Lab 1: A.

Study of Selected Endocrine Glands

B. Functional Anatomy of Blood Vessels
C. Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation

Lab 1 Checklist: (to be completed before Lab 1)

 Read and sign the Department of Biology GENERAL SAFETY REGULATIONS

FOR LABORATORY in the Biology 1221 Supplement.

 Read this supplement exercise and the Lab Manual Exercise: Functional
Anatomy of the Endocrine Glands.

 Start the Review Sheet Questions for Functional Anatomy of the Endocrine
Glands.

 Complete the Pre-lab Assignment (see below). You are eligible for one mark on
the quiz if the pre-lab assignment is completed before the start of this lab.

 Complete all parts of the Study of Selected Endocrine Glands (from

BIOL 1220, also reprinted in this supplement exercise).

 Read about arteries, veins, and capillaries in Chapter 19 Part 1 in your

textbook. Note the tissues of each layer of the walls of blood vessels.
 Make summary notes for each type of vessel as indicated in
Part B of the pre-lab assignment (Functional Anatomy of Blood
Vessels)
 Complete Review Questions that follow.

Learning Objectives:

The student should be able to:

1. Identify the major endocrine glands, their hormones, and their main functions.
2. Describe selected endocrine glands and their major features in diagrams or model,
or histological slides.

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3. Identify pathological consequences of hypersecretion and hyposecretion of several
hormones studied.
4. Describe the structure and general function of the major types of blood vessels.
5. Recognize a cross-sectional view of an artery and vein when provided with a
microscopic view of appropriate image.
6. List and identify major arteries arising from the aorta, and indicate the body
region supplied by each. (see supplement for key terms)
7. List and identify the major veins draining into the superior and inferior venae
cavae, and indicate the body regions drained. (see supplement for key terms)

Key terms:

pituitary gland (hypophysis), anterior pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), posterior

pituitary gland, neurophypophysis, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal
glands, pancreas, gonads, testes, ovaries

tropins (tropic hormones), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or thyrotropin,

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or corticotropin, gonadotropins, follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH),
prolactin (PRL), oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), thyroid hormone (TH),
calcitonin, parathyroid hormone (PTH), adrenal medulla, epinephrine,
norepinephrine, adrenal cortex, corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, aldesterone,
glucocorticoids, cortisol, gonadocorticoids, androgens, insulin, glucagon, estrogen,
testosterone

anterior lobe (adenohypophysis), posterior lobe (neurohypophysis), infundibulum,

follicular cells, follicles, thyroglobulin, parafollicular (C) cells, adrenal medulla, adrenal
cortex, acinar cells, pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), alpha (α) cells, beta (β)
cells

acromegaly, diabetes insipidus, myxedema, diabetes mellitus

lumen, tunica intima, endothelium, tunica media, vasomotor nerve fibers,

vasoconstriction, vasodilation, tunica externa, arteries, elastic (conducting)
arteries, muscular (distributing) arteries, arterioles, capillaries, capillary beds,
venules, veins, venous valves, varicose veins, vascular anastomoses

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 PRE-LAB ASSSIGNMENT
PART A: Overview of the Major Endocrine Glands, Their Hormones and Functions

Complete the following table using your textbook and Endocrine System lecture notes as extra references.

Gland Location Hormones Targets of Hormone Main Functions

pituitary gland:
anterior
pituitary

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 Gland Location Hormones Targets of Hormone Main Functions
pituitary gland:
posterior
pituitary

thyroid gland

parathyroid
glands

adrenal gland:
adrenal cortex

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 Gland Location Hormones Targets of Hormone Main Functions
adrenal gland:
adrenal medulla

pancreas

ovaries

testes

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Part B: Functional Anatomy of Blood Vessels

Elastic artery _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Muscular artery _____________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Arteriole _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Capillary _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Venule _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

Vein _____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

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 Functional Anatomy of Blood Vessels Review Sheet Questions

1. Vessels that carry blood to the heart are called __________________________.

2. Vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called ___________________.

3. The space in a blood vessel, in which blood is carried, is called the ____________.

4. The wall of an artery or vein consists of three layers:

a. the inner layer, next to the lumen called the ________________________

b. the middle layer called the ___________________________

c. the outermost layer, called the _________________________

5. Corresponding arteries and veins differ in the thickness of wall and diameter of the

lumen. The vessel that has a thinner wall and larger diameter lumen would be a/an

___________________________.

6. The layer of the wall of a blood vessel that is in contact with the blood consists of a

smooth layer of ________________ __________________ epithelium, technically

called the _______________________.

7. The outermost layer of the blood vessel wall anchors the blood vessel to surrounding

structures, and consists of _____________________ tissue.

8. Arteries that contain large amounts of elastic tissue in their walls are called

_________________________ or _____________________________ arteries.

9. Arteries that contain large amounts of elastic tissue in their walls are usually

__________________ (large or small?) arteries.

10. Arteries that contain large amounts of elastic tissue in their walls are usually located

__________________ (close to, not close to) the heart.

11. Arteries that contain large amounts of smooth muscle in their walls are called

_______________________ or ___________________________ arteries.

12. Arteries that contain large amounts of smooth muscle in their walls are usually

_____________ (large or small?) arteries.

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13. Arteries that contain large amounts of smooth muscle in their walls are usually located

________________ (close to, not close to) the heart.

14.

Match the following terms with the letter labels of the correct structures in the
above diagram:

________ = lumen of artery __+__+__ = tunica media

________ = lumen of vein ________ = smooth muscle

________ = capillary network ___ + ___ = elastic tissue

___ + ___ = tunica intima ________ = tunica externa

________ = endothelium ________ = valve

________ = basement membrane

15. The tunica externa of large arteries or veins contains a system of small blood vessels

called ________ __________________ that function to nourish the blood vessel

wall.

16. The layer of the wall of an artery that contains smooth muscle, and which therefore

may cause a change in the diameter of the blood vessel is the tunica

_________________.

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17. The activity of the smooth muscle of blood vessels is regulated in part by the

__________________ division of the autonomic nervous system through the

__________________ nerve fibers located in the tunica media.

18. An increase in diameter of a blood vessel due to relaxation of the smooth muscle is

called _________________________.

19. A decrease in diameter of a blood vessel due to contraction of the smooth muscle is

called _________________________.

20. Vessels that contain _____________________ tissue in their walls are able to alter

the amount of blood flowing to a region of an organ.

21. Vessels that contain _____________________ tissue in their walls have a role to

play in the regulation of blood pressure.

22. _______________ are structures located in veins (not in arteries) that ensure blood

continuously moves toward the heart.

----------------------------THE END OF PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT---------------

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Part A : Study of Selected Endocrine Glands

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

Plate # in A Brief Atlas of the

Name of Tissue Microscope Slides
Human Body
Pituitary gland
Demo slide n/a
Thyroid gland
Demo slide #54
Adrenal glands
Demo slide #55
Pancreas
Demo slide #46

Part B: Functional Anatomy of Blood Vessels

• See prelab section

Part C: Blood Vessels of the Systemic Circulation

MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION OF BLOOD VESSELS

− Examine the microscope slide of a cross section of an artery and vein.

Plate # in A Brief Atlas of the

Name of Tissue Microscope Slides
Human Body
artery and vein #5 #38
Demo slide

In the space below sketch and label the artery and vein as they appear on the
slide.

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MODEL STUDY OF SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

Note: You will begin the study of the blood vessels in this lab, and will continue
it in the next few labs where time permits, and between labs using the online
Virtual Lab Models:
wwwacad.mtroyal.ca/adc/biol1221/index.php

 Please bring your text to lab to use the diagrams in chapter 19 (part 3) in locating
blood vessels on the models.

 Numbers (#) are for the systemic circulation model in the laboratory. Typically,
arteries have green labels, veins have white labels. Where a number is not given for a
vessel, you do not have to find it on the model, but you are responsible for knowing its
location in the circulatory pathways.

 You are required to use “right” or “left” designations for blood vessels. Part value is not
given for only “right” or “left”, but there will be a deduction of half the value if the
“right” or “left” is missing or incorrect.

 Pay attention to the arrows in the notes:

(→ or ←) For the arterial system, these arrows indicate that blood is flowing into,
or serving the structure(s) listed inside the square brackets. For the venous
system these arrows point in the opposite direction, indicating that blood is flowing
from the structure(s) listed inside the square brackets.
(⇒ or ⇐) These arrows indicate the flow of blood, as one blood vessel connects to
another.

Systemic Circulation: Arterial System

Divisions of the Aorta

1. ascending aorta (#5)

⇒ right coronary artery (#8)
⇒ left coronary artery (#9)

2. aortic arch (#6)

⇒ brachiocephalic artery (trunk) (#10)
⇒ right subclavian artery (no #)
⇒ right common carotid artery (no #)
⇒ left common carotid artery (#11)
⇒ left subclavian artery (#37)

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3. descending aorta (#7)
Above the diaphragm the descending aorta is called:
a) thoracic aorta (#76): gives rise to various arteries
[→ diaphragm, wall of thorax and viscera of the thorax]
The name of the descending aorta changes below the diaphragm to:
b) abdominal aorta (#78)
[→ diaphragm, wall of abdomen and viscera of the abdomen]

Arteries of the Head and Neck

NOTE: There are two routes that supply arterial blood to the head. Branches from both
of these routes connect to the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis), an arterial
anastomosis on the inferior surface of the brain in the region of the pituitary gland.

Route 1:
right or left common carotid artery (#11)
Each vessel branches near angle of mandible into:
⇒ external carotid artery (#12)
[→ scalp, face, throat, thyroid, tongue, ear]
⇒ internal carotid artery (#26)
[→ brain, eyes, upper face]

Route 2:
right or left vertebral artery (#30)
The vertebral arteries branch from the subclavian arteries (#37), and then travel
superiorly through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae. Right and left
vertebral arteries unite to form the basilar artery (#32) which is connected to the
posterior region of the cerebral arterial circle.

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

1. right or left subclavian artery (#37)

2. axillary artery (#45) [→ axilla, lateral chest, shoulder joint]

3. brachial artery (#54)

⇒ radial artery (#60) [→ lateral forearm, wrist, thumb, index finger]
⇒ ulnar artery (#67) [→ medial forearm, digits 2-5]

4. superficial (#73) and deep (#65) palmar arches

These anastomoses are formed by branches of the radial and ulnar arteries.

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 Arteries of the Abdomen

1. celiac trunk (#83)

⇒ splenic artery (#90) [→spleen, pancreas, stomach]
⇒ left gastric artery (#84) [→stomach, inferior esophagus]
⇒ common hepatic artery (#85)
[→liver, gall bladder, stomach, duodenum]

2. superior mesenteric artery (#93)

[→ small intestine, ascending and transverse colon]

3. suprarenal arteries (#97) [→adrenal glands]

4. renal arteries (#98) [→kidneys]

5. gonadal (ovarian or testicular) arteries (#100) [→ovaries, testes, ureters]

6. inferior mesenteric artery (#94)

[→transverse and descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum]

7. common iliac arteries (at L5 level) (#101)

Arteries of the Pelvis and Lower Limb

1. r. or l. common iliac artery (#101)

⇒ internal iliac artery (#102) [→pelvic walls and viscera, gluteus
muscles, medial side of thigh]
2. external iliac artery (#113)

3. femoral artery (#115) [→femur, thigh muscles]

4. popliteal artery (posterior to knee joint) (#122)

⇒ posterior tibial artery (#136)

[→muscles in posteromedial part of the leg]

⇒ fibular (peroneal) artery (#137) [→ peroneal muscles]

⇒ anterior tibial artery (#127)
[→muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg]
⇒ dorsalis pedis artery (#132)
[→ankle, dorsal surface of foot]

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 Systemic Circulation: Venous System

Veins Entering the Right Atrium

1. coronary sinus [←walls of heart] (#3)

2. superior vena cava [←head, neck, upper limbs, thorax] (#7)

formed by the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins (#8)

3. inferior vena cava (#43)

[←thorax, abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs]

Veins of the Head and Neck

Blood from the head and neck enters the superior vena cava, through either the right or
left brachiocephalic vein. The blood enters each brachiocephalic vein via the subclavian
vein and internal jugular vein.

brachiocephalic vein (#8)

⇐ subclavian vein (#23)

⇐ external jugular vein (#21)
[← facial muscles, scalp]
⇐ vertebral vein (#10)
[← cervical vertebrae, deep neck muscles]

⇐ internal jugular vein (#13)

[←brain via dural venous sinuses]

Veins of the Thorax

Draining into the superior vena cava:

⇐ azygos vein (#39) [←thorax, abdomen, lower extremities]

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 Veins of the Shoulder and Upper Limb

In the region of the axilla, the subclavian vein (#23) becomes known as axillary vein
(#24) which receives blood from the following veins of the upper limb:

⇐ cephalic vein (#30) [←lateral arm and forearm]

⇐ median cubital vein
- joins cephalic vein (#30) and basilic vein (#31) at elbow
- used for venipucture

⇐ basilic vein (#31) [←medial arm and forearm]

- connected to cephalic vein as stated above

⇐ brachial vein (#27) – receives the following deep veins:

⇐ radial vein (#28) [←dorsal surface of hand]
⇐ ulnar vein (#29)

Veins of the Abdomen and Pelvis

The inferior vena cava (#43) receives the following veins:

1. hepatic veins (#45) [←liver]

Note: The liver also receives nutrient-rich venous blood from digestive organs via the
hepatic portal system. (See Hepatic Portal System, below)

2. suprarenal veins [←adrenal glands]

3. renal veins (#46) [←kidneys]

4. gonadal veins (#47) (testicular or ovarian)

Note: The left gonadal vein enters the left renal vein instead of joining directly to the
inferior vena cava.

5. right and left common iliac veins (#58)

a) internal iliac veins (#59)
[←rectum, internal and external genitalia, gluteus muscles,
urinary bladder, medial side of thigh]
b) external iliac veins (#67)

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 Hepatic Portal System

Definition: A portal system begins and ends in capillaries; in this case nutrient-rich blood
from capillaries in the digestive organs is carried to capillaries (sinusoids) in the liver.

The hepatic portal vein (#48) which enters the liver receives blood from the following
veins:

1. superior mesenteric vein (#50) [←small intestine, large

intestine and stomach]
2. splenic vein (#55) [←spleen, stomach and pancreas]
⇐ inferior mesenteric vein (#52) [←colon, rectum]

Veins of the Lower Limb

The external iliac vein (#67) continues into the thigh as the femoral vein (no #) which
receives blood from the following veins:

1. great saphenous vein (#70) (longest vein of the body) [←medial side of leg and
thigh]

2. popliteal vein (#77) (posterior to knee joint)

⇐ small saphenous vein (#74) [←calf muscles of leg]
⇐ anterior tibial vein (#79) (deep vein)
⇐ posterior tibial vein (no #) (deep vein)

REVIEW OF BLOOD VESSELS

 To test your knowledge of the blood vessels, answer all questions in the
following Part C Review Sheet Questions, preferably without any aids
(textbook or supplement).

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 Part C Review Sheet Questions

Blood Vessels of the Systemic and Pulmonary Circulation

Arteries
1. The artery that carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart is the

________________________ trunk.

2. The artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart is the

_______________.

3. The only two arteries that branch off the ascending aorta are the right and

left _______________________arteries.

4. The femoral artery is an extension of the _____________________

artery.

5. The two branches of the brachiocephalic artery are the right ___________

__________ artery and the right _________________ artery.

6. Two pairs of arteries that ascend through the neck to supply blood to the

brain are the ______________ arteries and the _______________

arteries.

7. The first vessel that arises from the arch of the aorta is the

___________________ artery.

8. The artery that supplies the small intestine and the proximal part of the

large intestine is the _________________________ artery.

9. The brachial artery branches to form two arteries of the forearm, the

_______ and ___________ arteries.

10. Three arteries supply blood to the leg between the knee and the ankle: the

____________ artery, the _________________ artery, and the

_____________ artery.

11. The largest artery of the body is the ___________.

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 12. The artery that supplies the distal part of the large intestine is the

_________ _________________ artery.

13. The artery that supplies the liver with blood is the ______________

artery.

14. Outline a route that a drop of blood may flow through from the right atrium
to the right foot.

15. Outline a route that a drop of blood may flow through from the left atrium
to the left hand.

Veins
1. The superior vena cava is formed by the union of the right and left

______________________ veins.

2. The inferior vena cava is formed by the union of the right and left

______________________ veins.

3. The _______________________ vein receives the blood from the dural

sinuses of the brain.

4. The cephalic, basilic and brachial veins are located in the _________, and all

three flow into the _______________ vein.

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5. A ______________ system carries blood between two separate capillary

networks, without passing through the heart. A specific example is the

______________ ______________ system, which carries blood from the

____________________ tract to the ______________.

6. The small saphenous, anterior tibial and posterior tibial veins unite to form the

________________ vein, which then becomes the ________________ vein

of the thigh.

7. The ____________________ veins carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

8. The right subclavian vein receives blood from the right _________________

vein and the right ___________________ vein, and thereby receives all blood

from the scalp, facial region, and muscles of the neck on the right side.

9. The three veins entering the right atrium are _____________________,

_________________________, and ________________________.

10. The blood vessels of the kidney are called ____________ arteries and veins.

11. The vein that supplies the liver with blood is the ______________________

vein.

12. The vein that carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava is the

_______________ vein.

13. Outline a route that a drop of blood may flow through from the right foot to
the right atrium.

14. Outline a route that a drop of blood may flow through from the left hand to the
left atrium.

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