Jiangxi ( Jiāngxī), formerly spelled as Kiangsi[3] Gan: Kongsi) is a province in the People's

Republic of China, located in the southeast of the country. Spanning from the banks of
the Yangtze river in the north into hillier areas in the south and east, it shares a border with Anhui to
the north, Zhejiang to the northeast, Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west,
and Hubeito the northwest.[4]
The name "Jiangxi" derives from the circuit administrated under the Tang dynasty in
733, Jiangnanxidao (江南西道, Circuit of Western Jiangnan; Gan: Kongnomsitau).[5] The short name
for Jiangxi is 赣 (pinyin: Gàn; Gan: Gōm), for the Gan River which runs across from the south to the
north and flows into the Yangtze River. Jiangxi is also alternately called Ganpo Dadi (贛鄱大地)
which literally means the "Great Land of Gan and Po".

Contents
[hide]

 1History
 2Geography
 3Administrative divisions
 4Politics
 5Economy
o 5.1Economic and technological development zones
 6Demographics
o 6.1Religion
 7Culture
 8Transportation
o 8.1Rail
 9Tourism
 10Flora and fauna
 11Education
o 11.1Colleges and universities
 12Twinnings
 13See also
 14Notes
 15References
 16External links

History[edit]
Main article: History of Jiangxi
Jiangxi is centered on the Gan River valley, which historically provided the main north-south
transport route of south China. The corridor along the Gan River is one of the few easily traveled
routes through the otherwise mountainous and rugged terrain of the south-eastern mountains. This
open corridor was the primary route for trade and communication between the North China Plain and
the Yangtze River valley in the north and the territory of modern Guangdong province in the south.
As a result, Jiangxi has been strategically important throughout much of China's history.
Jiangxi was outside the sphere of influence of early Chinese civilization during the Shang
dynasty (16th to 11th centuries BC). It is likely that peoples collectively known as
the Baiyue inhabited the region. During the Spring and Autumn period, the northern part of modern
Jiangxi formed the western frontier of the state of Wu. After Wu was conquered by the state of
Yue (a power based in modern northern Zhejiang) in 473 BC, the state of Chu (based in
modern Hubei) took over northern Jiangxi and there may have been some Yue influence in the
south. Chu subjugated Yue in 333 BC. In 223 BC, when Qin conquered Chu, a majority of the
Jiangxi area was recorded to be put under Jiujiang Commandary situated in Shouchun (壽春
).[6] However the commandary was ineffective and ended shortly when Qin falls.
Yuzhang Commandery (豫章, Gan: Ì-zong) was established in Jiangxi at the beginning of the Han
dynasty, possibly before the death of Xiang Yu in 202 BC, and it's also the very first commandery set
up by Chinese dynasty in Jiangxi. It was named after the Yuzhang River (豫章江, Gan: Ì-zong Kong),
the original name of Gan River. "Gan" has become the abbreviation of the province. In 201, eight
counties were added to the original seven of Qin[citation needed], and three more were established in later
years. Throughout most of the Han dynasty the commandery's eighteen counties covered most of
the modern province of Jiangxi. The county seats of Nanchang, Gan, Yudu, Luling among others
were located at the sites of modern major cities. Other counties, however, have been moved or
abolished in later centuries.
Under the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han dynasty, Yuzhang Commandery was assigned
to Yangzhou Province, as part of a trend to establish provinces (zhou) all across China. In 291 AD,
during the Western Jin dynasty, Jiangxi became its own Zhou called Jiangzhou (江州, Gan: Kong-
chiu). During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Jiangxi was under the control of the southern
dynasties, and the number of zhou slowly grew.
During the Sui dynasty, there were seven commanderies and twenty-four counties in Jiangxi. During
the Tang dynasty, another commandery and fourteen counties were added. Commanderies were
then abolished, becoming zhou (henceforth translated as "prefectures" rather than "provinces").
Circuits were established during the Tang dynasty as a new top-level administrative division. At first
Jiangxi was part of the Jiangnan Circuit (lit. "Circuit south of the Yangtze"). In 733, this circuit was
divided into western and eastern halves. Jiangxi was found in the western half, which was
called Jiangnanxi Circuit (lit. "Western circuits south of the Yangtze"). This is the source of the
modern name "Jiangxi".
The Tang dynasty collapsed in 907, heralding the division of the Five Dynasties and Ten
Kingdoms period. Jiangxi first belonged to Wu (吳, Gan: Ng), then to Southern Tang (南唐, Gan:
Nām-thóng). Both states were based in modern-day Nanjing, further down the Yangtze River.
During the Song dynasty, Jiangnanxi Circuit was reestablished with nine prefectures and four army
districts (with sixty-eight districts).
During the Yuan dynasty, the circuit was divided into thirteen different circuits, and Jiangxi Province
was established for the first time. This province also included the majority of modern Guangdong.
Jiangxi acquired (more or less) its modern borders during the Ming dynasty after Guangdong was
separated out. There has been little change to the borders of Jiangxi since.
After the fall of the Qing dynasty, Jiangxi became one of the earliest bases for the Communists and
many peasants were recruited to join the growing people's revolution. The Nanchang Uprising took
place in Jiangxi on August 1, 1927, during the Chinese Civil War. Later the Communist leadership
hid in the mountains of southern and western Jiangxi, hiding from the Kuomintang's attempts to
eradicate them. In 1931, the Chinese Soviet Republic's government was established in Ruijin, which
is sometimes called the "Former Red Capital" (红色故都, Gan: Fūng-set Kū-tu), or just the "Red
Capital". In 1935, after complete encirclement by the Nationalist forces, the Communists broke
through and began the Long March to Yan'an.

Geography[edit]
Nanchang City

Xinyu City

Pingxiang City

Mountains surround Jiangxi on three sides, with the Mufu Mountains, Jiuling Mountains, and Luoxiao
Mountains on the west; Huaiyu Mountains and Wuyi Mountains on the east; and the Jiulian
Mountains (九连山) and Dayu Mountains in the south. The southern half of the province is hilly with
ranges and valleys interspersed; while the northern half is flatter and lower in altitude. The highest
point in Jiangxi is Mount Huanggang (黄岗山) in the Wuyi Mountains, on the border with Fujian. It
has an altitude of 2,157 metres (7,077 ft).
The Gan River dominates the province, flowing through the entire length of the province from south
to north. It enters Lake Poyang in the north, the largest freshwater lake of China; that lake in turn
empties into the Yangtze River, which forms part of the northern border of Jiangxi.
Important reservoirs include the Xiushui Tuolin Reservoir in the northwest of the province on
the Xiushui River, and the Wan'an Reservoir(zh)in the upper section of the Gan.
Jiangxi has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa under the Köppen climate classification), with short,
cool, damp winters, and very hot, humid summers. Average temperatures are about 3 to 9 °C (37 to
48 °F) in January and 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F) in July. Annual precipitation is 1,200 to 1,900
millimetres (47 to 75 in), much of it falling in the heavy rains occurring in late spring and summer.
Nanchang, the provincial capital and the most densely populated city, is one of the largest
Chinese metropolises. Nanchang is the hub of Jiangxi civilization throughout its history, which plays
a leading role in the commercial, intellectual and industrial and political fields.[7] While Ganzhou is the
largest subdivision of Jiangxi.
Major cities:

 Nanchang
 Jiujiang
 Ganzhou
 Jingdezhen
 Xinyu
 Pingxiang
 Ji'an
 Yichun
 Yingtan
 Fuzhou
 Shangrao

Administrative divisions[edit]
Main articles: List of administrative divisions of Jiangxi and List of township-level divisions of Jiangxi
Jiangxi is divided into eleven prefecture-level divisions: all prefecture-level cities:

Administrative divisions of Jiangxi

№ Division code[8] English name Chinese Pinyin Area in km2[9] Population 2010[10]
 360000 Jiangxi 江西省 Jiāngxī Shěng 166900.00 44,567,475

1 360100 Nanchang 南昌市 Nánchāng Shì 7432.18 5,042,565 D

5 360200 Jingdezhen 景德镇市 Jǐngdézhèn Shì 5256.23 1,587,477 Cha

7 360300 Pingxiang 萍乡市 Píngxiāng Shì 3823.99 1,854,510 A

6 360400 Jiujiang 九江市 Jiǔjiāng Shì 18796.79 4,728,763 Xu

9 360500 Xinyu 新余市 Xīnyú Shì 3177.68 1,138,873 Y

11 360600 Yingtan 鹰潭市 Yīngtán Shì 3556.74 1,124,906 Y

3 360700 Ganzhou 赣州市 Gànzhōu Shì 39317.14 8,368,440 Zha

4 360800 Ji'an 吉安市 Jí'ān Shì 25283.80 4,810,340 J

10 360900 Yichun 宜春市 Yíchūn Shì 18637.67 5,419,575 Yu

2 361000 Fuzhou 抚州市 Fǔzhōu Shì 18811.12 3,912,312 Lin

8 361100 Shangrao 上饶市 Shàngráo Shì 22826.04 6,579,714 X

The eleven prefecture-level divisions of Jiangxi are subdivided into 100 county-level
divisions (22 districts, 11 county-level cities, and 67 counties). Those in turn are divided into
1548 township-level divisions (770 towns, 651 townships, seven ethnic townships, and
120 subdistricts).
See List of administrative divisions of Jiangxi for a complete list of county-level divisions.

Politics[edit]
Main articles: Politics of Jiangxi and List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China
The Politics of Jiangxi is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing
institutions in mainland China.
The Governor of Jiangxi is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangxi.
However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power
than the Jiangxi Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the
"Jiangxi CPC Party Chief".

Economy[edit]
Rice is the dominant crop in Jiangxi. Cash crops commonly grown include cotton and rapeseed.
Jiangxi is the leading producer of kumquats in China, particularly Suichuan County.[12]
Jiangxi is rich in mineral resources, leading the provinces of China in deposits
of copper, tungsten, gold, silver, uranium, thorium, tantalum, niobium, among others. Noted centers
of mining include Dexing (copper) and Dayu County (tungsten).
Jiangxi is a rather poor province when compared to its neighboring provinces. It is located in
extreme proximity to some of the richest provinces of China (Guangdong, Zhejiang, Fujian), which
are sometimes blamed for taking away talent and capital from Jiangxi.[13]
Jiangxi has the lowest wages and third lowest property prices in all of China.[13], As of 2016 Jiangxi's
nominal GDP was CNY 1.84 trillion or USD 276.48 billion, and a per capita of CNY 40,400 or USD
6,082.[14]

Historical GDP of Jiangxi Province for 1978 –present (SNA2008)[14]

(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l. dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017[15])

GDP per capita (GDPpc)

GDP based on mid-year Reference index
population

exchange rate
year 1 foreign
GDP in millions GDPpc
currency
real to CNY
growth
(%)

PPP PPP Int'l$. 1

CNY USD CNY USD USD 1
(Int'l$.) (Int'l$.) (PPP)
 Historical GDP of Jiangxi Province for 1978 –present (SNA2008)[14]
(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l. dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017[15])

2016 1,836,440 276,477 524,562 9.0 40,400 6082 11,540 6.6423 3.5009

2015 1,672,378 268,508 471,159 9.1 36,968 5935 10,415 6.2284 3.5495

2014 1,571,463 255,822 442,616 9.7 34,890 5680 9,827 6.1428 3.5504

2013 1,441,019 232,678 402,868 10.1 32,122 5187 8,980 6.1932 3.5769

2012 1,294,888 205,131 364,675 11.0 28,967 4589 8,158 6.3125 3.5508

2011 1,170,282 181,192 333,842 12.4 26,292 4071 7,500 6.4588 3.5055

2010 945,126 139,615 285,485 14.0 21,368 3156 6,454 6.7695 3.3106

2009 765,518 112,065 242,444 13.2 17,437 2553 5,522 6.8310 3.1575

2008 697,105 100,374 219,436 13.3 15,986 2302 5,032 6.9451 3.1768

2007 580,025 76,279 192,386 13.2 13,389 1761 4,441 7.6040 3.0149

2006 482,053 60,470 167,513 12.3 11,197 1405 3,891 7.9718 2.8777

2005 405,676 49,523 141,894 12.9 9,478 1157 3,315 8.1917 2.8590

2000 200,307 24,196 73,661 8.0 4851 586 1,784 8.2784 2.7193
 Historical GDP of Jiangxi Province for 1978 –present (SNA2008)[14]
(purchasing power parity of Chinese Yuan, as Int'l. dollar based on IMF WEO October 2017[15])

1995 116,973 14,007 42,857 6.8 2896 347 1,061 8.3510 2.7294

1990 42,862 8,961 25,174 4.5 1134 237 666 4.7832 1.7026

1985 20,789 7,079 14,831 14.8 597 203 426 2.9366 1.4017

1980 11,115 7,418 7,432 4.2 342 228 229 1.4984 1.4955

1978 8,700 5,595 13.3 276 177 1.5550

Economic and technological development zones[edit]

 Nanchang Export Processing Zone
Nanchang National Export Expressing Zone is located in NanChang Hi-Tech Industrial Development
Zone, it was approved by the State Council on May 8, 2006, and passed the national acceptance
inspection on Sep 7th, 2007. It has a planning area of 1 km2 and now has built 0.31 km2. It enjoys
simple and convenient customs clearances, and special preferential policies both for Nanchang
National Export Expressing Zone and NCHDZ.[16]

 Nanchang National High-tech Industrial Development Zone

Nanchang National High-tech Industrial Development Zone (NCHDZ for short hereafter) is the only
national grade high-tech zoned in Jiangxi, it was established in Mar. 1991. The zone covers an area
of 231 km2 (89 sq mi), in which 32 km2 (12 sq mi) have been completed. NCHDZ possesses unique
nature condition and sound industry foundation of accepting electronics industry. NCHDZ has
brought 25% industrial added value and 50% industrial benefit and tax to Nanchang city by using
only 0.4% land area.[17]

 Nanchang Economic and Technological Development Zone[18]

Demographics[edit]
She ethnic townships in Jiangxi

The population of Jiangxi is approximately 39.66 million.[19] 99.73% of that is Han Chinese,
predominantly Gan and Hakka. Ganzhou, Jiangxi's largest city, has an especially large number of
Hakka. Ethnic minorities include She and Zhuang.
Jiangxi and Henan both have the most unbalanced gender ratios of all Chinese provinces. Based on
a 2009 British Medical Journal study, the ratio is over 140 boys for every 100 girls in the 1-4 age
group.[20]

Historical population

Year Pop. ±% Year Pop. ±%

1912[21] 23,988,000 — 1964[26] 21,068,019 +25.6%

1928[22] 20,323,000 −15.3% 1982[27] 33,184,827 +57.5%

1936-37[23] 15,805,000 −22.2% 1990[28] 37,710,281 +13.6%

1947[24] 12,507,000 −20.9% 2000[29] 40,397,598 +7.1%

1954[25] 16,772,865 +34.1% 2010[30] 44,567,475 +10.3%

Religion[edit]
See also: Christianity in Jiangxi

Religion in Jiangxi[31][note 1]

Chinese ancestral religion(24.05%)

Christianity (2.31%)

Other religions or not religious people[note 2] (73.64%)

The predominant religions in Jiangxi are Chinese folk religions, Taoist traditions and Chinese
Buddhism. According to surveys conducted in 2007 and 2009, 24.05% of the population believes
and is involved in ancestor veneration, while 2.31% of the population identifies as Christian.[31]
The reports didn't give figures for other types of religion; 73.64% of the population may be either
irreligious or involved in worship of nature deities, Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, folk religious
sects.


Altar of Shangdi and Doumu at the Chengxu Temple (Taoist) in Zhouzhuang.

Youmin Buddhist Temple in Nanchong.

Culture[edit]

Porcelain workshop in Jingdezhen.

Main article: Culture of Jiangxi

Jiangxi is the main area of concentration of the Gan varieties of Chinese, spoken over most of the
northern two-thirds of the province. Examples include the Nanchang dialect, Yichun dialect and Ji'an
dialect. The southern one-third of the province speaks Hakka. There are also Mandarin, Huizhou,
and Wu dialects spoken along the northern border.
Ganju (Jiangxi opera) is the type of Chinese opera performed in Jiangxi.
Although little known outside of the province, Jiangxi cuisine is rich and distinctive. Flavors are some
of the strongest in China, with heavy use of chili peppers and
especially pickled and fermented products.
Jingdezhen is widely regarded as the producer of the best porcelain in China.
Jiangxi also was a historical center of Chan Buddhism.
Prominent examples of Hakka architecture can be found in Jiangxi.

Transportation[edit]
As of January 2015, Jiangxi had two Yangtze River crossings, both in Jiujiang.

Rail[edit]
The Beijing–Kowloon Railway and Shanghai–Kunming Railway crisscross the province and intersect
at Nanchang, which also has a high-speed rail link to Jiujiang. In addition, Jiangxi is connected by
rail to Anhui Province via the Anhui–Jiangxi and Tongling–Jiujiang Railways; to Hubei via
the Wuhan–Jiujiang Railway; and to Fujian via the Yingtan–Xiamen, Hengfeng–Nanping, Ganzhou–
Longyan and Xiangtang–Putian Railways.

Tourism[edit]

The mountain peaks of Lushan National Park.

Near the northern port city of Jiujiang lies the well-known resort area of Mount Lu. Also near the city
are the Donglin (East Wood) Temple and the Tiefo (Iron Buddha) Temple (铁佛寺), two
important Buddhist temples.
Near the small city of Yingtan is the resort area of Longhushan, which purports to be the birthplace
of Taoism and hence has great symbolic value to Taoists. The region has many temples, cave
complexes, mountains and villages.
The Lushan National Park has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1996.
In 2007, Jiangxi (specifically the Zhelin Reservoir, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Nanchang) was
the filming location for the fifteenth series of the American TV show Survivor.

Flora and fauna[edit]

 The mountainous terrain and large forest coverage of Jiangxi has made it historically one of the
more wild places of central China. South China tigers have been seen as recently as fifteen or
twenty years ago and projects are underway to document evidence of existing tigers, if there are
any. Several mountain areas along the northern border with Hunan and Hubei are potential sites for
"wilderness" preserves specifically for protecting or even reintroducing tigers.
Other wildlife, though not plentiful, are more numerous in Jiangxi than in many other developed
areas of China. Numerous species of birds are common, especially around the marshes of Lake
Poyang in the north. Though protected, mammals such as muntjac, wild boar, civet cats,
and pangolins, are still common enough that they'll even occasionally be seen in markets for sale as
game meat, or possibly even in a forest.
The late Paleocene mesonychid, Jiangxia chaotoensis was found in the province, and named after
it.

Education[edit]
Colleges and universities[edit]
Main article: List of universities and colleges in Jiangxi

 East China Institute of Technology

 East China Jiaotong University
 Jiangxi Agricultural University
 Jiangxi Institute of Education
 Jiangxi Normal University
 Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University
 Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics
 Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute
 Jinggangshan University
 Jiujiang Financial and Economic College
 Jiujiang Medical College
 Jiujiang Teachers College
 Nanchang Institute of Technology
 Nanchang Hangkong University
 Nanchang University
 Yichun University

Twinnings[edit]
 Bohol, Philippines
 Kentucky, United States
 Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil[32]

See also[edit]
 China portal

 Major national historical and cultural sites in Jiangxi

Notes[edit]
1. Jump up^ The data was collected by the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of 2009 and by the
Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) of 2007, reported and assembled by Xiuhua Wang (2015)[31] in
order to confront the proportion of people identifying with two similar social structures: ① Christian
churches, and ② the traditional Chinese religion of the lineage (i. e. people believing and worshipping
ancestral deities often organised into lineage "churches" and ancestral shrines). Data for other
religions with a significant presence in China (deity cults, Buddhism, Taoism, folk religious sects,
Islam, et. al.) was not reported by Wang.
2. Jump up^ This may include:
 Buddhists;
 Confucians;
 Deity worshippers;
 Taoists;
 Members of folk religious sects;
 Small minorities of Muslims;
 And people not bounded to, nor practicing any, institutional or diffuse religion.