Didital

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
١٢١
‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬???‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
 ١٢١ 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Low‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ High‫א‬‫א‬
 K10

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDemultiplexerMultiplexer

 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬


 W‫א‬


-١-
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Discrete)‫א‬
  .(Continuous)‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Continuous) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ١F‫א‬ ‫א‬E١J ١F‫א‬K(Discrete)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬E٢

  
‫א‬
Time

 KWE١J ١F‫א‬

-٢-
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬
Time
t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7 t8 t9 t10 t11 t12 t13

 KWE٢J ١F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣J ١F‫א‬

-٣-
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
(ºC ) ‫א‬‫ א‬
40
35
30
‫א‬
25 Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ١F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Sampling‫א‬ K١
KE٤J ١F‫א‬

(ºC ) ‫א‬‫ א‬
40
35
30
‫א‬
25 Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ١F‫א‬
-٤-
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WQuantization‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WEncoding‫א‬ K٣
KE٥J ١F‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

(ºC ) ‫א‬‫ א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
40 
 
10111010
35
30
‫א‬
25 Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 00

 KWE٥J ١F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬256‫א‬‫א‬
 K8‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
-٥-
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Integrated Circuits‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(ADC) Analog to ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDigital Converters
‫א‬ADC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(DAC) Digital to Analog Converters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLow‫א‬High‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
''ON''،‫א‬
 K''OFF''
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10‫א‬
 K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0‫א‬High‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLow‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
High‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 10‫א‬‫א‬
High‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .Low‫א‬‫א‬
.Low‫א‬K‫א‬
 KE٦J ١F LowHigh‫א‬‫א‬

-٦-
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
VH ( max )
HIGH
Binary 1
VH( min )
 
 
VL( max )
LOW
Binary 0
VL( min )

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE٦J ١F‫א‬

Low‫א‬VH(Max)VH(Min)‫א‬High‫א‬
،VH(Max)VH(Min)‫א‬VL(Max)VL(Min)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،10
Low5V2VHighTTL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧J ١F‫א‬‫א‬0.8V0V

TTL
‫א‬ ‫א‬
VH ( max ) 5V
HIGH
Binary 1
VH( min ) 2V
 
 
VL( max ) 0.8 V
LOW
Binary 0
VL( min ) 0V

 KTTL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧J ١F‫א‬
-٧-
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬1High3.2V‫א‬‫א‬
0.8VK0Low0.6V
 K2V























-٨-
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬LowHigh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLowHigh0HighLow1‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KLow‫א‬High‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ١F‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
HIGH HIGH
LOW LOW
    


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨J ١F‫א‬

،(High)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Low)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KAperiodicPeriodic
 KPeriod‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E١٠J ١F‫א‬E٩J ١F‫א‬

-٩-
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
T1 T2 Tn-1 Tn
T1=T2 =...Tn-1=Tn=T = Period ‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬
Frequency = f =1/T  ‫א‬


 KWE٩J ١F‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(frequency)f‫א‬
 K(Hz) Hertz‫א‬
 WT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬f‫א‬‫א‬
1
 f=  T = 1 
T f

0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
‫א‬  

 

 K‫א‬WE١٠J ١F‫א‬






- ١٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WOscilloscope‫א‬ J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ADC
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E١٢J ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬WE١١J ١F‫א‬

- ١٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢J ١F‫א‬


WLogic Analyzer ‫א‬‫ א‬J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،
‫א‬ J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Timing Diagram ‫א‬‫א‬ J 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ١٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 State Table ‫א‬J 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hexadecimal‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Octal‫א‬Binary
 .ASCII‫א‬BCD‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣J ١F‫א‬

 Logic Probe , Logic Pulser ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤J ١F‫א‬

- ١٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬WE١٤J ١F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E١٥J ١F‫א‬‫א‬،LogicPulser‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 KLogic Probe‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥J ١F‫א‬
- ١٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KShorts‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  :DC Power Supply ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KAC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K+5VCMOS‫א‬TTL‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٦J ١F‫א‬

 K‫א‬WE١٦J ١F‫א‬


:Function Generator E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬E١٧J ١F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧J ١F‫א‬


(DDM) Digital multi meter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AC‫א‬DC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ١F‫א‬

- ١٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨J ١F‫א‬

- ١٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬‫א‬ K٢

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫؟‬10ms K٤

‫ ؟‬1MHz‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬100111010101 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
‫א‬‫؟‬1010101010101010 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧

‫؟‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨

‫؟‬‫א‬ K٩

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠

‫؟‬Logic Analyzer‫א‬‫א‬ K١١

‫؟‬Logic Probe‫א‬‫א‬ K١٢

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٣
- ١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫ א‬K٢
KBCD K٣
K ASCII K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
  K١
 ASCII K٢

 W‫א‬


- ٢٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Binary System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hexadecimal System‫א‬‫א‬Octal System‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J W‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

 Decimal System‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢
‫א‬ 9،8{7{6{5{4{3{2{1، 0 Digits??‫א‬‫א‬
K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬10 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬




- ٢١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  103  102  101  10 0  10 −1  10 −2  10 −3 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
1 1 1
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK  1000  100  10  1
  KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
10 100 1000
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E١J ٢F

 W١
 ‫؟‬632‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (102 × 6) + (101 × 2) + (100 × 3) = 
 (100 × 6) + (10 × 2) + (1 × 3) = 
 600 + 20 + 3 = 623 
20‫א‬‫א‬2 ‫א‬،‫א‬ 3 ‫א‬3
 K 600‫א‬6‫א‬


 W٢
 ‫ ؟‬2574‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (103 × 2) + (102 × 5) + (101 × 7) + (100 × 4) = 
 2000 + 500 + 70 + 4 = 
 = 2574 


 W٣
 ‫ ؟‬0.25‫א‬
- ٢٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬
 (10−2 × 5) + (10−1 × 2) = 
1 1
 ( × 5) + ( × 2) = 
100 10
 0.05 + 0.2 = 0.25 



 W٤
 ‫ ؟‬47.25‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (10−2 × 8) + (10 −1 × 3) + (101 × 4) + (100 × 7) = 
 ( 1 × 8) + ( 1 × 3) + (10 × 4) + (1 × 7) = 
100 10
 0.08 + 0.3 + 40 + 7 = 47.38 


Binary System‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
2K2‫א‬‫א‬ 1 ، 0‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKKK  25  24  23  22  21 20  2−1  2 −2  2−3
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
1 1 1
KKKKKKKKKK 32  16  8 4  2  1
   KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
2 4 8
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E٢J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KKKKKKKKK 13،12{11{1093{2{1، 0 
 K‫א‬KKKKKKKKK 103،102{101{100٩٩
- ٢٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1‫א‬
 ‫א‬1 ،0
 ‫א‬11 ، 10
 ‫א‬111 ، 110 ،101 ، 100
 1111 ………….. ، 1010 ،1001 ،1000

 W‫א‬‫א‬15 0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
10 1010
11 1011
12 1100
13 1101
14 1110
15 1111
E٣J ٢F
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W١
‫؟‬101‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W101
 (2 2 × 1) + (21 × 0) + (2 0 × 1) =  
 (4 × 1) + (2 × 0) + (1 × 1) =  
 4 + 0 +1 = 5 

 W٢
‫؟‬11011‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W11011
  2 4  23 2 2  21  20  ‫א‬‫א‬
16 8 4 2 1 
 × × × × × 
1 1 0 1 1 
=27 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٢
1 ،0 ‫א‬‫א‬ K١
2‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
KBit ‫א‬2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (100) 2 , (1101) 2 
 (101)10 , (257)10 
- ٢٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

Hexadecimal System ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F
 K10,11,12,13,14,15‫א‬A,B,C,D,E,F ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٢
16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
16 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 
KKKKKKKKKK 16 2  161  16 0 161  161 KKKKKKKKKK
1 1
KKKKKKKKKK 256  16  1
 KKKKKKKKKK
16 256
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 E٤J ٢F

 W
 ( F 5)16 , (47)16 , (1A3)16 

 W١
 ‫א‬ (10 B) ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 11B101
 (10 B)
 (16 2 × 1) + (161 × 0) + (16 0 × 11) =  

 (256 × 1) + (16 × 0) + (1× 11) =  
 256 + 16 + 11 = 267 
 ∴ (267)10 = (10 B )16 
- ٢٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W٢
 ‫א‬ (10)16 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (10)16
 (161 × 1) + (16 0 × 0) =  

 (16 × 1) + (1× 0) =  
 16 + 0 = 16 
 ∴ (16)10 = (10)16 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬150‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F
E٥J ٢F
- ٢٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢
K2 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2‫א‬‫א‬ 2‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬0‫א‬‫א‬

 W١
 ‫א‬6‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 6 ÷ 2 =   3  0 LSB‫א‬
 3 ÷ 2 =   1  1

 1÷ 2 =  0  1 
 ∴ (110) 2 = (6)10    MSB‫א‬

 W٢
 ‫א‬19‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 19 ÷ 2 =   9  1
LSB‫א‬
 9 ÷ 2 =   4  1 
 4÷2 =  2  0 
2÷2= 1 0 
1÷ 2 = 0 1 
 ∴ (10011) 2 = (19)10     MSB‫א‬
- ٢٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(10011) 2
 (2 4 × 1) + (2 3 × 0) + (2 2 × 0) + (21 × 1) + (2 0 × 1) =  
 (16 × 1) + (8 × 0) + (4 × 0) + (2 × 1) + (1× 1) =  
 16 + 0 + 0 + 2 + 1 = 5 
 = (19)10  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٢
 2 4 = 16 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W١
 ‫א‬ (110101) 2 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (0011  0101) 2  ‫א‬
 (3)10  (5)10   ‫א‬
 (35)16  ‫א‬
 ∴ (35)16 = (110101) 2  
 W٢
 ‫א‬ (1101011) 2 ‫א‬
- ٢٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 (0110  1011) 2  ‫א‬
 (6)10  (11)10   ‫א‬
 (6)16  ( B)16   ‫א‬
 ∴ (6 B )16 = (1101011) 2  


 W٣
 ‫א‬ (1011100000) 2 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 (0010  1110  0000) 2  ‫א‬
 (2)10  (14)10  (0)10   ‫א‬
 (2)16  ( E )16  (0)16   ‫א‬
 ∴ (2 EO)16 = (1011100000) 2  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٢
 E٥J ٢F،

 W١
 ‫א‬2B5‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 2  B  5   ‫א‬
 0010  1011  0101   ‫א‬
 ∴ (1010110101) 2 = (2 B5)16  


- ٣٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W٢
 ‫א‬CO3‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 C  O  3   ‫א‬
 1100  0000  0011   ‫א‬
 ∴ (110000000011) 2 = (CO3)16  
 
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٢
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
BCD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬90 ‫א‬‫א‬
 BCD‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  BCD
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
E٦J ٢F

‫א‬،110011  3‫א‬   
 00010101  15
- ٣١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ BCD
 W‫א‬


 ‫א‬  BCD ‫א‬‫א‬
23 00100011 10111
85 10000101 1010101
251 001001010001 11111011
E٧J ٢F


 ASCII‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F ASCII‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
 K7‫א‬
 KASCII‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


HEX DEC CHR CTRL HEX DEC CHR HEX DEC CHR HEX DEC CHR
00 0 NUL ^@ 20 32 SP 40 64 @ 60 96 `
01 1 SOH Â 21 33 ! 41 65 A 61 97 a
02 2 STX ^B 22 34 " 42 66 B 62 98 b
03 3 ETX ^C 23 35 # 43 67 C 63 99 c
04 4 EOT ^D 24 36 $ 44 68 D 64 100 d
05 5 ENQ Ê 25 37 % 45 69 E 65 101 e
06 6 ACK ^F 26 38 & 46 70 F 66 102 f
07 7 BEL ^G 27 39 ' 47 71 G 67 103 g
08 8 BS ^H 28 40 ( 48 72 H 68 104 h
09 9 HT Î 29 41 ) 49 73 I 69 105 i
0A 10 LF ^J 2A 42 * 4A 74 J 6A 106 j
- ٣٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
0B 11 VT ^K 2B 43 + 4B 75 K 6B 107 k
0C 12 FF ^L 2C 44 , 4C 76 L 6C 108 l
0D 13 CR ^M 2D 45 − 4D 77 M 6D 109 m
0E 14 SO ^N 2E 46 . 4E 78 N 6E 100 n
0F 15 SI Ô 2F 47 / 4F 79 O 6F 111 o
10 16 DLE ^P 30 48 0 50 80 P 70 112 p
11 17 DC1 ^Q 31 49 1 51 81 Q 71 113 q
12 18 DC2 ^R 32 50 2 52 82 R 72 114 r
13 19 DC3 ^S 33 51 3 53 83 S 73 115 s
14 20 DC4 ^T 34 52 4 54 84 T 74 116 t
15 21 NAK Û 35 53 5 55 85 U 75 117 u
16 22 SYN ^V 36 54 6 56 86 V 76 118 v
17 23 ETB ^W 37 55 7 57 87 W 77 119 w
18 24 CAN ^X 38 56 8 58 88 X 78 120 x
19 25 EM ^Y 39 57 9 59 89 Y 79 121 y
1A 26 SUB ^Z 3A 58 : 5A 90 Z 7A 122 z
1B 27 ESC 3B 59 ; 5B 91 [ 7B 123 {
1C 28 FS 3C 60 < 5C 92 \ 7C 124 |
1D 29 GS 3D 61 = 5D 93 ] 7D 125 }
1E 30 RS 3E 62 > 5E 94 ^ 7E 126 ~
1F 31 US 3F 63 ? 5F 95 _ 7F 127 DEL




- ٣٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

Y‫א‬‫א‬ K١
Y= 3.104 + 6.103 + 7.101 + 9.100
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
11011 J 
110011 J 

101010 J 

11110000 J 

 W11110001‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠٣
239J 
141J 
241J 
124J 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠٤
 25 J 
 31 J 

89 J 

254 J 

 W249‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠٥
11000111 J 
10011111 J 

11001100 J 

11111001 J 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠٦
- ٣٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
11111000.11 J 
11111111.111 J 
10000001. 101 J 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠٧
310 J 
9570 J 


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠٨
 25.75 J 
 255.9875 J 

0.97 J 


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠٩
 80 J 
255 J 

9432 J 

4039 J 


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠١٠
 80 J 
9C2 J 

FFFF J 

4500 J 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠١١
25 J 
9D` J 

ABCD J 

A9B8 J 


W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠١٢
- ٣٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
1011101 J 
11111111 J 

1010101010 J 

110000111100 J 

 KBCD‫א‬‫א‬٠١٣
 12 J 
45 J 

99 J 

125 J 

255 J 
24 J 
‫א‬‫א‬BCD‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠١٤
1001 J 
10011001 J 

100110011 J 

11001 J 

ASCII‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠١٥
 2 J 
31 J 

255 J 

3425 J 

W‫א‬ASCII‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠١٦
0110110 J 
0111110 J 
0111111 J 
 ASCII‫א‬‫א‬٠١٧
50 Print AB= ''35''
- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
K‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٣٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Logic Gates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،LowHigh‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEOFFF‫א‬‫א‬EONF‫א‬‫א‬
0‫א‬ONHigh1K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KOFFLow

'Gate AND' ??‫א‬١J ٣
 K AND‫א‬‫א‬  E١J ٣F‫א‬??‫א‬AND‫א‬

A ‫ﻣﻔﺘ ﺎح‬ B ‫ﻣﻔﺘ ﺎح‬
‫ﻣﺼ ﺒﺎح‬
‫ﻣﺼﺪر‬ ‫ﺟﻬ ﺪ‬

 E١J ٣F

 KA , B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬A , B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Truth Table ‫א‬



- ٣٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 A  B  ‫א‬
OFF OFF OFF
 OFF  ON  OFF
 ON  OFF  OFF
ON ON ON
E١J ٣F

‫א‬1High ON ‫א‬ AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1‫א‬‫א‬ON‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F‫א‬


A  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Y ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬
B  A  B Y
‫א‬AND 0 0 0
0 1 0
Y=AB
1  0 0
Y=A AND B
1 1 1
E٢J ٣F  E٢J ٣F

'Gate OR'??‫א‬٢J ٣
‫א‬، OR??‫א‬E٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(OFF) A , B ‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
B ‫ﻣﻔﺘ ﺎح‬
A ‫ﻣﻔﺘ ﺎح‬

 E٣J ٣F

 A , B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 A  B  ‫א‬
OFF OFF OFF
 OFF  ON ON
 ON  OFF ON
ON ON ON
E٣J ٣F

‫א‬ OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F‫א‬
A  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
B  A  B Y
0 0 0
0 1 ١
‫א‬OR
1  0 ١
Y=A+B
Y=A OR B 1 1 1
E٤J ٣F  E٤J ٣F
- ٤٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
NOT ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣
 E٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬NOT‫א‬
A ‫ﻣﻔﺘ ﺎح‬

 E٥J ٣F


،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEA‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
A  ‫א‬
 OFF ON
 ON OFF
E٥J ٣F

 K‫א‬NOT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٣F‫א‬






- ٤١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
A  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A Y
‫א‬OR
0 1
Y=A 1 0
E٦J ٣F  E٦J ٣F

 W١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
A
B Y ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬
C



2‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 8 = 2 3 = ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 A  B  C Y
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 1 1

- ٤٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A
C Y ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬
B


 W‫א‬
 8 = 2 3 = ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 A  B  C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 1 1
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 0

NAND Gate ''''‫א‬٤J ٣
NAND ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F‫א‬ ، AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬





- ٤٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
A  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Y ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬  A  B Y
B
0 0 ١
0 1 ١
 ‫א‬NAND
1  0 ١
Y = A.B
1 1 ٠
E٧J ٣F  E٧J ٣F

NOR Gate ''''‫א‬٥J ٣
NAND ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٣F‫א‬ ، OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬NOR

A Y ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
B  A  B Y
0 0 ١
‫א‬NOR 0 1 ٠
Y = A+ B 1  0 ٠
1 1 ٠
E٨J ٣F  E٨J ٣F

Exclusive OR Gate (XOR)‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"1" ‫א‬‫א‬
XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٣F‫א‬ ،"0" ‫א‬‫א‬"1"
 K‫א‬


- ٤٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


A  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
B  A  B Y
 0 0 0
0 1 ١
XOR‫א‬
1  0 ١
Y = A⊕ B
1 1 ٠
E٩J ٣F  E٩J ٣F


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬
A
B ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬

 E١٠J ٣F



Exclusive NOR Gate (XNOR)‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬"1" ‫א‬ XOR‫א‬XNOR‫א‬
E١٠J ٣F‫א‬ ،"0" ‫א‬‫א‬ "1"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 



A ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

B Y  A  B Y
0 0 1

0 1 0
XNOR‫א‬ 1  0 0
Y = A⊕ B 1 1 1
E١١J ٣F  E٩J ٣F

- ٤٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫ ؟‬C، B،A‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬High‫א‬ K١

‫ ؟‬C، B،A‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬High‫א‬ K٢
 
W‫א‬NOT‫א‬Y‫א‬ K٣
A=10101110110111
W B،A‫א‬AND‫א‬Y‫א‬ K٤
A=101011111011

B=111110000010

W B،A‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
A=1010101010

B=1010101010

‫؟‬Y‫א‬ C، B،A‫א‬‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 
،AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ B،A‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫؟‬NOTOR

W C، B،A‫א‬‫א‬XNOR‫א‬Y‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
A=10111011 , B=10001000 , C=01110111
- ٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


- ٤٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Combinational Logic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


 W١J ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WAdder ‫א‬٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
0+1=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
 1+1=10
Half Adder‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٤
(Sum)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬(Carry) ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
A S
HA
B C0

 E١J ٤F

- ٤٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
A B C0 S
0  0  0  0
0  1  0  1
1  0  0  1
1  1  1  0
E١J ٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(C0)‫א‬(S)‫א‬

 S = AB + A B = A ⊕ B 
 Co = AB  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
A
S
B
C0

 E١J ٤F

Full Adder‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Ci)‫א‬
- ٥٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

A S
B FA
Ci C0

 E٢J ٤F

 ‫א‬
A B Ci C0 S
0  0 0  0  0
0  0 1  0  1
0  1 0  0  1
0  1 1  1  0
1 0 0 0 1
1 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 1 1
E٢J ٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 S = A ⊕ B ⊕ Ci  
 Co = AB + ( A + B)Ci 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ٥١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
A
B
S
Ci
C0
 E٢J ٤F


 WOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
M A D A D D
HS HS
S B B0 B B0
Bi
B0
 E٢J ٤F

 Subtractor ‫א‬٣J ٤
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٥٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
HalfSubtractor ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٤

(Difference)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(Borrow)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﺮوح ﻣﻨ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﺮق‬
M D
HS
S B0 ‫اﻹﺳ ﺘﻌﺎرة‬
‫اﻟﻤﻄﺮوح‬

 E٣J ٤F


 ‫א‬
M S D B0
0  0  0  0
0  1  1  1
1  0  1  0
1  1  0  0
E٣J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(B0)‫א‬،(D)‫א‬

 D = M S ⊕ M S = M ⊕ S  
 Bo = M S  


- ٥٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
M
D
S
B0

 E٣J ٤F

FullSubtractor ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
M D
S FS
Bi B0

 E٤J ٤F

 ‫א‬
M S Bi D B0
0  0 0  0  0
0  0 1  1  1
0  1 0  1  1
0  1 1  0  1
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
E٤J ٤F
- ٥٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 D = M ⊕ S ⊕ Bi  
 Bo = Bi + ( M ⊕ S ) MS  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
M
S
D
Bi
B0
 E٤J ٤F


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
M A D A D D
HS HS
S B B0 B B0
Bi
B0
 E٤J ٤F
- ٥٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

Digital Comparator ‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(A>B , A<B , A=B) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
A=B
A X
‫اﻟﻤﻘﺎرن اﻟ ﺮﻗﻤﻲ‬
A<B
Y
B Comp
A>B
Z

 E٥J ٤F


 ‫א‬
X Y Z
A B
 A=B  A<B  A>B
0  0 1  0  0
0  1 0  1  0
1  0 0  0  1
1 1 1 0 0
E٥J ٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 X = AB + AB = A ⊕ B  
 Y = AB  
 Z = A B 


- ٥٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A
X
z
B

 E٥J ٤F

Digital Codes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Binary Coded ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Decimal
‫א‬‫א‬(0  9)( B C D 8421 )
 K(8421)
- ٥٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

B C D ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 (8421)
0 0000
1 0001
2 0010
3 0011
4 0100
5 0101
6 0110
7 0111
8 1000
9 1001
E٦J ٤F

 W١
BCD32.84‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

  3 2  ٠ 8 4
BCD 0011 0010  ٠ 1000 0100

 W٢
 BCD 01110001.00001000‫א‬
 W‫א‬
BCD 0111 0001  ٠ 0000 1000
  7 1  ٠ 0 8
- ٥٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Encoder ‫א‬١J ٥J ٤
‫א‬(n)‫א‬‫א‬(2n) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
n n
2 2 xn n
‫اﻟ ﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬
Encoder

 E٦J ٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EBCD‫א‬F
‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬
Ds Cs Bs As
8 4 2 1
‫اﻟ ﺪﺧﻞ‬
D9
D8
D7
D6
D5 Encoder
D4
‫اﻟﻤﺸﻔﺮ‬
D3
D2
D1
D0

 E٦J ٤F

- ٥٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬BCD‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D C B A
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0  1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1  0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1  1
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0  0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0  1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1  0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1  1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1  0 0  0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0  1
E٧J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬(9)(0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( D9 )( D0 )،‫א‬‫א‬

??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
D9
D
D8
D7
D6
D5 C
D4
D3 B
D2
D1
D0

 E٦J ٤F


Decoder ‫א‬٢J ٥J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2n)‫א‬‫א‬(n) 

- ٦١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
n n
2
n
nx2
‫اﻟ ﺪﺧﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬
Decoder

 E٧J ٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬BCD‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻣﺒﻴﻨ ﺎت اﻟﺨ ﺮج اﻟﻌﺸ ﺮي‬
D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
{
A
‫اﻟ ﺪﺧﻞ‬ B Decoder

(BCD ‫)ﺸﻔﺭﺓ‬ C
‫ﻣﺤﻠ ﻞ‬
D ‫اﻟﺸ ﻔﺮة‬
 E٧J ٤F


- ٦٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
D C B A D9 D8 D8 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
E٨J ٤F

،‫א‬‫א‬
W?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬??‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬NOT??AND??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(A,B)Decoder
 K(3)(0)
- ٦٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
A \ \
yo = A . B
B
\
y1 = A . B
\
y2 = A . B
yo = A . B
 E٧J ٤F



 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B  Y0  Y1  Y2  Y3
0  0 1  0  0  0
0  1 0 1  0  0
1  0 0  0  1  0
1 1 0 0 0 1
E٩J ٤F

- ٦٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Multiplexer ‫א‬٦J ٤
‫א‬IC‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(AND,OR,NOT)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 (2 × 1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Do
F
B1
S
 E٨J ٤F


:4-TO-1 Multiplexer‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
0
1 4x1
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺨل‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﺭﺝ‬
2 MUX
3 S1 S0
‫ﺃﻁﺭﺍﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻜﻡ‬

 E٨J ٤F

- ٦٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
(4 × 1)‫א‬‫א‬
S1 S0  Y
0  0  I0
0  1  I1
1  0  I2
1  1  I3
E١٠J ٤F
 (4 × 1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
I0
I1
I2
I3
I1
I0
 E٨J ٤F

 Demultiplexer ‫א‬٧J ٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٦٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 :1-TO-2 Demultiplexer‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
1-TO-2 D0
E
DEMUX D1
S

 E٩J ٤F

 ‫א‬
S1 D0  D1
0  E  0
1  0  E
E١١J ٤F

‫א‬Logic 0S‫א‬‫א‬
 KD1‫א‬‫א‬Logic 1S‫א‬KD0‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E
D0
S
D1

 E٩J ٤F
- ٦٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 :1-TO-4Demultiplexer‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
D0
1-TO-4 D1
E
DEMUX D2
D3
S1 S0

 E١٠J ٤F





 ‫א‬
S1 S0  D0 D 1  D2  D3
0  0 E  0  0  0
0  1 0 E  0  0
1  0 0  0  E  0
1 1 0 0 0 E
E٩J ٤F


- ٦٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E
D0
D1
D2
D3
S1 S0

 E١٠J ٤F






- ٦٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬ Half adder‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫ ؟‬Full adder‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

A=1 , B=1 Cin=0W‫א‬‫א‬CoutS‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

A=1001 , B=1000 WHigh‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬ Decoder ‫א‬ K٥
‫ ؟‬A3، A2، A1،A0‫א‬A3A2A1A0=1110

‫א‬7 Segments‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬1001W7 SegmentsBCD‫א‬

‫؟‬Multiplexer ‫א‬ K٧

‫؟‬ Demultiplexer ‫א‬ K٨

A =1 ،B =1 ، Cin=1W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩

‫א‬‫א‬،7 SegmentsBCD K١٠

 W‫א‬‫א‬7 Segments
A0 = 10111101
- ٧٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
A1 = 10110101
 
A2 = 11110000

A3 = 00110011
 

 D3، D2، D1،D0‫א‬Multiplexer ‫א‬
 ٠١١
1، D1=0 ،D2=0،D3=1‫א‬‫א‬S1S0
 D0=
 ‫؟‬S1=1S0=0

‫א‬Multiplexer‫א‬
 ٠١٢
 ‫ ؟‬64

128Multiplexer‫א‬‫א‬٠١٣
 ‫؟‬S6S5S4S3S2S1S0 = 1000111W‫א‬

32‫א‬٠١٤
 ‫؟‬S4S3S2S1S0 = 01101‫א‬



- ٧١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K T، JK، D،RS‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬



- ٧٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Flip-Flops ‫א‬

 W١J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Sequential Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Flip-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Flops

 ‫א‬‫א‬ (R-S)٢J ٥
 EClock pulseF‫א‬‫א‬ (R-S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ إﻋﺎدة وﺿﻊ‬R Q ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج اﻟﻌ ﺎدي‬

Flip-Flop \
‫ وﺿﻊ‬S Q ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج اﻟﻤﺘﻤ ﻢ‬

 E١J ٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (NAND  NOR) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬ (R-S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Reset) R
1 Q
\
2 Q
(set) S

 E١J ٥F
- ٧٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬(NOR ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬ (R-S)‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 
S R Q Q
1  0 1  0  
0  0 1  0  ‫א‬
0  1 0  1  
0 0 0 1 ‫א‬
 1  1  0  0 
E١J ٥F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Q )‫א‬ER=0F(1)‫א‬(S)‫א‬ K١
(1)‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬(Set- State)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(R) (0)‫א‬(S)‫א‬ K٢
 (0)
 ( Q ) ‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،(1)‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(0)‫א‬‫א‬R,S‫א‬‫א‬No Change

(0)‫א‬(S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠٣
 ( Q ) (0)‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬ER=1F
- ٧٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬(Clear- State ) ‫א‬‫א‬،(1)‫א‬‫א‬

 KReset

(0)‫א‬‫א‬(S) (0)‫א‬(R)‫א‬٠٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬، ( Q ) (Q)‫א‬
 
، (Q, Q )
 (1)‫א‬(R,S)٠٥
 K‫א‬??‫א‬

 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬ (R-S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S
1 Q
\
2 Q
R

 E١J ٥F

- ٧٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬ (R-S)‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
S R Q Q
0  0 1  1  
0  1 1  0  
1  0 0  1  
1 1 0 1 
E٢J ٥F
 
 Flip- Flops Triggering ‫א‬٣J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EClock‫א‬F
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W K١
(1)(1)‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬(0)
0

 E٢J ٥F

- ٧٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W٠٢
(0)(0)‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬(1)
0

 E٢J ٥F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٥

 W‫א‬٠١

CK

 E٣J ٥F

 W‫א‬٠٢

CK

 E٣J ٥F

Synchronous (R-S) Flip-Flop ‫א‬‫( א‬R-S) ٤J ٥
‫א‬،‫א‬‫( א‬R-S)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (R-S)K
- ٧٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
(S,R,CK)‫א‬(R-S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K (Q, Q )
S Q
‫ﻧﺒﻀﺎت اﻟ ﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬ CK \
Q
R

 E٤J ٥F
 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫(א‬R-S)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S
Q
CK
\
Q
R
 E٤J ٥F

 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫(א‬R-S)‫א‬
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
CK S R Q Q
0  1 0  1  
0  0 0  1  
1  0 1  0  
1 1 1 1 
E ٣J ٥F
- ٧٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
J-K Flip-Flop(J-K) ٥J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ( Q ) ‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬(J,K,CK)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫(א‬R-S)‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KToggle‫א‬(J=K=1)
J Q
CK \
Q
K

 E٥J ٥F


 WNAND‫א‬‫א‬(J-K) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J
Q
CK
\
Q
K
 E٥J ٥F

- ٧٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WNAND‫א‬‫א‬(J-K) ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
CK S R Q Q
0  0 No Change  ‫א‬
0  1 0  1  
1  0 1  0  
1 1 Toggle ‫א‬‫א‬
E ٤J ٥F

 D Flip-Flop(D) ٦J ٥
،(D)‫א‬،(D)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Delay) ‫א‬(CK)‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧ ﺎت‬
D Q
‫ﻧﺒﻀ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬ CK \
Q

 E٦J ٥F

(D)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CK D Q  Q
 0  0  1
 1  1  0
E٥J ٥F
- ٨٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
(R)‫א‬(NOT)‫א‬(R-S)‫א‬(D)‫א‬
 W‫א‬
D ٍS
Q
CK
\
ٍR Q

 E٦J ٥F

(K)‫א‬(NOT)‫א‬(J-K)‫א‬(D)‫א‬
 W‫א‬
D ٍJ
Q
CK
\
ٍK Q

 E٦J ٥F

D‫א‬‫א‬J-KR-SD‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 T Flip-Flop(T) ٧J ٥
،(T)‫א‬،(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(CK)‫א‬‫א‬
ٍT
Q
‫ﻧﺒﻀ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬ CK ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬
\
Q

 E٧J ٥F
- ٨١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬(J,K)‫א‬(J-K)(T)
 W‫א‬(T)
T J
Q
‫ﻧﺒﻀ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬ CK
\
K Q

 E٧J ٥F


(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CK T Q(t + 1) ‫א‬
No
 0  Q(t )
Change
 1  Q(t ) Toggle
E٦J ٥F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬(T)‫א‬٠١
 KNo Change‫א‬‫א‬ Q(t + 1)

‫א‬‫א‬(1)‫א‬‫א‬(T)‫א‬٠٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q(t + 1)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Toggle




- ٨٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫؟‬J=1 , K=1 : J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫א‬J=1 , K=1J-K‫א‬ K٤
‫؟‬100KHz‫א‬
SRQ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S=10010111010
R=01001000101

‫א‬K=0 , J=1J-K‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬10KHz‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬T=1T‫א‬ K٧
‫؟‬500KHz



- ٨٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١J ٦
،‫א‬Counter‫א‬‫א‬
 (J-K)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(T)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K(Down) (UP)‫ א‬K٢
K(Asynchronous)‫א‬‫א‬(Synchronous)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 AsynchronousCounters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Up - Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 W(J-K)‫א‬(4)‫א‬ J 
 (4)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K,J ‫א‬،J,K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E 30F
 K(1)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Q2,Q1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(Q1)‫א‬

- ٨٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
LSB ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬ MSB

Q1 Q2
J J
Q1 Q2
CK CK
\ \
Q1 Q2
K K

 E١J ٦F

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(4)‫א‬‫א‬
CLK O/P ‫א‬
NO.  Q2 Q1 ‫א‬
 0 0 0  0
 1 0 1  1
2 1 0 2
 3  1  1  3
 4 0 0  0
5 0 1  1
6 1 0 2
7 1 1  3
E١J ٦F

- ٨٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Q1)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(2)‫א‬‫א‬(Q2)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(4)

 E١J ٦F

 W١
‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬(16)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E150F‫א‬(16)‫א‬
m=4 ،‫א‬(m)(2m=16) ‫א‬
 KJ-K‫א‬K(24=16)‫א‬
1 J 1 J 1 J 1 J
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
‫ﻧﺒﻀ ﺔ اﻟ ﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬ CK CK CK CK D C B A
1 K 1 K 1 K 1 K
 E١J ٦F


 (16)‫א‬‫א‬

- ٨٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 8 4 2 1  ‫א‬‫א‬ 8 4 2 1
D C B A D C B A
 0 0 0 0 0 8 1 0 0 0
 1 0 0 0 1 9 1 0 0 1
2 0 0 1 0 10 1 0 1 0
 3 0 0 1 1 11 1 0 1 1
 4 0 1 0 0  12 1 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1 13 1 1 0 1
6 0 1 1 0  14 1 1 1 0
7 0 1 1 1 15 1 1 1 1
 E٢J ٦F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E١J ٦F

W(n)‫א‬‫ א‬J 

 W (2 m ≥ n) ‫א‬(n)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ :n‫א‬Wm
- ٨٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬E50F(6)‫א‬
(8)‫א‬(6)  (2 m ) (n) (23 > 6)
 KJ-KE7 0 F(8)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬A,B,C 
‫א‬‫א‬C,B‫א‬NDAD‫א‬W(6)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،CLR ‫א‬
K‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(110)‫א‬(000)

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1
J J J C B A
Q1 Q2 Q3
CK CK CK
K K K
CLR CLR CLR
 E١J ٦F

 W
‫א‬‫א‬،NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KAND‫א‬

- ٨٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Decimal Counter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E10010000FE90F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NAND‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬
(D =1,B =1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬CLR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(NAND)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 J 1 J 1 J 1 J
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
‫اﻟ ﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬ CK CK CK CK D C B A
‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج اﻟﺜﻨ ﺎﺋﻲ‬
1 K 1 K 1 K 1 K
 E٢J ٦F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
O/P
CLK NO.  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
D C B A
 0 0 0 0 0  0
 1 0 0 0 1  1
2 0 0 1 0 2
 3 0 0 1 1  3
 4 0 1 0 0  4
5 0 1 0 1 5
- ٩٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
6 0 1 1 0 6
7 0 1 1 1 7
8 1 0 0 0 8
9 1 0 0 1 9
10 0 0 0 0  0
E٣J ٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٢J ٦F


‫א‬‫א‬(Decoder) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Seven Segments)‫א‬
a a
A A b
c f b
B B g
CK d
C C e e c
D D f
g d
‫ﻋﺸﺮي‬ ‫ﻋ ﺪاد‬ ‫ﻣﺴ ﻔﺮ ﺷ ﻔﺮة‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺷ ﺔ اﻟﻌ ﺮض‬

 E٢J ٦F
- ٩١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(0)‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
CLK NO.
D C B A a b c d e f g
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
2 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
 3 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
 4 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
6 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
 E٤J ٦F

 Down-Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
 WJ-K‫א‬(4)‫א‬J 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(4)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬J,KJ-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E03F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ (Q1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Q2,Q1‫א‬
- ٩٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
1 1
J J Q2 Q1
Q1 Q2
CK CK
\ \
Q1 Q2
K K

 E٣J ٦F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(4)
 K‫א‬

O/P
CLK  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
NO.
‫א‬
Q2 Q1
 0 1 1  3
 1 1 0  2
2 0 1  1
 3 0  0  0
 4 1 1  3
E٥J ٦F

- ٩٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Q1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K (Q1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬

 E٣J ٦F

WJ-K‫א‬(8)‫א‬ J 

‫א‬‫א‬E07F(8)‫א‬
 KJ-K(23=8) W‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1
J J J Q3 Q2 Q1
Q1 Q2 Q3
CK CK CK
\ \ \
Q1 Q2 Q3
K K K
 E٤J ٦F

- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

O/P
CLK  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
NO.
‫א‬
Q1 Q2 Q3
 0 1 1 1 7
 1 1 1 0 6
2 1 0 1  5
 3 1 0  0  4
 4 0 1 1  3
 5 0 1 0 2
6 0 0 1 1
 7 0 0  0 0
8 1 1 1 7
9 1 1 0 6
E٦J ٦F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٤J ٦F
- ٩٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Synchronous Counters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٦
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KParallel Counters
 K(8)‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
(J-K)E70F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
1 Q2
J Q1 J J Q3 C B A
CK CK CK
K K K
‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻘ ﻼب‬ ‫اﻟﻘ ﻼب اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻘ ﻼب‬
‫اﻟ ﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬
 E٥J ٦F

 W‫א‬‫א‬
(No Change)(Toggle)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬

AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
(1)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(A , B)
K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 E٥J ٦F

 W‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
CLK O/P ‫א‬

NO. C B A ‫א‬
 0 0 0 0 0
 1 0 0 1 1
2 0 1 0 2
 3 0 1 1  3
 4 1 0 0  4
 5 1 0 1 5
6 1 1 0 6
 7 1 1 1 7
8 0 0 0  0
E٧J ٦F


(8)‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
(8)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ (Q1 ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
1
J Q1 J Q2 J Q3 C B A
CK CK CK
\ \ \
K Q1 K Q2 K Q3
‫اﻟ ﺘﺰاﻣﻦ‬
 E٦J ٦F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E٦J ٦F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

CLK O/P ‫א‬

NO. C B A ‫א‬
 0 1 1 1 7
 1 1 1 0 6
2 1 0 1  5
 3 1 0 0  4
 4 0 1 1  3
 5 0 1 0  2
6 0 0 1 1
 7 0 0 0  0
8 1 1 1  7
E٨J ٦F
- ٩٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
Shift Registers
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J ٦F،10‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٧
1 ‫א‬   0 ‫א‬  
1 1 0
D Q D Q 0
CLK C CLK C
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 E٧J ٦F‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
KEE٨J ٦F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ 
Data In
 Data Out
 E٨J ٦F‫א‬

KEE٩J ٦F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 

- ٩٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Data In 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬ 
 Data Out
 E٩J ٦F‫א‬

KEE١٠J ٦F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 



 ‫א‬ 
Data In

 ‫א‬ 
 Data Out
 E١٠J ٦F‫א‬

KEE١١J ٦F‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J 


- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Data In 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Data Out 
 ‫א‬ 

 E١١J ٦F‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
Serial in / Serial out Shift Registers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .Clock‫א‬
 ‫א‬D4‫א‬E١٢J ٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬4

‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
D D D D
Serial In Serial Out
C C C C
CLK
‫א‬ 

 E١٢J ٦F‫א‬
- ١٠١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

1011‫א‬E١٣J ٦F‫א‬
 K(Clk4 Clk3،Clk2،Clk1) Clock  4‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 
0 0 0 0
D D D D
Serial In Serial Out
C C C C
CLK
‫א‬
1st bit 1 1 0 0 0 Q3
D D D D
C C C C
CLK1
‫ א‬
1 1 1 0 0 Q3
2nd bit D D D D
C C C C
CLK2
 ‫א‬ 
0 0 1 1 0 Q3
3rd bit D D D D
C C C C
CLK3
 ‫א‬ 
4th bit 1 1 0 1 1 Q3
D D D D
C C C C
CLK4
‫א‬‫א‬ 

 E١٣J ٦F‫א‬

- ١٠٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬1011‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٦F‫א‬
 K(Clk8 Clk7،Clk6،Clk5) Clock 4‫א‬

‫א‬ 
0 1 0 1 1
D D D D
Serial In
C C C C
CLK
‫א‬
0 0 1 0 1 Q3
D D D D
C C C C
‫א‬ 
CLK5
0 0 0 1 0 Q3
D D D D
C C C C
‫א‬ 
CLK6
0 0 0 0 1 Q3
D D D D
C C C C
 ‫א‬ 
CLK7
0 0 0 0 0 Q3
D D D D
C C C C
 ‫א‬ 
 CLK8
 E١٤J ٦F‫א‬

- ١٠٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
Serial in / Parallel out Shift Registers

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،Q0D‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٦F‫א‬
 K Q7، Q6، Q5، Q4، Q3، Q2،Q1


 ‫א‬ 
D D D D D D D D
Data Input
C C C C C C C C
CLK
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7
Data Outputs

 ‫א‬ 

 E١٥J ٦F‫א‬
- ١٠٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
in / Serial out Shift Registers
 Parallel
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Load‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 D0‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٦F‫א‬
 KQ3‫א‬D3D2،D1،

Parallel Inputs 
  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
D0 D1 D2 D3
Shift/Load
G4 G1 G5 G2 G6 G3
Serial Output
D D D D
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3
C C C C
CLK 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 

 E١٦J ٦F‫א‬
- ١٠٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٤
in / Parallel out Shift Registers
 Parallel
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Load‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، D4، D3، D2، D1،D0)‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٦F‫א‬
.( ، Q6، Q5، Q4، Q3، Q2، Q1،Q0)‫א‬ ( D7، D6،D5
 Q7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Parallel Data Inputs ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7
D D D D D D D D
C C C C C C C C
CLK
Q7
Q0 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6
Paralle l Data Outputs

 ‫א‬ 

 E١٧J ٦F‫א‬
- ١٠٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٥
Shift Registers
 Bidirectional

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬High‫א‬ Right / Left ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Low‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ G4، G3، G2،G1 ‫א‬‫א‬ 1 = Right / Left 
‫א‬ Clock‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 G8، G7، G6،G5 ‫א‬‫א‬ 0 = Right / Left 
‫א‬Clock‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫ א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬ 
Right/Left
Serial Data in

 ‫ א‬‫א‬ G1 G5 G2 G6 G3 G7 G4 G8

 
D D D D
Q1 Q2 Q3
C C C C
Q0
 CLK

 E١٨J ٦F‫א‬







- ١٠٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 Word‫א‬KNibble KByte‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٩J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٠٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
1
1
1 2
2
2 3
3
3 4
4
4 5
5
5 6
6
6 7
7
7 8
8 9
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10
58
11
59
8x8  12
60
13
61
14
62
15
63
16
64
 
 16 x 4 64 x 1
 E١٩J ٦F‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K64Nibble 16 8‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(8k× 8)‫א‬، 8 ‫א‬1024(1k× 8)
 K 8‫א‬8192
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬81928k10241k
 K2
 213 = 8192 210 = 2024


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٦F

- ١١٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4 ‫ א‬: 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
: ‫א‬ ‫א‬
6  ‫א‬  3 ‫א‬ ( )
(  )
 ;;;
 E٢٠J ٦F‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K8
‫א‬E٢٠J ٦F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K64‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٦F‫א‬8

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Write‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Read
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 KData Bus‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬E٢١J ٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Address
Decoder
Memory
Address Bus Data Bus

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫ א‬ 
 ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  
Read Write
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢١J ٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٦F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KAddress Bus‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬65536‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4294967296‫א‬16‫א‬
 .32‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٦F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Decoder
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ 
Address Register Data Register
011 10110101
Address 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
Decoder 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 2
2 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
Address Bus 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 Data Bus
4 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ 
5 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
6 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
7 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
3
Write ‫א‬
3 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬   011 ‫א‬‫א‬  1

 ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  2
‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  3

 E٢٢J ٦F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ 
Address Register Data Register
110 11010101
Address 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 
 ‫א‬ 
Decoder 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1
1 3
2 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
Address Bus 3 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 Data Bus
4 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0

 ‫א‬ 
5 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
6 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
7 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
2
Read ‫א‬‫א‬
6 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬  

 ‫א‬   110 ‫א‬‫ א‬ 1
‫א‬‫א‬   2

 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬  
 ‫א‬   
 ‫א‬  3

 E٢٣J ٦F‫א‬


 RAMROM W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Random Access Memories)RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


(Read Only Memories) ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ROM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ROM‫א‬
(Programmable PROM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ROM)
 (Erasable PROM) EPROM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(Static RAM) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Dynamic RAM)DRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SRAM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SRAM‫א‬
‫א‬،DRAM‫א‬‫א‬
 KFreshing‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Synchronous SRAM‫א‬‫א‬SRAM‫א‬SRAM‫א‬
 . Asynchronous SRAM‫א‬‫א‬SRAM
 WDRAM
(Fast Page Mode DRAM) FPM DRAM
 ،(Extended Data Out DRAM)EDO RAM
 ،(Burst Extended Data Out DRAM)BEDO RAM
. (Synchronous DRAM) SD RAM
 KRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ٦F‫א‬

- ١١٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
RAM
SRAM DRAM
FPM EDO BEDO

ASRAM SB SRAM SDRAM
DRAM DRAM DRAM

 E٢٤J ٦F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
Kn8‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥J ٦F‫א‬
Row Select ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،8‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Data I/O
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١١٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ 
0 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
1 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
2 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
3 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
4 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
n ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Data Input Output Buffers
  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
Data I/O Data I/O Data I/O Data I/O Data I/O Data I/O Data I/O Data I/O
 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0
 E٢٥J ٦F‫א‬

 K64k ×8‫א‬E٢٦J ٦F‫א‬
- ١١٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
A0
A1
RAM 64k x 8
A2
A3 I/O1
A4
A5
I/O2 (I) 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
A6 I/O3

 ‫א‬  A7
A8 I/O4
A9
A 10 I/O5 (O) 
 ‫א‬ 
A 11
A 12
I/O6
A 13 I/O7
A 14
A 15 I/O8
‫א‬  CS Chip select

Write
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  WE Read
Output enable
 OE
 E٢٦J ٦F‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬65536 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
O1 O2 O3 O4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KO5 O6 O7O8
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KI1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7I8‫א‬

 ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ROM
 K‫א‬Bios‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ROM Mask ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Programmable ROM)PROM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Erasable PROM) EPROM ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
(UV EPROM)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
(Electrically  EEPROM  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
EPROM)

 KROM‫א‬E٢٧J ٦F‫א‬
ROM
Mask UV
PROM EPROM EEPROM
ROM EPROM


 E٢٧J ٦F‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PROM‫א‬
 K
 KMOS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPROM‫א‬
- ١١٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬UV EPROM‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬EEPROM‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ROM‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬ROM‫א‬
 K0 1
 KMOSROM‫א‬E٢٨J ٦F‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
+V DD +V DD
1 ‫א‬  0 ‫א‬ 

‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 E٢٨J ٦F‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬Gate‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬High‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،1‫א‬ON
 K0‫א‬OFF
- ١٢٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬2 ROM
 2‫א‬‫א‬
 En‫א‬‫א‬F2ZEn‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Gate‫א‬
 .0‫א‬‫א‬1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬5VON‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬0VOFF1‫א‬‫א‬
 K0

1612816ROM‫א‬E٢٩J ٦F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K8‫א‬

- ١٢١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

 E٢٩J ٦F‫א‬


- ١٢٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


 Memory Expansion ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬65536(64k× 4)‫א‬E٣٠J ٦F‫א‬
4‫א‬‫א‬8 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


65536 x 8
Address Bus
Address Bus RAM1 RAM1
16 bits
16 bits
65536 x 4

 ‫א‬ 
  Data Bus

 ‫א‬ 
4 bits
4 bits
Control Bus ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬ 
  Control Bus
‫א‬  Data Bus

 ‫א‬  8 bits

16 bits 65536 x 4

 ‫א‬ 
  Data Bus 16 bits
4 bits
4 bits
 
‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬  


 E٣٠J ٦F‫א‬
‫א‬ 16‫א‬K‫א‬E٣١J ٦F‫א‬
 216=65536
- ١٢٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬4 ‫א‬‫א‬  16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K4
A0
A1 RAM1
A2
A3 64k x 4
A4

Address Bus
A5
A6
A7
 ‫א‬
A8
A9
A10

A11
A12
A13
A14
A15
( I/O )0
Enable ( I/O )1

( I/O )2
Data Bus
( I/O )3
( I/O )4
 ‫א‬
RAM2 ( I/O )5
64k x 4 ( I/O )6

( I/O )7
‫א‬ 
E Enable
Control Bus

 E٣١J ٦F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣٢J ٦F

- ١٢٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
RAM
4M x 8

 ‫א‬ 
Address Bus RAM1
Address Bus 21 bits
RAM1
21 bits 2M x 8 2M x 8
Data Bus 22 bits

 ‫א‬ 
 
8 bits
EN 8 bits
 
‫א‬ 
  Control Bus
‫א‬  Data Bus
8 bits

 ‫א‬
2M x 8

21 bits 2M x 8

 ‫א‬ 
  Data Bus 21 bits
8 bits
8 bits
  EN
‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬   ‫א‬  


 E٣٢J ٦F‫א‬

4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K2‫א‬
21‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (221=2.097152)
 . (222=4194304) 22
ENF0‫א‬2‫א‬2‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ENF1‫א‬2ELow‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KELow



- ١٢٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬Modulus‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫؟‬5‫א‬ K٣

‫؟‬18‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫؟‬BCD‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

‫؟‬10‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٦

‫ ؟‬23،‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
‫ ؟‬13،‫א‬‫א‬ J ٨

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J ٩

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠
(J-K)‫א‬(8)‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

،‫א‬(T)‫א‬(6)‫א‬‫א‬ ١٠
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 


‫א‬‫א‬
Shift Registers
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11001010
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11001010‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11001010‫א‬ K٧
‫א‬،4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨






- ١٢٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬8 ‫א‬512‫א‬‫א‬ K١

‫؟‬32‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣

‫؟‬ ‫א‬256‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤

‫؟‬24‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥

428‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
‫؟‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧

‫א‬‫א‬16‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
‫؟‬‫א‬ 4‫א‬

 ‫؟‬32K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬64K‫א‬ K٩

- ١٢٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬
٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KIBM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٨٠٨٦ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬،ALU •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪٨٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K •
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
- ١٢٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
،(Arithmetic and Logic Unit) ‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KControl Unit‫א‬Registers Unit‫א‬ALU
 W‫א‬
‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬

‫اﻟﺴﺠﻼت‬ Control Unit
Registers Unit
‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺴﺎب و اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‬

ALU


 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KXORORANDNOT
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎوﻳﻦ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬



 W‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 I/O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬٣٢٢٠١٦٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٤‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٦٠٥٣٦‫א‬١٦‫א‬
 K٤{٢٩٥{٠٠٠{٠٠٠‫א‬٣٢‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 M=2n
 ‫א‬‫א‬M
 K‫א‬n
- ١٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ٦٤‫א‬K٢١٦Z٦٥٥٣٦‫א‬١٦‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢٦٤Z١٨٤٤٦٧٤٤٠٧٣٧٠٩٥٥١٦١٦
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٦٤٣٢١٦٨‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
KE١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Assembly language‫א‬(Low level languages)‫א‬
 KKKK‫א‬ ‫א‬C(High level languages)‫א‬

‫א‬،mnemonics‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KAssembler‫א‬

Assembly Language ‫اﻟﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻟﻐﺔ‬ 

Assembler ‫اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻊ‬


Machine Language ‫ﻟﻐﺔ اﻵﻟﺔ‬


‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬

- ١٣٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Compiler)(Interpreter)
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
(RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(Input/Output Devices)‫א‬‫א‬ROM)
 K
‫ﻟﻮﺣﺔ اﻟﻤﻔﺎﺗﻴﺢ‬
‫اﻟﺸﺎﺷﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺎرة‬
‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﺬاآﺮة و‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬

‫اﻷﻗﺮاص‬ ‫اﻹدﺧﺎل‬ ‫اﻹﺧﺮاج‬
RAM, ROM, Disk
‫اﻟﺤﺎﺳﺐ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ‬
‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫اﻟ ﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮآﺰﻳﺔ‬
CPU


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CPU‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 CPU‫א‬‫א‬
 WCPU،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬ •
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬CPU،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬ROM RAM‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KBIOSROM‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬RAM
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ٨٠٨٦‫א‬
 
١٦K
 ‫א‬CPU،١٦٨٠٨٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEKKK،٨٠٤٨٦،٨٠٣٨٦،٨٠٢٨٦F٨٠C٨٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EBIUFBus Interface unit‫א‬
 KEEUFExecution Unit
 :٨٠٨٦‫א‬‫א‬
 :٨٠٨٦‫א‬
٢F١٦‫א‬‫א‬،Data Bus‫א‬١٦ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F٨E
١٠٤٨٥٧٦٢٢٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٢٠ •
‫א‬١٦KE٨F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎوﻳﻦ‬
‫ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ‬٢٠ (‫ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺬاآﺮة‬٢٢٠)
‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ إﻧﺘﻞ‬
٨٠٨٦
‫ ﺧﺎﻧﺔ‬١٦ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ اﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎت‬
 

- ١٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 :‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬ K٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
:‫א‬
 ٨٠٨٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EBIUFBus Interface Unit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (EU) Executive unit  ‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 :‫א‬‫א‬

٨٠٨٦ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬
‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫وﺣﺪة ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬
EU BIU
‫• ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ اﻷواﻣﺮ‬ ‫• ﺟﻠﺐ اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت‬
‫• ﻗﺮاءة اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬
‫• آﺘﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEUF‫א‬‫א‬ EBIUF‫א‬‫א‬
BIU،‫א‬EEUF‫א‬EI/OF ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEprefetchingF‫א‬
 ‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠EIQF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EEUF‫א‬‫א‬
Kpipeliningoverlapping‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
- ١٣٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
lAA       ‫א‬ 

 ١‫ א‬ ١‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ٢‫ א‬ ٢‫ א‬ ٣‫א‬  ‫ א‬ ٣‫א‬
    
EU   
‫اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
 ١‫ א‬ ٢‫א‬  ٣‫א‬
‫ اﻟﺠﻠﺐ‬    ‫א‬ 
BIU
١‫א‬ ٢‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٣‫א‬ ‫א‬ ٤‫א‬
‫وﻗﺖ اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬

 :٨٠٨٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K٨٠٨٦‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KBIU EU ‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫إﻟﻰ اﻟﺬاآﺮة‬
BIU
C-bus ‫وﺣﺪة ﻣﻮاﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﻗﻞ‬
Σ 6
5 ‫ﻃﺎﺑﻮر‬
B-bus 4 ‫اﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎت‬
ES 3
CS 2
SS 1
DS
IP
‫ﻧﻈﺎم اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
EU A-bus
‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬
AH AL
BH BL ‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ و اﻟﺤﺴﺎب‬
CH CL
DH DL
SP
BP Operands‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت‬
SI Flags ‫اﻷﻋﻼم‬
DI

 :EBIUF‫א‬‫א‬
 :‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Instruction Queue(IQ)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٠
 E٦F٨٠٨٦‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
pipelining‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬٨٠٨٦
 Koverlapping
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 :ESegment RegistersF‫א‬
١١٦ECS, DS, ES, SSF‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠‫א‬‫א‬E1MBytesF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨٠٨٦‫א‬،
 ٠E٦٥٥٣٦F٦٤،segments
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(base address)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CS (Code Segment)‫א‬
 ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DS (Data Segment)‫א‬
 ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬SS (Stack Segment)‫א‬
 ٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ES (Extra Segment)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

FFFFFH RAM‫א‬‫א‬
7FFFFH 
 ‫א‬
70000H  ٦٤
 
5FFFFH 
 ‫א‬
50000H  ٦٤
 
4489FH 
 ‫א‬
348A0H  ٦٤
 
2FFFFH 
 ‫א‬
20000H  ٦٤
 
- ١٣٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 



‫ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺴﺠﻞ‬.‫ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ‬
(ES=7000H) 

‫ﻋﻨﻮان اﻟﺒﺪاﻳﺔ ﻳﻜﻮن ﻣﺤﺘﻮى اﻟﺴﺠﻞ‬
(ES=5000H) 

(ES=348AH) 

 (ES=2000H)

 ٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 :‫א‬‫א‬Instruction PointerEIPF‫א‬
Offset F‫א‬‫א‬IP‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EAddress
 KECSF‫א‬
‫א‬١٦،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IP‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬CS  0 0 0 0
 H
  ‫א‬IP
 Z
 ٢٠
- ١٤٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IP‫א‬A00016CS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
IP‫א‬CS‫א‬‫א‬KA0B016
 KAA0B016=A0B0016+A00016

AFFFF  A0B0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 K AA0B0 +
‫ آﻴﻠﻮ ﻳﺎﻳﺖ‬٦٤
 K
 K
A0000  ‫א‬‫א‬ A0000


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
A03416=CS
0FF216=IP
 W‫א‬
A133216=0FF216+A034016

 K6B4D16‫א‬‫א‬CS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 EEUFExecution Unit ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ BIU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
ALUK‫א‬‫א‬ •
KGeneral purposes‫א‬ •
EFlagsFK‫א‬ •
- ١٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 EALUF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬XORORAND ‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
BL،AU،AH٨٨٨٠٨٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KDL،DH،CL،CH،
AL‫א‬K٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Accumulator)
 K‫א‬‫א‬٨ DH،CH،BH،AH‫א‬‫א‬٨DL، CL،BL،AL
‫א‬KSI،DI،BP،SP١٦٤،‫א‬
‫א‬(Pointers)‫א‬(Index)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KEU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  AH AL Accumulator
BH BL Base
 ‫א‬ CH CL Count
DH DL Data

  SP Stack Pointer
BP Base pointer
‫א‬‫א‬ SI Source Index
DI Destination Index

 WEFlagsF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
- ١٤٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

TF DF IF OF SF ZF AF PF CF
carry
parity
Aux carry
Zero
Sign
Overflow
Interrupt
Enable
Direction
Trap










SF  ‫א‬CF ،‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKK‫א‬SF‫א‬
- ١٤٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WAssembly Language Programming ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٨٠٨٦‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 EInstruction SetF
 K١٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Operands‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬Opcode
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IN‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K111001002=E416WE
 ٨FOpcode‫א‬IN‫א‬KAL
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AL
 ،AL‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬ADD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K000001002=0416W ‫א‬‫א‬ADD‫א‬K AL‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٥‫א‬ADD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬FAL‫א‬‫א‬OUT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K11100110=E616‫א‬OUT‫א‬K٣‫א‬E‫א‬
 K٣‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A0000‫א‬KRAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

 ‫א‬  RAM  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
IN‫א‬ 11100100  A0000
 ٢‫א‬ 00000010  A0001
ADD‫א‬ 00000100  A0002
 ٥‫א‬ 00000101  A0003
OUT‫א‬ 11100110 A0004
 ٣‫א‬ 00000011 A0005
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫א‬
 KAL‫א‬٢‫א‬  IN AL,02H
 KAL‫א‬٥  ADD AL,05H
 K٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ OUT 03H,AL

 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 IN‫א‬ 11100100(E416)
 ‫א‬  0000010(0216)
- ١٤٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ADD ‫א‬ 00000100(0416)
 ‫א‬ 00000101(0516)
 OUT‫א‬ 11100110(E616)
 ‫א‬ 00000011(0316)
 
 W‫א‬
8086‫א‬IBM‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬TASMMASMAssembler‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
KIN‫א‬ K١
KIN‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬EI/OF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
KAL‫א‬
KADD‫א‬ K٥
KADD‫א‬ K٦
KAL‫א‬AL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
KOUT‫א‬ K٨
KOUT‫א‬ K٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
AL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EI/OF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
K


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 WInstruction Set‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ K١
IN
‫א‬ OUT
MOV
‫א‬ PUSH
‫א‬ POP
XCHG
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WMOV‫א‬W
 MOV Destination, Source
KDestination‫א‬Source‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Immediate Addressing Mode‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KCL‫א‬48H‫א‬MOV CL, 48HW‫א‬

Register Addressing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
CL‫א‬MOV BL, CLW‫א‬Mode

KBL‫א‬
Direct Addressing ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MOV BL, [437AH]W‫א‬Mode

‫א‬KDS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H437AH‫א‬
 K2437AH‫א‬‫א‬DS=20000H
 W K٢
 ADD
  INC
 DEC
 CMP
- ١٤٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ SUB
‫א‬ MUL
‫א‬ DIV
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WADD‫א‬W
ADD destination, source
78H‫א‬KADD BL, 06HWK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬08H08H
MOV AL, 08H
ADD 78H, AL
 KADD 78H, 08H‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
NOT
AND
OR
XOR
‫א‬ ‫א‬ SAR
‫א‬ ‫א‬ SAL
- ١٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬


‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 ‫؟‬RAM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ K٤
‫؟‬٣٢١٦‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨٠٨٦‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬٨٠٨٦‫א‬ K٧
‫؟‬OperandsOpcode K٨
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٩
CS: IP=4370:561E
 CS: IP=7A32:0028
CS‫א‬،70400HCode Segment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١٠
‫؟‬539CHIP‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،MOVADD‫א‬‫א‬ K١١
C=A+B J 
 B=3*B+7 J 




- ١٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K١
 K٢٠٠٢‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ K٢
 K٢٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W K٣
 K١٩٩٩‫א‬‫א‬،ELGA‫א‬
4. Ytha, Yu, Charles Marut: Assembly Language Programming and
Organization of the IBM PC, Mc Graw Hill, 1992, isbn 0-07-072692-2.
5. Douglas V. Hall: Microprocessors Interfacing, Programming and hardware,
2nd Edition, Mc Graw Hill, 1992, isbn 0-07025744-2.
6. Thomas L. Floyd: Digital Fundamentals, 6th Edition, Prentice-Hall
International Editions, 1994, isbn 0-13-573478-9.
7. Roger L. Tokheim : Digital Electronics, 5th Edition,
Mc Graw Hill, 1999.
- ١٤٩ -
 ‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬          
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 ١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ١٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
٣١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKBCD
٣٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKASCII
 ٣٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKAND??‫א‬
 ٣٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKOR??‫א‬
٤١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
٤٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKNAND‫א‬
 ٤٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKXOR‫א‬
 ٤٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKXNOR‫א‬
 ٤٧KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ١٢١ 
‫א‬ 

 ٤٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ٥٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ٥٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKMultiplexer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKDemultiplexer‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٢KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٧٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKRS‫א‬
 ٧٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKJK‫א‬
 ٨٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKD‫א‬
٨١KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKT‫א‬
 ٨٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٤KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٦KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٠KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٥KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK٨٠٨٦‫א‬
 ١٤٣KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬
 ١٤٨KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٩KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(ºC ) ‫א‬‫ א‬

    

T1=T2 =...Tn-1=Tn=T = Period ‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬

Frequency = f =1/T  ‫א‬

‫א‬  

‫א‬‫؟‬1010101010101010 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٧

 0.05 + 0.2 = 0.25 

 0.08 + 0.3 + 40 + 7 = 47.38 

 (101)10 , (257)10 

 (16 2 × 1) + (161 × 0) + (16 0 × 11) =  

 (161 × 1) + (16 0 × 0) =  

 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬  BCD ‫א‬‫א‬

A ‫ﻣﻔﺘ ﺎح‬ B ‫ﻣﻔﺘ ﺎح‬

A ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 Combinational Logic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

HalfSubtractor ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٤

‫اﻟ ﺪﺧﻞ‬ B Decoder

‫ إﻋﺎدة وﺿﻊ‬R Q ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج اﻟﻌ ﺎدي‬

‫א‬(Clear- State ) ‫א‬‫א‬،(1)‫א‬‫א‬

J-K Flip-Flop(J-K) ٥J ٥

LSB ‫اﻟﺨ ﺮج‬ MSB

Decimal Counter ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫اﻷول‬ ‫اﻟﻘ ﻼب‬ ‫اﻟﻘ ﻼب اﻟﺜ ﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺜﺎﻟ ﺚ‬ ‫اﻟﻘ ﻼب‬

CLK O/P ‫א‬

CLK O/P ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

Paralle l Data Outputs

Address Bus Data Bus

3 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

6 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬   2

FPM EDO BEDO

Data Input Output Buffers

 Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0

‫א‬  CS Chip select

1 ‫א‬  0 ‫א‬ 

Address Bus RAM2 RAM2

‫א‬   ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬4 ‫א‬‫א‬  16‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬   ‫א‬  

‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬

‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﺤﺴﺎب و اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻖ‬

‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬

 KKKK‫א‬ ‫א‬C(High level languages)‫א‬

‫وﺣﺪة اﻟﺬاآﺮة و‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬ ‫وﺣﺪة‬

‫ﻧﺎﻗﻞ إﺷﺎرات اﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬

 EEUFExecution Unit ‫א‬

 WAssembly Language Programming ‫א‬‫א‬

ADD‫א‬ 00000100  A0002

 ٥‫א‬ 00000101  A0003

OUT‫א‬ 11100110 A0004

 ٣‫א‬ 00000011 A0005

 KAL‫א‬٥  ADD AL,05H

 K٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ OUT 03H,AL

 ADD ‫א‬ 00000100(0416)

KCL‫א‬48H‫א‬MOV CL, 48HW‫א‬

CL‫א‬MOV BL, CLW‫א‬Mode

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MOV BL, [437AH]W‫א‬Mode

‫א‬ ‫א‬ SAL

GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

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