Title Page

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 ABSTRACT

Flow well simulator or flow loop is one of the tools to study about flow measurement,
characteristics, and properties in both single and multiphase flow. Coventry University three
phase flow well simulator must be tested because every measurement tool has its uncertainty.
The aim of this study is to estimate and analyse the uncertainty of the three-phase flow well
simulator measurement in Coventry University and its error sources. The objectives of this study
are to understand and find the literature review about three phase flow well simulator, obtain the
uncertainty value of turbine flow meter and pressure transducer on the Coventry University three
phase flow well simulator, and find out the error sources that caused the uncertainty of
measurement instruments.

Turbine flow meter used to measure oil flow rate at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% have the
standard uncertainty: 0.123 with expanded uncertainty 11.35 L/min ± 0.246 L/min; 0.184 with
expanded uncertainty 17.76 L/min ± 0.37 L/min; 0.543 with expanded uncertainty 20.67 L/min ±
1.086 L/min; and 0.97 with expanded uncertainty 20.88 L/min ± 1.95 L/min. The pressure
transducers between PT 3 – PT 4 and PT 2 – PT 5 used to measure oil pressure in the working
section pipe have the standard uncertainty 0.00785 with expanded uncertainty 0.041 bar.g ±
0.0157 bar.g and 0.023 with expanded uncertainty 0.082 bar.g ± 0.0246 bar.g. Both analysis is
using the coverage factor k = 2, given that a level of confidence of around 95%. The largest
contributor to uncertainty is caused by the inadequate accuracy in time and the initial flow entry
the working section pipe.

Keywords: Flow well simulator, Uncertainty, Turbine flow meter, Pressure transducers.

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 List of Contents
Title Page ........................................................................................................................................ i
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... ii
List of Content .............................................................................................................................. iii
List of Figures .................................................................................................................................v
List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vi
Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................... vii
Declaration.................................................................................................................................. viii
Nomenclature ............................................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................1
1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................1
1.2 Problem Statement .................................................................................................................2
1.3 Aim and Objective .................................................................................................................2
1.4 Scope ......................................................................................................................................3
1.5 Draft Chapter ..........................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER TWO – LITERATURE REVIEW ...........................................................................4
2.1 Previous Experiment on Flow Well Simulator ......................................................................4
2.2 Flow Loop around the World .................................................................................................9
2.3 Multiphase Flow ...................................................................................................................12
2.3.1 Phase fraction ................................................................................................................12
2.3.2 Flow pattern ...................................................................................................................14
2.3.3 Multiphase flow measurement ......................................................................................17
2.4 Calibration ............................................................................................................................19
2.4.1 Repeatability ..................................................................................................................19
2.4.2 Resolution ......................................................................................................................20
2.5 Uncertainty Analysis ............................................................................................................20
2.5.1 Error versus uncertainty ................................................................................................21
2.5.2 Evaluating uncertainty ...................................................................................................21
2.6 Error Sources ........................................................................................................................22
2.6.1 Common errors ..............................................................................................................22
2.6.2 Systematic errors ...........................................................................................................23

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CHAPTER THREE - METHODOLOGY.................................................................................24
3.1 Place and Time .....................................................................................................................24
3.2 Coventry University Flow Well Simulator ..........................................................................24
3.3 Materials and Tools Used .....................................................................................................26
3.4 Study Stages .........................................................................................................................27
3.4.1 Preparation stage ...........................................................................................................27
3.4.2 Experiment stage ...........................................................................................................27
3.4.3 Data processing and analysis .........................................................................................29
3.4.4 Completion and presentation .........................................................................................30
3.5 Health and Safety in Laboratory ..........................................................................................30
3.6 Analysis ................................................................................................................................31
3.6.1 Calibration .....................................................................................................................31
3.6.2 Flow rate calculation .....................................................................................................31
3.6.3 Pressure difference calculation ......................................................................................32
3.6.4 Uncertainty analysis ......................................................................................................33
CHAPTER FOUR – RESULT AND DISCUSSION ................................................................35
4.1 Specification of Flow Well Simulator ..................................................................................35
4.1.1 Turbine flow meter ........................................................................................................36
4.2 Flow Meter Calibration ........................................................................................................37
4.2.1 Result .............................................................................................................................37
4.2.2 Linearity ........................................................................................................................38
4.2.3 Repeatability ..................................................................................................................39
4.2.4 Uncertainty analysis ......................................................................................................39
4.3 Pressure Transducer Calibration ..........................................................................................43
4.3.1 Result .............................................................................................................................43
4.3.2 Resolution ......................................................................................................................46
4.3.3 Theory and experiment comparison ..............................................................................46
4.3.4 Uncertainty analysis .....................................................................................................48
CHAPTER FIVE - CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................50
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................50
5.2 Recommendation ..................................................................................................................51
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................53

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APPENDICES

List of Figures
Figure 2.1 SINTEF flow loop ..........................................................................................................9
Figure 2.2 NEL flow loop ..............................................................................................................10
Figure 2.3 CEESI flow loop...........................................................................................................10
Figure 2.4 K-Lab flow loop ...........................................................................................................11
Figure 2.5 Boussens flow loop.......................................................................................................11
Figure 2.6 Simultaneous flow of two or more immiscible fluids ..................................................12
Figure 2.7 Phase slip in multiphase flow .......................................................................................13
Figure 2.8 No-slip and slip conditions difference ..........................................................................14
Figure 2.9 Typical horizontal flow pattern map ............................................................................15
Figure 2.10 Multiphase vertical flow map .....................................................................................16
Figure 2.11 Separation of multiphase flow ....................................................................................17
Figure 2.12 Venturi meter ..............................................................................................................18
Figure 2.13 Cross-sectional results ................................................................................................18
Figure 2.14 Gamma ray attenuation...............................................................................................19
Figure 2.15 Measurement uncertainty ...........................................................................................20
Figure 2.16 Measurement error......................................................................................................21
Figure 2.17 Standard uncertainty evaluation .................................................................................22
Figure 3.1 Coventry University Three Phase Flow Well Simulator ..............................................25
Figure 3.2 Moody Diagram............................................................................................................33
Figure 4.1 Flow Loop Process and Instrumentation Diagram .......................................................35
Figure 4.2 Calibration results for the flow meter with the various open valve .............................38
Figure 4.3 Expanded uncertainties in the turbine flow meter ........................................................42
Figure 4.4 Process flow diagram of pressure transducer calibration .............................................43
Figure 4.5 Pressure changes corresponding to valve opening and different flow rates .................45
Figure 4.6 Pressure differences due to percentage of valve opening .............................................46
Figure 4.7a Pressure differences between PT-3 and PT-4 comparison with the theory ................47
Figure 4.7b Pressure differences between PT-2 and PT-5 comparison with the theory ................47

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 List of Tables
Table 3.1 Error sources of flow meters ..........................................................................................25
Table 3.2 Experiment parameters and conditions ..........................................................................27
Table 4.1 Specification of turbine flow meter ...............................................................................36
Table 4.2 Result of flow meter calibration ....................................................................................37
Table 4.3 Uncertainty calculation of flow meter calibration .........................................................40
Table 4.4a Uncertainty table calculating the standard uncertainty for 25% open valve ................41
Table 4.4b Uncertainty table calculating the standard uncertainty for 50% open valve ...............41
Table 4.4c Uncertainty table calculating the standard uncertainty for 75% open valve ................41
Table 4.4d Uncertainty table calculating the standard uncertainty for 100% open valve .............42
Table 4.5 Pressure shown in the pressure transducer indicator .....................................................43
Table 4.6 Pressure differences .......................................................................................................45
Table 4.7 Uncertainty calculation of pressure transducer calibration ............................................48
Table 4.8a Uncertainty budget table calculating the standard uncertainty for pressure difference
in PT-3 and PT-4 ............................................................................................................................48
Table 4.8b Uncertainty budget table calculating the standard uncertainty for pressure difference
in PT-2 and PT-5 ............................................................................................................................49

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Thanks to the presence of God Almighty who has given his blessing and mercy to the author so
that I can finish the project. Project is structured to qualify completing Postgraduate studies
program MSc Oil and Gas Engineering. The authors recognize that there are still many
shortcomings in the completion of this final paper.

This work was completed under the guidance of Professor Andrew Hunt, Professor of Oil and
Gas Engineering and Executive Director for Flow Measurement and Fluid Mechanics, his
standards for creativity and quality cannot be underestimated. In addition to that, his good
natured person, approachability, patience and understanding, made for an excellent and
interesting post graduate research experience one highly appreciated by me I want to say you are
the best teacher that I have ever had.

Let me use this opportunity to thank Dr. Rogerio Ramos, Senior Lecturer and Course Director of
Oil and Gas Engineering and the staff of the Faculty of Engineering, Environment and
Computing, Coventry University for their support and enormous assistance during the course of
study. to all those who have helped in the process of completion, such as;

1. Family writers who always pray, encourage and advise the author to continue forward

2. Friends, MSc. Oil and Gas Engineering student and Indonesian society

3. All staff that I cannot mention one by one writer who had helped in the process of final
settlement of the author.

Authors welcome any suggestions and criticism from various parties and the authors hope the
results of this study can add to the geological knowledge and benefit us all.

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 DECLARATION

I, FAVIAN NAFIEGA HAMDANI, declare that this dissertation is my own work in accordance
with the requirement of the Coventry University’s regulations and Codes of Practice for Taught
Programmes and it has not been submitted for any other academic award. I have identified all
material in this dissertation which is not my own work through appropriate referencing and
acknowledgement. Where I have quoted or otherwise incorporated material which is the work of
others, I have included the source in the references. Any views expressed in the dissertation,
other than referenced material, are those of the author.

SIGNED: Favian Nafiega Hamdani DATE: 15th August 2016

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NOMENCLATURE

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