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ccccccccccccccccccccROBOTICS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

Modern manufacturing faces two main challenges more quality at lower prices and the need to
improve productivity. Those are the requirements to keep manufacturing plants in developed
countries, facing competition from the low salary regions of the world. Other very important
characteristics of the manufacturing systems are flexibility and agility of the manufacturing
process, since companies need to respond to a very dynamic market with products exhibiting
very short life-cycles due to fashion tendencies and worldwide competition. Consequently,
manufacturing companies need to respond to market requirements efficiently, keeping their
products competitive. This requires a very efficient and controlled manufacturing process,
where focus is on automation, computers and software. The final objective is to achieve semi-
autonomous systems, automated systems that work requiring only minor operator
intervention.
As technology advances, it has been envisioned that in the very near future, robotic
systems will become part and parcel of our everyday lives. Even at the current stage of
development, semi-autonomous or fully automated robots are already indispensable in a
staggering number of applications. To bring forth a generation of truly autonomous and
intelligent robotic systems that will meld effortlessly into the human society involves research
and development on several levels, from robot perception, to control, to abstract reason.
robotic revolution is taking place in the social realm: robots of various kinds are leaving the
laboratories and making their ways into the social world. Robotics has its roots in a variety of
sources, including the way the robots perform tasks accurately and efficiently

0
 

Robotics is defined as ³The science or study of the technology associated with the design,
fabrication, manufacture, operation and application of robots´ Robotics mainly deals with the
handling of robots and their design.
In the early factories, working alongside a machine made our job more dangerous even
if it made it less arduous. These early machines were large assemblies of spinning, whirring,
moving parts that continued to spin, whir, and move even if a finger, foot, or other body part
intruded into it. Even today, people working with machines in factories, face special risks.
Machines are designed to be as safe as possible and useful. As machines improved into robots,
they made some aspects of factory work safer. A robotic painter, spot welder, or assembly
machine can operate in an empty space without any help at all. A supervisor stands safely
outside
its range of motion while the robot does the dirty and dangerous work

0



The term robot derived from the Czech word robota, meaning forced work or
compulsory service, or robotnik, meaning serf.
Robot is defined as "A reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move
material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through various programmed motions for the
performance of a variety of tasks".
0

 
  


Artificial intelligence is the branch of computer science that deals with writing computer
programs that can solve problems creatively;"workers in AI hope to imitate or duplicate
intelligence in computers and robots "Creating virtual brain for robots is itself known as
artificial intelligence. Basically this is given to the robot to perform specific tasks.

How exactly an intelligent machine is expected to behave?

perceivecthe environment;
reasoncabout this perception
make decisionscbased on this reasoning and

caccording to a plan specified at a very high level

What the latter means is that the motions undergone by the machine are decided upon based
on instructions similar to those given to a human being
The real challenge of AI is to understand how natural intelligence works. Developing AI isn't
like building an artificial heart -- scientists don't have a simple, concrete model to work from.
We do know that the brain contains billions and billions of neurons, and that we think and
learn by establishing electrical connections between different neurons. But we don't know
exactly how all of these connections add up to higher reasoning, or even low-level operations.
The complex circuitry seems incomprehensible. Because of this, AI research is largely theoretical.
Scientists hypothesize on how and why we learn and think, and they experiment with their ideas using
robots.

0
  
 
  


The above pictures shows how humans are intended to work in hazardous conditions

The following picture Shows the robotic welder that can replace humans and it can do the
welding operations more efficiently than humans
Pictures showing how robots can help military forces to track the enemy positions accurately.

The main reason why robots are used nowadays is to replace the work of humans in industries
and to guide the humans in operations accurately and effectively.

Why Humans are slowly being replaced by robots?

rc Repetitive tasks those robots can do 24/7.
rc Robots never get sick or need time off
rc Robots can do tasks considered too dangerous for humans
rc Robots can operate equipment to much higher precision than humans.
rc Robots save time of work and increase production rate.
rc May be cheaper over the long term.
rc May be able to perform tasks that are impossible for humans.

 
 





A robot may not injure a human being, or, through inaction, allow
a human being to come to harm.

 




A robot must obey orders given it by human beings, except where
such orders would conflict with the First Law.

 


A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection
does not conflict with the First or Second Law.
These laws are simple and straightforward, and they
embrace the essential guiding principles of a good many of
the world¶s ethical systems. But they are extremely difficult to implement!!!

The Robotic system essentially consists of

Mechanics
Electronics
Programming
 
Robots are mainly classified as
Manually controlled robots
Semi-autonomous robots
Autonomous robots

!

  

These Robots are entirely under-control of humans. Here, each and every movement
of the robots is controlled by the human interaction. Ex: Robots which are used to do
assembly in industries

"

These Robots are partially under the control of humans. Only certain controls are
being guided so as to perform specific tasks. Ex: Surveillance robots


These Robots can do their tasks of their own. They perform on the basis of artificial
intelligence. Ex: Androids.
Another way in which the robots are classified as follows
 "- Those guided by remote control by a human operator
   - Similar to Tele-robots but with feed back of video, sound and other
data to allow the operator to feel more like they are in the Robot.

 - Such as the widely used arms employed in factories and laboratories
worldwide.
! - Those which need to navigate and perform tasks without human intervention.
- able to carry out their task without intervention and obtain their power
from their environment
 - Robots built to mimic humans

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The above block diagram shows the steps involved in working of a generalized Robot.

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The main function of sensors or cameras is to detect the objects around it.
Sensors/Cameras provide a robot with the means to observe characteristics of the external
environment, and internal state. Without sensors the robot would be unable to determine its
current state and therefore unable to act meaningfully. For Ex: Infrared sensors, Infrared
cameras, SONAR Sensors, Laser sensors etc..

( 
Encoders encode the signals received from the Sensors/Cameras to a signal so that
Microcontrollers/Microprocessors can handle the signals and it can further be processesed.

!   &!   

c These are actually brains of robots. They are programmed to perform the specific task
considering the respective environment that the robot encounters. They will send the control signals
which are required to control the actuators and effectors. Ex: AT89C51Microcontroller, Intel
8051Microprocessor etc.

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They decode the control signals in to a form which is to be accepted by actuators and
effectors. cc

 

The primary function of actuators is to produce mechanical movement in between the
links of the mechanism of robots.


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Feedback is a strategy commonly used to in a system to achieve and maintain a goal
state. Feedback refers to ³information enquiry´ into the robotic system.
 ccccccccccccc c

By taking the example of a manipulator as shown above, we can compare as follows

Main Actuator ± The electric motor which can drive primary link that can rotate the whole
manipulator.
Effectors ± The links that are attached to the actuator.
This Manipulator arm has ten degrees of freedom, because it has five joints, each of which is
capable of a clockwise and anti-clockwise rotational degree of freedom.

0

 


) 
These are the new generation robots, these robots can move by itself by following a line
preferably a black line on a white background or vice versa. The basic idea behind working of
these robots is that they follow the line with the help of optical sensors.

#  $

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The optical sensors sends the data (Signals) to the microprocessor/Microcontroller.

Then the microcontroller/Microprocessor decides and generates a control signal so as control
the power supply which is given to motors through Motor drivers. Also Microcontroller
controls the rotation (Clockwise or Anti-clockwise to control left/right movements) of motors.
 Programming the microcontroller plays a very important role in operating the LFR.
The difference in contrast between a thick black line with white background is brought about
by Optical sensors. The microcontroller verifies these signals from the sensors, several times
in a second to trace the line so as to control the movements of the robot

These pictures are showing that how belt conveyors are used in industries.
Nowadays in almost all the industries, conveyors are used for transporting raw materials,
some parts etc which are to be transported from one place to another within a factory. The belt
drives which are used in factories consume more power because they need more electric
motors to drive the belt. We can replace the belt drives by LFR so as to reduce power
consumption.
The line following robots can also be used in hospitals to transfer patients one place to another
within the hospital.



Can a car move by itself without the aid of a human being? The answer is yes we can.
Robocars are new generation cars which can move by itself. The control of steering,
braking,etc are brought about by a Computer.
This concept is actually originated in DARPA GRAND CHALLENGE at USA in
2005. The Grand Challenge is a contest to produce self-driving vehicles. The military need for
them is clear -- they want robot trucks that can move cargo through dangerous zones without
human drivers.

Basically to control the car we need

Global co-ordinates
Surrounding environment of the car

Simulation and practical implementations can be known from the above pictures.
Global co-ordinates can be got by GPS (Global positioning system), where the GPS receiver
of the car receives the signals from the satellites so as to indicate the co-ordinates
The surrounding environment is all about moving and stationary obstacles they are
being detected by IR sensors, radars, Sonar sensors, Cameras, etc
In each second, the computer receives the updates of global co-ordinates and obstacles
surrounding the car and then it controls the movement of the car.
The robocar is interesting, and can provide a very nice transportation experience. But
things get really interesting when you consider who will own the vehicle you ride in.
Robocars enable robotaxis -- robocars for hire, which come to you on demand and take you
directly, quickly and cheaply where you want to go.

The robocar concept can be implemented in tanks in order save soldiers life in war
fields.


 
The artificial intelligence in robots can help to track the objects and also to do survey
where a human cannot indulge in.

! 




The above pictures convey that how robots can be used in military forces. Mainly, these
robots do the following tasks.
1.c Take pictures and send that pictures in order to give information and even cameras
integrated to them can give live updates of enemy troops in the war fields.
2.c The manually controlled robots are physically used in war fields to observe the
movements and to act in accordance with the situation to perform tasks like bullet
firing, missile launching etc.

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Robots are used to survey marine life. The main use of these robots is
1.c Risks that are involved when humans go underwater for exploration are more due to
the presence of dangerously reputed creatures mainly sharks, this can be overcome by
the use of robots.
2.c The fascinating videos about marine life that are telecasted in television are captured
in sophisticated environment by robots where humans may find difficulty in facing
those extreme conditions.


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Limitations:
1.c Most of today¶s robot cannot learn from their mistakes, they keep doing the same thing
over and over again even if it doesn¶t have required effect. So they should be
programmed again in order to avoid the mistakes.
2.c Employees will require training in programming and interacting with the new robotic
equipment. This normally takes time and financial output.
They have limited duties. They can only do what they have been ordered to do

Robots lack capability to respond in emergencies, this can cause:

± Inappropriate and wrong responses
± A lack of decision-making power
± A loss of power
± Damage to the robot and other devices
± Human injuries

Robots may have limited capabilities in

± Degrees of Freedom
± Dexterity
± Sensors
± Vision systems
± Real-time Response

Robots are costly, due to

± Initial cost of equipment
± Installation Costs
± Need for peripherals
± Need for training
± Need for Programming
Regular maintenance needs can have financial toll as well.

Conclusion:
A great amount of time, work and money is being invested for research work these days.
Quote from Researchers-
³Could our research be used to harm people? Unfortunately, it probably could. But almost
every type of research (both inside and outside the field of Artificial Intelligence) has this dual
nature. Any technological advance can be used to help or hurt people. Like most researchers,
we sincerely hope and believe that our work will ultimately serve the greater good.´c
Although most robots in use today are designed for specific tasks, the goal is to make
universal robots, robots flexible enough to do just about anything a human can do.
Basically, we want to make robots better at decision making, experiential learning, and most
other things that, well, humans are good at. Thus far there remain major technological barriers
to said development; however some of the best and the brightest are working on it.
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