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The standard
ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱ
ȱȱ ȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ
At delivery, women who for some reason do not have test results
should be tested/retested. Women testing positive should be treated
and informed of the importance of being tested for HIV infection. Their
partners should also be treated and plans should be made to treat their
infants at birth.
Aim
To reduce maternal morbidity, fetal loss and neonatal mortality and
morbidity due to syphilis.
Requirements
A national policy and locally adapted guidelines on syphilis prevention,
management and care in pregnant women are available and are correctly
implemented.
All women have access to care during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum
period.
Health care providers are competent in syphilis prevention, screening during
pregnancy, treatment of seropositive pregnant women and their partners,
prophylaxis and treatment in the newborn, counselling on STI prevention, and how
to prevent re-infection during pregnancy by promoting condom use.
One on-site screening method is available in antenatal care (ANC) clinics and
maternity wards.
Supplies for testing are available at both ANC and laboratory level.
Laboratory centres and facilities to ensure quality laboratory testing are available.
Penicillin is available in the ANC clinic, maternity ward and postnatal clinic.
World Health Organization
A functioning referral system ensures that pregnant women who are allergic to
penicillin can be referred for treatment to a higher level of care.
ȱ ȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
women.
Health education activities are carried out to raise the awareness of individuals,
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
pregnancy for syphilis prevention and treatment.
2006
Standards 1.3 Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis 2
ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȬȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱ
antenatal visit. Screening should be done preferably before 16 weeks of gestation to prevent
congenital infection, and again in the third trimester.
Review syphilis test results at subsequent visits and at time of delivery. If the woman was not
ȱȱ¢ǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱěȱĞȱ¢ǯ
Treat all seroreactive women with benzathine benzylpenicillin at the recommended dosage
ȱȱȱŘǯŚȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱĞȱȱ¡ȱ¢ȱȱ
ǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱĴȱȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱ
penicillin if trained to do so, or refer the patient to a higher level of care.
Advise women who test positive that their partner(s) must also be treated with the same
ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱĞȱǯȱ
Advise women who test negative how to remain negative by promoting condom use during
pregnancy.
Test for syphilis all women with a history of adverse pregnancy outcome (abortion, stillbirth,
syphilitic infant, etc.) and treat accordingly.
Treat women with clinical disease or a history of exposure to a person with infectious syphilis.
Screen all women with syphilis for other STIs and HIV infection, and provide counselling and
treatment accordingly.
ȱ ěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ǯ
Make plans for treating the baby at birth.
Record testing results and treatment in the facility’s logbook and in the woman’s card.
Audit
Input indicators
A national policy and locally adapted guidelines on syphilis prevention, management and care
in pregnant women are available and are correctly implemented.
The proportion of health facilities providing ANC that have a screening test for syphilis
available.
The availability of a screening test for syphilis in primary level health facilities.
The availability of penicillin at the primary care level (including ANC and childbirth care).
Health providers know when and how to perform the RPR test or VDRL (Venereal Disease
Research Laboratory) test or the test which is available in the facility.
Health providers know when and how to treat or refer women and their infants with syphilis.
Rationale
ȱȱě tissue damage from other causes, such as
¢ȱȱȱǰȱĞȱȱȱ viral infections, vaccinations, intravenal drug
with some clinically recognizable stages. abuse and chronic disease (7). Ideally, non-
Where the disease is prevalent most cases may ȱȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱ
be asymptomatic. Although estimates vary, treponemal test. Treponemal tests such as
at least 50% of women with acute syphilis the Treponema pallidum haemagglutination
ěȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ assay (TPHA) have higher sensitivity and
adverse pregnancy outcomes are estimated ę¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ DZȱśŖƖȱȱȱ ¢ǰȱȱĜȱȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ
or spontaneous abortion, and 50% perinatal and are thus not recommended for primary
death, serious neonatal infection or low birth health care facilities (7,15,16). Therefore, the
weight. Mortality in infected infants can be lack of resources and higher prevalence of
higher than 10% (1). syphilis in less developed countries justify the
treatment of all people testing seropositive
The more recent the maternal infection, the with RPR (12).
ȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱěȱ(2).
Transmission occurs more commonly in the New treponemal-based tests for syphilis make
last two trimesters, but the spirochete can cross Ȭȱȱǯȱȱȱěȱ
the placenta at any time during pregnancy screening tests for syphilis are now available,
(2). Clinical similarity with other congenital which can even be used at the lowest levels
diseases and the limitations of diagnostic tests of health service delivery. A simple strip of
ȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ paper, impregnated with treponemal antigen,
in the newborn (1). ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱǯȱ
Results are available in just a few minutes.
These point-of-care diagnostic tests are
Ĝ¢ȱȱě
ǰȱěȱȱȱȱǯȱ
Syphilis control in pregnant women through Unlike earlier diagnostic tests, they do not
universal antenatal screening and treatment require access to a laboratory or a refrigerator.
of positive cases has been established as a ȱǰȱȱ ȱȱěȱȱȱ
ȱȱȬěȱȱ(3,4), alternative to older techniques. These tests
especially owing to the high direct and indirect have the potential to change the whole
cost of complications of syphilis in pregnancy approach to syphilis testing even in isolated
(5)ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱěȱ clinics. Because the results can be available
therapy (6–8). Nevertheless, in low-income immediately, women can be tested and receive
countries a number of technical, logistical and treatment at the same visit. The new tests cost
structural constraints make case detection and a mere US$ 0.93-1.44 per woman screened
ȱȱȱȱĜȱ (16). Although this is more costly than the
(4,9), resulting in avoidable perinatal mortality previous standard tests, the new tests are in
(10,11). ȱȱȬěǰȱȱȱ ȱ
can be tested and treated in a timely manner
Non-treponemal tests such as RPR and VDRL and hence more cases of congenital syphilis
are helpful indicators of infection and are prevented. It is estimated that the new rapid
cheaper and easier to perform than treponemal ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǞȱŝȱȱ
tests. Their sensitivity increases from primary each case of congenital syphilis averted (17).
ȱ¢ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱę¢ȱȱ
generally high in the absence of an underlying Adequate penicillin treatment usually ends
chronic condition (7); they are therefore useful infectivity within 24–48 hours. A Cochrane
ȱ ȬȱĞȱȱ(6–8,12). Titres review (18) indicates that, while there is no
ȱěȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ
ȱȱĞȱȱǻŝǼǯȱȱȬȱ syphilis in pregnancy and in preventing
RPR test is quick and simple to use, and allows congenital syphilis, uncertainty remains about
treatment to be given immediately if indicated; the optimal treatment regimen (dose, duration
ȱȃȱȄȱȱȱȬěȱ and preparation) (18). Benzylpenicillin,
ȱĴȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ administered parenterally in a single dose,
than 0.15% (13). Nevertheless, these tests is the preferred drug for treating pregnant
¢ȱȱȬȱȱȱȱěȱ women and prevent mother-to-child
mother or her baby (7,14). RPR and VDRL transmission of syphilis (6–8,18).
can also give false-positive results owing to
Standards 1.3 Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis 4
Single dose, however, won’t treat latent it is possible that HIV coinfection alters the
syphilis in pregnant women. Based on predictive value of diagnostic tests (7,8,15).
the available evidence, pregnant women HIV coinfection could increase the possibility
with a history of penicillin allergy should of early development of neurosyphilis and
be desensitized before treatment with could increase the possibility of treatment
benzylpenicillin (8). failure; some guidelines therefore suggest
modifying currently recommended dose
International guidelines recommend that regimens in the case of HIV coinfection
every woman who tests seropositive for (6–8) (see also standard 1.2 “Prevention and
syphilis be also tested for HIV infection (8). ȱȱ¡¢ȱĴȱȱ
Although there is no conclusive evidence, reproductive tract infections”).
The table below summarizes the evidence from the most relevant studies. The level of evidence is
presented using the NICE methodology which applies a coding from 1 (high level) to 4 (low level).
For details, see also the ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱand theȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴDZȦȦ ǯ ǯȦȏ¢ȏ
safer/publications/en. For an overview of a comprehensive list of evidence, please refer to the
reference section of the standard.
Study
Population & Outcomes linked
ǻ¢ȱǭȱȱ ȱǭȱ Results Comments
Ĵ to the Standard
ȱǼ
10. Rotchford 158 pregnant To study the impact on Inadequate syphilis 30% ȱěȱ
et al. 2000 women with perinatal mortality of treatment screening,
syphilis inadequate treatment for ȱę ŝŝƖ many pregnant
ȱ maternal syphilis Partner treatment 26% women with
study ANC clinical despite adequate screening syphilis remain
2+ ĴDzȱȱ inadequately
Africa treated,
ę Perinatal death Adequate vs resulting in
Baseline risk – Complete syphilis inadequate avoidable
– Syphilis DZȱȱȱ treatment perinatal
prevalence of penicillin at weekly a
mortality
among pregnant intervals (2.4 mega-units of NNT 5 (3–13)
women 9% benzathine benzylpenicillin
(8–10%) intramuscularly)
– Perinatal death – Adequate syphilis
ȱěȱȱ DZȱ ȱȱȱ
inadequately doses of penicillin
treated pregnant – Inadequate syphilis
women with DZȱȱȱȱȱ
syphilis 20% of penicillin
18. Walker 2004 26 studies met To identify the most While there
the criteria for ěȱȱȱ is no doubt
Most recent detailed scrutiny; for syphilis in pregnant that penicillin
substantive none of the studies women, with and without ȱěȱȱ
amendment included in the concomitant HIV infection the treatment
March 2001 review of syphilis in
pregnancy and
Systematic in the prevention
ȱ of congenital
1++ syphilis,
uncertainty
remains about
optimum
treatment
regimens
a
Number needed to treat
Standards 1.3 Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis 5
Study
Title & author/
ǻ¢ȱǭȱȱ Contents of the recommendations Comments
organization
ȱǼ
8. CDC 2002 ¡¢ȱĴȱ All patient who have syphilis should be tested for HIV Parenteral
diseases treatment infection. benzylpenicillin has
Guideline guidelines ȱȱě¢ȱ
4 Coinfection with HIV can increase the risk of neurologic for syphilis treatment
Centres for Disease complication and the risk of treatment failure with currently and prevention for
Control and recommended regimens. more than 50 years;
Prevention nevertheless, no
All women should be screened serologically for syphilis at comparative trials
United States ȱęȱȱǯȱȱĴȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱ have been adequately
serologic testing should be performed twice during the third conducted to guide
trimester. the selection of an
optimal regimen
ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ (dose, duration and
Ĝ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯ preparation)
References
ŗǯȱ ȱ
ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢DZȱȱ ȱȱ
recommendations. ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ£ǰȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŞŘDZŚŘŚȮŚřŖǯ
Řǯȱ ȱǯȱȱ¢DZȱ¢¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ
ȱ
£ǰȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŞŘDZŚřřȮŚřŞǯȱ
3. Connor N, Roberts J, Nicoll A. Strategic options for antenatal screening for syphilis in the
ȱ
DZȱȱȱěȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱǰȱŘŖŖŖǰȱŝDZŝȮŗřǯ
4. Schmid G. Economic and programmatic aspect of congenital syphilis prevention. ȱȱ
ȱȱ
ȱ£ǰȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŞŘDZŚŖŘȮŚŖşǯ
5. Bateman DA et al. The hospital cost of congenital syphilis. ȱȱǰȱŗşşŝǰȱŗřŖDZŝśŘȮ
ŝśŞǯ
Ŝǯȱ ȱǰȱ
ȱǰȱȱǯȱěȱȱȱę¢ȱȱǻ
Ǽȱȱ
on the course of syphilis and on the response to treatment. ȱȱȱ, 1990,
ŗŗřDZŞŝŘȮŞŞŗǯ
ŝǯȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱ
ĴȱǯȱDZȱ ȱȱȱȱ, 2nd ed. Rockville, MD, Agency for
ȱȱȱ¢ǰȱŗşşŜǰȱŝŘřȮŝřŝǯ
Şǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¡¢ȱĴȱȱȱ-
lines – 2002. ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱǰȱŘŖŖŘǰȱśŗDZŗȮŞŖǯ
şǯȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱ¢ȱDZȱȱȱȱǰȱ
Kenya and South Africa. ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ£ǰȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŞŘDZŚŗŖȮŚŗŜǯ
10. Rotchford K et al. Impact on perinatal mortality of missed opportunities to treat maternal
¢ȱȱȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱǯȱ
ȱȱǭȱȱ
ǰȱŘŖŖŖǰȱśDZŞŖŖȮŞŖŚǯ
11. Goldenberg RL, Thompson C. The infectious origins of stillbirth. ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ ¢¢ǰȱŘŖŖřǰȱŗŞşDZŞŜŗȮŞŝřǯ
ŗŘǯȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢DZȱ
an overview. ȱȱȱȱ
ȱ£ǰȱŘŖŖŚǰȱŞŘDZŚřşȮŚŚŜǯ
ŗřǯȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱěȱȱȮęȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ
and treatment program at a county jail. ¡¢ȱĴȱǰȱŘŖŖŖǰȱŘŝDZśŖŞȮśŗŝǯ
ŗŚǯȱ £ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȬȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢DZȱȱȱȱ
Mozambique. ȱȱȱǰȱŗşşŘǰȱŗŘDZŚŚśȮŚśŖǯ
ŗśǯȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱ
HIV Study Group. ¡¢ȱĴȱǰȱŗşşŞǰȱŘśDZśŚşȮśśŘǯ
Standards 1.3 Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of syphilis 6
ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱ
DZȱȱȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱ
ȱȱDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
This document This document is part of the ȱĴǰȱ
ȱǰȱȱĴǰȱȱǰȱȱ
ȱȱȱȱȱ
is not a formal Standards for Maternal and Neonatal (Department of Making Pregnancy Safer).
publication of ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ
of Making Pregnancy Safer, ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
the World Health
ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ
Organization ȱ
ȱ£ǯȱȱ
ȱȱĴȱȱ
ȱȱĜȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ
(WHO), and ȱ ǰȱŗŚȬŗŜȱȱŘŖŖŘǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ
all rights are For further information please ȬȱǻȱȱǰȱĴȱǰȱ ȱ ǰȱȱĴǰȱȱ
reserved by the contactDZ Baronciani and Nicola Magrini) developed the table of evidence and provided additional
Organization. Department of Making Pregnancy ȱ ȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱĴ ȱĴȱȱ
The document Safer (MPS) ȱȱȱȱȱĞǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ
may, however, be World Health Organization (WHO) the layout.
freely reviewed, 20 Avenue Appia
abstracted, WHO acknowledges the generous contribution of over 80 individuals and organizations in the
ŗŘŗŗȱ ȱŘŝ
reproduced and ęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱ
Switzerland
translated, in part of its development.
or in whole, but DZȱƸŚŗȱŘŘȱŝşŗȱřřŝŗ
¡DZȱƸŚŗȱŘŘȱŝşŗȱśŞśř The funding towards the preparation and production of this document provided by the
not for sale nor for
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use in conjunction
ȱDZȱ ǯ ǯȦȏ Making Pregnancy Safer Department is grateful to the Governments of Denmark, Ireland,
with commercial Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, and to the World Bank, UNICEF
purposes. ¢ȏȦȦȦ
ȱȱȱęȱȱǯȱ