Anatomy

Axial v. Appendicular
Skeletal system:
Axial: skull, bony thorax (ribcage and sternum), and vertebral column
Appendicular: pelvic girdle and pectoral girdle

Muscular system
Axial: muscles of the head, neck, deep back, intercostal thorax, and pelvic floor
Appendicular: pectoral girdle including the pectoralis, latissimus dorsi, and UE muscles

Body cavities:
1. Dorsal/Posterior cavity:
a. Cranial (brain, meninges, blood vessels) and Vertebral cavity (Spinal cord and
meninges); cranial cavity is continuous with vertebral canal which houses the
spinal cord
2. Ventral/Anterior cavity
a. thoracic (pleural and pericardial) and abdominopelvic (encloses organs of
abdomen and pelvic cavity) and mediastinum
i. Abdominopelvic quadrants: RUQ, LUQ, LLQ, RLQ
ii. Abdominopelvic regions: Bilateral hypochondriac, bilateral lumbar, and
bilateral iliac/inguinal, and epigastric, periumbilical, and suprapubic
b. membranes
i. visceral serosa: membrane enveloping individual organs
ii. parietal serosa: membrane that lines the cavity
1. serous fluid: fluid found in between visceral and parietal
membranes which serves to lubricate and reduce friction
c. organs association:
i. Flexion v Extension: must include where it is occurring at which j
pericardium: membrane enclosing the heart
ii. pleura: membrane
1. Flexion at enclosing
the elbow joint; the lungs
Start with extended arm and end at flex; 180’—> >90’
iii. peritoneum: membrane enclosing abdominal viscera
2. Extension at the elbow; think hyper extension;
d. fist inside of aextending
balloon theas a representation
distance between the body of the90heart enclosed by the visceral
parts;
—>180
serosa; air is the serous cavity; outer layer of balloon is parietal membrane
1
1. Extension at the wrist;E2: Hyper extension
2

Movement terminology: MUST SPECIFY JOINT

1. Flexion and extension: angular movements refer to the movement in articulating
joints which increases or decreases the angle
a. Flexion: occurs in uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints; describes the
. Knee joint flexion
. Knee joint extension ; think hyperextension movement which involves a decrease in the angle between an appendage
and its proximal segment
Hinge joints: knee, ankle, elbow

flexion in hinge joints that move forward and backwards,

neck (facet joints) and trunk, refers to movement in the
anterior direction

Extension in hinge joints refers to movement in the

posterior direction; think of stretching in the
1. Lumbar Extension morning;
2. Lumbar Flexion
nee joint flexion
nee joint extension ; think hyperextension
i. Flexion at the elbow joint (3 joints so just pretend like there is 1) occurs
when
Hinge the
joints: knee,arm begins
ankle, elbow at full extension, 180’, and the Distal UE moves
toward
flexion in hingethejointsproximal UE atandthe
that move forward elbow
backwards,
ii.neckFlexion at and
(facet joints) thetrunk,
metacarpal phalangeal
refers to movement in the joint occurs when the digits begin
anterior direction
at 180’ or full extension and move towards the palm, decreasing the
angleinofhinge
Extension motion
joints refers to movement in the
posterior direction; think of stretching in the
1. Lumbar Extension iii.morning;
Uniaxial joints/hinge joints/facet joints (neck): limited movement from
2. Lumbar Flexion the reference angle in both directions, thus, flexion will describe
movement in the anterior direction
1. Shoulder flexion; decreases angle
between 180—>0 b. (overhead)
Extension: occurs in uniaxial, biaxial, and multiaxial joints; describes the
2. Shoulder extension; hyperextension
movement in which there is an increase in the angle
i. Extension in the elbow joints occurs when the arm begins at full flexion,
and the angle forming at intersection of the distal and proximal
segment increased to 180’;
1.ii.Hip Extension at thein saddle
flexion; LE movement the anteriorjoint occurs when the digits are enclosed in a
direction
2. Hip extension; LE movement in the posterior direction
fist and extend the angle to 180’
hip hyperextension will result in injury and which way does
resulting in an open hand
iii. Uniaxial/hinge/facet:
this normally occur limited movement from the reference angle in
both directions, thus, extension will describe movement in the
posterior direction
c. HINT: When confused, remember the term hyperextension, which describes
the movement of a joint which exceed the passive range of motion,
resulting in a hyperextended joint; occurs 11 in an arm-bar with a
hyperextended elbow; shoulder hyperextension: which direction results is
not in the passive ROM?
2. Abduction v. Adduction: angular movements which describe the movement at a
joint which results in the segment moving laterally or medially; specific reference
to the saddle joint of the thumb
a. Abduction: occurs in biaxial joints and multiaxial joints; refers to the
movement of a limb or body part away from midline; think ABDUCT or TAKE
AWAY
i. at the saddle joint occurs when the thumb begins at 0’ angle with the
digits of the finger and moves laterally away from the digits
ii. at the glenohumeral joint or shoulder joint occurs when the UE begin at
0’ from midline and moves laterally to 180’ from the midline
b. adduction: occurs in biaxial and multiaxial joints; refers to the movement of
a limb or body part towards the midline
i. at the saddle joint, adduction occurs when the thumb moves from ’90
angle with the hand and moves towards it forming a 0’ angle
ii. at the glenohumeral joint, occurs when the UE forms an angle of up to
180’ and moves toward midline
3. External/Lateral rotation v. Internal/Medial: describes the movement of an
appendage in which it rotates around its long axis
a. External/lateral rotation: movement along the long axis away from the
midline
 Skin
i. At the glenohumeral joint, external rotation occurs when the thumb
rotates away from the body; from reference position, rotate your arm
in the direction which is most limited
3 regions
ii. At the hip joint, occurs when the LE starts at 0’with midline and rotates
away from the midline • Epidermis
b. orInternal/medial rotation: movement along the long axis towards the midline
pronation: rotation of the hand
ation of the handsoorthat the palmar side isi. at the glenohumeral joint occurs
forearm supination:
when the rotation of the hand
UE rotates or
internally,
at the palmar
facingside is
downward; tip: prone is
towards the midlinesupination: rotation of
forearm thesohand or
that the palmar surface
is facing upward; tip: supination is
ard; tip: facing
prone down,
is ii. at the hip joint, forearm so thatthe the palmar surface
occurs when
is facing upward; • Dermis
LE
facing moves
upwardtoward midline; think of flat
feet and the negative angle withtip:thesupination
referenceisposition
4. Supination v. Pronation: specific facing upward
to the hands and feet; refers to roll of the joint
inside or outside
• Hypodermis
a. Supination: rotation of the hand or forearm so the palmar side is facing
upward; supine is facing up so supination is the process in which the palmar
side begins facing down and ends with the palmar side facing upward
i. Supination notice
of thethe anatomical
elbow positionwhen
joint occurs of the hand in proneside
the palmar and of the hand
supine;
is originallypronation
orientedrequires
downwardthe palm andfacing
supinated
up whichso isthat
the the palmar side
process
faces upward from S->E
b. notice the anatomical
Pronation: rotation position
supination of theor
of therequires
hand hand in prone
theforearm
palm to face and
upward;
so that tip: imagine
the palmar side of the
supine; going from prone to supine
appendage faces downward
pronation1.requires the palm
Pronation facing
of the elbowup joint
whichoccurs
is the process
when the palmar side of the
from S->E hand/forearm begins facing upward and pronates so the palmar
supination requires the downward
side faces palm to face upward; tip: imagine
going v.
5. Inversion from prone torefer
eversion: supineto movements that tilt the sole of the foot away from
(eversion) or towards (inversion) the midline of the body.

hills and valley

with the epider
depressions of
your finger prin
critter or fungi t

tinea cruris:

tinea unguiu

blood vessel
are involved
13
cold temperatu
 filtration (pedicles opposing eachother
• Functions include: creating a filter), secretion (goblet cells
Protection, absorption, filtration,secretion. which secrete gel-forming-mucins)

1. Histology: complements the study of gross anatomy; studies tissues and cells
a. Tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscular, and neural
b. Epithelial:
i. occursallinepithelial
body as covering,
cells lining, or glandular epithelium primarily for
sit on a basement
Figure 04.co
secretory cells
membrane which separates epithelial and
connective tissue
ii. functions include protection, absorption (microvilli), filtration (pedicles
cell adhesions: near apical membrane,
opposing eachit in
beneath other
lateralcreating a filter),
domain, and 2 belowsecretion (goblet cells secrete
for communication
gel-forming mucins) and movement of
substances in between cells
iii. all epithelial
4 types cells
of cellsit on a basement
adhesins membrane which separate
amongst epithelial
epithelial
cellsand connective tissue
iv. apical membrane in contact with the lumen
c. Epithelial cell types: basement membrane determines tissue type;
d. simple epithelium: single cell layer in contact with basement membrane
i. layer for absorption, filtration, and thin barrier
ii. W>H 14
iii. Types of simple epithelium: shape of nucleus determines cell type
Figure 04.03taf 1. Simple squamous: laterally flattened; located in areas of
filtration/rapid diffusion; alveoli, cappilaries, glomeruli
a. Endothelial lining of simple squamous cells provides
frictionless lining for the blood vessels and chambers of
Figure 04.03taf the heart
b. Mesothelial: epithelium found lining the organs
i. Mesothelioma: asbestos exposure resulting in the
abnormal growth of the mesothelium
ii. lung cancer
2. Simple cuboidal: spherical nuclei; renal tubules, nephron lining,
ovaries
a. Functions to absorb and secrete
b. Found in kidney tubules and secretory ducts providing a
lining
3. Simple columnar: single layer of tall cells aligned in rows; digestive
tract; SI, LI, stomach
Figure 04.05taa a. Functions to absorb and secrete
b. Appear as tall cells having intermittent or interrupting
goblet cells in between which aid in the secretion of
mucins; TIP: absorb and secrete; found in lining of the
Figure 04.05taa stomach
4. Pseudostratified columnar: cells vary in height
a. Absorb and secrete
b. Appearance of stratified tissue however each cell is
actually in contact with basement membrane
c. Found in trachea and upper respiratory tract

stratified squamous: superficial cells are dead

(skin) and less viable than deeper cells and
dont divide as much; deeper cells are
Stratified Epithelia germinative
 e. stratified epithelium: two or more layers; cell types found at apical membrane
determine type (compressed or distended affect)
i. types of stratified epithelium
1. stratified squamous: common in high abrasion areas
a. superficial cells are less viable than deeper cells; usually
dead while deeper cells are germinative
b. epidermis is keratinized while other areas are non-
keratinized
c. keratinized skin are protective and prevent dehydration
and abrasions
d. un-keratinized skin found in anal canal, lips, esophagus are
meant to stay moist so they do not have keratin
2. stratified columnar
a. rare tissue found in large gland ducts and male urethra
b. columnar cells at basement membrane will appear
cuboidal while apical cells are columnar
3. transitional epithelium
a. basal cells that are cuboidal or columnar regardless of
organ distension or contraction; will appear on microscope
as many columnar and cuboidal mix
b. apical cells vary in shape according to distension or organ;
relaxed apical cells are dome shaped vs distended apical
cells being flat shaped
c. confined to the organs of the urinary system; in mucosa of
bladder
d. also known as urothelium
e. impermeable membrane due to the keratin content in the
cells
1. Integumentary system
Largest organ of the body regions
a. epidermis: superficial layer of epithelial tissue, keratinized stratified
squamous epithelium; deep to superficial
1. basement membrane of keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium unique to the integumentary system
2. Stratum Basale: living keratinocytes and melanocytes found in this
layer
3. Stratum Spinosum
4. Stratum granulosum
5. Stratum lucidum: exclusively found in thick skin!
6. Stratum corneum: layers of dead keratinocytes; deeper in thick
skin
a. BSGLC: Bitches Suck Good Looking Cocks; Bull Shit, Good
Luck Cunt;
ii. Cell types
 merkel cells are receptors that can determine temperature, pressur
pain, touch,
1. Keratinocytes
langerhans cells: wbc’s in epidermis that keep floura in check;
2. Melanocytes
3. Merkel cells: receptors that sense pain, heat, pressure, and sense
touch
lesion or break in skin, LH cells prevents microbes from inserting
themselves
4. Langerhans’ deeper
cells: wbc’s in theepidermis
in the epidermisthat keep floura in
check; prevent further embedment of microbes in the epidermis

b. Dermis: 2nd skin; cow-hide; composed of areolar and DI CT; contains

fibroblasts, mast cells, macrophages, and wbc’s
Oil glands, sweat glands, blood vessels
all bad, least to worse
i. Layers
Skin Cancers 1. Papillary: superficial abc’s of detecting cancers: A—> Assymetry —> Borders
C—> and interdigitates
color D—> Diameter with the
(not epidermis;
enlarging) E—> Elevation
basal cell carcinoma: composed
melanoma of areolar tissue
a. Hills and valleys of the papillary layer of the dermis
interlocks with the epidermis creating ridges known as
dermatoglyphics
b. Forms papillae or fingerlike projections that extend
towards the epidermis containing blood vessels
c. Dermatophytes: fungus which embed themselves in skin
squamous cellpapillary layer
carcinoma
causing tinea cruris and tinea unguium
d. Overactive blood vessels result in telangiectasia or spider
veins
e. Nevus flammeus in newborns result in port-wine stain if
not resolved and can worsen into cavernous: develops into
dark pigmentation can be disfiguring
f. Vertical port-wine
cleavage stain known
or langer’s as stork bite
lines
2. Reticular: deeper layer
if you make in incision perpendicular to the cleavage lines
a. Intertwinedwillwith
gapeadipose
and maytissue
delay healing
b. Blood vessels of the reticular layer are connected to
Epidermis papillary vessels and are involved in thermoregulation
incisions parallel to cleavage lines minimizes scarring and heals
c. Orientation of the DICT containing densely packed
quicker
collagen fibers compose the Langer’s lines
Cell types
• Keratinocytes
• Melanocytes
ii. Cell types
• Merkel cells 1. Fibroblasts
• Langerhans’ cells 2. Macrophages
3. Mast cells: involved in inflammatory response associated with
blisters and abrasions 32
4. WBC’s
papillae

reticular layer intertwined with adipose

 5. Striae: stretch marks; microscopic tears in the dermis which
results in the collagen fibers in DI CT comprising the bulk of
dermis to tear and form striae
6. Epidermis and dermis are collectively called the cutis
c. Hair
i. Filamentous strands of dead keratinized cells
ii. Produced by hair follicles located in the dermis of thin skin
iii. Shaft projects from the skin by the arrector pilli smooth muscle
responsible for goose bumps or cutis anserina (anserina literally
means of the goose; cutis anserina resembles the plucked skin of a
dead goose) goose in spanish is ganso or ánsar
iv. Melanocytes provide the necessary pigmentation of the hair
v. Types of hair
1. Vellus: peach fuzz, small hairs
2. Intermediate hairs found in the extremeties; balding occurs when
terminal hair follicles begin to reduce in size, giving rise to vellus
hair
3. Terminal hairs: pigmented hairs w/ a larger cross section diameter
than the rest of the hair types; protection from UV light and as an
insulator against heat and cold, may vary in size and shape, with
body location and potential function
a. Determinate: eyebrows and eyelashes; grows to a specific
length and then stops
b. Angora: scalp and beard or barbae; terminal hair that
grows continuously
vi. Pseudofolliculitis barbae: razor bumps; condition in which the hair
grows incorrectly and elicits an immune response which creates an
elevation of the skin; pseudofolliculitis pubis for pubic region
vii. Hirsutism: condition in which a female grows extra facial hair
d. Hypodermis/subcutis

e. Thick skin and thin skin

i. Thick skin
1. 5 layer setup
thick v skin w/ stratum lucidum and presence of hair follicles in
dermis; thiCk=luCidum;
2. stratum corenum is much larger in thick skin compared to thin
skin a
ii. Thin skin: 4thick:
layer setup
stratum w/o islucidum
corneum bigger
iii. The variable setup and composition of skin proves it is not uniform
throughout the body
f. Cancer: Basal cell carcinoma  Squamous Cell carcinoma  Melanoma
i. ABC’s of cancer
1. Asymmetry
2. Borders
nuclei; tissue vascularized; insulation &
shock absorber.

3. Color
4. Diameter
5. Elevation

1. Connective tissue: found throughout body but never exposed unless as a result of an
abrasion,
found injury,
in lymphornodes,
lesionspleen, bone marrow, sinusoids in
a.liver2tissue;
components
bunch ofofreticular
connective
fibers tissue are the living cellular component and non-
in the ECM
living extracellular matrix
b. functions to support (cartilage), protect (bone), insulate (adipose), and transport
(blood)
i. Abrasion: physical removal of the epidermis
ii. Avulsion: removal of dermis and epidermis
2. Classes of connective tissue: CT proper, bone, blood, and cartilage
a. Connective tissue proper: dense and loose connective tissue
i. Loose connective tissue: names based on the weave and type of fibers,
collagenous, reticular, and elastic fibers
1. Areolar: most widely distributed CT which supports and binds
other tissues, reinforces organs, and stores nutrients; loosely
Figure 04.09taa organized fibers which allows for areola (little space) for
interstitial fluid
2. Adipose: adipocytes predominate 90%, oil droplet occupies cell
volume displacing the nuclei; tissue is vascularized; functions as
insulation and a shock absorber; held together by reticular fibers;
displaced nucleus, vascularized, and acts as a cushion for organs
3. Reticular: connective tissue comprised of a network of reticular
fibers which composed the ECM and is found in the spleen, bone
marrow, liver tissue, and sinusoids; reticular fibers form a stroma
which functions to support the lymphatic organs
ii. Dense
1. Dense regular tissue: parallel stands of fibers; not as well
vascularized; found at core of tendons and ligaments
2. Dense irregular: haphazard strands of fibers; 20 extremely
vascularized; found in dermis; loose in certain parts; composes
fibrous covering of renal capsule
a. Composes the fibrous CT which surrounds muscles, bones,
nerves, and cartilage; perimysium, periosteum,
perineurium, and perichondrium; THINK
peRIneuRium=iRRegular
3. Dense elastic tissue: core of elastic fibers in ECM; found in vocal
cords, aortic wall, and penis

b. Cartilage
i. Supportive connective tissue
ii. Hyaline
• Chondrocytes (1-10%) of cartilage vol. Figure
embryonic skeleton (in utero, your bones are mostly hyaline 06.15b
cartilage)
• Located in nose, costal cartilages, tracheal epiphyseal plates (growth plates) found at the opposing ends of long bones
whic
rings,larynx, embryonic skeleton, and hypertrophy during your growing years and proliferating the chondrrocytes,
epiphyseal plates. hyperthrophying and ossifying that part to make an elongated long bone
Elastic Cartilage
• Similar to hyaline; elastin fibers
• External ear and epiglottis
1. most
elastic abundant
cartilage: similar cartilage; chondrocytes
to hyaline expect it containsthat are housed in lacuna
elastinmake
fibers;up 1-10%ear
external of tissue volume
and epiglottis which prevent food and water from ent
airway
2. Found in tip of nose, nasal septum, costal cartilage, tracheal
rings/c-rings, larynx, embryonic skeleton (most bones are
originally hyaline cartilage), and epiphyseal growth plates
3. Articulating cartilage is a form of hyaline cartilage
4. Translucent ECM
hyaline cartilage: easily identifiable w/ compartments of
space called lacuna which house the chondrocytes and
iii. Elastic cartilage
Figure 04.11taa ECM is everything outside lacuna; translucent ECM
1. similar to hyaline except it contains elastic fibers
2. found close-up
in externalof articulating cartilage; safe to call this cartilage hyaline
ear and epiglottis Joint Classification
more specifically articulating cartilage which is the basis for the
3. chondrocytes housed in lacunae, however, darker ECM containing
lining of the joints; articular: of, at, or relating to the joints of the
fibers not found in hyaline Fibrous
elasticbody cartilagejoint f
iv. fibrocartilage Suture: cranial sutures
Gomphosis: tooth socket
1. cartilage that is dominated by interwoven Syndesmosis fibrous bundles
(ligamentous): of
interosseus
collagen, such as that of the intervertebral membrane disks in the spinal
cord Cartilaginous joint
2. compressible and tension resistant Hyaline (synchondrosis): epiphyseal plate
Fibrocartilaginous: intervertebral disc &
3. found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis symphysis, and meniscus
3. Joint classification- arthrology
a. Synovial joint: planar or gliding motion
i. Uniaxial movement: flexion/extension; axial rotation
1. Planar, Hinge, and pivot joints
elastic cartilage: lacunae that house chondrocytes, however, the ECM
ii. Biaxial: flexion/extension; abduction/adduction; circumduction
there are a good array of elastic fibers
1. Ellipsoid/condyloid joint and saddle joint
Figure 04.11tae
2. Metacarpophalangeal joint and thumb joint
b. Fibrous joint Fibrous joints
i. Very little to no movement;
ii. Cranial sutures, gomphosis, and syndesmosis
1. Syndesmosis: ligamentous; interosseous membrane found
between two bones; connecting medium is connective tissue
c. Cartilaginous joints
i. Slightly more movement than fibrous joints
ii. Hyaline/Synchondrosis joint: joint where the connecting medium
between two bones is made of hyaline cartilage with mobile capabilities;
epiphyseal growth plates 126

iii. Fibrocartilaginous joints: intervertebral disc and symphysis

1. Symphysis: fibrocartilaginous fusion between two bones slightly
movable joint (amphiarthrosis) which is permanent and grows
23
together with the structures
iv. OSTEOARTHRITIS: degeneration of the fibrocartilage/hyaline between
two bones
v. Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disorder which results in the erosion
at all of the joints
d. Bone
i. 206 named bones
ii. axial: skull, VC, and bony thorax
iii. appendicular: pelvic girdle w/ LE bones and pectoral girdle w/ UE
1. functions to support body wall, and provide a hard frame
2. protection of the brain and spinal cord with the neurocranial
bones and the vertebral foramen
3. provide movement
4. storage of calcium
5. hematopoiesis capable in femoral and humeral head, diploe of
sternum, and irregular bones (pelvis) which is the site for
transplants
e. Bone structure
i. Bones are organs with osseous tissue, nerves, cartilaginous joints, and
fibrous CT
f. Compact and spongy bone
i. Compact and denser, smooth, outer layer, rife with osteons in the
lamellae of the bone
1. Enveloped in fibrous CT layer known as periosteum: double
layered with fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer of
osteoblasts and osteoclasts; inner layer contains sharpey’s fibers
or perforating fibers which anchor to the underlying compact
bone lamellae and are responsible for shin splints
2. Comprised of osteons in the lamellae which contains a haversian
system: haversian canal contains the blood vessels and nerves
within the bone
3. Osteocytes are housed in lacunae/lacuna which are found in
between the concentric lamellae of the compact bone and are
responsible for communication
4. Canaliculi branch from each lacuna and allow for communication
5. Volkmann’s canals are interconnected canals that allow for
communication and blood flow between osteons

ii. Spongy bone is less dense, honeycomb-like; trabeculae: honeycomb-like

structure of spongy bone
1. Trabeculae found in the innermost medullary cavity of long bones
with a cellular membrane called endosteum

i. Long Bones
1. Bones in which the length exceeds the width; shaft and 2 ends
known as epiphysis (describes opposing ends of a long bone)
2. Outermost part is compact bone
 3. Innermost part is spongy bone

Flat, short, and irregular bones are all non-cylindrical structures with no marrow
cavity
ii. Flat bones
a. Outer compact bone w/ spongy bone interior
b. Thin flattened and with a slight curvature
c. Sternum, ribs, skull plates/neurocranial bones, ilium, ischium,
and pubis
d. Protects internal organs
e. diplöe: internal layer of spongy bone found in flat bones capable
of hematopoiesis at some sights
iii. Short bone:
a. Cube like
b. Mostly composed of spongy bone making it much easier to
fracture
c. Carpals and tarsals
iv. Irregular bones
a. Complicated shapes
b. Mostly spongy bone
c. Vertebra and pelvis
v. Sesamoid
a. Short bone forming within a tendon
b. Patella
c. Pisiform or wrist bone within the tendon flexor carpi ulnaris
1. Bone markings
a. Joint forming projections=HFC or head, facet-smooth flat area, condyle-
rounded articulation
b. Depressions/openings for blood vessels and nerves: meatus, groove, fossa
(hollow or depressed area), and foramen (passage through a bone)
c. Muscle and ligament projections: Tuberosity (rounded elevation), crest
(ridge), line (linear elevation), tubercle (small eminence), trochanter (blunt
elevation), epicondyle (eminence superior to condyle), spine (thorn-like
process)

2. Fracture types
a. Comminuted: 3 or more pieces
b. Oblique: angled
c. Colles: wrist
d. Greenstick: clavicle
e. Pott: distal radial and tibia fracture
f. Open/compound
g. Spiral
h. Transverse
1. Muscles
a. Skeletal:
i. Longest muscle fibers out of the muscle tissue, responsible for all somatic
movements and manipulations; striated; adaptable
ii. Maintaining posture
iii. Stabilizing strengthens joints
iv. Opening of pelvis; pelvic outlet is filled with skeletal muscle constituting
the pelvic floor
v. Epimysium: Dense CT surrounds entire muscle
vi. Perimysium: fibrous CT surrounding fascicles
vii. Endomysium: CT surround individual muscle fibers
viii. CT coverings allow for elasticity
ix. All mysisums converge at tendons connecting the muscle to the bone
b. Cardiac
i. Heart walls; involuntary; pacemaker sets contractions
ii. Courses blood through the vessels
c. Smooth
i. Walls of visceral organs
ii. Peristalsis: Forces fluids substances through channels
iii. Non-striated
iv. Involuntary
2. Classification
a. Attachments
i. Insertion: movable/distal part of muscle
ii. Origin: immovable/proximal part of muscle
iii. Direct attachment: epimysium fused to periosteum/perichondrium
iv. Indirect: epimysium extends like sheet like aponeurosis
b. Nomenclature
i. LSD NARL
ii. Location: temporalis, intercostalis
iii. Shape: deltoid and trapezius
iv. Direction: rectus and oblique
v. Number of Attachments:
vi. Action
vii. Relative Size
viii. Location of Attachments
c. Arrangement of Fibers
i. Circular: oricular oris
ii. Convergent: pectoralis major
iii. Parallel: Sartorius
iv. Unipennate: extensor digitorum longus
v. Bipennate: rectus femoris
vi. Multipennate: deltoid
vii. Fusiform: biceps (spindle shaped)
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