f a g r o u p c o m
p osed of t h e
g oose a n d so l a r d i s k a bo v e th e r oy al c a r

t o u ches ; C h a m p o l l i o n t r a n s l a tes t h i s g r o u by
1
so n o f
p
th e su n ( P r é c i s p , .

T h e w o r d son i n He b r e w i s a: P R ; t h i s w o r d t wi ce
r e e a ted w i th th e l u r a l i n d i c a t i o n s i n i fies eese Ia i n az n-
p p g g , ,

B R B R I M G e se n i u s
( ) .

E AR .

A cco r d i n g t o Ho r ap o l l o th e e ar o f a b u l l r e p r ese n te d
,

h a r i g (I
e n .

T h i s Si g n i s th e d ete r m i n a t i ve o f th e ve r bs to h ea r to ,

l i sten ( C h a m p G ra m 3 8 7 . .
, ,

T h e w o r d 7m A Z N s i g n i fies a n a r to hea r to l i st a n d e , , en ,

a l so t b sh p w h e n ce s a y s G e se n i u s co m es th e n a m e
o e ar , , ,

o f e a r bec u se
, mo g a i m l s th a t o r g a n i s sha r p
a n an Th i s
a .

r e m ar k i s th e co m m e n t a r y o n t h e a ss ag e fr o m H o r a
p
p o l l o a n d th e h i e r o l y h i c r e r ese n t i n g t h e e a r
g p p .

T h e b u l l s e a r a l so sy m bo l i z ed a fu tu e thi ng o r a
’
r

f t r e f c t ( Ho r a p II
u u a b ec a u se i t w as t h e sy m bo l o f
. .

he i g a n d i n th e s a c r ed l a n g u a g e t h e n a m e hea r i ng
ar n , , ,

S i
g n i fi e d a f tu r th i nu
g as a
pp e a r s i n t h e He b r e w s i n ce
e , ,

s w SCH M O s i n i fies t o h ea r
a to l i sten to a n o u n c e to c a l l
g , , n ,

u
p ( G e se n i u s ; co n s u l t C h a m p G r a m S e e A r ti c l e. .
,

G oa t .

In a m a n u sc r i p t i n th e r oy al l i b r a r y i s a p e r so n a g e ,

h avi n g hi s h e a d s u rm o u n ted by t w o b u l l s e a r s , a n d
’

V i de Kl ap r oth , O b ser v a t i on o n th e M on u m en t o f A b y dos fo owi n , ll g

an Ex a m i na t i o n o f C h a m oll i o n s l a b o r s ; Lee m a n s o n H o r a p o ll o , p a e
p
’
, g
2 7 0 S a l t Essav o n P ho n e t i c H i e r o l y p hi c s
, g .
 E GYP T I AN SY M BOLS . 45

re a d i n g a boo k w h i ch i s th e n a m e o f O s i r i s
on ( T h i s i s .

th e v i g n ette to o u r fo u r t h ch a te r
p ) .

He tha t ha th ea r s Z O h ea r , l et hi m hea r ! 0 Ez an ( 31 a oi u o ue w t '

/ ,

sm o v ém / ( L u k e vi ii T h ese w o r ds o f J es u s C h r i st
.

s p o k e n afte r a p ar a b l e , s i g n i fy th a t h e w h o h e a r s th e
r ec i t a l o f s i m i l i t u des sh o u l d e n d e a vo r to d i s c ove r th e i r
,

h i d de n m e a n i n g a n d be obed i e n t to th e i r te a c h i n g , fo r
th e Heb r e w n a m e o f h e ar i n g s i g n i fies t o u n de r sta n d a n d
o be m u: SCH MO a u di vi t , a u d i ta i n te l l ex i t, i n te l l e c tu s est ,
y .
,

o be d i v i t ( G e se n i u s
) .

Q UA I L B O NE .

A q ua i l b on e , s ays Ho r a p o l l o , e x p r esses sta bi l i ty an d

f
sa et
y ( II .

T h e w o r d n a y O T S M, s i g n i fi es a t o n ce b o n e a n d sol i d i ty ,
,

s a fi r m i t a t e e t r o bo r e d i ct u m
str e n th
g ( O. G esen i u s
) , .

T h e n a m e o f t h e q u a i l , 1510 , sehl u , i s th e s a m e w o r d a s
wb w, se hl u , w h i ch e x p r esses sta b i l i ty a n d safety ( se c u r u s,
se c u r i tas G e se n i i L e x i co n M a n u a l e p 96 4 e t
. . .

T h i s E gy p t i an sy m b o l i s, l i k e w i se a t r o p e o f B i b l e ,

sy m bo l o g y ; w h e n th e P s a l m i s t s a y s : T h er e i s n o se
si n s Ps x x x v i i i H e
c ur i t
y i n m
y b on es b ec a u se
of y m ( . .

e m p l oys th e w o r d D BU S C H L UM, o f w h i c h t h e r o o t , sh e ,
'

a l so i n d i c a t e s se c u r i ty a n d u a i l , a n d th e w o r d c a n , O T S M,
q
w h i ch des i g n a t es a b on e a i i d fi r m n ess, so l i d i ty .

I ag a i n ca ll t he wh o i s b u t s i h t y a c
a t te n t i o n of t he r e a de r , lg l
q l g g
u a i n te d wi th t he H e b r e w a n u a e , t o t he fa c t , t h a t l e n t i r e y n e ec t l gl
l
t he v o we p o i n ts
-
l
T h i s p r i n c i p e , wh i c h I a p p y t o t he He b r e w b e c a u se
. l
l g
t he r e a r e n o v o we p o i n ts i n E yp t i a n , i s fo o we d b y l l e b r a i sts i i i i n te r
-
ll
g
p r e t i n g si n i fic a n t n a m e s ; t ha t o f t he uail is in q
p o i n t ; i t wa s t hu s
na m e d , sa y t he C o m m e n ta to r s, b ec a u se i t i v e s i n secu r i ty i n the m i d st l
o f t h e h a r ve st
( R o b e r tso n , T h e sa u r u s L i n ua S a n ctce
) g ’
.

l g l gl l
In a p p y i n t hi s r u e , a si n e e t te r m i h t p r o v e e m b a r r assi n T he g g .

le tte r in fo r ms t wo se r i es i n t he d i c t i o n a r i e s, a c c o r d i n t o t he p a c e o c g l
c u p i ed b y t he p o i n t , id a n d in T h is e t te r b e i n d o u b ed , i t wi l be g l ll
u n d e r sto od t ha t i n t h e o the r se r i e s th e wo r ds i n wh i c h i t a
p p e a rs d i f
fe r e n tl y p o i n ted c a n n o t b e fo u n d sid e b y si d e ; t h u s t he n a m e o f t he
( l l/ I l l 15k! i s fo u n d o n
I
-
'
g
p a e 964 o f ( l ei i c i i i i i s Le xi c o n , a n d i ts l i o n i i i i i y n i
a
pp e a rs o n
p ag e 1 007 . In l i k e m a n n e r t he wo r d p h u m i sii i t pl l
ae i -
i

b e si de mum . e tc e tc .
46 A P P L IC A T I O N To

S HE B E AR -
.

Th e E g y p t i an s s ays Ho r ap ol l o w i sh i n g to des i g n a te
, ,

a ch i l d u n sh ap e n a t b i r th a n d a fte r w ar ds fo r m ed p ai n t
, ,

a be a r w i t h yo u n g bec a u se sh e b r i n g s fo r th c o n de n sed
,

b l ood w h i c h sh e t r a n s fo r m s by w a r m i n g i t o n h e r b r e a st
, ,

a n d w h i c h she fi n i sh es by l i c k i n
g ( H o ra
p II . .

T h i s sy m bo l w o u l d be u n i n te l l i gi b l e w i t ho u t the ex
l a n a t i o n to be fo u n d i n Heb r e w
p .

T h e n a m e o f t h e co n ste l l a t i o n g r ea t bea r ins OS CH , , , ,

fo r m s t h e obso l e t e w o r d mus O SCHE w h i ch a cco r d i n g , , ,

to G e se n i u s m u s t h a ve s i g n i fied the ha i r y he who i s c over

, ,

e d wi th ha i r li k e a b ea r .

T h e s a m e w o r d , n e w, S CHE si g n i fi es to for m to ma n u
O , ,

fa c tu r e to c r ea te a n ex p r ess i o n e m p l oyed i n G e n es i s i n
, ,

s p e ak i n g o f t h e c r e a t i o n o f th e w o r l d .

Th i s ch i l d u n sh a p e n a t i ts b i r th w ar m ed o n th e
, ,

m a te r n a l b r e a st a n d p e r fected by c a r esses i s t h e w o r l d
, , ,

w h i ch i n c h a os w as wi tho u t fo r m a n d w a s fi n i sh e d b y ,

th e l ove o f G o d .

T h e ch i l d u n sh ap e n at i ts b i rt h i s l i k e w i se an e m b l e m
o f th e so u l w h i ch fr o m
, t he st a te o f th e p r o fa n e r i ses ,

by r e g e n e r a t i o n to a m o r al a n d s p i r i t u al st a te I h a v e
, .

o fte n s a i d a n d I r e p e a t i t th e i n i ti a t i o n w as th e ty p e o f
, ,

cos m o g o n y ; r e g e n e r a ti o n o r s p i r i t u al c r e a t i o n o f m a n
, ,

w a s p r ese n ted a s a n i m a g e o f t h e c r e a t i o n o f th e w o r l d
bo c C o l o rs S e e A r t i c l e B eetl e h e r e a fte r
( y
S m l i p 96 , . .
) .

C O NS E C RA T E D B R E AD .

g Q!
M y g eo g
an
p h i c al r o e r n a m es , s ays C h am o l l i o n
p p
ra
p
E
( g p y t G. ram ,
p . h a ve t h e c on secr a ted b r e a d fo r
.

de t e r m i n a ti ves ; t h e E g y p t i a n s , a dds th a t l e a r n ed m an ,
des i r e d , ap p a r e n t l y , to e x p r ess , by s u ch a de te r m i n a ti v e ,
cou n t r i es o r l oc al i t i es i n h a b i ted a n d o r g an i z e d i n r e gu l ar
soc i et i es .

S a l v o l i n i , i n a c k n o wl ed gi n g t h e g e n e r al si gn i fi c at i on
 E GYP T I AN SYM B OL S . 47

of th i s Si g n p r e t e n ds t h a t i t o n l y a p p l i ed to E g y p t ; ao
,

co r d i n g to t h i s p h i l o l o g i st n o fo r m o f b r e a d o n th e,

m o n u m e n ts r e fe r s to th e S i g n a s w e ex p l a i n i t h e h as i t
t h a t i t i s th e fi g u r a t i ve S i g n O f th e h o r i z o n ( T r an sl a
t i o n o f th e O be l i s k p 1 6 a n d , .

S a l v o l i n i w a s i n too m u ch h a ste i n de n y i n g th e fa c t
a dv a n ced by h i s m aste r S eve r al m o n u m e n ts i n th e
.

E g y p t i a n M u se u m a t P a r i s p r ove th a t o u r Si g n i s c o n se
c r a ted b r e a d ; th e ch est No 3 2 93 r e p r ese n ts a n o ffe r i n g.

o f v a r i o u s l y S h ap ed b r e a d : o u r S i g n as w e g i ve i t a n d , ,

a s i t i s fo u n d i n C h a m o l l i o n s G r a m m a r a n d S a l v o l i n i s
’ ’

p
a l h a b et a p e a r s th e r e seve r al t i m es
p p , .

B es i d es t h e Heb r e w c l e a r s u p th e d i ffi c u l ty S i n ce th e
, ,

w o r d fi z z K K R s i g n i fies b r ea d a c a k e a c u n tr y a r eg i on
, , , , o , .

Ag a i n m m MT S E u n l ea ven ed b r ea d fo r m s t h e w o r d
, , , ,

MT S UR w h i ch s i g n i fi es Eg yp t a n d a fr on ti er
, , .

P AP Y RU S .

Ho r a p o l l o
s ays t h a t th e h i g h est a n t i q u i ty
, w as r e p t e
se n te d by di sc o u r ses ( w r i t i n g s l ea ves o r a , sea l ed b ook

( II .

No w , th e w o rd nw,
’
OL E w h i ch s i g n i fi es a l eaf; a n d to
,

i nsc r i b e on ta b l ets , , ,
fo r m s D513 OLM a n d 0513 0 UL M th e
7
, ,

a n ti u e or i i n 0] th i n s, o bsc u r e t i m e hi d d en , e ter n i t
I
q g g y , .

T h e p a p y r u s l e a f t h a t p l a n t w h i ch fo r m ed t a b l ets a n d
-
,

boo k s i s t h e fi r s t l ette r o f th e n a m e o f th e o n l y e te r n a l
,

a n d al l
p o w e r fu l
-

g o d o f E y t , A mon , w h o i n th e be i n
g p g
nin o f th i n s c r e a te d th e w o r l d Th e n a m e o f th e o d
g g g
.

Am o n a cco r d i n g to M a n eth o c i ted by P l u t ar ch , s i g u i

,

fi e d o c c u l t , o r h i dde n T h e fi r st l ette r o f th e n am e o f
.

Eg y p t i a n g ods i s o fte n sy m b o l i c s i n ce th i s i n i t i a l fo r m s ,
,

i n m a n y c a ses , th e s ec i a l a tt r i b u te o f th e d i v i n i ty
p .

Th e fa sces a n d th e p a p y r u s l e a f w e r e s p ec i a l l y c h o se n
~

l
Fr o m whe n c e a so t he n a m e o f n u i sl m g a nd t he ve r b to n u r se,

Ml
,

513 O L L '
. l
i k i s a c h i d s fi rst n o u r i shm e n t
'

, as th e p a py r u s wa s the
l
e a r i e st fo o d ( i f th e E
y p t i a ns
( H g
e r o d o t us l l .
48 A PL IC A T I ON
P To

to r e p r ese n t obsc u r e a n d h i dde n a n ti q u i ty a n d th e n am e ,

o f th e p ap yr u s Hm A B E ap p e a r s to be l o n g to th e s a m e
, , ,

r o o t a s Nu n HE B A to h i de to hi de o n e s self
, , ,
’
.

W e m ay h e r e a ss i g n th e r e a so n w h y th e b u n ch o f
a y r u s i s th e dete r m i n a t i ve o f fe m a l e n a m es a cco r d
p p
i n g to cos m o g o n y l ove w a s th e fi r st o r i g i n o f th i n g s,

a n s A E B l or a n d ”DR A B E th r u s ev i de n t l y be l o n
, e, a
p py g , e ,

to t h e s am e r o ot Ag ai n n w O L M the a n ti q u e or ig i n of
.
1
,
’
,

th i s s i n i fies a yo u n m a n at u be r ty h u b s OLM E
n
g g , g p , a

ma r r i a ea b l e g i r l
g Th ese w o r ds co m e fr o m t h e r oo t n b s
.

O LE a l eaf ( co n s u l t Ar t i c l es B u n c h of R eed L i l y
, an d , , ,

th a t o n th e co l o r Gr een ) .

E Y E LI D S .

Ch a m p o l l i o n s u p p oses th e t h r ee u p p e r si g n s t o r e p r e
se n t di a de ms ( G r a m p 2 98 b u t th i s su p p os i t i o n
.
, .
,

i s n o t co n fi r m ed by a n y fo r m o f d i a de m .

S a l v o l i n i th i n k s t h ese s i g n s a r e c r ests ( Al p h a bet ,

NO .

I t h i n k I r eco g n i z e eyel i ds ; i n fa ct th ese t h ree s i g n s ,

a r e cove r ed w i t h a so r t o f ey e l i d o r b r o w sh o w i n g i tse l f

a b ove th e eyes th e des i n o f w h i c h i s i ve n by Ch a m

g , g
p o l li o n ( E y
g p t G r am co n s u l t No s 2 08 a n d 2 4 2
. of .
, .
,

Al p h a be t ) .

Th i s S i g n a cco r d i n g to Ch am p o l l i o n m ar k s th e i de a
, ,

o f esti ca l
j ( G r am
’

p .
, .

Th e Heb r e w n a m e o f eyel i d i s th e s a m e as th a t o f t h e
ce l e b r a t i o n of a festi va l .

m m : S C H MR E i n t h e fe m i n i n e p l u r al m um : S C H MR UT H
,
”
,

eyel i ds a n d i n th e l u r a l m a sc u l i n e m um: S C H MR I M o bser

p ,

v a ti o c cl eb r a ti o esti
, f ( G e se n i u s
) .

T he c om m on r oot o f th ese two wor ds i s a s, fa the r , C r ea tor , wi l l ,

ver du r e , g r a ss, a
f ru i t . A l l th ese si g n i fica ti o n s we r e c on n e c t e d to g e the r
g
i n th e c osm o on y t h e C r e a t or G od , for m e d th e wor d i n hi s ov e or . l l
ll g
h i s wi ; t h e r a ss, v e r d u r e , th e e a v e s, r e p r ese n t ed t he b i r th o f the l
l
wo r d , b e c a u se n a t u r e se e m s to b e b or n a a i n wh e n t he l e a ve s a pp ear g
 E GYP T I AN S Y M BOL S . 49

Th e e y e l i d wa s t h e sy m bo l o f o b se w a ti o n o r th e ce l e
b r a t i o n o f a fe a st bec au se th e n a m e o f th e eye l i d i n He
,

b r e w s i g n i fi ed vig i l a n c e a n d wa tc hfu l n ess n au w S C H MR E , ,

c u stod i a In E g y p t t h e l i o n s h e a d w a s t h e sy m b o l o f
’
.
,

v ig i l a n c e ; b ec au se s ays Ho r a p o l l o th a t a n i m al c l oses
, ,

h i s eyes w h e n w a k i n g a n d o p e n s t h e m i n s l ee p i n g
e Ar t L i o n t h e m o n u m e n ts th e l o n s h e ad
( Vi d ) O i
’
. n .
,

h a s t h e s i g n i fic a t i o n o f vig i l a n c e D oes n o t th e S i g n w e
.

a r e co n s i de ri n r e r ese n t th e l i o s eye l i d sy bo l f’
g p n m o ,

v i g i l a n ce o f w a tc h fu l n ess o r o f t h e o bse r v a t i o n of r e l i
, ,

g o u s fe a s ts ?
i

PE DU M O R D I V I N I NG R O D .

In e a ch ste p o f th e h i e r o g l y p h i cs s a ys S al vol i n i , ,

‘
w e m ee t w i t h th e i d e a o f a k i n g o r to s p e a k , ,

m o r e co r r ect l y o f a m od er a t r ex p r e sse d by t h e T E
, o ,

s o k e n o f by M an e th o ; i t i s a l w ays w r i tte n a s fo l l o ws
p

The i m ag e of an i n d i v i d u al
K ) K.
D
& 9 a
c l oth ed w i th th e e m b l e m s o f r oy al ty, th e a r eas
al l

on h i s fo r eh e a d th e p edu m a n d th e wh p be t w ee n
,
i

h i s k n ees se r v i n g a s a d ete r m i n a t i ve
,
Th e p edu m sy m .
,

b o l o f m ode r a t i o n b y a p r ocess p e c u l ia r to Eg y p
,

t i a n w r i t i n g s se r ves a l so to ex p r ess th e I n i ti a l o f th e
,

m de r to r ( C a m p a g n e de R h a m ses p
”
w o rd 1K
6 o a , .

T h e t r a n sc r i p t i o n o f th e a bo v e g r o u p g i ves th e He "

b r e w w o r d r m H E Q w h i ch s i g n i fies a l a w a ta tu te a c us
, , s ,

to m ; p p m H E Q Q a l eg i sl to r a c h i f a n d a sc ep tr e ( G ese
,
a ,
/ ,

n ius or a ki m od t r a n d a p /u m
) g n era o et .

3
 E G YP T I AN SY M BOLS . 51

othe r th e v a se co n t ai n i ng th e h e a r t ; i f th e w e i g h t o f th e 1

h e ar t i s gr e a te r th a n th a t o f th e ost r i ch fe a the r th e sc al e ,

desce n ds a n d th e so u l i s r ece i ved i n t h e ce l est i al co u r ts ;

,

a bove th i s sce n e a p p e a r th e fo r ty t w o j u d g es o f th e so u l s -

se a ted a n d h a v i n g th e h e a d o r n a m e n ted w i th th e ost r i ch

,

fe a th e r .
2

FI S H .

T h e fi sh a cco r d i n g to Ho ra p o l l o ( I
. w a s a sy m bo l .

o f ev i l o m e n , d es i n a t i n
g g c r i m e ”17 0 0 9 .

In Heb r e w , a ! D G ,fi sh , fo r m s t h e ve r b r m D G E , to c over ,
"

to hi de , to be i n da r k ne ss In E g y p t , d a r k n ess w a s t h e
.

sy m bo l o f Ty p h o n , p e r so n i fi c a t i o n o f c r i m e , h a t r ed , a n d
eve r y i l l A n oth e r n am e o f t h e fi sh m a D A G , fo r m s t h e
.

w o r d ri m i D A G E ,fea r , soli c i tu d e
-
.

HO G .

Th e E gy p ti an s r e p r ese n te d a n u n c l e an m an by a hog
( H or a
p II . .

Th e so w w as th e e m b l e m o f T h o u e r i s a n d oth e r
ty p h o n i an g oddesses ( C h a m p N ot i ce M u s é e Ch ar l es X . .
,

li k e
48
th e E gy p t i a n s t h e Is r a e li tes r e g ar d ed s w i n e
, as

un c l e an .

T h e w or d a -
n ni HE Z I R , a hog , i s fo r m ed by t h e ve rb
"
W Z IB , to b e d i sg usted .

Ho r a p 2 1 : Lee m a n s, Ad n o t a n d ) a te XLV , A
I S ee th e l
d
.
,
. . .

g l
l ast v i n e tte a t t he e n d o f t he v o u m e , c o p i e fr o m t he m a n u sc r i p t of
T e n ta m o u n .

l l
S ee Ex p a n a t i o n o f th e p ri n c i p a p a i n te d sc e n e o f the E yp ti a n g
l ll g
fu n e r a p a p y ru s b y C ha m p o i o n t he y o u n e r , fr o m the B ul l eti n u n i ver
sa l d es S ei en ce s, b y Fé r i i ssa c , No v , 1 8 2 5 C o nsu t N o ti c e M u sée
. . l
l X
C ha r e s D
esc r i t i o n o f E y t , e tc
.
p p g .
62 APPL IC A T I ON T o

RA T .

The r a t,cco r d i n g t o Ho r ap o l l o was th e sy m bo l o f

a ,

d tr u c t i o n ( Ho r a p I
es . .

T h e r oot o f t h e Heb r e w w o r d h as PR E a r a t ( G e ,

se i i i u s
) i o b r ea k to d str o
“
s i nn P R R t
,
y , , e .

T h e w ord O K B R i s a l so t h e n a m e o f t h e r at ; i t i s

co m p osed a cco r d i n g to G e se n i u s o f
, OR L to c on su m e , , ,

a n d a : BR whea t , S eve r a l l o a ves be i n g p l a ce d to g eth e r

.
,

s a ys Ho r a p o l l o t h e r a t ch ooses a n d e a ts th e b est
, .

T he r at w as ag a i n a cco r d i n g t o th e s am e a u t h o r th e
, ,

s i g n o f th e i d e a o f j u dg m en t b ec a u se h e c hose t he b est ,

a r t o f th e b r e a d T he n a m e o f th e r t m 5 P B E fo r m s
p . a , ,

th e w o r d fi n P R Z a j u dg e h e who sep a r a tes di vi des ( p r di r i

, , , .

me n s, j dea , G e se n i u s)
u
'
.

Th e v i g n e tte a t th e h e a d o f th i s ch a p te r C o p i ed fr o m ,

th e T e n t a m o u n m a n u sc r i p t exh i b i ted i n th e R oy al ,

L i b r a r y r e p r ese n ts th e j u dg men t o f th e so u l ; the de fu n ct

, ,

a ss i sted by a e r so n a e w i t h a r a t s h ea d r ese n ts i n h i s
’

p g p ,

h a n ds t h e w o r k s do n e a n d t h e w o r d s s p o k e n d u r i n g l i fe
a n d a cco r d i n t o w h i c h h e t o b e j u d ed
1
g i s
g .

R EE D .

Th i s s i g n r e p r ese n ts a r eed o r a s S al v o l i n i h as i t a , , ,

g r a m i n ou s
p l ant
( A l p N o .
, .

T h e w o r d s g over n a n d di r ec t h a ve th i s s i g n fr e q u e n t
l y gi ve n th e m a s a n i n i t i a l i n s te a d o f i ts h o m o p h o n e s
E
( g p y t G. ram 7 4 ) i t l i k
. e w
, i se fo r m s th e fi r st l e t te r o f

t h e w o r d hi n g ( I b i d p 7 5 A by dos T a b l e t )
. . .

1
T he eye si g n i fies to do , p 1 5 ; a n d th e m ou th i s th e sy m b ol of
.

sp ee ch . S ee
“
Or i i n g of th e g ”
g g
E yp t i a n L an u a e , b y D r L o we , p 2 1 . .
 E GYP T I AN S YM B OLS . 53

P l u t a r ch i n a p a ss a g e al te r e d fr o m th e t r e a t i se o n Is i s
,

an d O s i r i s XXX I n d r esto r ed b y th e c o m m e n
( p
ca V ) a
.
,

t a t o r s ( vid L ee m a n s Ad n o t a d Ho r ap
e
p , s a ys . .
, .

th a t th e r e d w as th e sy m b o l o f r ya l ty o f i r r ig a ti n a n d
e o , o ,

th e fec u n da ti n f l l thi g s o o a n
o
Th e Heb r e w w o r d m w S C H D E s i g n i fies a fiel d r g i on , e ,

ossessi on r o a l t wo m n ; i t m u st a l so h a ve h a d a cco r d i n
p y y
, , a
g ,

t o G e se n i u s ( p t h e s i g n i fi c a t i o n to sp i n k l a n d
. r e, ,

a cco r d i n g to G u ar i n t h a t o f r a ss
g , .

i t: S C H D I des i n a tes a fi l d a n d th e All

p w rf l
a“ 1
g e o e u
-
.

T h e v ar i o u s a cce p t a t i o n s o f t h ese w o r ds co m e fr m o

t h e i r r oot L: S C H D s i g n i fy i n g a t a t s i g n o f th e fiz n d t i
"
I , e , cu a on

al l th i n g s
f
o .

Th e E g y p t i an i n sc 1 i p ti o n s co n fi r m th i s a p p l i c a t i o n o f
th e Heb r e w .

O n th e A bydos t a b l et th e w o r d k i ng i s a l w a ys w r i tte n ,

b y th e r eed a n d the seg m en t of a sp her e w h i ch a cco r d i n g ,

to C h a m p o l l i o n s a l p h a bet g i ves th e w o r d t : S O H D r oo t
’ “
i
,

o f t h e Heb r e w w o r d s w e h a ve j u st ex a m i n ed Th e w o r d .

k i n g i s al so o fte n w r i tte n co u p l ed w i th t h e s i g n o f wa ter

o r th e c r o w n E
( g p y t G ram
p w h i ch g i.ves th e .
, .

w o r d fi r: S C H D N
“
.

B u t L e p s i u s de m o n st r a tes th a t t h e fi n a l N i s o n l y a
de r i v a t i ve a u g m e n t a t i o n n o t b e l o n g i n g to t h e p r i m i t i ve
w o r d ( A n n a l es d e 1 I n st i t u t d e co r r es p o n d a n ce a r c h eo l o
’

g qi u e to,m e X p 1 2 1 , Th i
. s w o r d i s n ot i n t h e
,

Co p t i c t h o u g h L e p s i u s th i n k s h e d i sco ve r s a t r a ce o f i t
,

i n t h e n a m e o f th e B a si l i sk CY Y sy m bo l o f t h e E gy p t i an ,

k i n g s ( Ib i d p . .

D EW .

Th e E g y p t i a n s r e p r ese n ted te a c h i n g o r i n st r u ct i o n ,

u at d l by th e d e w fa ll i n g fr o m h e a ve n ( IIo r a p I
e a ,
. .

i
we c a mp us a
g e?
“

wasp oten l i sszm m , omn i p ol c m . S ee 51 7 125 and

54 APPL IC A T I ON TO

In Heb r e w m a I R E si gn i fi es to thr ow dr op s of wa ter , to

s r i n k l e a n d to tea c h to i n str u c t G e se n i u s
p , ( ) .

In l i k e m a n n e r , m y : MU R E s i g n i fi es a doc tor , a p r ofessor

, ,

a n d th e
f i r st r a in w h i.ch i n P a l est i n e , fa l l s fr o m
,

m i dd l e o f O cto be r to t h e m i dd l e o f D ece m be r a n d p i e
a r es th e e a r th to r ece i ve the see d ( G e se n i u s, ve r b o
p
T h e sy m b o l i c r e l a t i o n bet w ee n i n str u c ti on , wh i ch p r e
ar es m a n for i n te l l ect u a l l i fe a n d th e fir st r a i n , w h i ch
p ,

r e ar es t h e e rm i n at i o n Of l a n ts , w i l l be u n de r s tood
p p g p .

T h e w o r d 1111a ML Q US C H des i g n a tes s p r i n g r ai n , w h i ch

i n P a l est i n e fa l l s be fo r e h a r vest , i n th e m o n th s o f a r ch M
a n d A r i l ; J ob a ss i m i l a tes t h i s r a i n t o s eech fu ll o f
p p
e l o q u e n ce a n d g ood fr u i ts ( Jo b x x i x . .

Th e s i g n w e g i ve h e r e , i s a n a b r i d g m e n t o f th e sce n e
r e r ese n t i n g E g y p t i a n b a p t i s m , o r sh edd i n g ce l est i al
p
d e w o n th e h e a d o f th e n eo p h yte .

T h e v i g n e tte i n th e b e g i n n i n g o f t h i s w o r k sh o w s th e
b ap t i s m , afte r a de si g n o f th e on u men ts of Eg yp t a n d M
Nu b i a by Cha mp ol l i on ( to m e I p l X L II) . . .

H o r u s a n d T h oth L u n u s p o u r w a te r o n th e h e a d o f
-

th e n eo p hyte w h i ch i s t r a n s fo r m e d to di vi n e l ife ( an s a t e d
,

c r oss ) a n d t o p u r i ty ( Hoo p oe h e a ded

T h e l e g e n d a cco m p an y i n g th i s sce n e a n d o f w h i ch ,

al l th e e l e m e n ts a r e k n o w n , sh o u l d , I t h i n k , b e th u s
t ra n s l a ted : Hor u s, son of Isi s, ba p ti z es wi th wa ter a n d fi r e
( p )
r e ea t , H or u s b a ti z es wi th wa te r a n d
p f ( p )
i r e r e ea t : to b e

r on o u n c ed fo u r ti m es
p .

T h e s a m e l e g e n d i s r e p e a te d for Th o t h L u n u s, wi th -

th e ch a n g e o f n a m e o n l y .

F r o m th i s m o n u m e n t w e l e a r n t he w o r ds S p o k e n by
th e p r i ests d u r i n g th e ce r e m o n y H e w h o r e p r ese n ted
.

Ho r u s , twi ce s ai d : Ho r u s , so n o f Is i s , b ap t i z es w i th
w a te r a n d fi r e , t h e n t wi ce : H o r u s b a p t i z es w i th wa te r
an d fir e b e r e p e a te d these s am e w o r ds fo u r ti mes .

T h oth L u n n s p r o n o u n ced th e s a m e p h r a ses th e s am e

-

n u m be r o f t i m es su b st i t u t i n g h i s t i t l es fo r th ose o f
,

Ho r u s .

T he si g n ific a ti th e ansated c r oss i s r ec o n i z e d b y a l l E yp to

on of g g
l ogi sts ; as t o th a t o f th e H oo p oe S c e p t r e, C h a m p o i on i ves i t a ll g
d i ffer en t m ea n i n g
fr om t h a t o f H o r a p o l l o, th a t o f p u r i ty , i n ste a d o f
i
p y (
et Eg yp t i a n G r a m , p 2 90, 4 12 , 44 9, or p u r e ,
. . W e ha v e seen
th a t wa te r was the s mb o o f p u r i ty
y l .
 E G YP T I AN SYM B OL S . 55

T h u s th e w o r ds ba p ti sm of fi r e a n d wa ter w e r e r e p e a ted
S I XT EE N t i m es by e a ch i n i t i a to r ; a l to g e th e r T HI R T Y T W O -

ti m es Th ese n u m be r s h ad a s i g n i fic a t i o n w h i c h Ho r a
.

o l l o h as p r ese r ved fo r u s : si x teen sy m b o l i z ed p l e a s u re

pove a n d twi c e si x teen m ar r i ag e o r co nj u n cti o n r es u l ti n g
,

fr o m r ec i p r oc a l l o v e It w o u l d be d i fii c u l t n o t t o see
.

th a t i t i s a q u est i o n h e r e o f th e m a r r i a g e o f th e t w o
ri n c i l es r e r ese n ted b y th e su n a n d m oo n o r Hor u s
p p p ,

a n d T h oth L u n u s of w h i ch w e sh al l s p e a k i n o u r l a st
-
,

a r t i cl e
l
.

T h e b ap t i s m o f w a te r a n d fi r e des i g n a te d i n th e ,

l eg e n d by th e ch ar a cte r t h a t L ee m a n s h as ex
l ai n ed i n h i s a n n ot a t i o n s o n Ho r a o l l o ( p 2 6 1 and
p p , .

l a te X L IX , i s i de n t i c a l i n i t s exte r i o r fo r m w i th the
p )
b ap ti sm of wa ter th e S p i r i t, a n d offi r e , i n th e B i b l e ( L u k e
,

ii i 1 6, W e l i k e w i se fi n d t he b a p t i s m o f fi r e a n d
S p i r i t i n th e s i g n o f t h e d e w , co p i ed i n C h a m p o l l i o n s
’

a l h a be t
p E
( g p y t G ram
) a n d w h i ch . r e r ese n ts t h r e e
p .

se r i es o f t r i a n g l es o r p y r a m i ds , sy m bo l s o f fi r e a n d
2
l i o ht
cr .

T h e n a m e r ece i ved by t h e b a p ti z ed o r a n o i n ted w a s

th a t g i ve n i n th e B i b l e to t h e ch i e f o f t h e Heb r e w s ,
l l fo ses, n u n ; t h i s n a m e ex i sts o n t h e E g y p t i a n m o n u
i i i e ri ts i t i s w r i t te n b the s i n o f t h e d e w o r b ap ti sm ,
, y g
ual t o 73 , a n d th e be n t s t a l k e q u a l to in ; t h e g r o u
e
q p
i
] in He b r e w r m or man i s t r a n s l a ted i n C ha m p ol

l i o n s G r a m m a r by b eg otte n ( p w e g i ve i t th e
’
.

s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f r eg en e r a ted o r beg o tten a g a i n , w i t h r e fe r

e n ce t o t h e l o n g se r i es o f p r o p e r n a m es , a m o n g w h i c h
a re t h e n a m es o f th e g od s fo l l o w ed by th i s g r o u p .

T h u s T h o u tm os Ame a mos II ar m os P /i ta h mos des i g n a ted

. , ,

t h e r e g e n e ra ted by T h o th , A mo n , H or u s o r P h ta h .

A cco r d i n g to t h e B i b l e , t h e n a m e o f M oses w a s Eg yp
Vi de l Io r a p I 3 3 S ee , fo r me a n i n o f the wo r d we t ra n s a te b
. . . g l
,
g
b ap ti z e E y p t G r a i n p 3 7 6 a n d 3 00 ; a n d fo r t ha t o f the r o u p W h i c
. . g
ll
we r e ad r ep e a t, se e C ha m p o i o n , L t te r s fr o m E yp t a n d N Ub l a , p e
g .

1 96 a n d 14 6 , p l V I . .

l
C o n su t a m o n u m e n t i n C ha m p o l l i o n s E y p ti a n P a n the o n ( P a te ’
g l
gl
XV A whe r e t he se t r i a n es a re p a i n te d r e d a n d y e o w, c o o r s c on
,
ll l
se c r a te to fi r e a n d i h t lg . l
S ee , a so , a n o te o f Le e ma ns o n H o r a p o ll o ,
p 2 48
. .
56 A PP L IC A T IO N T O

ti an , an d s i g n i fi ed
d by wa ter o r fr o m the wa ter
sa ve .

w pm w a n no a m a n p: a : m a m m m m u: Exod u s i i
- v
(
-
.
,

In Heb r e w M oses , m y : M S CHE , s i g n i fi es sa ved , a n d m m

MS C H H E i s th e v e r b to a n oi n t a n d c on secr a te ; t h u s th e
Eg y p t i a n n a m e g i ve n to M oses , d es i g n a tes o n e s a ved b y
u n c ti on o r ba ti sm
p He r ece i ved th i s b ap t i s m i n i n fa n cy
.

a n d m a n h oo d , s i n ce , a cco r d i n
g to t h e Acts o f t h e A p os
t l es a n d P h i l o , h e w a s l e ar n ed i n a ll t h e w i sdo m o f t h e
‘
Eg y p t i a n s .

S ACK OF W H E A T .

Th i s s i g n r e p r ese n t s a n e m p ty whea t sa c k a s p r oved ,

by a m o n u m e n t e n g r a ved i n R o se l l i n i s w o r k Ch a m ’
.

p o l l i o n th o u h t i t w as a k i n d o f
g p u r se ( E y
g p t G r am . .
,

p 5 5 )
T h e Heb r e w w o r d m um T H B UA E s i g n i fies the r eve n ue ,

of the l a n d t he r oduc t cf th e fi el ds a n d a l so t h e
p , fr u i t of
,

i n te l l i g en c e ( G e se n i u s) .

T h e w o r d Tu m T H E UN , be l o n gi n g t o t h e s a m e r oot ,
des i g n a tes i n tel lig en ce , p r u den c e .

A c h i e f, o r l e a d i n g p e r so n a g e i n a h i e r a r ch y , w a s
r e r ese n ted i n E y t by th e fi u r e o f a m a n st a n d i n g ,
p g p g
wi t h a p u r e sce p t r e i n o n e h a n d a n d th e s a c k o f w he at
i n th e othe r ( C h a m p E g y p t G r a m , p
. . . .

T h e sce p tr e w a s t he sy m bo l o f p o w e r , a n d th e s a c k
2

o f w h e a t t h e e m b l e m o f i n te ll i en c e , o r u denc e , a n d t h e
g fp
r i h t of r o r i eto r i n l a n ds
g p p .

M e r c u r y , t he g o d o f m a te r i a l a n d i n te l l ect u a l r i ch e s,
h e l d a p u r se i n h i s h a n d li k e t he E gy p t i a n c h i e fs .

1
Ac ts vn 2 2. P hi l o n d e v i ta M osi s, l i b I p 606
. S ee Lo we . . . .

g g l g g
T he o r i i n o f the E yp t i a n a n ua e , p 2 6 2 7 ; a n d La co u r s Essay
—
.
’

on H i er o gl
y p hi c s .

2
T h e p u r e scep tr e, or sta ff wi th o u t or n am en t mam, r ep r ese n t ed the
g l
i n str u m e n t wi t h wh i c h t he u i ty wer e str i c k e n , a n d t h e scou r e o f G od g .

l g
T he p u r e sc e p t r e wa s, c o n se qu en t y , th e si n o f t he r i h t t o p un i sh an d g
o f th e p o we r o f c h i e fs .
 E GYP T I AN SY M BOLS .

B E E T LE .

In E g y p t , th e b eet l e w as th e sy m bo l o f c r e a ti o n by a

i n g l e p ower , p o x c y st s; o f g en er a ti on , o f p a ter n i ty , th e wo r l d
/

a n d ma n ( Ho r a p I . .

”
T h e beet l e a dd s Ho r a p o l l o , r e p r ese n ted p r oc r e a
.
“

t i o n by a s i n g l e i n d i v i d u a l , bec a u se th a t i n sect h a s n o
fe m a l e ; w h e n i t w i sh es to p r oc r e a te i t fo r m s a b a l l ,

i m a g e o f th e w o r l d , o f ox d u n g , w h i c h i t r o l l s w i th i t s
h i n de r p a r ts fr o m e a st to w es t l oo k i n g to th e e a st ; i t ,

b u r i es t h i s b a l l i n th e e a r t h fo r t w e n ty e i g h t d a ys , a n d -

o n th e t w e n ty n i n th th r o w s i t i n to th e w a t e r
-
.

T h e Heb r e w n a m e o f th e beet l e i s 53 53 T S L T S L , w h i ch
G e se n i u s t r an s l a tes c r i c k et ( b esti o l a st r i den s, g r i l l u s) .

W h e n th i s i n sect w i sh es t o be g et i t w a l k s b a c k w a r d ,

to w a r ds th e r e gi o n o f d a r k n ess , t h e w e st a n d th e He
b r e w n a m e o f th e beet l e i s fo r m ed o f 53 T S L , sha dow,
da r k n ess, 553 T S L L , to o b sc u r e , to o ver sha d o w .

It r o l l s , th e i m ag e o f th e w o r l d t h e b a l l , w i th i ts ,

p oste r i o r c l a w s a n d t h e s a m e w o r d 553 T S L L s i n i fi e s to
,
g
r o l l u n der n e a th
( G e se n i u s
) .

I t b u r i es th i s b a l l i n t h e e a r th , a n d a ft e r w a r d s th r o w s
i t i n to th e w a te r ; th e sa m e w o r d 553 T S L L s i g n i fies t o
c o ve r a n d to su b mer r o m w h e n ce
g (e R o se n m ii l l e r f .

i s fo r m ed n b x T S UL E , th e ( l C/ Il /IS If the sea ( G e se n i u s)

‘
.

Th i s sy m bo l r e p r ese n ts t h e d r a m a o f i n i t i at i o n ; th e
b a l l o f exc r e m e n t fr o m w h e n c e i s t o c o m e fo r th t h e n e w .

be e t l e , i s t h e i m a g e o f o u r b o dy o f c o i i i i p t i o n — b i i r i e d
. n th e e a r th i t d i es a n d i s b o r n a g a i n t o a n e w l i fe , be i n g

fr u c t i fie d by th e b a p t i s m a l w a t e r s T h e i n i t i a t i o n sy m .

b o l i z e d d e a t h a n d a n e w b i r t h ( S y m bo l i c Co l o r s, p 1 6 8 , .

e t
Th e bee t l e w a s th e sy m bo l o f t h e w l d a n d o f m n or a ,

bec a u se i n th e doc t r i n e o f the m y ste r i e s m n w a s th e

, ,
a

l i tt l e w o r l d a n d th e w r l d t h e g r t m n ( S y i l) C O L
, o ,
ea a n .
,

I n t he E g y ti n r t he b t le d i n a ted
p g e s
’ ’

r i i ii
.
p g a n i ia e e

th e te r l a / w r l / ( C h i p G r a m p 3 7 7 ) n d n l n i
r es i / o t a i i . . , . a o ii ii

m y cas s t h b
-
e et l w i th
p r ad w i
ee
g i l
e l in
g t hse
g l o be
e n s, o ,

k
’
3
 E GY P T I A N SY MB O L S . 69

S P HI N X .

Th e sy m b o l i c s i g n i fic a t i o n O f t h e s p h i n x i s fo u n d i n
Heb r e w : 7m: T S P N s i g n i fies to h i de a n d to wa tch a n d 115 3 ,

T S P UN o r S P I N a m ster a n a r c a n a t h e n or th a l a ce o f
y , y , p , ,

d ar k n ess Th e s p h i n x es p l a ced a t th e e n ti a n c e o f th e
.

t e m p l es g u ar ded th e m yste r i es by w a r n i n g t h ose w h o ,

p e n et r a ted i n to th e s a n ct u a r i es th a t t h ey sh o u l d co n ce a l ,

a k n o w l ed e O f th e m fr o m th e r o fa n e
g p .

Th e S p h i n x a cco r d i n g to C h a m p o l l i o n bec a m e su c
, ,

c e ssi v e l y th e ar t i c u l a r e m b l e m o f e a c h o d a n d h ad a
p g
s p ec i al i n s i g n i a O n hi s fo r eh e a d ( Not i ce Mu s é e C h ar l es X
,

.
,

D i d n o t th e r i ests des i r e t h u s to e x r ess th a t

p .
p p
a l l th e ods w e r e h i dde n fr o m t h e eo l e a n d t h a t th e i r
g p p ,

k n o w l ed g e g ua r d ed i n th e s a n ct u a r i es w a s r eve a l ed to t h e
, ,

i n i t i a tes O n l y Th e n a m e O f Am on t h e g i e a t d i v i n i ty ,

of E y t f r o m w h i ch a l l oth e r s a r e b u t e m a n a t i o n s
g p , ,

a cco r d i n to M a n e th o s i n i fied h i dden ( V i d e C h am

g g , p . .

E g y p t P an th )
. .
1

Th e Sp h i n x a l so p osse ssed th e s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f ma ster

ri n ci a l l y i n t h e l a te r h i e r o l y h i c tex ts E y t
o r l or d
p , p g p ( g p .

G r am p .
, . T h i s s i g n i fi c a t i o n w a s g i ve n to t h e
S p h i n x bec a u se i n E gy p t a s e v e r y w h e r e i n t h e E ast t h e
, , ,

ma ste r s a n d l or ds o f t h e p eo p l e l i k e t h e g ods w e r e h i d , ,

d e n fr o m th e i r S i g h t .

T h e E gy p t i a n p eo p l e ve n e r a ted th e m ag i ste ri al p r i ests ,

2
beca u se they we r e p er m i tted to see th e k i ng n a k ed .

P h a r a oh de l e g a ted h i s p o w e r to J ose p h a n d n am e d ,

h i m i n ter p r e ter ff the S p hi n x n u s; m m , o r i n terp r eter qf h i d

'

d e n thi ng s 3
T h e p ri m e m i n i ste i w a s th e g u a r dia n a n d
.

i n te r p r e te r o f the co n ce al ed o r de r s o f t h e so v r e i g n , a n d
th e sec r et l a w s o f th e e m p i r e .

T he n ame of Am o n , i n He b r e w page , si g n i fie sf ai th , t r u th ; a nd

max or D73 3? si g n i fies to h i d e , to o b sc u r e , to vei l

( G e se n i u s ; t h us the
)
name o f A m o n i n d i c a te d tr u th h i dd e n fr o m th e p e o p l e .

S ee C ha m p o ll i o n Fi g e a c A n c i e n t Eg yp t p 4 6
-
, , . .

3
R eve l a tor occu l t i . S ee T a r g . S y r K i m c hi
.
( G e sen i us) .
60 APPL IC A T ION To

MOL E .

T h e E g y p t i a n s s ays Ho r ap ol l o ( II , r e r e se n t~
p .

ed a b li n d m an by a m ol e bec a u se th a t an i m a l d oes n o t ,

see .

T h e b l i n d m a n s p o k e n o f by Ho r a p o ll o i s t h e m a t e
, ,

r i al a n d w o r l d l y m a n w h o d oes n o t see h e a ve n l y th i n g s ;

i t i s th e p r o fa n e w h o c a n n ot p i e r ce t he ve i l o f t h e m y s
te r i e s : s u ch a t l e a st i s th e s i g n i fic a t i o n gi ve n i n He
, ,

b r e w to th e m o l e .

HE L D s i g n i fies mo l e the wo r l d an d th e du r a ti on of , ,

l ife : fl z n n m m: l over s of wor l dl y thi ng s ( P s al m xv i i

’
.
,

W h e n Is ai a h s ay s th a t a m a n sh al l c a st h i s i do l s to th e
m ol es a n d to th e b a ts h e e m p l oys a sy m b o l to ex p r ess
,

t h a t m a n sh a l l r e n o u n ce h i s w o r l d l y l i fe a n d th a t w o r ,

sh i p O f te r r est r i a l t h i n g s r e p r ese n ted by th e mo l e ( Is ai a h

ii .
,

B ULL .

Th e h u l l w a s a cco r d i n g t o Ho r a p o l l o t h e s i g n O f th e
, ,

i de a str ong p owe fu l vi r i l ( H o r a p I

, r , e . .
,

O n th e E g y p t i a n m o n u m e n ts i n fa c t t h e b u l l d e si g , ,

n a te s str e n th a n d d Ch o l i o n a d m i ts t h e
2
g p w er a n a m p l o ,

s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f hu sba n d ( E g y p t G r a m p . .
, .

Th e n a m e O f t h e or o r bu l l 1: i o r ni b s ALP o r A L UP ,

i s fo r m ed fr o m the r oo t 5x AL s i g n i fy i n g str on g p owerfu l , ,

a h er o I t i s o n th i s a cco u n t t h a t t h e Heb r e w n a m e 0 1
.

t h e b u l l zpb s s i g n i fies al so a c hi ef a p r i n c e
, , .
3

T he re are t wo h om o n y ms i n th i s p h r a se , ma si g n i fies ma n a nd

deat h an d m ol e a n d wor ld .

9
l
S al v ol i n i , T r a n s a t i on Of l
th e O b e i sk , p . 8 . Leem an s on H ora~
p ol o , l p 2 63 . .

3
T he fir st l tte
e r of th e H e b r e w a l p h ab e t x h a s th e n am e o f th e b u l ;l
and a c c or d in g t G o e se n i u s, i t wa s a t fi r st an i ma g e o f th e h e ad of t h at
ani ma l .
 E GYP T IA N SY M BOLS . 61

T h e h u l l o n th e Obe l i s k a t P a r i s h as th e s i g n i fi c a t i o n
g i ve n i n Heb r e w .

T h i s a n i m al wa s al so t h e sy m b o l o f vi r i l i ty o f th e ,

g e n e r a t i ve
p o w e r o f n a t u r e a n d a s s u ch r e r ese n te d t he
p ,

N i l e t h e a g e n t o f E g y p t i a n fr u c t i fic a ti o n
, Th e hu ll .
l

O n up hi s w a s co n sec r a ted to Am o n th e g e n e r a to r a n d , ,

t h e c o w l l a sr e ( g e n e r a t r i x O f t h e su n ) t o th e g odd e ss
I ,

Ne i th m o t he r o f th e g o d P hr e ( t h e su n ) 2
’

, .

I n He b r e w t h e n a m e o f th e b u l l s P R fe m i n i n e m a “
i
,

PR E i s t h e s a m e w o r d a s t h e ve r b m s to be fr u i tfu l
, , .

V U LT UR E .

Ho r a p o l l o ( I . 1 1) s ay s th a t th e
l t u r e w as t h e sy m b o l vu

of ma ter n i t , o f h ea ven , a n d k n o wl e d e o/ tl i e j utu r e , o f m e r

3
‘

y g
c , Il l i n er va , a n d J u n o
y .

T h a t a u th o r , i n c o m m e n t i n g o n t h ese sy m bo l i c al a t
t r i b u tes , a d d s t h a t th e v u l t u r e d e s i g n a ted m a te r n a l l o ve ,
bec a u se i t feeds i ts y o u n g w i t h i t s o w n b l o o d ; h e s a ys ,
a l i t t l e fu r the r o n , t h a t t h e h e a ds O f th e
g od desses a n d
E g y p t i a n q u ee n s w e r e o r n a m e n t ed w i th t h i s b i r d w h i c h ,

i s p r oved i n fa ct by t h e m o n u m e n t s ( L ee m a n s , Ad n o t , .

p . l 83y
Th e v u l t u r e r e p r ese n te d hea ven be c a u se a c co r d i n g to , ,

P l i n y n o o n e c a n r e a c h i ts n e s t b u i l t o n t h e h i g h e s t
, ,

r oc k s
( N at H i s t X .6 ; L e m ans , . W h i c h ca u s s e , e

Ho r a p o l l o to s y th a t t h i s b i a be g ot te n by t h e W i d n .

I t sy m bo l i z e d k wl dg 0/ t t r
no be c a u se a c co r d i n g
e e u e, ,

t o t h e sa m e a u t h o r th e a n c i e n t k i n g s o f E g y p t se n t
,

a u u r s o n t h e fi e l d o f b a tt l e a n d l e a r n ed w h o w o u l d
g ,

J l
a b o n sk i , P a n t h Ap. i s. — Ro ll e, \ V o r sl i i p of B a c c h u s, l .
, 1 4 0— 1 4 5 .

Ho r a p I L , 4 3
M
. .

C ha m p o ll i o n No ti c e , do n sé e C ha r l e s X . .
, p .

l
T he v u t u r e wa s sp c c m l l y c o n se c r a te d t o K e i t h l l i e r i n o n t i s the
' ‘

M
,

g l l
m o t he r o f t h e o ds a n d wo r d y b e i n s ( C h a m p No t i c e g
n sé o ( Tha r ltfl .

X , p 5 a nd
. .
62 APPL IC A T I ON T o E GYP T I AN SYMBOLS .

b e th e v i cto r a n d w h o th e v a n q u i sh ed by w a tch i n g t he ,

s i de t o w h i c h th e v u l t u r e t u r n ed : o n t h e m o n u m e n ts
th e v u l t u r e a p p e ar s o n th e h e a d o f v i ct o r i o u s k i n g s
( L ee m a n s 1 7 8 ; C h am p o l l i o n F i g e a c A n c i e n t E g y p t
,
-
, ,

l a te
p
F i n a ll y t h i s b i r d w as a tt r i b u te d t o Mi n er va an d t o
,

J u n o b ec a u se a m o n g t h e E g y p t i a n s M i n e r v a p r es i de d
, , ,

i n t h e s u p e r i o r h e m i s p he r e a n d J u n o i n t h e i n fe r i o r
h e m i s p h e r e o f t h e h e a ve n s i t w o u l d h a ve b ee n a b s u r d
.
,

a dd s Ho r a o l l o to i ve a m a sc u l i n e r e r ese n t a t i ve t o
p g , p
th e s k i es w h i c h ga v e b i r th t o th e su n m oo n an d st ar s , ,

( H o ra
p .I .
, T h e E g py t i a n m o n u m e n t s r e r ese n t
p
t h e sk y u n de r th e fig u r e O f a w o m a n be n d i n g fo r w a r d
a n d r est i n e r h a n ds a n d fee t o n th e e a r t h C h
g h ( am
p .

E gy p t . Th e m o nu m e n ts a l so p r ove th a t t h e
v u l t u r e r e p r ese n ted t h e sk y o r u p p e r r e gi o n th e s a m e ,

as u
pp e r E y t
g p ( C h am
p E y
g p t .G r am
p 3 5 5
. R osett a .
, .

I n s cri p ti o n l i n e ,

T h e H e b r e w co n fi r m s th e v a ri o u s si g n i fi c a ti o n s gi ve n
to th e v u l t u r e .

Th e w o r d um R HE M th e vu l tu r e i s t h u s c al l ed sa y s
, ,

G e se n i u s o n a cco u n t o f i ts k i n d n ess to i ts yo u n g ;
,
1

i n fa ct th e s a m e w o r d mm R HE M i s th e v e r b to l o ve
, , ,

h a v i n g r e l a t i o n p a r ti c u l a r l y to th e l ove of p a r e n t s fo r
th e i r o ffs p r i n g t h i s n a m e a l so des i g n a tes m a te r n i ty a n d
t h e fe m i n i n e g e n de r i t s i g n i fies th e u ter u s woma n a n d
, , ,

y ou n
g g i rl . W o u l d i t n ot a
pp e a r t h a t t h e E y t i an w a s
g p
co m m e n ti n g o n th e H eb r e w w h e n h e s a ys t h a t th e v u l
t u r e sy m bo l i z e d ma ter n i ty ? He a dds th a t th i s b i r d r e p
r ese n te d mer c a n d hea ven ; a n d a l l t h e n o b l e r a ss i o n s
y p
o f th e so u l a r e r e r ese n te d by th e w o r d u m R HE M i n
p ,

th e p l u r al m n n a R H E MIM i t s i gn i fi e s th e v i sce r a o f th e
a

h e ar t a n d b r e a st a n d a t t h e s a m e t i m e l ove p i ety mer cy

, , , ,

bec a u se i t i s i n fa ct o n t h e v i sce r a o f t h e b r e a st th a t
, ,

l ove a n d p i e ty a c t ( S e e G e se n i u s) Th e h e a r t an d b r e a st
.
,

se a ts o f t h e d i v i n e a ffect i o n s a r e t h e t w o c e l est i a l h e m i
,

s he r es ove r w h i ch th e vu l tu r e r e i n s
p g .

1
C onsu l t B och ar t Hi er oz , .l i b IL , C ap x x v a n d x x vi ;
. . . . an d Di dymi
T au r i n ensi s, Li tte r a tu r ae c o p t i c aa r u di m e n tu m , p 9— 1 0 . .
 CHAPTER I II .

AP PL IC A T I ON T O T HE S YM B OLS OF C OLO R S

IN th e p i i m i t i v e l a n g u ag es t h e n a m es o f m a te r i a l O h
,

e c t s w e r e u sed t o des i n a t e a bst r a c t i d e a s co r r e s o n d i n

j g p g
to t h e m ; a t a l a t e r p e r i od a r e a ct i o n i n l a n gu a g es too k
,

l a ce th e n a m es O f a bs t r a c t i d e a s w e r e i ve n t o m a te r i a l
p , g
obj ec ts sy m bo l i z i n g th e m
, .

T h i s a ct i o n a n d r e a ct i o n m a n i fes t a m o n g th ose p eo p l e
,

w h o h a ve p r ese r ved a k n o w l ed g e o f sy m bo l s w a s o n e ,

o f t h e c a u ses O f th e r e m a r k a b l e ta ct e x a m l es o f w h i c h
p ,

a r e fu r n i sh ed by t h e He b r e w t h a t sy n o n y m s p r od u ce
,

th e s a m e h o m o n y m i es th a t i s to say t h a t t h e d i ffe r e n t
, ,

d e n o m i n a t i o n s o f th e s a m e p hys i c a l Obj ect p ossess th e

s a m e m o r al s i g n i fic a t i o n a t O n e t i m e t h e a bst r a ct i de a
,

a ri s i n fr o m th e sy m bo l d t o th e r th e n a m e o f
g , a n a a n ,

th e sy m bo l be i n g d e r i ved fr o m o n e o r m o r e a b st ra c n
ex r e ssm n s
p .

I t i s ev i d e n t th a t th i s fa ct r e m oves a l l i de a O f ch a n ce
i n th e fo r m a t i o n O f sy m bo l i c si n i fi c a t i o n s a n d a l l i d e a
g
o f a r b i t ra r y i n te r r e t a ti o n
p .

T h e l a w w h i ch i m p o sed o n t h e sy n o n y m s o f a l a n g u ag e
th e s a m e h o m o n y m i es r e p r d u ced th e s a m e p h e n o m e n a
, o

i n l a n g u a g es fo r e i g n to e a c h o t h e r a n d h a v i n g n o th i n g
,
64 APPL IC A T I ON T O

co m m o n be t w ee n th e m b u t th e i r sy m b o l i c o r i gi n I t i s .

n o t s u r p r i s i n g th a t w e fi n d a n ex l a n a t i o n O f E y ti a n
p g p
sy m b ol s i n Heb r e w s i n ce I h a ve al r e a dy sh o w n i n th e
, ,

h i sto r y O f sy m b o l i c co l o r s th a t t h e n a m e o f th e co l o r
,

w h i te h a d the s a m e s i g n i fi c a t i o n i n l a n g u a g es co m p l ete l y
fo r e i g n to e a c h o th e r T h u s th e G r ee k w o r d L E UK O S
.
,

s i g n i fies whi te ha p py a g r eea bl e g a y ; i n L a ti n CAN D I D U S

, , , , ,

whi te c a n di d hap p y ; i n the G e r m a n l a n g u a g e w e fi n d

, ,

th e w o r d s W EI SS wh i te a n d VV I S S E N to k n o w IC H WEI S S
, , , , ,

I k n o w ; i n E n g l i sh W HI T E a n d W I T W I T T Y W I S , , ,

DO M .

T h e l a n g u ag es O f G r eece a n d R o m e a n d th ose O f ,

m ode r n p eo p l e a l te r ed by n u m e r o u s a d m i xt u r es a n d
,

l o n g u s ag e l ost th e sy m b o l i c c h a r a cte r w h i ch w e fi n d
, ,

a ai n i n th e Heb r e w th e l i c a t i o n o f th i s l a st to n u e
g a
pp g
to E g y p t i a n sy m b o l s i s a p r o o f o f i t co n fi r m ed b y th e ,

n a m es o f th e co l o r s .

A fte r th e s p ec i al w o r k p u b l i sh ed o n th a t s u bj ect i t ,

w o u l d ap p e a r s u ffi c i e n t to est a b l i sh th a t t h e n a m es o f
t h e co l o r s r e p r od u ce i n He b r e w t h e si g n i fi c a t i o n s a s
s i g n ed to th e m i n o u r fo r m e r r ese a r ch es ; b u t i t h as
a
pp e a r ed to u s t h a t i t m i ht b e u se fu l to m a k e a s e c i a l
g p
a
p p li c a t i o n o f th i s n e w m e a n s o f ve r i fic a t i o n to E g y p t i a n
ai n t i n s
p g .

W HIT E .

Th e si g n i fi c at i o n s g i ve n i n Heb r e w t o th e co l o r w h i te
des i g n a te p u r i ty c a n dor n obi l i ty
, , .

W ! HE UR to be whi te ;
“
n n m H E UR I M the n o bl e the
- a
ur e
, p , , ,

the wh i te .

13 5 b e whi te to p u rg e o n e s self q/ st n
’ ‘

L B N , to .

In E g y p t th e s p i r i ts o f th e de a d w e r e c l o th e d i n
w h i t e l i k e th e p r i ests ; Ph t h a , th e c r e a to r a n d r e g e n e r a
to r , i s e n c l ose d i n a s tr ai g ht w h i te vest m e n t , sy m bo l o f
th e e gg fr o m w h i c h h e w a s bo r n 2
T h e e g g c a l l e d to .

m i n d th e b i r t h o f th e w o r l d a n d th e n e w b i r t h , o r r e g e
n e r a t i o n o f th e u r e o r th e whi te
p
1
S y m b o l i c C o l or s of A n ti q uit
y , the M i dd l e A g e s , an d M o de r n
T i m e s, p p 50 a n d 5 1
. .

g
S ee P a i n t i n s o f th e F u n e r ea l R i tu a ; l and Eme r i c -
D av i d , Vu l~
 T HE SY M B OLS OF C O LO RS . 65

R ED .

Th e n am es
t h i s co l o r a r e fo r m ed fr o m th ose o f fi r e
of ,

a n d i n the i r t u r n t h ey fo r m th ose o f l ove

, , T h u s p ans .
,

A R GUN p u p l e i s fo r m e d by m s A R E to b u r n
, r , , .

i n s A R G MN a n o th e r n a m e o f u r l e i s a l so fo r m ed
pa
p p , ,

o f m s A R E to b u r n a n d o f a n R G M w h i ch s i n i fies to
,
g
, ,

c ol or ,to p a i n t to c onj o i n a n d a fr i en d
, , .

R ed t h e m ost g l ar i n g o f al l co l o r s w a s u sed to de
, ,

s i g n a te th e v e r bs to c ol or a n d p a i n t a n d a s th e i m ag e o f , ,

fi r e i t des i g n a ted l ove t he u i er sa l ti e of b e i ng s

, , n v .

T h e n a m es o f m a n a n d w o m a n W e i e bo r r o w ed i i n
fi r e a n d th e co l o r r e d bec a u se t he p hy s i c a l th e m o r a l , , ,

a n d r e l i i o u s l i fe o f h u m a n i t y s r i n fr o m l ove : w s a
g p g
A ISCH m a n fr o m t h e r oo t w
, ,
a s AS OH
/ i r e mo s A S O H E wom a n , , ,

an d fi re .

'
D ix AD M , ma n a n d th e c o l o r r e d .

O n E g y p t i an m o n u m e n ts a l l th e m e n h a ve t h e flesh
a i n ted r e d n d w o m e n y e l l o w ; i n l i k e m an n e r t h e
p a ,

g od s h a ve th e flesh i e d a n d bg oddesses ye l l o w ; a t
l e a st , w he n th e se d i v i n i ti es h a v e n o t a co l o r S p ec i al l y
a tt r i b u ted to th e m W e see , i n t h i s fa ct , a co n fi r m a t i o n
.

o f th e Heb r e w s i n i fic a t i o n o f m a n , w h ose n a m e s i n i fies

g g
r ed ; w e sh a l l r ese n t l y S h o w w h th e f e m i nine e n de r
p y g
i s des i g n a ted by ye l l o w .

Y E LL O W .

Am o n g th e E g y p t i a n s a s a m o n g th e Heb r e w s fi r e , ,

w a s t h e sy m b o l O f d i v i n e l i fe o f h u m a n l i fe a n d o f t h e , ,

l i fe th a t a n i m a tes a l l c r e a ted be i n g s .

Th e i n w a r d e sse n ce o f d i v i n i t y w a s c o n s i de r ed by th e
E gy p ti a n s as m a l e a n d f m a l T h e he t of the fi r e r e p r e e e .
1
a

se n ted t h e u n i ve r s a l m a l e p r i n c i p l T h e l ig ht of the / i r e e .

w a s th e fe m a l e p r i n c i p l e
L e Pi m a n d r e w h o a cco r d i n g to C h a m p o l l i o n h a s
, , ,

r ese r ved to u s a t l e a st i n art e d oct r i n es o f E y t

2
p p t h , g p , ,

r eve a l s th i s m ys te r y t o u s .

S ym b l i C l op 1 05
c C l t C h m p Egy p t P th Am
o o r s, . o nsu a . . an .
, on

and fema l e Am o n .

“
T he he r m e t i c b o o k s sa y s C ha m p o i o n n o t wi t hsta n d i n g t he o p i n
. ll ,

i o ns h az a r de d b y c e r ta i n m o d e r n c r i t i c s c o n t a i n a m a ss o f p u r e y Egy p , l
l g
t i a n t r a d i t i o n s a wa ys fo u n d t o a r e e w i t h t he m o n u m e n ts — E y p t i a n . g
Pa n the o n A r t Th o t/i l r t sm ég t sl c
, . .
 T HE S Y M B OL S OF C OL O RS . 67

B LU E .

T h e n am e o f t h i s co l o r d oes n o t ap p e ar to ex i st i n
Heb r e w a t l e a st n o t t h a t I k n o w o f ; b u t i ts si g n i fic a
, ,
1

t i o n i s p r ese r ved t o u s i n th a t o f s ap p h i r e .

Th e n a m e o f s ap p h i r e th e s a m e i n Heb r e w a s i n ,

F r e n ch m ac S P I R o r S P H IR i s fo r m ed by t h e r oo t nab S F R
,

or S PH R s i g n i fy i n g to wr i te to sp ea k c el eb r a te p r a i se a
, , , , ,

sc r i b e wr i ti n
,
g th e b, oo k .

Th ese v a ri o u s si g n i fi c a ti o n s i n d i c a te t h e Di i n e voi e v c ,

th e w r i t te n o r s p o k e n w o r d t h e w i sdo m o f G o d c o n , ,

t a i n e d i n th e sep he r o f th e Heb r e w s o r t h e B i b l e , .

S a p p h i r e i s th e co l o r O f th e E g y p t i an g o d A m o n w h ose , ,

n am e r ese r ved i n th e B i b l e e x a ct l y a s i n th e h i e r o
p ,

l y h i c l e e n ds i m : AMUN ax A MN s i n i fies i
"
g p g T , o r fl g , n , ,

Heb r e w t r u th wi sdo m a s h i s co l o r s ap p h i r e “ no i n d i
, , , , , ,

c a tes th e D i v i n e w o r d s p o k e n o r w r i tte n , .

T h e ch i e f o f th e E g y p t i a n H i e r o g r am m a ts w o r e o n h i s
b r e a st a s ap p h i r e o n w h i ch w a s e n g ra ved a r e p r ese n t a
,

t i o n o f th e g oddess o f tr u th a n d j u sti c Th m e w h ose e, ,

n am e an T HM o r m n T HM E , s i g n i fies i n Heb r e w j u s
a
, , ,

ti c e a n d tr u th ( S e e Ar t . O st r i c h F ea ther ) .

T h e H i g h P ri est o f th e Heb r e w s w o r e o n h i s b r e a st a
sto n e h a v i n g t he s a m e n a m e ; tr u th a n d j u sti ce D m
, ,
'
i '
i

T H MI M .

H Y A CI N TH .

T h e H eb r e w n a m e t h i s co l o r i s n hz n T H K L T H
of
’
,

fo r m ed o f th e r o ot 71 53 T HK L E
“ s i g n i fy i n g a bso l u ti on p r
, , e

f i
ec t o n , hop e a n d c o n sta n c
y a b so l u t i o
, p e r fe c t i o s p e s , , ,

fi d u c i a se n i u s ; b sn ton ,
( G ) p r/ b c onsu m m a
fl
e n T H K L IT H , ea
ti o n .

Inth e w o r k o n sy m b o l i c co l o r s i t w i l l b e fo u n d th a t ,

th e h y a c i n th w a s t he sy m bo l o f p erf t i h p e a n d c n e
c on , o o

sl n e i n s i r i t u a l co m b a ts

Th i s co p
a
y .

o r doe s n o t a p p e a r to h a ve bee n e m p l oy ed o n

th e E g y p t i a n m o n u m e n ts .

m u; i g i fi b l k s n es d p b b ly
ac d k bl ,
T h w d n b nr i
an , ro a , a ar ue . e o r

l i g t h y i th
es na e s b l i sh p p l
ac n , or u ur e .

r i hn n h y
'
m th (R b t
ae Th
us
) p p o l i
e r so n , e sa u r u s ,
ur ura c e r u e a , se r

um flu v u m ( G ese n i u s) .
68 APPL IC A T I ON T O

GR EE N .

Th e H eb r e w n a m e o f g r een i s p m m e , vi r idi s, whi c h

al so s i n i fies ver du r
g g r een
g r a ss e, .

Th i s w o r d co m es fr o m t h e r o ots h " I RE o u n d , to
f
‘
i
, to
an d of
"
re
g u l a te ; p ! R Q , s a ce ;
p h pfi R Q E, ti me , ex
p a n si o n
of
s a ce
p ; S a
m th e fi r ma m en t .

T h u s t h e n a m e o f g r ee n des i g n a tes th e be g i n n i n g o f
,

t i m e t h e c r e a t i o n o f t h e w o r l d th e b i r th o f eve r yt h i n g
, ,

t h a t e x i sts T h i s i s th e m e a n i n g gi ve n t o g r ee n i n th e
.

w o r k o n sy m b o l i c co l o r s a n d w h i c h i s a l so co n st a n t l y ,

i v n to i t o n th e E y t i a n m o n u m e n ts
g e
g p .

T h e g o d P h t h a fo u n de r o f t h e w o r l d t h e c r e a to r a n d
, ,

u
p h o l de r h a s a l w ay s
,
g r ee n flesh .

PH T H A s ay s C h a m p o l l i o n i s the a c ti ve c r ea ti ng sp i r i t
, , ,

th e d i vi n e i n tel l i g en c e , who u n der took , i n the b eg i n n i ng , the

a c c o m l i shm en t
p of th e u n i ver se , i n a l l tr u th , a n d wi th sup r eme
a rt . E
( g p y t P a n t h , see J a m b l i c h
. . D e y st e r i i s, se c . M .

v i i i , c ap v i i i ) Hi s fles h , a dds t h e l e ar n e d F r e n ch m a n ,
. . .

i s a l w ays p a i n ted g r e e n .

T h i s d i v i n i ty h o l ds i n h i s h a n d a sce p t r e , s u r m o u n ted
by fo u r co r n i ces , w h i ch , i n h i e r o gl y p h i c w r i t i n g , i s th e
sy m bo l o f c oor di n a ti o n ( Ch a m p E g y p t an d . .

th e r oo t m “ S i g n i fi e s to i n sti tu te , i n sti t u e r e , co n fo r m a r e
( G e se n i u s
) T h i s sce p .t re i s
p a i n ted o f th e fo u r co l o r s

a tt r i b u ted to th e fo u r e l e m e n ts — th e r e d de n ot i n fi re ;
g ,

b l u e , a i r ; g r ee n , w a te r ; a n d th e b r o w n ye l l o w , o r -

r u ss e t , s a n d o r e a r th e e E m e r i c D a v i d , Vu l c a i n ,
( S .
p
-
.

G r ee n w a s a t t r i b u ted t o w a te r be c a u se , i n E g y p t i a n ,

cos m o g o n y , w a te r w a s the p r i m i t i ve a g e n t o f c r e a t i o n
( C h am
p P an t h . C n o u hi s Ni l u s
p ) T h e w o r d m s I R E , r oo t
-
.

o f th e n a m e o f r ee n , s i n i fi es , to a c e the o u n da ti o n , a n d
g g p l f
to sp r i n k l e .

P h t h a i s n o t o n l y th e c r e a to r o f th e w o r l d , b u t t h e
r e e n e r a to r o r s i r i t u a l c r e a to r o f m a n ; u n d e r th e fo r m
g p
o f P h t h a S o c a r i , h e r u l es th e dest i n i es o f so u l s th a t
-

a b a n do n e a r t h l y bod i es , t o be d i st r i b u ted i n th e th i r ty

t w o s u p e r i o r r e gi o n s Hi s fles h i s a l so g r ee n ( C h a m p
. .

P a n th , p l a te .

Th e s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f g r ee n , ar i s i n g fr o m i ts n a m e , a n d
i t s a tt r i b u ti o n to th e g o d c r e a to r o f th e w o r l d , i t i s e a sy
-

to m a k e i t s a p p l i c a t 1 o n s to othe r d i vi n i t i es .
 T HE S YM B OL S OF C OLORS . 69

T h e go d T or e or T hr a th e wor l d p er son ified i s r e p r e

, , ,

se n ted s i tt i n g i n a n a r k flo a t i n g o n th e g r e en w a te r s of
cos m o g o n y ( Ch am p E gy p t . .

Th e go d L u n ns ( th e m oo n ) w h ose flesh i s g r ee n i s , ,

a l so r e p r ese n ted s i tt i n g i n a b ar k o r ba r i flo a t i n g i n , ,

r ee n w a te r s T h e o d L u n n s w a s d o u b t l ess a c os m o
g .

g , ,

r a h i c d i v i n i ty s i n ce h e a p p e a r s w i th t h e e m b l e m s o f
g p ,

P h t h a th e sce p t r e o f co or d i n a t i o n i n h i s h a n d Th e
'

, .

Heb r e w n am e o f th e m oo n m I R H E i s fo r m ed o f o n e ,
“
,

o f t h e r oots o f g r ee n r m I R E w hi ch s i n i fies to ou n d
g, f , ,

t o r g u l a te i n sti tu e r e co n fo r m ar e ( G e se n i u s)
e , , .

Th e s a m e r oot n i I R E s i g n i fies a l so to i n str u ct a n d

,
' '
i
, , , ,

to sp r i n kl e W e h a ve see n i n t h e ar t i c l e D ew th a t th i s
.
, ,

sy m bo l des i g n a ted th e s a c r ed doct r i n e T h o th th e g o d .

,

c r e a to r o f m e n fo u n de r O f th e soci al s t a te th e go d o f
, ,

sc i e n ce o f th e s a c r ed doct ri n e an d th e hi e og r a mm a ts h as
, , r ,

hi s flesh p a i n ted g r ee n o n t w o m o n u m e n ts co p i ed i n
C h a m p o l l i o n s E gy p t i a n P a n th eo n T h ot h p o u r s ove r
’
.

th e h e a d o f t h e n eo p hyte th e w a te r s o f p u r i fic a t i o n ,

sy m bo l o f ce l est i al d e w ( S e e th e r e p r ese n t a t i o n o f
.

E g y p t i a n b ap ti s m at th e co m m e n ce m e n t o f th i s w o r k )
. .

Netp he , m o th er
of g d s l a d
the
y of h ea vo
e n , a s sh
, e i s
c al l ed i n t h e l e g e n d o f th a t d i v i n i ty , i s O fte n r e p r ese n ted
i n th e m i d st o f th e t r ee P e r se a p o u r i n g th e d i v i n e ,

b eve r ag e ove r so u l s h e r flesh i s g r een .

F i n a l l y , N e i th w i th th e li o n s h e a d , c a l l ed P asc h t,
’

r e r ese n ts t h e r e e n e r a t i n r i n c i l e u n d e r th e e m b l e m
p g g p p ,

o f v i i l a n ce a n d m o r a l o w e r , th e l i on ; sh e ra s s , w i t h
g p g p
bo t h h a n ds , t h e g r e a t se r p e n t Ap o p , e n e m y o f th e g od s ,
a n d sy m bo l o f t h e w i c k ed a n d i n i i T h e i n sc r i
p o us
p .

t i o n a cco m p a n y i n g t h i s i m a g e o f t h e d i v i n i ty i s : P ower
u l F u sc h l , e e i e su n , so ve r e i o n e r , d i r ec tr e ss o t/ l l
f y f th g n r
f p f
th e g o ds, c ha st i si n g th e n u c l e o n .

T h e t h r e e d i ffe r e n t fo r m s u n de r w h i ch sh e i s r e p r e
se n t e d i n C h a i n p o l l i o n s P a n t h e o n , a l l sh o w h e r w i th
‘

g r een fl es h .

Pa sc h t p r otect r ess o f w a r r i o r s , r e p r ese n ted , a cco r d i n g

,

to th e F r e n ch p h i l o l o g i st , th e w i sd o m t h a t g i ves t h e
vi c to r
y ( P an th e o n
) .

G r e e n w a s th e sy m bo l o f v i c to r y ( S y m bo l i c C o l o r s , p .

In th e F u n e r e a l R i t u a l , t h e se r p e n t p i e r ced by
th e sw o r d s o f th e g od s a p p e a r s i n a g r een e n c l o su r e .

Ne i t l i i s ag ai n m a n i fe st e d u n d e r t h e fo r m o f th e g o d
70 APPL IC A T I ON TO

d ess S eben t he E g y p ti a n L u c i n a w h o p r es i ded at c h i l d

, ,

b i r th ; sh e i s r e p r ese n t ed i n C h a m p o l li o n s P a n th eo n
,
’
,

u n de r th r ee d i f fe r e n t fo r m s a n d a l w a ys wi th g r een flesh
, .

G r ee n sy m bo l i z ed m a te r i a l b i r th a n d be i n g s p i r i t u al l y
bo r n ag a i n Acco r d i n g t o a l o n g p r ese r ved sy m bo l i c
.

t r a d i t i o n the e mer a l d ha sten ed c hi l dbi r th ( S y m bo l i c C o l o r s

, ,

an d t h e E y t i a n L u c i n a i s o f e m e r a l d co l o r
p .
g p .

Th e sy m bo l o g y o f g r ee n o f w h i ch w e h a ve h e r e ,

g i ve n b u t a s l i h t s k etch
g p r ed o m i n a tes i n th e r e li i o u
, g
m o n u m e n ts o f E g y p t ; t he r e a so n i s t h a t i t t a u g h t th e ,

ve r y fo u n d a ti o n o f th e m y ste r i es o f i n i t i a ti o n t h a t i s t h e ,

b i r t h o f th e w o r l d a n d t h e m o r al c r e a ti o n o f n eo p hy te s
, .

B ROW N R ED , -
OR RU S S ET .

Th e n a m e O f th e co l o r r u sse t y mn H E MUI S s i g n i fies ,

‘ ' ‘
,

t h e op p r esso r t h e vi o l en t r u be r O p p r esso r V i o l e n t u s
, , , ,

( R ose n m u ller , W e h a ve see n t h a t t he w o r d

w a s fo r m e d fr o m a n HE M de vou r i ng hea t , HE U M bl a c k ,

( see A r t i c l e C r o c o di l e
) T h u s t h i s.w o r d p e r fect l y co rre

s o n d s to t h e co l o r r e d b l a c k a tt r i b u ted a cco r d i n g t o
p
-
, ,

P l u t a r c h an d D i o d o r u s to th e s p i r i t o f op p r essi on a n d vi o
,

l en ce t o S e th o r Ty p ho n ( S y m b o l i c C o l o r s p
, Th e , .

co n c u b i n e o f Ty p ho n T h o u e r i i s r e p r ese n ted i n a p ai n t
, ,

i n g i n C h a m p o l l i o n s E g y p t i a n P a n th e o n w i t h h e r fles h
’

r u sset co l o r
-
.

"
Hp Q D R b r o wn r u sset p u l l u s su b n i g e r s i g n i fies i n
, , , , ,

a dd i t i o n fi l th a n d Ish ma e l i tes ( G e
,
y to be i n ,fi
a l i e ti o n ,

se n i u s
) .

B LA C K .

T he r e a r e tw o sh a des o f b l a c k ex i s t i n g i n sy m bo l o g y ,

o n e th e O os i te o f r e d th e ot h e r O f w h i te ( S y m bo l i c
pp ,

C ol o rs p , .

T h e fi r s t d es i g n a tes i g n o r a n ce a r i s i n g fr o m ev i l a n d
a l l se l fish o r h a te fu l p a ss i o n s T h e sec o n d i n d i c a tes
.

i g n o r a n ce o f m i n d n o t co n fi r m ed by w i c k ed n ess o f h e a r t
, ,

a n d see k i n g to l e a ve t h a t st a te o f i n te l l ect u a l de a t h .

B l a c k fr o m r ed ( re d b l a c k ) i s c a l l ed i n Heb r e w ti t
-

H E UM a s sh o w n i n th e Ar t i c l e o n R u sset
,
This nam . e

fo r m s t h e w o r d r i m HE UM E a n en c l osi g wa l l bec a u se ,
n ,
 T HE S YM B OLS OF C OLORS . 71

ev i l a nd fa l s i ty bind m an as in a st r ai t p l a ce
( co n su l t

Ar t Ass). .

B l a c k fr o m wh i te , i n Heb r e w “ 125 S C H H E R bl a c k , si g n i
.

fi es , i n a dd i t i o n , the da wn an d to seek Th i s w o r d , th e
.

co n n ec t i o n O f w h i ch w i t h th e n a m e o f w h i te , an !: T S H E R ,
a
pp e a r s ev i de n t , d es i n a tes th e ex ect a t i o n o f t h e
g p p ro

fa n e , w h o se e k s a n d sees sh i n e t h e fi r s t l i g h t o f d a w n .

T h e b l a c k O s i r i s , w h o a p p e a r s a t t h e co m m e n ce m e n t o f
t h e F u n e r e a l R i t u a l , r e p r ese n ts th a t st a t e O f t h e so u l
w h i ch , fr o m th e m i ds t o f d a r k n ess s u r r o u n d i n g th e e a r th ,

a sses I n to t h e w o r l d o f l i h t
p g .

Th e s a m e i n d i c a t i o n be l o n g s i n th e j u d g m e n t o f th e
,

so u l , to t he t w o ch i l d re n o f O si r i s , A n u b i s a n d Ho r u s ,
w h o w e i g h th e s o u l i n th e sc a l es o f A m e n t i A n u bi s . ,

th e g o d O f th e de a d a n d o f e m b a l m i n g i s b l a c k , a n d
,

Ho r u s r e d a n d ye l l o w ( D esc r i p t i o n o f E g y p t ) .

T h ot h P sy ch o p o m p e , co n d u cto r o f so u l s to th e p r e
se n ce o f O s i r i s , h as th e h e a d o f t h e b l a c k Ib i s .
 CHAPTER IV .

4L PP L IC A T I O N T O T HE SY MB O I S OF T HE B I BL E .

T H E p ri n ci p l e Bi b l e sy m bo l s i s t a u g h t by th e w o r ds
of

o f o u r L o r d to t h e a ost l e S i m o n , w h o h a d j u st a c k n o w
p
l ed g ed h i m a s th e C h r i st , t he S o n o f t h e l i v i n g G o d
T h ou a r t P eter , a n d o n th i s r o c k wi l l I b u i l d my c hu r c h
a t the w x v i
( M .

S to n e i s th e sy m b o l o f fa i t h ; th e fo u n d a t i o n o f th e
Ch r i st i a n fai t h i s th e r eco g n i t i o n O f Jes u s a s th e C h r i s t ,
t h e S o n o f th e l i v i n g G o d .

J es u s g a ve to S i m o n t h e s u r n a m e o f P e ter ( sto n e )
( M ark i i i 1 6 )
.
— b ec a u se th e d i v i n e m i ss i o n th a t a ost l e
p
h a d to p e r fo r m r e p r ese n ted , s p i r i t u a l l y , w h a t i s m a te r i a l l y
r e r ese n te d by t h e co r n e r sto n e o f a n ed i fice
p
-
.

It c a n n ot be n ecess ar y to say to Ch r i st i a n s th a t th e
M ess i a h d i d n o t p l a y o n th e w o r d , b u t e x p r essed , b y a
sy m bo l , t h e fu n ct i o n s th a t P e te r w o u l d h a v e t o r e r ese n t
p
1
g
T h e wor d p i er r e , i n F r e n c h , si n ifi es b o th P eter (a p r op e r n a m e )
an d ston e l g
T hi s a t te r si n i fi c a t i o n i s th e on e i n te n de d t o b e i ven b y
. g
l ll
P o r ta a s wi b e see n b y t h e c o n te x t
,
T r a n sl a tor
. .
 AP PL IC A T I O N T O T H IJ S YMBOL S OF T HE B I B LE . 73

an d cco m p l i sh
a W e m u st ch oose bet w ee n th e t w o
.

i n te r p r e t a t i o n s— o n e t r i v i a l a n d t he oth e r s u b l i m e the
fi r st p r ese n t i n g a p u n to s p e ak p l ai n l y t h e seco n d , ,

affo r d i n g a k e y to B i b l e sy m bo l s ( see t h e w o r d S to n e

h e r e a fte r ) .

T he syste m o f h o m o n y m s ap p l i e d to th e i n te r p r et a t i o n
o f t h e B i b l e i s n o t n e w t h o u g h n o sch o l a r h a s m a de i t ,

th e Obj ect o f s p ec i al st u dy ; t h i s p r i n ci p l e i s so ev i de n t l y ’

e m p l oyed by t he i n s p i r e d w r i te r s t h a t H eb r ai sts c a n n ot ,

fai l to r eco g n i z e i t i n so m e p a ss ag es .

I t i s m o r e th an t w o h u n d r e d ye a r s s i n ce th e ce l eb r a t ed
He i n si u s i n t h e exte n ded p r e fa ce t o h i s Ar ista r c hu s sa c r
, e ,

r ove d th a t t h e G os e l o f S t J oh n w r i tte n i n G r ee k
p p .
, ,

h a d bee n co n ce i ved i n S y r i a c b ec a u se i n th a t G os p e l , , ,

t h e i n s p i r e d w ri te r a l l u de s t o th e d o u b l e m e a n i n g s o f
w o r d s — d o u b l e m e a n i n g s th a t ex i s t o n l y i n S y r i a c a n d
n o t i n G r ee k Th e l e ar n ed co m m e n t ato r m ak es th e
1
.

s am e ob se r v ati o n a fte r a n ex a m i n a t i o n O f t h e w o r d sem !

, t ,

u sed by S t P ete r i n hi s S eco n d E i st l e ch a i v

.
p p , . .
,
.

I t ak e th ese t w o c i t a t i o n s o f He i n si u s fr o m G o u l i a n o f s ’

w o r k o n E gy p t i a n Ar ch ae o l o g y ( III T he R u ss i a n .
,

a c a de m i c i a n fo l l o w s t he m w i t h th ese r eflect i o n s : It “

w a s t h e n by t h e d i scove r y o f h o m o n y m i es i n th e ob sc u r e
, ,

a n d d i ffi c u l t a ss a es t h a t th e ce l eb r a ted c r i t i c bec a m e
p g
co n v i n ced o f th i s i m p o r t an t co n d i t i o n o f th e exe g es i s to ,

1
Si q u i s ex m e q u ee r a t , q u a n a m li g
n u a sc r i p se r i t e v a n g l i ste a n o ste r

h e ll e n i st i c a sc r i si sse d i c a m
p . q
u i s q u a c o n c e p e r i t q u i sc r i p si t ; s
Si y,

i i a c a m fu i sse d i c a m A d e a m a u te m q u o d e st he l l e n i st i s p r op r i u m , e t
.

v o c e s e t se r m o n e m d e fle x i sse g r ze c u m : u a r e a d a l l u sm n es n o n q u i e q ,

e x t a n t se d
. q
u as a n i m o c o n c e p e r a t , e u i i d e ni e sse ; n i h i e n i m a q u e a tq u e l e

ha s a m a t O r i e n s : S ta t i m i n i t i o n o t 1 5 p ai r; i n r y) o x o r t a p a i r/ c t m i
” ’
f
, ,
‘
r ox o u a
j
’

a i r o of; x a r ei a
fl ev , d i e i tu r Q u o d S i c ha d a i c s a u t sy r i a c e
’

. l
c l fc r a s su a v i ss u n a m a l l u3 1o n e m q u a m n e c g r a c a , i i e c he ll e n i st i c a a d ri i i t t i t
z
, ,

h i i g u a p r o t i n us a g i i o sc e s
, Na m 1 6 S u p co b b el e st x a r a ha y fl d we w S a p
.
,

ceb a l i, bz p e nim T ha r g u m i st i s ob sc u i a r z Q u a n to p e r c
’

a u te m ox on a , .

a u te m hos a m a vc r i t e v a n g li
p assi m j a m o ste n d i m u s
e sta , .

( C o l
n su t G o u l i a u o l A r c h é o l o i c e
g yp t i e n n e , l l l p
, g .
,

7
g , l l g
I i t u r , u t j a m d i c e b a m a i a i n u a p r i m o c o n c i p i t q u a) sc r i b i t a i a ,
l ,

l i
q me J a m c o n c e p i i , he l e n a e x p r i m i t
st l r i m o e n i m a d o r i g i n e n i i p su i s
’
.

l n Ud r e s i i c i t q u a su a e x p r i m i t, a u t oj u s S e u i t u r i n te r p r e tes
:
, Et q .

q u i a q u te d i ve r si s c o n c i p i a c sc r i b i so e n t, n on c o n v e i i i u i i t u b i q u e
( ri a ml
u t l i t te r s: a c sy l l a b aa si c e t a l l usm n e s a c
p a r o n o m a si m q u a: si i i g u li s su n t
, ,

r a n sl u n d i c o m m o d e v i x
p p
r O me t , p o ssu i i t) , d o his 1 p s13 e x i n te r p re ts
l g l
e a r u m i n u a o r r i se n te n t i a a c j u d i c a r i p o te st
'

Ut r u m n e m p e he b r aaa .
, ,

lq
a i u i d c o n c e p t u m fu e r i t a n sy r a ; ri a m i n c o u o d c ad e m sc r i t u i n a c
p q
, ll
c o n ce p t u n i n u a i l i lli c u l ta s ( Ib i d ]u st b i f or e ) . . .
 T HE S Y MBOL S OF T HE B I BL E . 75

Co p t i c l an g u a g e , w h i ch h e co n fo u n ds w i t h th e s a c r ed
”
l a n g u ag e o f E g y p t . It r e m ai n s fo r u s, s a ys h e , to “

n ot i ce a s u e r fi c i a l obj ect i o n , w h i ch w o u l d , h o w eve r , be

p
fa vo r a b l e to th e p r ese n t q u est i o n Am o n g t h e h ag i o
.

r a h s o f t h e O l d Test a m e n t n e a r l y a l l th e r o h ets
g p ,
p p
h a d n eve r b ee n i n E g y p t , a n d co u l d n o t h a ve bee n a c
u ai n te d w i th t h e s a c r ed l a n u a e O f th a t co u n t r y ; th i s
q g g
o bj ec t i o n beco m es s t i l l m o r e p os i t i ve w i t h r e g ar d to t h e
ev an g e l i st s a n d a p ostl es Ho w , t h e n i t w i l l be s ai d ,
.
,

sh o u l d w e co n ce i ve th e p oss i b i l i ty o f ex p l ai n i n g , b y
m e a n s o f th e sa c r ed l a ng u a g e o f E g y p t th e w o r d s o f th e
,

r o h ets , a n d t h ose o f t h e ev a n e l i s t s a n d a ost l es , w h o

p p g p
h a d n o k n o w l ed g e o f th a t l a n g u a g e ? No w , i f th e u se
O f th a t l a n g u ag e w i l l l e a d u s to a n u n de r st a n d i n g o f th e

s i r i t u a l m ea n i n h e S c r i tu r es, t h i s fa ct w i l l beco m e
f
-
o t p
p g
a d e m o n st r a t i o n i n a m e a s u r e m a te r i a l to th e r eve l a t i o n

o f t h e m yste r i es o f th e n e w cove n a n t a n d o f t he i n s i r a
”
,
p
t i o n o f th e h agi og r a p h s ( Ib i d , p
. . .

In o r d e r t o co n s i de r t h e Co p t i c a s co n t ai n i n g th e
s p i r i t u al m e a n i n g o f th e B i b l e , i t w o u l d , i n t h e fi r st
p l ac e b e n ecess a r y th a t th a t l a n u a e s h o u l d ex l ai n
g g p
th e sy m bo l s o f E g y p t , w h i c h w e de n y i n p r ese n ce o f
th e fa ct s k n o w n t o sc i e n ce i t w o u l d fu r th e r be n ec o s
s a r y , by a co m p ar i so n o f a ll th e p a ss ag es i n t h e B i b l e ,
co n t a i n i n g th e s a m e w o r d , to sh o w th a t th i s w o r d h a s,
i n r e a l i ty th e do u b l e m e a n i n g a ss i g n ed to i t ; n o w , w i th
M
,

r G o u l i a n o f s m et hod th i s a p p e a r s i m p oss i b l e to u s
’
. .
,

I t i s ev i d e n t to u s t h a t , i f th e p r o p h e ts co n ce al ed
th e i r m yste r i es i n th e d o u b l e m e a n i n g o f w o r ds , t h ose
w o r ds w e r e t a k e n fr o m th e l a n g u a g e u n de r stoo d by th e m .

I t i s al so c l e a r , t h a t i f w i th o u t th e k n o w l ed g e e ve n o f
,

th e p r o p h ets th e m se l ves , D i v i n e i n s p i r a t i o n co n ce a l e d
th e s p i r i t u a l m e a n i n g u n d e r th e d o u b l e m e a n i n g o f a
l e tte r , th e n , i n th e Heb r e w l e tte r m u s t w e fi n d th e
se c r et th o u g ht o f B i b l i c a l fi g u r es a n d n o t i n th e C o p t i c
, .

o r v u l ar E y t i a n , sc a r ce l y c a a b l e o f ex l ai n i n th e
g g p p p g
sy m bo l s o f i t s o w n co u n t r y .

B e si des , th e p a ss ag e fr o m C l e m e n s A l e x a n d r i n u s fu l l y
r ove s th a t th e sy m b o l s o f th e E y t i a n s w e r e l i k e
p g p
th ose o f th e Heb r e w s . r M
G o u l i a n o f p r e te n ds o n t h e
.
,

co n t ra r y th at th e Heb r e w sy m b o l s w e r e s i m i l a r to th ose
,

of the E g y p ti a n s ; h e co n se q u e n t l y fi n ds h i m se l f i n
o p p os i t i o n to m od e r n sc i e n c e a n d th e o n l y p a ss ag e
,
76 APPL IC A T I ON To

fr o m an an ci e n t au th o r co m p e te n t to ex p l ai n th e q u es
ti on .

We in o wi se p r ete n d th a t a l l th e exe g e ti c al d i th
n

c u l ti e s o f th e B i b l e m ay be r e m oved by th e m e a n s w e
of fe r ; w e a re not a bove a l l ,foo l i sh e n o u g h to th i n k ,

t h a t by t h i s m e a n s w e m a o e n th e boo k o f l ife an d
, y p , ,

b r e ak i t s se a l s b u t w e s i m p l y t h i n k th a t h e al thy c r i ti
c i sm be fo r e de p r i v i n g i tse l f o f th i s m et hod o f i n vesti g a
,

ti o n sh o u l d co n sc i e n t i o u s l y st u dy i t a n d o n l y a d m i t o r
, ,

r ej ec t i t a fte r s u b m i tt i n i t to t h e r oo fs o f w h i ch i t i s
g p
s u sce p t i b l e .

I w i l l n o t see k to ex p l ai n i n th i s p l a ce h o w th e , ,

s i r i t u al e
p m a ni n
g m ay be h i d de n u n d e r th e d o u b l e
m e a n i n g o f a l et te r ; I st u dy a n d o n l y d es i r e to est a b
l i sh th e fa ct i tse l f .

T h e sy m bo l i c m e a n i n g i s n o t al wa y s c l e ar l y m a n i
fe st e d i n th e s a c r e d te x t W h e r e fo r e to a r r i ve a t t h e
.
,

s i g n i fic a t i o n o f a sy m bo l i t i s n o t s u ffi ci e n t to i n te r p r e t i t
,

a s w e m ee t i t i n a a ss a e fr m th e Bi b l e b u t we m u s t
p g o ,

r eco n st r u ct i t s s i n i fi c a t i o n by co n s i de r i n
g g a l l i ts n a m e s .

T h e p r oo f o f t h e t r u th o f th i s r u l e a p p e a r s fr o m th e fa ct
th a t t h e Ne w Test a m e n t i s p a r t l y w ri tte n i n a sy m bo l i c
m a n n e r a s p r o v d by R eve l a t i o n s th e t w e n ty fo u r t h
, e ,
-

ch ap te r o f M a t the w etc etc ; a n d t h a t t he G r ee k i s

, . , .

n o t a sy m bo li c l a n u a e ; th e sy m bo l s o f th e B i b l e
g g
m u s t th e n a l l u d e to a l l th e Heb r e w sy n o n y m s a n s w e ri n g
, ,

to th e G r ee k w o r d to b e i n te r p r e ted ; s i n ce th e G r ee k i s
to be t ra n s l a ted i n to Heb r e w th e r e i s n o g r e a te r r e aso n ,

fo r c h oos i n g a n e x p r ess i o n th a n i ts sy n o n y m .

Th e i n s p i r ed w ri te r i n t h e O l d Test am e n t see m s ,

des i g n ed l y to ve i l hi s th o u g h ts u n de r w o r ds t h a t e v i
,

d e n t l y h a ve n o t th e do u b l e m e a n i n g h e a tt r i b u te s to
th e m If th e P s a l m i st s ays t h a t the r ig hteo us ma n sha ll
.

f l o u i sh l i k e the
r
p a l m tr ee m 5 ”on : V H S
-
he , does not
“
,

e m p l oy th e e x p r ess i o n D n T H M the j ust m a n to co m p a r e , ,

h i m to th e p a l m t r ee fi m T H MR b u t h e ex p r esses t h i s
-
.
r
,

i de a by a sy n o n y m t h a t does n o t p r od u c e t h e s a m e
h o m o n y m y p i x T S D IQ the j u st ma n
,
' '
i
, .

It W i l l be u n de r s t o od th a t i f i n th e B i b l e a sy m bo l , , ,

h a d a l w a ys bee n p l a ced i n r e l a t i o n w i th i t s h o m o n y m ,

th e m yste r y s u r r o u n d i n g the s a c r e d tex t w o u l d h a ve

bee n d i v u l g ed L i k e F a b r e d O l i v e t w e n eed n o t
.
’
,

th e r e fo r e e n de a v o r to e x p l a i n a B i b l e p h r a se b y i t se l f
,
 T HE SY M
B O LS op T HE B I BL E . 77

by sc r u t i n i z i n g th e m o r al se n se o f e a ch w o r d o r i t s
r oo ts fo r b y th i s m eth od w e sh o u l d a r r i ve a t n o u se fu l
, , ,

o r sc i e n t i fi c r es u l t .

T h e m eth o d I r eco m m e n d fo r i n te r p r et i n g th e B i b l e ,

i s th a t I h a ve j u st a p p l i ed to E g y p t i a n sy m bo l s ; to r e
c o n st r u ct i n t h e fi r st p l a ce th e m e a n i n g o f e a ch sy m b o l
, ,

b y th e m o r al si g n i fi c a ti o n s o f i t s d i ffe r e n t n a m es a n d by , ,

i ts a p p l i c a t i o n to v a r i o u s p a ss ag es o f t h e B i b l e a sc e r ,

t ai n th a t th e sy m b o l r e a l l y p ossesses s u c h s i g n i fi c a t i o n .

T h i s m eth od a do p ted fo r i n te r p r et i n g t h e m o n u m e n ts
,

o f E y t o u gh t t o r od u ce th e s a m e r es u l ts i n t h e e x r
g p , p
e sl s o f th e s a c r ed b oo k
g .

A fe w w o r d s m ay h e r e b e a d d r essed t o th ose C h r i s
t i a n s w h o m i g h t be fe a r fu l l est o r fa i th sh o u l d be i n u

j u r ed by co m p a n i o n sh i p w i th E g y p t S c i e n ce c a n .

n eve r i n j u r e th e C h r i st i a n r e l i i o n th ey both desce n d

g ,

fr o m th e so u r ce o f a l l t r u t h ; i f t h e syste m n o w p r e
se n ted i s t r u e i t w i l l fu r n i sh n e w p r oo f o f th e d i v i n e
,

i n s p i r a t i o n o f t h e B i b l e i f fa l se r e l i g i o n h a s n oth i n g t o
, ,

fe a r fr o m i t
A l r e a dy am o n g P r otest a n ts th e R e v Mr C o q u e r e l
.

, , . .

a d sh o w n th e i m o r t a n ce E y t i a n s t u d i es m i h t h a ve
p g p g
”
on th e e x e g es i s o f t h e Bi b l e O f a l l p eo p l e s ai d
*

h e th e E g y p t i a n s h a d th e m ost i n te r co u r se w i th th e
,
“

He b r e w s fr o m th e j o u r n ey o f Ab ra h a m ( G e n x i i 1 0)
, , .

t o th e c a r r y i n g a w a y o f J e r e m i a h ( J e r x l i ii th a t , .
,
.

i s fr o m th e fi r st P a t r i a r c h t o the f l l o f J e r u sa l e m
, a .

T h e n a m e o f E g y p t i s th e fo r e i g n o n e m o st fr e q u e n t l y
m e t w i t h i n t h e S c r i p t u r es ; t he d i st i n c t i ve s i g n o f th e
e l ect w a s p e r h a p s w o r n by t h e E y p t i a n p r i esth o o d
, ,
0
g
1

M oses w a s l e a r n ed i n a ll t h e i r w i sdo m ( Act s v i i 2 2 ) ,

.

S o l o m o n m a r r i ed a d a u g h te r o f th e i r k i n g s ( I K i n g s i i 1 .
, .

l ) ; a n d w h t a dds to t h e i n te r es t o f th i s q u est i o n i s
a ,

t h a t Is r a e l w a s fo r b i dd e n to h o l d co m m u n i c a t i n w i t h o

th e n e i g h bo r i n g n a t i o n s o n e p e o p l e o n l y be i n g e x ce p t
ed fr o m t h i s i n te r d i c t i o n a n d th a t p e o p l e w a s th e Eg y p
,

tian s x xii i Al l t h i s l e a ds u s to p r su n
. e n

t h a t th e bes t co m m e n t a r y o n J e w i sh An t i q u i t i e s w a s
sc u l p t u r ed o n th e P h a r a o n i c te m p l es p a l a ce s a n d o be ,

l i k s ; b u t th o se t e r n h l e h i e r o g ly p h i cs see m ed fo r eve r
s

to se p a r a te th e Jo r d a n a n d t h N i l e ”
e .
2

V l A t A t p If
a e r . n i
, m i
. ! f t h Egy p t i
. c rc u c suo n
p t o e an r 1e s s .

Le tt (Jl p ll l g ly p h d d i ts l
'

e r on i a ui o y t m
l on s n e ro n; s s e ,
e o n s1 e re 1 11 re a
78 A P P L IC A T IO N TO

T h e l ab o r o f th e P r otest a n t m i n i ste r w a s n ot l ost to

sc i e n ce . Th e A b b é G r e p p o V i c a r G e n e r al o f B e l l ey
,
-
,

u n d e r stoo d i ts a l i c a t i o n s a n d see i ng t h e t r u th w i th
pp , , ,

o u t fe ar o e n l y u b l i sh ed i t C o l l ect i th e n u m er o u s
p p n.
g
B i b l e p h r a ses t h a t see m ed to h a ve bee n co p i ed fr o m th e
m o n u m e n ts o f E g y p t h e s a ys : , Th e gr e a t n u m b e r of
d a tes w h i ch h a ve b ee n r e a d u p to th i s t i m e i n t h e h i e r o
l
g p y h i c h i,e r a t i c o r de m ot i c i n sc r i t i o n s o f th e
p a y
p p
r u s etc
, ar e al w a ys w r i tt e n afte r t h e s am e fo r m u l a a n d
.
, ,

i n n o w i se d i ffe r fr o m th e s ty l e i n w h i c h t h ey a r e u s u al l y
ex p r essed i n th e s a cr e d b oo k s : In the fifth yea r the fifth ,

da y of the m on th by c omma n d of the hi ng of the

o b edi en t
p peo l e
( th e t i t l es , g i ve n a n d s u r n a m es o f th e

P r i n ce ) Is n o t th i s s i m i l ar i ty o f ex p r ess i o n st r i k i n g ?
.

T h e r e ex i s t , p e r h a p s , m o r e p r o m i n e n t o n es i n th e
t i t l es o f h o n o r g i ve n to t h e p r i n ces a n d g ods , a n d c o l
l e c te d by C h a m p o l l i o n i n h i s T a bl ea u g ener a l S eve r al .

o f th ese fo r m u l a s o f u b l i c a cts det ai l r e l i i o u s i de as

p g
w h i ch w e sh o u l d i n v ai n see k fo r o n t h e m o n u m e n ts o f
a n t i q u i ty , w h e t h e r G r ee k o r R o m a n , b u t w h i ch r ed e
p
m i n a te i n t h e s i m p l e a n d n ob l e sty l e o f th e S c r i p t u r e s
S u c h ar e th ose o f c her i shed of Ammo n ( J u p i te r ) , e n t i r e !
1

si m i l a r to di l ec ta s a D om i n o su o S a m u el ( E cc l e , x l vi . .

u l c an , tr i ed e ( th e su n , a n al o
a
pp r oved
q h tah
( V ) of R )
g o us ex p r ess i o n s t o a c c e ta s D eo ,
p p r o ba tus D eo, o fte n

m e t w i t h i n th e S c r i p t u r es T h e l o r ds g ods , i de n t i c al
.

w i th th e exce p t i o n o f be i n g i n t h e p l u r al , w i t h D o m i n u s
D eo i n t h e Bi b l e ; g r ea t a n d g r a n d , q u al i ty a sc r i bed to
T hoth , t h e E g y p t i a n M e r c u r y , a n d w h i ch r e m i n ds u s o f
t h e sa n c tus, sa n c tu s, sa n ctu s, w h i ch , i n o u r su b li m e p r o
h e ts, t h e he a ve n l y cho i r s a r e eve r s i n g i n g a t the foo t
p ”2
o f th e th r o n e o f th e Et e r n al

M
.

I sh al l n o t fo ll o w r G r e p p o i n oth e r s i m i l ar r ese m
.

b l an ces , t hese w i l l s u ffice t o sh o w t h at th e B i b l e an d

ti on s t o the Ho l y S cr i p tu r es , by C o q u e r el Amste r dam 1 8 25 , p .

6—7 .

1
It h as o fte n b e e n r em ar k ed th a t the p a an a n ti q u i ti e s sel dom g
l
sp e ak o f th e ov e d u e t o th e e i ty D g
Am o n t he E yp t i a n s, th e e x p r es
. g
si ons c h er i she d of the g ods, l ov i n g g
th e ods, a r e fr e q u e n t y r ep eate d, a n d l
t
see m t o i n d i c a e m or e c or r ec t i deas o f D
i vi n i ty an d th e d u ti es i mp osed
b y i t o n m an ( Note o f th e A b b é G r e p p o ) .

2
gl
Essay o n t h e hi er o yp h i c sy ste m o f C ham p ol li on the y ou n er , an d g
g
i ts ad van ta e s to S c r i p tu r e c r i t i c i sm , b y G r ep p o P ar is, Don dey Du p ré , -

182 9 .
 T HE
‘
SYMBOLS OF T HE B IB LE . 79

th e E g y p t i an m o n u m e n ts m u t u al l y ai d i n th e i r i n te r p r e
ta ti o n , a n d th a t th e e n l i g hte n ed c r i ti c o f o u r d ay c a n
n ot u t a s i d e t h e a dv a n t a g es a r i s i n fr o m a n a tte n t i ve
p g
ex am i n a t i o n a n d co m p a ri so n o f t h e h i e r o g l y p h i c m o n u
m e n t s , a n d th e b oo k a n d l a n g u ag e o f t he Heb r e w p r o
p h e t , of M
oses, l ea r n ed i n th e wi sdom of th e E
gyp ti a ns

( A cts , vi i .

I sh a ll n o t h e r e de p e n d o n t h e r ese m b l a n ce ex i st i n g
bet w ee n t he Heb r e w a n d t h e C o p t i c , a s sh o w n by D r .

L w , n o r o n th e m o r e dec i si ve r e l a t i o n s w h i ch u n i te
o e 1

th e s a c r ed l a n g u a g e o f t h e J e w s w i t h t h e s a c r ed l a n
ua e o f th e E g y p t i an s ; I w i l l co n te n t m yse l f w i th
g g
r es e n t i n so m e ex a m l e s o f th e l i c a t i o of o u r
p g p a
pp n

theo r y t o th e sy m b o l s o f th e B i b l e ; th e g r e a te r p ar t
o f t h ose o f t he E g y p t i a n s , ex a m i n ed i n C h a p te r I I , .

h a ve m a n i fested t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n t o th e B i b l e , a n d I
o n l y p u r p ose i n th i s p l a ce to fu r n i sh a n e w ai d to t he
e x e g es i s a n d n o t a t r e a t i se o n t h e s u bj ect .

S T O NE .

S to n e oc k o n a cco u n t o f t h e i r h ar d n ess an d u se
an d r , ,

b ec a m e t h e sy m bo l o f a fi r m a n d st a b l e fo u n d a t i o n .

In Heb r e w th e g e n e r i c n a m e o f sto n es a n d r oc k s i s 13 x
A B N a w o r d w h i ch a cco r d i n g t o G e se n i u s s i g n i fies a l so
, , , ,

to c o n str u c t to b u i l d a n d w h i ch h e a l so i de n t i fies w i t h th e
, ,

r oo t w s A MN a n a r c h i tec t tr u th an d a i th th e n ce ri m s
f
“
a
, , , ,

AMN E a c ol u mn a n d tr u th
, , .

F o r t i fied by th e i n te r p r et a t i o n o f o n e o f th e m ost
ce l eb r a ted Heb r a i sts o f G e r m a n y w e m ay co n s i de r t h e ,

e a s th e sy m bo l o f a i th a n d tr u th
st on
f .

Ch r i st s a i d to S i m o n w h o h a d j u st a c k n o w l ed g ed h i m
,

a s th e S o n o f th e l i v i n g G od : T h o u a r t P e te r a n d o n ,

t h i s r oc k w i l l I b u i l d m y ch u r ch ( M a tth e w x v i
2
, .

C h ri st te a ch es th e ve r y p r i n c i l e o f sy m bo l o g y w h e n
n am i n P e te r h e w h o r e ese n te i th e fo u n d at i o n
g p r fa th o r ,

o f th e C h u r ch .

"The o ri gi g g g
t he E y p t i a n l a n u a e p r o ve d b y t he a n a y si s o f
n of l
th a t a n d t he He b r e w, b y D r Lo we ; Lo n d o n , 1 8 3 7
‘
. C o n su t D i dy m i . l
i a u r i n e n si s t te r a t n r a; c o p t i e ze r u d i m e n tu m
, Fa r m s , 1 7 8 3 .

9
q : r oc k , pi g
-
1: l
C ha d , w he n c e t he G r e e k n a m e o f Pe te r , Ki i s,
.
w
C e p has ; the wor d a : r o c k , a so l si g n i fie s the f th e feet
sol e o , b asi s o f
ma n .
80 APPL IC A T I ON T 0

In th e B i b l e p r ec i o u s sto n es h a v e p a r t i c u l a r l y t he
,

si g n i fic a t i o n o f tr u th ; t h e R eve l a t i o n s o f S t J oh n fu r .

n i sh n u m e r o u s e x a m l
p
O n E gy p t i a n m o n u m e n ts p r ec i o u s s to n es a r e c al l ed ,

ha r d sto n es of tr u th M ( C h a m p E gy p t
2
. .
?

G ram p .
, .

E Q a
In o p p os i t i o n to th i s s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f t r u t h a n d fai th ,

th e r e i s g i ve n t o s to n e i n th e B i b l e an d i n E g y p t th e
, ,

s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f e r r or a n d i mp i ety a n d a m o n g t hese t w o ,

p peo l es i t w a s a tt r i b u ted to t h e i n fe r n a l
g e ni us the ,

fo u n d a t i o n o f a l l fa l s i ty .
1

Th e n a m e o f S et h o r Ty p h o n t h e p r i n c i p l e o f ev i l a n d ,

e r r o r i n E g y p ti a n T heo g o n y i s a l w a y s a cco m p a n i e d by ,

a sy m b o l i c s i n ; t h i s s i n a cco r d i n to C h am olli on s
’

g g g p,

G r am m a r ( p i s t h e ston e
. S eth hamp . .

Gram p .
, .

T he n a m e o f t h e E g y p ti a n d i v i n i ty i s a l so se t d o w n
i n th e B i b l e s i n ce th e h i e r o g l y p h i c g r o u p g i ves i n H e
,

b r e w c h ar a c te r s t h e w o r d 19115S C H T si n w h i c h fo r m s th e , ,

n am e o f S a t a n 11 m S CHT N T h i s n a m e S a ta n s i g n i fi es i n
, .

Heb r e w th e a dver sa r y t h e en emy ; n o w o n e o f th e Heb r e w

, ,

n am es o f sto n e h a s t h e a dd i t i o n a l s i n i fi c a t i o n o f th e d
g a

ver sa r
y th, e en e m
y
ix T SR l a i s a dver sa r i us h osti s ( G e
p ,
"
, , ,

se n i u s ) .

T h e sto n e S p ec i al l y co n sec r a ted to S et h o r Ty p h o n

w a s th e hewn ston e a n d i t h a d i n th e l a n g u a g e o f th e
, ,

m o n u m e n ts th e n a m e o f S eth to th e ex c l u s i o n o f a l l
, ,

oth e r s w h i c h ar e c a l l ed AN R ( C h a m p G r a m p 1 00) . .
, .

T r u t h w a s sy m bo l i z ed b y t h e h a r d sto n e a n d e r r o r by ,

th e so ft o n e th a t m ay b e h e w n , .

T h e p ar t i c u l a r dete r m i n at i ve o f th e sto n e S eth w as th e

k n i fe p l a ce d a b ove th e s i g n r e p r ese n t i n g t he sto n e
fl

l l

T he Heb r e w agai n ex p l ai n s t hi s g r o u p , i n e x p l i c ab l e by
th e Co p t i c ; t h e w o r d fi x T S R s i g n i fi es , a sto n e , an en em
y,

l
F or r u e o f op p osi ti on s se e wor k on S y m b o i c C o or s, p 3 2
,
l l . .

9
ll l g
C h a m p o i on t r a n s a tes t h i s r ou p b y ca l ca r eou s sto n e , t he wor d
S eth i s n o t i n the C op ti c ; we m u st d ep e n d on th e r o u p i tse f, whi c h g l
g
si n i fie s cu t, hewn sto n e t he k n i fe b e i n i n t h e E y p t i an
,
r a mm a r t h eg g g
de te r m i n a ti v e of th e i deas of dwi szon an d sep ar a ti on ( C ham p E yp t . g
G r am p.
, .
 T HE SYM B OL S OF T HE B IB LE . 81

an d k n ife , an d fo r m s th e w o r d my SU R
"
a . T , to c u t, to he w ,

an d a sto n e .

J eh ov a h s ay s i n E x od u s : If thou wi l t m a k e m e a n a l ta r ,

e k n ife
tho u sha l t n ot l u i l d i t of h e wn sto n e if th ou l
ift th ( o r

ch i se l ) up on i t, tho u ha st p o l l u ted i t ( E x od x x V 2 2 i n th e . . .

He b r e w , 2 5 i n the t r a n s l a t i o n s ) .

J osh u a b u i l t a n a l ta r of sto n es, whi c h th e c hi sel ha d n o t

to u ch ed ( J osh u a , v i i i 3 0, .

er usa l e m wa s b u i l t o
'
T he em l e o
p f J f w h o l e ston es, a n d the

so u n d of a r e h a mm er , n or a n y to o l of i r o n wa s n ot h ea r d
,

d u r i ng the b u i l di n g ( 1 K i n g s , v i 7 , w h i ch i s t he II I o f . .

th e V u l g a te ) .

PO TT E R .

Is ai a h s a ys : 0 L o r d , tho u
, art ou r Fa ther ; we a r e the
cla
y d , an t ho u ou r
p o tter ; an d we a ll a r e the wor k
of
thy ha n d ( Is l x i v . .

Th e r e be i n g n o d i ffi c u l ty i n u n de r st an d i n g th i s p as
s ag e i t w i l l be e a sy to se e i n i t th e ap p l i c a t i o n o f t h e
,

r i n c i l e w e h a ve est a b l i sh ed
p p .

Th e w o r d e m p l oyed by Is ai a h i s 13 I T S B w hi ch si g “
“
,

ni f i es a p ott r a n d th e c r ea to r f the wor l d

e , o .

Jo b ( x v i i 7 ) c a l l s th e member s of the h u ma n b ody

.

ro e rl y o tte r s m u l di n s
’

p p p g o .

An d t h e n a m e O f m a n m s A D M A d a m i s fo r m ed o f , ,

t h a t o f c l a y o r r e d e a r th ri m s A D M E .

T h u s t h e He b r e w l a n g u ag e g i ves i n a p os i ti ve m a n
, ,

n e r th e s i n i f i c a t i o n o f a sy m bo l o r i m a e a bo u t w h i c h
, g g ,

th e r e c a n be n o m i a p p r eh e n si o n s .

E gy p t h e r e c n fi r m s o u r sys te m O n the b s r eli fs a t

o u -
e

P hi l a s ay s S a l v o l i n i w
'
, e the g d C h n u p h i s the, e se o o ,

f m e r , m a k i n g h u m a n l i m bs i n m i ll h a r g ed wi th
’
or a o tt er s c
,
p .

d ay ( A Egy p t l an t e x t s p 2 4 , NO
n a l y si s of , . .

Ch a m p o l l i o n g i ves In h i s G H I IIIIIIZ IJ t h e i m a g e o f K n ep h ’

P o t te r ( p and . we r e p r od u ce o n e o f th e va
H u n t s o f t h a t sy m b o l .

7:
-

4
 T HE SY M BOLS OF T HE B I BL E . 83

An hor se i s a va i n thi ng y ( Pfor

s xxx i i i
f
sa et . .

T he L o r d wi ll m a k e J u da h a s hi s g o od l y hor se i n the
a ttl e a n d the r i d er s o n h o r ses sh a l l b e c o fou n d ed
n ( Z a ch x . .

3 to
Th u s th e h o r se r e p r ese n ts t h e u n de r st a n d i n g o f m an
w h i ch i s e l ev a ted t o w a r d G od o r i s a b a sed i n desce n d i n g
,

to w a r d m a tte r ; t h i s st a t e i t i s w h i ch i s s p ec i a l l y d e si g
u sted i n t h i s a ss a e B e n ot a s the hor se o r a s the m u l e
p g e
y ,

whi c h ha ve no u n der sta n di ng ( P s xx x i i . .

T h e r a c e hor se t h e vi g or ou s c ou r ser i s c al l ed was R K S C H

-
, ,

a w o r d w h i ch a l so s i g n i fies to a c u i r e to a r o r i a te b e
q pp p , ,

c au se t h e m i n d O f m a n t r a ve r s i n g th e fi e l d o f i n te l l i ge n c e
, ,

ac q u i r es fr esh k n o w l ed g e .

LA MB .

In th e fi r st ch ap te r o f th e G os p e l o f S t Joh n w e a r e .

t au g h t th a t th e M ess i a h w a s t h e Wo r d o r th e wor d of ,

G od ; th e fo r e r u n n e r see i n g Jes u s co m i n g to w a r ds hi m ,

c ri ed o u t B ehol d the L a mb of God wh i ch ta k eth awa y the ,

si n s of the wor ld ( Jo h n i .

T h e n a m e o f th e l a m b nu s A M R ( C h al d ) i s i n Heb r e w , .

t h a t o f t h e Wor d o r seco n d p e r so n o f th e T r i n i ty .

T h e W o r d w a s m a de flesh a m o n g u s t o t ak e a w a y t h e ,

s i n s o f th e w o r l d a n d to o ve rc o m e th e k i n g do m o f e vi l ,

a n d th e w o r d 1113 : K B S C H s i g n i fies a l a mb to b eg e t a n d to
, , ,

p u t u n der
f (
oot G e se n i u s
) .

S UN AND M OO N .

Th e su n w a r m i n g a n d l i g h t i n g t h e body O f m a n w a s
th e sy m b o l o f D i v i n i ty w h i c h i n fl a m e s t h e h e ar t a n d
,

r eve a l s i tse l f to t h e u n d e r st a n d i n ; s u ch i s t h e te a ch i n
g g
o f th e Heb r e w l a n g u a e a n d th e B i b l e u ses i t i n t h i s
g ,

se n se .

T h e n a m e o f th e su n a n d O f l ig ht ni x AUR s i g n i fies r eve ,

l a ti o n doc tr i n e ( G e se n i u
an d

j
s
T h e m oo n , w h i ch , a c c o r i n g to th e E g y p t i a n p r i ests ,
i
i s l g h ted by the su n a n d r ece i vesfr o m i t he r v i ta l p o wer , b e
l

c a m e th e sy m bo l o f fa i t h w h i c h r eflects r eve a l ed t r u th s ;
Eu sé b c P r a -p a r c va n g e l l i b
,
. . . III . ca p . x 1i . C o nsu l t C ha m p. . P a n t heo n
g
é y p t i e n , A r t Poo h
. .
84 APPL IC A T I O N T O

i t w a s o n th i s a cco u n t th a t th e n a m e o f th e m o o n r m
IR H E , fo r m e d th e ve r b m a I R E , to l ea r n , to tea ch .

I n E g y p t , te a ch i n g th e t r u th s o f th e fai t h , w as r e p r e
se n ted by th e dew o r r a i n ( Ho r a p I . . a n d th e s a m e
w o r d n i i I R E s i g n i fi es to sp r i n k l e , to thr o w dr op s of wa ter
‘ '
.

In t h e r e p r ese n t a t i o n s o f E gy p t i a n b a p t i s m , th e t w o
p e r so n a es w h o
g p o u r t h e w a te r s o f d i v i n e l i fe a n d
p u ri

t n th e h e a d f th e n eo h y te , sy m bo l i z e th e su n an d
y o o
p ’
m o on , o r Ho r u s w i t h th e h a w k s h e a d , a n d Th oth L u n u s -

w i t h th e h e a d o f a n I b i s .
1

An d fi n a l l y , a s fai th i s th e fo u n d a t i o n o f th e ch u r c h ,
th e s a m e ve r b m ! s i gn i fi es to fou n d , to l a y the a n g u l a r c o r
"

n er sto n e
-

( G e se n i u s
.
)
W e d ed u ce fr o m th e se Obse r v a t i o n s t h a t th e su n i s
t h e r eve l a t i o n o f t h e w i sd o m a n d l ove o f G o d , a n d th a t
the m oo n i s th e sy m b o l o f fai th L et u s ap p l y t h ese .

si g n i fi c a t i o n s t o a fe w obsc u r e a ss a es i n th e B i b l e
p g .

At th e co m m a n d o f J osh u a , t h e su n st an ds st i l l o n
G i beo n , a n d t h e m oo n i n th e v al l ey O f Aj a l o n ( J os h u a ,
x . I a m n o t a bo u t to d i sc u ss the q u est i o n O f th e
m i r a c l e , I see k o n l y th e h i dde n m e a n i n g o f th i s p a ss a g e
th e su n sto p p i n g s i g n i fi es th e p r ese n ce o f d i v i n e l ove ,
w h i c h i n fl a m es th e h e a r ts O f m e n ; t h e m o o n sto p p i n g
desi g n a tes t he p r ese n ce o f fai th , th a t e n l i g h te n s a n d fo r
t i fi e s th e m i n d . Is n o t t h i s e x c l a m a ti o n , t a k e n by J os h u a
fr o m th e b oo k o f J a sc h ar (J o s x . . a n i n voc a t i o n t o

th e D i v i n e l ove to a n i m ate th e h e a r ts o f th e co m b a t
a n ts , a n d to fai th to i ve st r e n th to h i s ar m s ?
g g
A p a ss ag e fr o m Is ai a h p r oves t he t r u t h o f th i s i n te r
r e t a ti o n
p
T hy su n sha l l n o mor e g o do wn , s a ys t h e p r o p h et , n ei ther
sh a l l th m o o n wi thdr a w i tse lf ; fo r t h e L o r d sha l l b e th i n e
y
ever l a sti n l i h t , a n d th e da ys of thy m ou r n i ng sha l l b e e n ded
g g
( Is ai a h , l x .

T h e su n sto p p i n g m a n i fests t h e p r ese n ce O f G od i n

o p p o si t i o n , th e su n g o i n g do w n des i g n a tes th e a bse n ce
o f th e D e i ty , a s s h o w n by t h e fo l l o w i n g p a ss a g es An d
i t sha ll c om e to p a ss i n tha t da y , sa i th th e L or d G od , tha t I
wi l l c a u se the su n to g o down a t n o on ( Am os , v i i i .

J e r e m i a h s a ys S he tha t h a th b or n e seven c h i ldr en , sha l l

i th h ost , h er su n sha ll o d own wh i l e i t i s et da
g ve u
p e
g g y y
( J e r xv. .

1
S e e Ar t D ew
. .
 T HE SYMBOL S OF T HE B I BL E . 85

In th e B i b l e , t h e su n h a s so m et i m es a s i g n i fi c a t i o n o f
e v i l o m e n , O f devou r i n g hea t, fu r y , selfishn ess, w h i c h i s
ex p l ai n ed by t h e w o r d man HE M E , the su n hea t cf the su n ,
,

e se n i u s) ; a m e a n i n g a l so fo u n d i n t h e n a m e o f
a n er
g ( G
th e c r oc odi l e , fo r m e d fr o m t h e r oot DH HE M ( see Ar t .

C r o c od i l e)
.

Job co m m e n ds h i m se l f for n o t h av i n g w o r s h i p e d
t h e su n a n d m oo n ( x x x i . t h a t i s, fo r n o t h a v i n g be e n
p e r ve r se a n d se l fish , a n d fo r n o t h a v i n g h a d fa i t h i n h i s

o w n w i sdo m ; t he r e i s n o q u est i o n o f S a b i a n i s m i n t h zs

a ss ag e , b u t o f t he t w o fu n d a m e n t a l p r i n c i p l e s o f m a r a
p .

s i ri t u al l i fe , l o ve an d i ntel l ig en c e
p .