“KITAB FIZIK”

Contents

1- Physical quantity/unit/formulae/concepts

2- The principle of physics

3- The law’s of physics

4- The theory of physics

5- Characteristic /Reason/Explanation/Definition

6- Questions

MASTERY PHYSICS :
 Physical quantity Symbol/Formulae S.I. Unit Concepts
mass m kg A quantity of matter in an object.
time t s the time taken in second
Temperature T@ o
C@K A measure of degree of hotness of an object
Length l m distance between 2 point
Distance d=vxt m The total length of the path travelled by the object from
one location to another
Displacement s = ½ (u+v)t m The distance travelled in a specific direction
s = ut + ½ at2
v = s/t
velocity v = u + at ms-1 Rate of displacement of an object
v2 = u2+ 2as
speed Rate of distance.
acceleration a = v-u ms-2 Rate of change of velocity
t
Area A = lxl m2
Volume V=lxlxl m3
Inertia A property of an object to continue its original motion
either at rest or keep on moving.
Momentum p=mv kgms-1 Is the product of the mass and the velocity of an object
A physical quantity that can change the motion,direction
Force F = ma N @ kgms-2 of motion, shape and size of an object.
The product of mass and acceleration of an object.
Impulse I = Ft = mv-mu Ns @ kgms-1 A product between Impulsive force and the time of
collision.
Change of momentum of an object
Impulsive force F = mv-mu N Force that act in a collision in a shorter time.
t
Weight W = mg N The gravitational force that pulls an object to the centre of
a planet.
Frictional force Ffriction N A force that act in opposite direction to the motion of an
object.
Tension T N A force that act in opposite direction to the force that
make it tension.
Resultant force F=F1+F2 N The force of adding of two or more forces which involves
its magnitude and direction.
Work W=Fxs Nm@ The product of the force and the displacement in the
kgm2s-2 direction of the force.
Energy E=W J Tendency to do a work.
Kinetic energy E = ½(mv2) J The energy possessed by an object due to its motion.
Gravitational E = mgh J The energy stored in the object because of its
Potential Energy position/height.
Spring constant k Ncm-1 Force perunit extension of a spring.
Elastic Potential
Energy E = ½ Fx J Energy stored in an object because of its
condition(compression/extension)
Power Rate of work done.
Pressure P = F/A Pa@Nm-2 Is a force acting perpendicularly per unit area
Pressure in liquid P= ρ g h Pa@Nm-2 Depends on depth, density and gravitational
Density ρ = m/V kgm-3 The mass of an object perunit volume
Bouyance force FB = ρ g V A force from a liquid that act to an object upward.
Heat Energy Q = Pt J A form of energy that transfers from one object to another
object because of different temperature.
Specific heat c = _Q_ Jkg-1oC-1 The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of
capacity mѲ 1 kg of mass of the substance by 1oC/1K.
Latent heat of fusion Lf = Q Jkg-1 Is the amount of heat required to change 1 kg mass of
m substance from solid to liquid at a constant temperature.
Latent heat of Lv = Q Jkg-1 Is the quantity of heat required to change 1 kg mass
vaporization m substance from liquid to steam at a constant temperature.
Refractive index n = sin i /sin r - Ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of
the angle of refraction.
Speed // v=d/t ms-1 The distance travelled perunit time.
speed of light (cof light = 3x108 )
Real depth The depth of an object.
Apparent depth The depth of the image of an object.
Critical angle, c n=1 / sin c degree The angle of incident where the angle of refraction is 90o
and the light propagates from denser to a less dense
medium.
Focal point A point where all parallel rays will be converge/diverge to
it.
Centre of curvature A point where
Focal length m The distance between the optical centre to the principal
focus ,F.
Object distance// 1/f = 1/u + 1/v Object distance is distance from optical centre to the
Image distance object.
Image distance is distance from optical centre to the
image.
Power of less P = 1/f (f in meter) Diopters, D The reciprocal of the focal length in metres
Lense Magnification M = v / u or Ratio of image distance to the object distance.
M = h i / ho
(V=image distance ,U=object
distance
Period T s The time taken for one complete oscillation.
Frequency f = 1/T Hz @ s-1 The number of vibrations perunit time.
Same phase Same frequency,same motion position and same
amplitude.
λ = v/f m The distance between two successive crests or troughs
Wave length  = ax
D
Crest Maximum point with positive amplitude/values.
Through Maximum point with negative amplitude/values.
Electric charge Q=Ne Coulomb (C)
(e=-1.6 x 10-19)
Electric current I = Q/t A Rate of charge flows.
Potential difference V=W/Q Volt (v) The work done when a charge moves from one point to
the other point in closed circuit.
Resistance R=V/I Ω The ratio of potential difference to the current
e.m.f E = I(R+r) Volt (v) Total energy supplied by cell to move a unit of charge
(electromotive force) through the complete circuit.
Internal resistance r A resistance cause by the materials of the cells.
E=VQ Energy supplied by a source of electricity such as a cell
Electrical energy E=VIt J when current flows in a closed circuit. @
E = I2 R t Energy converted by an electrical appliance into another
E = V2 t / R form of energy when current flows in it
P=E/t
Electric power P=I V Js-1 The energy dissipated per second(time) in an electrical
P = I2 R device.
P = V2/ R
Energy lost E = I2 R J The energy dissipated to the surrounding
Efficiency  = Po /Pi x 100% - The ratio of the power output to the power supplied/input
by the source in percentage.
Cathode ray An electron beam that moves at a very high speed.
Semiconductor A materials that has electric conductivity between
insulator and conductor.
Semiconductor Diode Electronics component that allowed current to flow in one
direction.
Transistor Electronic component that can amplify current.
Peak voltage Vp V The maximum voltage.
(peak value of value)
Voltage rms Vrms = Vp V The effective voltage of an a.c. that give the same heating
(rms=root mean square ) 2 effect as peak voltage of d.c.

Logic Gates Electronics component that has one or more input but
only one output.
Radioactivity/ A process of unstable nucleus emiss radioactive emission
Radioactive decay to become more stable nucleus.
Half life T½ s Time taken for radioactive elements to decay half of its
mass/activity/number of atoms from its original value.
Nuclear energy E = mc2 J Energy released from the nucleus reaction or decay.
C – speed of light
(3 x 108 ms-1)
Nuclear fusion - The combining of two lighter nuclei to form a heavier
nucleus at a very high temperature and high pressure.
Nuclear fission - The splitting of a heavy nucleus into two lighter nuclei
when bombard by a slow moving neutron.
Chain reaction - A self-sustaining reaction in which the products of a
reaction can initiate another similar reaction
mass defect m = mbefore - mafter kg The different mass between before to the after nuclear
1 a.m.u = 1.66x1027kg reaction.
The Principle of Physics
No Principle
1 Principle of
conservation of
momentum
2 Principle of
conservation of energy
3 Pascal’s Principle
4 Bernoulli’s principle
5 Archimedes’ principle
6 Principle of Thermal
Equilibrium
7 Principle of
superposition
Statements
States that the total momentum in an isolated
system is always constant if no external force act to
it.
States that energy can be transferred from one form
to another, but it cannot be created or destroyed
and the total of energy is always equal.
States that pressure exerted on an enclosed liquid is
transmitted equally to every part of the liquid.
States that for a moving fluid, when the speed of a
fluid increases, the pressure in the fluid decreases
and vice verse.
States that when an object is wholly or partially
immersed in a fluid, it experiences a buoyant force
equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
States that
(i) there is no net flow of heat between two object
(ii) two object have same temperature.
States that when two waves meets/overlap, the
resultant displacement is equal to the sum of the
individual displacement of the wave.
The Theory of Physics
No Theory Statements
1 Kinetic Theory of The kinetic theory of gases is based on the following
gases assumptions:
(i) The molecules in a gas move freely in random
motion and possess kinetic energy.
(ii) The forces of attraction between the molecules
are negligible.
(iii) The collisions of the molecules with each other
and with the walls of the container are elastic
collisions.

Property of Explanation based on the kinetic theory

gas
 The molecules are in continuous random motion.
Pressure  When a molecule collides with the wall of the
container and bounces back, there is a change in
momentum and force exerted on the wall.
 The force per unit area is the pressure of the gas.

 The molecules move freely in random motion and fill

Volume up the whole space in the container.
 The volume of the gas is equal to the volume of the
container.

 The molecules are in continuous random motion and

Temperature have an average kinetic energy which is proportional
to the temperature.
The Law’s of Physics
No Law’s Statements
1 Newton’s first law(Inertia) States that an object will either remain at rest or continue with
constant velocity unless it is acted on by an unbalanced force.
2 Newton’s second law States that the resultant force that act to an object is directly
(F = ma) proportional to the rate of change of momentum and in the
aα F/m direction of motion.
3 Newton’s third law States that to every action there is an equal but opposite reaction.
F=-F
4 Hooke’s law States that the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the
Fα x applied force provided that the elastic limit is not exceeded.

5
States that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is inversely
Boyle`s Law
proportional to its volume when the temperature is kept constant.
P α 1/V
6 Charles Law States that for a fixed mass of gas, the volume of the gas is directly
VαT proportional to its absolute temperature when its pressure is kept
constant.
7
States that for a fixed mass of gas, the pressure of the gas is directly
Pressure Law
proportional to its absolute temperature when its volume is kept
PαT
constant.

8 (i) the incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal at the point of
Laws of Reflection Incidence are all on the same plane.
(ii) the angle of incidence, i is equal to the angle of reflection, r
9 (i) the incident ray, the refraction ray and the normal at the point of
Laws of refraction incidence are all on the same plane.
(Snell’s law) (ii) the ratio of sine i to sine r is a constant , n = sine i / sine r
10
States that the current flowing through an ohmic conductor is
Ohm’s Law
directly proportional to the potential difference across it if the
IαV
temperature and other physical conditions remain constant.
11 Faraday laws States that the magnitude of the induced current is
directly proportional to the rate of change magnetic fields.
12 Lenz’s Laws States that the direction of the induced current is such that oppose
the action of producing it.
 Characteristics Explanation:
FORCE & MOTION :
No Aspect Formulae Characteristic Reason/ Explanation
Large Heavy//Moves slowly//Large Inertia
1 mass(m) Small Light//Easy to moves//Easy to handle //
Small Inertia
High High momentum/Large Kinetic energy
2 velocity(v)
Low Low momentum//Small Kinetic energy
Large Can change the shape//can change the
original state of motion//change the
3 Force F = ma direction of motion
Small Not easy to change the size / shape /
motion / direction pf motion.
4 Strength of materials
High Does not break easily.
low Easy to breaks.
5 Density of materials =m/V High Heavier.
Low Lighter//Small mass// Easy to carry.
Short Large Impulsive force// Heavy injury
6 time of //Moves long distance
impact/collision, t F = mv – mu Long Small impulsive force // Less injury //
t Moves short distance.
(Impulsive large The change in momentum is large or the
7 Impulsive force , F Force) time interval of interaction is small
small The change in momentum is smaller or
the time interval of interaction is longer
High Rust quickly.
8 Rate of rusting Low Hard to/does not/slow to rust//making a
durable material not easily corroded
high Expand faster// Easy to change the
9 Rate of expansion shape@size.
Low Slowly to expand// Not easy to change the
shape@size.
Position of the centre
Low More stable
10 of gravity
High Unstable
bigger Hard@Stiff spring // Spring is not easy to
11 Spring constant, k k=F/x extend.
Smaller Soft spring. // Spring is easy to extend.
small Stronger and stiffer and able to sustain
12 Diameter of heavier weight
coil/spring,D bigger Softer and not able to sustain heavier
weight
 Diameter of wire of Small(Thin) Stronger and stiffer and able to sustain
13 spring, d heavier weight
(Thickness) Bigger(Thick) Softer and not able to sustain heavier
weight
Long Softer and not able to sustain heavier
14 Original length of weight
spring,l0 Short Stronger and stiffer and able to sustain
heavier weight
Stiffness of spring High Does not change its shape easily when
15 (a larger gradient force is exerted
indicates a stiffer low Change it’s shape easily when force is
spring) exerted

FORCE & PRESSURE :

No Aspect Formulae Characteristic Reason/ Explanation
High Force acting over a smaller area// Easy to
1 Pressure P=F/A sink // More pain.
Low Force acting over a bigger area // Less pain.
2 Density of liquid P=ρhg high Produce high pressure.
low Produce low pressure.
3 Depth of liquid P=ρhg Deep Produce high pressure.
Shallow Produce low pressure.
4 Mercury
(in simple suitable It is higher density.
barometer)
suitable It is a good conductor of heat // it has a high
5 Mercury boiling point// it is opaque(does not allow
(in thermometer) light to pass through) //it expands uniformly
when heated
6 Liquid suitable Cannot be compressed / incompressible//
(in Hydraulic system) Transmit pressure equally in all direction.
7 Bouyancy Force(FB) Large Easy to float
Small Easy to sink
8 Volume of liquid High Large Bouyancy force//Easy to float
displace(V) Low Small Bouyancy force
Aerodynamics Reduce air resistance
symmetrical Streamline Reduce water resistance
9 Shape Hydrofoil Reduce water resistance
Not Aerofoil Produce lift force
symmetrical
Pylon A shape Wider at the bottom//More stable
10 Design Dam Wider at base Withstand high pressure of water at the
base//Prevent from collapse.
11 Attire Tight Reduce air resistance//Moves faster
HEAT :
No Aspect Formulae Characteristic
1 Boiling point
2 Melting point
3 Thermal conductivity
4 Spesific heat
capacity, c
5 Specific latent heat Lf = Q / m
of fusion , Lf
6 Specific latent heat Lv = Q / m
of vaporization , Lv
7 Pressure of Gases
8 Volume of Gases
9 Temperature of
gases
Reason/ Explanation
high Does not evaporate// does not boil easily
low Evaporate easily /boiling easily
high Does not melt easily // melting at higher
temperature
low melt easily // melting at lower temperature
low Less heat lost to the surrounding
high More heat lost to the surrounding
Large Not easy @ slowly to get hot// Absorbed more
C= Q heat but the temperature change is small.
m Small Easy to get hot // Absorbed less heat but the
temperature change is large.
high Large amount of heat for melting // longer
time for melting
low Small amount of heat for melting// shorter
time for melting
high Large amount of heat for boiling// longer time
for boiling
low Small amount of heat for boiling// shorter
time for boiling
high The collisions between the particles and the
walls of the container per unit area increase
low The collisions between the particles and the
walls of the container per unit area decreases
high When gas expands, the volume of the gas is
allowed to increase freely
low When gas not expands, the volume of the gas
is allowed to decreases freely
high The average kinetic energy of the gas
molecules increase
low The average kinetic energy of the gas
molecules decreases
LIGHT :
No Aspect Formulae Characteristic Reason/ Explanation
Refractive index, n high High density// Has a greater bending effect on
1 n(glass,1.5) > n = Sine i light because it slows down the light more and
n(water,1.33) Sine r it bends the ray of light more towards the
normal.
n(violet) > n (red) low Low density // Lower refracting effect// Less
(VIBGYOR) bending.
Large Small refractive index
2 Critical angle, c n = 1 / sin c Small Large refractive index
( c for glass is 420) I>c No refraction occurs // all the light energy is
reflected within the glass at the glass-air
boundary// total internal reflection occurs.
4 Optical density high It is higher refractive index.
(water is optically denser lower Lower refractive index.
than air)
5 Power of a lens P = 1/fm lower A thin lens with a longer focal length
higher A thick with a shorter focal length
6 Thickness of lens Thick High power//Short focal length
Thin Low power//Long focal length
Big Image more clear/bright//More light can pass
7 Size of lens through
Small Image not clear/bright//Less light can pass
through
Refractive Index of Inner core High Produce denser medium
8 Optical fibre Outer cladding Low Produce less dense medium
Optical Fibre cable An optical fiber is a very thin, flexible rod, glass transparent, consists of many fine
(Application the optical fibres bundled together,
9 brilliance of a Experience total internal reflection, have small critical angle, a bent fiber , optical fibers
diamond) are light, easily handled, cheap and fee from electrical interference signals.
Microscope The objective lens has a higher power as it has a shorter focal length. (image formed by
10 (used to view very the objective lens is real, inverted and magnified)
small object) The eyepiece function as a magnifying lens.(image is virtual, inverted, magnified )
Telescope The objective lens whose power is low has a long focal length.
11 (used to view object (image formed is real, inverted and diminished.)
at a great distance, The eyepiece whose power is high has a short focal length.
(stars) The eyepiece function as a magnifying lens.(image is virtual, inverted, magnified )
12 Total internal Occurs when (i) the light ray travels from more dense medium to less dense medium
reflection (ii) The incident angle is greater than the critical angle.
The bending of light due to change of light velocity when travels from one medium to
another.
13 Refraction of light (i)Light travels from a less dense to more dense medium,
It bends towards the normal.
(ii) Light travels from a more dense to less dense medium,
It bends away from the normal.
Virtual image Cannot be formed on a screen
Real image Can be formed on a screen
14 Inverted image Image in the opposite position as object.
Upright image Image in the same position as object.
Diminished Size image less/smaller than size object
Magnified Size image more/bigger than size object
WAVES :
No Aspect Formulae Characteristic Reason/ Explanation
Large Large energy//Moves further//High loudness
1 Amplitude(a) Small Small energy//Moves nearer//Low loudness
High High energy//Moves long distance//High
2 Frequency(f) pitch
Low Low energy//Moves short distance//Low
pitch
Long Easy to diffract//Diffraction is more
3 Wavelength() obvious//Energy is easy to spread
Short Diffraction is less obvious//Less energy
spread.
High Bent away from normal//Long wavelength
4 Speed(v) v = f Low Bent toward the normal//Short wavelength
5 Period(T) f = 1/T Long Low frequency
Short High frequency
Big Less diffraction//Diffraction is not obvious
6 Size of gap Small Diffraction is more obvious
 = ax Big Distance between 2 antinodal
Distance D line(constructive interference) is
7 between 2 short//Sound is more clear
x=D Small Distance between 2 antinodal
coherence
a line(constructive interference) is long//Sound
source(a) is not clear

No Characteristic Meaning // Explanation

1 Amplitude(a) The maximum displacement from the mean position
2 Frequency(f) The number of complete oscillations made in one second.
3 Wavelength() The distance between two successive crests or troughs
4 Period(T) The time taken to complete one oscillation
5 Reflection The return of all or part of the waves when they encounter an obstacle.
6 Refraction There is a change of direction in the propagation of waves when they move
from one medium to another due to a change of speed.
7 Diffraction The spreading out of waves when they move through a gap or round an
obstacle
8 Interference When two wave fronts meet, the waves either interfere constructively or
destructively
Types of waves is Longitudinal waves.
Loudness of sound increases if its amplitude increases.
9 Sound waves Pitch of sound increases if its frequency increases.
Below 20 Hz – infrasound
20 Hz – 20 000 Hz – can be heard by the normal human.
Above 20 000 Hz - Ultrasound
10 Water waves, light waves Types of waves is Transverse waves. Can propagates through vacuum.
Electromagnetic waves
11 Electromagnetic waves (em) (1)Radio ,(2) microwave, (3)infrared rays,(4) visible light, (5)ultraviolet
rays,(6) X-ray,(7) Gamma ray.
Increasing frequency and decreasing wavelength ( from 1 to 7).
All em waves have same speed = 3.00 x 108 ms-1.(in vacuum).
ELECTRIC :
No Aspect Formulae Characteristic Reason/ Explanation
Big Supply bigger current through the same
1 e.m.f cells E = IR + resistor
Ir Small Supply smaller current through the same
resistor
Small More current flows through the circuit//
2 Resistance R = V/ I Slowly to get hot. // Release less heat.
Large Less current flows through the circuit//
Easy or faster to get hot.//More heat is
produce.
3 Temperature,T RT Hot Resistance. increases
Cool Resistance decreases.
4 Length of wire , l Long High resistance.
R=ρl Short Low resistance
5 Cross-sectional area, A A Big/Thick Low resistance.
Small/Thin High resistance.
Small Low resistance// A large Current flow //
7 Resistivity of the wire ρ=RA Less energy dissipated as heat.
l Large High resistance. // Small current flows //
More het released.
Series Large effective resistance//Potential
different for each resistor is smaller than
8 Resistor/Bulb the power supply//Bulbs dimly light.
connection Parallel Small effective resistance//Potential
different for each resistor are same as
the power supply//Bulbs light up
brighter.
9 Electric power P = E/t High Use more electric energy in one second
Low Use less electric energy in one second
Big Have lower sensitivity level // can
10 Voltmeter range measure bigger potential difference
Small Have lower sensitivity level // can
measure bigger potential difference
Big Have lower sensitivity level // can
11 Ammeter range measure bigger current
Small Have higher sensitivity level // can
measure smaller current
11 High Not easy to melts // Wire can withstand
Melting point of wire the heat when current flows through it
Low Easy to melts.
12 Ammeter is connected in series with bulb or devices Has a low resistance so that its existence
because has little
Effect on the magnitude of current
flowing
13 Voltmeter is connected in parallel with bulb or devices Has a high resistance, current flowing
because through it is negligible
ELECTROMAGNETISM :
No Aspect Formulae Characteristic Reason/ Explanation

Big Strong electromagnet//

Electric current (I)
Produce larger force.
1
Small Weak electromagnet//
Produce smaller force.

More Strong electromagnet//

Produce larger force//
Produce big induce current.
2 Number of turns of
coils (N) Weak electromagnet//
Less
Produce smaller force//
Produce small induce current

Produce larger force//

Strong
Produce big induce current.
3 Strength of
permanent magnet
Produce smaller force//
Weak
Produce small induce current.

Large/ Produce big induce current.

4 Force(F)/speed of
High
relative motion(v)
Small/ Produce small induce current
Low
Thick Low resistance of wire//Less energy
loss//More efficient.
5 Thickness of wire
Thin High resistance of wire//More energy
loss//Less efficient.
Transformer
Soft Easy to magnetized and easy to
demagnetized.// More efficient.
6 Iron core
Laminated Less eddy current//Less energy
loss//More efficient.

Produce high potential different//

Produce small current//
Up
Less energy loss.
7 Transformer Step
(Transmission of
electricity) Produce high potential different//
Produce small current//
Down
Less energy loss.
No Characteristic
1 Catapult field
2 An electromotive force
3 The direction of the induced
current
4 The direction of the
magnetic force
5 Electromagnet
6 The speed of rotation of a
direct current motor
depends on
7 The magnitude of the
turning effect depends on
8 The magnitude of magnetic
force on a current-carrying
conductor depends on
9 Energy losses in a
transformer because
Meaning // Explanation
The magnetic field from the current in the conductor and the magnetic
field from magnetic combine to produce resultant field.
Is induced in a conductor when there is a relative motion that causes the
conductor to cut the magnetic field lines.
Can be determined by fleming ’s right-hand rule.
Can be determined by fleming ’s left -hand rule.
Is made winding a coil of insulated wire round a soft iron core where it
become magnetized when a current flows.
(i) The size of the current
(i) The strength of the magnetic field
(ii) The number of turn of the coil
(iii) The size of the current
(iv) The strength of the magnetic field
(v) The number of turn of the coil
(i) The size of the current
(ii) The strength of the magnetic field
(i) Eddy currents in the core (the changing magnetic field)
– to reduced by using a laminated core
(ii) Magnetism and demagnetization of the core
– to reduced by using soft iron core
(iii) Leakage of magnetic flux
- Can be reduced by winding he secondary ad primary coils on
top of each other
(iv) Heating effect in the coils
- can be reduced using thicker wire made of good conductor like
copper.
ELECTRONICS :
No Characteristic
1 Doping of semionductor
2 n-type semiconductor
3 p-type semiconductor
4 Rectification
5 Capacitor smoothing
6 Diode
7 Alternating current
8 Forward bias
9 Function of transistor
Meaning // Explanation
Is a process of adding a certain amount of specific impurities to
semiconductor to increase their conductivity
Is produced by replacing some of the silicon atoms in silicon with
pentavelent atoms such as phosphorus or arsenic
(extra free electron)
Is produced by replacing some of the silicon atoms in silicon with
trivalent atoms such as boron or gallium ((extra free hole)
Is process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using
diode.
The discharge current from a capacitor helps to maintain a steady output
voltage across a resistor, so Current is supplied at all time.
Allows the current to flow easily in one direction only
Two direction current flow //
The output current as capacitors used for smoothing purpose only allow
alternating current flow
When a p-type material is connected to the positive terminal and
An n-type material is connected to the negative terminal of a cell,
Electrons from he n-type are pulled across the p-n junction,this will
cause the current to flow.
(i) As a currents amplifier
(ii) As Automatic switch
(iii) A light controlled switch
(iv) A heat controlled switch

No Aspect Formulae Characteristic Reason/ Explanation

Forward Current flows.

1 Diode Bias
Reverse Current didn’t flows.

2 Capacitor Smoothen current.

1 Diode Half-wave Rectifications

3 Rectification
4 Diode Full-wave Rectifications

Dark High resistance

4 Ligt Dependent
Resistor(LDR)
Bright Low resistance

Hot Low resistance

5 Heat
(High Temperature)
Dependent
Resistor(TH3)
@ Termistor Cool High resistance
(Low Temperature)
RADIOACTIVITY :
No Aspect Characteristic Reason/ explanation
short Activation decrease faster // decompose quickly
//Short radioactivity
1 Half life (T ½) long Activation decrease slowly// decompose slowly//
Long lasting radioactivity //Dangerous to human
Penetrating power high Can penetrate the body to be detected externally
(α-stopped by a sheet of (gamma rays-can penetrate deep into the skin
paper) and Inflict damage onto the cells)
2 (β-stopped by a few mm medium Can penetrate into your body tissue ( beta
meters aluminium particle
(gamma -a few cm meters of lower Cannot penetrate the body to be detected
lead) externally (alpha particles)
3 Physical state of Radioisotope Solid It is easy to handle // stored easily//to use//safer
liquid Difficult to handle.
high Alpha particles have the strong ionizing effect.
4 Ionizing power medium Beta particles have moderate ionizing effect
(ions per mm in air) lower Gamma ray have weaker ionizing effect on air
molecules
high Beta particles have the deflection is greater due
to the small mass of electron.//deflected towards
5 Effect of electric field the positive plate.
Medium Deflected towards the negative plate due to the
positive charge of the particle.
lower Gamma ray not deflected because has no charge.
high Beta particles Greater deflection because beta
particle has a very small mass.
6 Effect of magnetic field Medium Alpha particles small deflection because alpha
particle has a large mass.
lower Gamma ray no deflection because gamma has no
charge.
7 Alpha particle suitable High ionization power//able to ionize the air
easily
8 Beta particle suitable Fast moving electrons//very small mass//are
light//
suitable Its high penetrating power //less dangerous
9 Gamma rays inside body // do not ionize the cells//it is less
likely to be absorbed//can kill bacteria/fungi
suitable Isotopes of the same element have similar
10 Isotope chemical properties//
Have the same proton number but different
nucleon number
Questions :
SPM 2012
Diagram 1 shows a vacuum cleaner

Diagram 1
You are required to give some suggestions to design a vacuum cleaner which can clean the dust
faster and effectively.
Using the knowledge on atmospheric pressure, Bernoulli’s principle and properties of materials,
explain your suggestions based on the following aspects;
i. Materials used for the body of vacuum cleaner
ii. Materials used for the hose
iii. The size of the fan
iv. The size of the floor nozzle
v. The diameter of wand

ASPECT MODIFICATIONS EXPLANATIONS

SBP 2012
Diagram 2 shows a frozen fish is put on a plate to defrost. The time taken to defrost the fish is more
than two hours.

Diagram 2
Using appropriate physics concepts, explain the suitable characteristics of a plate that can defrost
more frozen fishes in a shorter time. The plate can be moved from one place to another.

Your answer should include the following aspects:

 Ability to conduct heat
 Specific heat capacity of plate
 Colour of plate
 Density of plate
 Surface area of plate [10 marks]

ASPECT MODIFICATIONS EXPLANATIONS

 KEL 2012
Diagram 3 shows a submarine.

Diagram

Using appropriate physics concepts, explain the suitable characteristics of the submarine that can
work efficiently and safe.

Your answer should include the following aspects:

(i) Shape of the submarine
(ii) Strength of material used for body of the submarine
(iii) Rate of rusting for the material used.
(iv) Component which enable the submarine to submerge and float.
(v) Type of power source used. [10 marks]

ASPECT MODIFICATIONS EXPLANATIONS