CONTENTS

Preface 23

SECTION - I

Basic Issues in Economic Development

1. Economic Development and

Under Development 27

- Introduction

- What does Development Mean

- Economic Growth and Economic Development

The New View of Economic Development

 Development as a Multi-dimensional Process

 Three Core Values of Development

- Development, Freedom and Opportunities

- Human Development

 Sustainable Human Development ·

 What Makes Development Unsustainable?

 Policy for Sustainable Development - Human Development Index

- Progress and Setbacks in Human Development

 Advances in Human Development-A Global Snapshot

 The Lirnirs co Human Devcloprnenr

 The End of Convergence?

 India-A Globalisation Success Story with a Mixed Record on Human Development

- National Human Development Report - 2001 • Indicators

- State of Human Development in India • State Level

... Contd ....

10

Indian Economy: Performance and Policies

... Contd ....

2. The Environment and Development 46

- Introduction

The Basic Issues

 Sustainable Development and Environmental Accounting

 Population, Resources, and the Environment

 Poverty and Environment

 Growth versus the Environment

 Rural Development and the Environment

 Urban Development and the Environment

 The Global Environment Consequences of Environmental Damage The Indian Case

• Consequences of Environmental Plunder - Public Policy

SECTION - II

Indian Economy at Independence

3. India's Economy at Independence 57

- Introduction

The Relative Importance of Various Industrial Activities • Composition of National Income

The Working Force

The Agrarian Scene

 Stagnating Agriculture

 Causes

- India's Industrial Production and its Structure

 India's Industrial Resources

 The Decline of Traditional Industry and the Development of Modern Industry

 Some other Economic Indicators of Economic Backwardness - Some Positive Features

Contents in Detail

11

SECTION - III Policy Regimes

4. Planning in India: Development

Strategy and Role of State 70

- Evolution of Planning

- Structural Constraints and the Development Strategy

- Role of the State as Visualised in the Fifties

- Evolution of Strategy and Priorities

- Changing Perceptions

The Role of Planning

• Redefining the Role of State

The Government, the State and the Market - Cooperative Action

5. Economic Reform and Liberalisation 88

- Debate on Liberalisation

Economic Reform

 The Background

 The Macroeconomic Crisis

 Rationale for the Reforms

 Macroeconomic Reforms

 Structural Reforms

- Implementation of the Agenda

- Removal of QRs

- National Structural Adjustment Programme

- Safety Net
 Macroeconomic Impact of Reforms

 Fiscal Adjustment and Stabilisation

 Political Resistance to Reform

 Concerns Regarding Social and Political Implications of Reform

 Impact of the New Economic Policy on the Vulnerable Sections

 Conclusion

- The Next Round of Reforms

SECTION -IV

Growth, Development and Structural Change

6. India's Growth Experience 115

- The Performance

- Two Phases of Growth

- Assessment of Performance

- Causal Factors

- What Next?

- Sectoral Composition of Real GDP

- Inter-regional Disparities in Growth and Development

 Implications of Inter-state Inequality

 Sectoral Composition of Growth

 Causal Factors - Investment

a Planning and Public Investment a Private Investment

- Technical Change

- Institutions and Governance

The Way Ahead - Conclusion

7. Institutional Reforms for

Agricultural Growth 137

- Land Systems at the Time of Independence

• Feudal Agrarian Structure

- Policies for Restructuring Agrarian Relations

 Economic Arguments in Favour of Land Reform

 Abolition of Intermediaries

 Ceiling on Land Holdings

 Tenancy Reforms

 Consolidation of Holdings

 Co-operative Farming

- Impact of Structural Reorganisation

- Emerging Perspectives and Policy Issues

- Land Reforms: Approach Paper to the

Eleventh Plan

8. Policies for Regulating Pattern of Investment and Concentration of

Economic Power in Industry 147

- Evolution of Industrial Control Regime

- Performance of the Industrial Licensing System

- New Economic Policy

9. India's Economic Performance

and Challenges 156

- Towards Faster and More Inclusive Growth

- Strengths of the Economy

- Some Major Challenges

 Regaining Agricultural Dynamism

 Changing Employment Patterns

 Providing Essential Public Services for the Poor

 Increasing Manufacturing Competitiveness

 Developing Human Resources

 Protecting the Environment

 Improving Rehabilitation and Resettlement Practices

 Improving Governance

 Disparities and Divides

10. Unemployment and Employment

Perspective 169

- Population and Labour Force Projections

- Concepts and Measurement

- Measurement of Employment and Unemployment

- Recent Trends in Employment and Unemployment Situation

 Employment and Unemployment (60th Round of NSSO)

 Results of 61st Round of NSSO Survey - Indian Labour Laws and Labour Markets

- Strategies and Policies for Employment Generation

 Eleventh Plan Approach Paper on Employment

 Promoting Employment Generation

o Changing Employment Patterns

o Employment Generating Sectors

o National Rural Employment Guarantee Programme (NREGP)

o Self-Employment Programmes

11. Poverty in India 190

- Magnitude and Determinants

• The Selection of Poverty Lines - State Level Poverty Ratios

- Basic Minimum Services

- Policy

• Flaws in Policies and Programmes - Targeting

- Accountability

- Role of NGOs and Voluntary Organisations

- Growth and Poverty

12. Demographic Constraint: Interaction between Population Change and

Economic Development 212

- Economic Development-and Population Growth

 The Theory of Demographic Transition

 The Micro Economic Theory of Fertility

 How Does Population Growth Affect Economic Development - Population and Labour Force Projections

- The Ongoing Demographic Transition:

Challenges and Opportunities

- Demographic Trends in India

 Period of Low Population Growth

 Period of Rapid Growth and Population Explosion

 Period of Some Decline in Rate of Growth 1981 Onwards Trends in Birth and Death Rates

• Causes of High Birth Rate

o Social Factors

o Economic Factors

 Fertility Rate

 Causes of Decline in Death Rate

o Control of Epidemics

o Control of Famines