Chemical Composition of Wood Pettersen 1984

2
The Chemical Composition of Wood
R O G E R C. P E T T E R S E N
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory,
Madison, W I 53705
This chapter includes overall chemical composition of

wood, methods of analysis, structure of hemicellulose
Downloaded by MONASH UNIV on May 4, 2015 | http://pubs.acs.org
Publication Date: May 5, 1984 | doi: 10.1021/ba-1984-0207.ch002
components and degree of polymerization of carbohy-

drates. Tables of data are compiled for woods of several
countries. Components include: cellulose (Cross and
Bevan, holo-, and alpha-), lignin, pentosans, and ash.
Solubilities in 1% sodium hydroxide, hot water, e t h a n o l /
benzene, and ether are reported. The data were col-
lected at Forest Products Laboratory (Madison, Wis-
consin) from 1927-68 and were previously unpublished.
These data include both United States and foreign
woods. Previously published data include compositions
of woods from Borneo, Brazil, Cambodia, Chile, Co-
lombia, Costa Rica, Ghana, Japan, Mexico, Mozam-
bique, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Puerto Rico,
Taiwan, and the USSR. Data from more detailed anal-
yses are presented for common temperate-zone woods
and include the individual sugar composition (as glucan,
xylan, galactan, arabinan, and mannan), uronic anhy-
dride, acetyl, lignin, and ash.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of w o o d cannot be defined p r e

cisely for a g i v e n tree species o r e v e n for a g i v e n tree. C h e m i c a l
c o m p o s i t i o n v a r i e s w i t h t r e e p a r t (root, s t e m , o r b r a n c h ) , t y p e o f
w o o d (i.e., n o r m a l , tension, or compression) geographic location, c l i
mate, a n d soil conditions. Analytical data accumulated from m a n y
years of w o r k a n d f r o m m a n y different laboratories have h e l p e d to
define average e x p e c t e d values for the c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n of w o o d .
O r d i n a r y c h e m i c a l analysis can d i s t i n g u i s h b e t w e e n h a r d w o o d s (an-
giosperms) a n d softwoods (gymnosperms). U n f o r t u n a t e l y , such t e c h
n i q u e s c a n n o t b e u s e d to i d e n t i f y i n d i v i d u a l tree species b e c a u s e o f
the variation w i t h i n each species a n d the similarities a m o n g m a n y
s p e c i e s . F u r t h e r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n is p o s s i b l e w i t h d e t a i l e d c h e m i c a l a n a l -
This chapter not subject to U.S. copyright.

Published 1984, of
In The Chemistry American Chemical
Solid Wood; Society
Rowell, R.;
Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1984.
58
THE CHEMS
ITRY OF SOLID WOOD
y s i s o f e x t r a c t i v e s ( c h e m o t a x o n o m y ) . C h e m o t a x o n o m y is d i s c u s s e d
f u l l y e l s e w h e r e i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e ( I , 2).
T h e r e are two major c h e m i c a l c o m p o n e n t s i n w o o d : lignin ( 1 8 -
35%) a n d c a r b o h y d r a t e ( 6 5 - 7 5 % ) . B o t h are c o m p l e x , p o l y m e r i c m a
terials. M i n o r amounts of extraneous materials, mostly i n the form
o f o r g a n i c e x t r a c t i v e s a n d i n o r g a n i c m i n e r a l s (ash), a r e also p r e s e n t
i n w o o d ( u s u a l l y 4 - 1 0 % ) . O v e r a l l , w o o d has a n e l e m e n t a l c o m p o s i
tion of about 5 0 % c a r b o n , 6% h y d r o g e n , 4 4 % oxygen, a n d trace
amounts of several metal ions.
A c o m p l e t e c h e m i c a l analysis accounts for a l l t h e c o m p o n e n t s of
t h e o r i g i n a l w o o d s a m p l e . T h u s , i f w o o d is d e f i n e d as p a r t l i g n i n ,
part c a r b o h y d r a t e , a n d p a r t e x t r a n e o u s m a t e r i a l , analyses for e a c h of
these c o m p o n e n t s s h o u l d s u m to 1 0 0 % . T h e p r o c e d u r e b e c o m e s
m o r e c o m p l e x as t h e c o m p o n e n t p a r t s a r e d e f i n e d w i t h g r e a t e r d e t a i l .
S u m m a t i v e d a t a a r e f r e q u e n t l y a d j u s t e d to 1 0 0 % b y i n t r o d u c i n g c o r
r e c t i o n f a c t o r s i n t h e a n a l y t i c a l c a l c u l a t i o n s . W i s e a n d c o w o r k e r s (3)
presented an i n t e r e s t i n g study o n the s u m m a t i v e analysis of w o o d
and analyses of the carbohydrate fractions. T h e c o m p l e t e analytical
r e p o r t a l s o i n c l u d e s d e t a i l s o f t h e s a m p l e , s u c h as s p e c i e s , a g e , a n d
l o c a t i o n o f t h e t r e e , h o w t h e s a m p l e w a s o b t a i n e d from t h e t r e e , a n d
f r o m w h a t p a r t o f t h e t r e e . T h e t y p e o f w o o d a n a l y z e d is a l s o i m p o r
tant; i . e . , c o m p r e s s i o n , t e n s i o n , or n o r m a l w o o d .
Vast a m o u n t s o f d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e o n t h e c h e m i c a l c o m p o s i t i o n
o f w o o d . F e n g e l a n d G r o s s e r (4) m a d e a c o m p i l a t i o n f o r t e m p e r a t e -
z o n e w o o d s . T h i s c h a p t e r is a c o m p i l a t i o n o f d a t a f o r m a n y d i f f e r e n t
species f r o m a l l parts of the w o r l d , a n d i n c l u d e s m u c h of the data i n
R e f e r e n c e 4. T h e t a b l e s at t h e e n d o f t h i s c h a p t e r s u m m a r i z e t h e s e
data.
Chemical Components
Carbohydrates. T h e carbohydrate portion of wood comprises
cellulose a n d the h e m i c e l l u l o s e s . C e l l u l o s e content ranges f r o m 40
to 5 0 % o f t h e d r y w o o d w e i g h t , a n d h e m i c e l l u l o s e s range f r o m 2 5 to
35%.
CELLULOSE. C e l l u l o s e is a g l u c a n p o l y m e r c o n s i s t i n g o f l i n e a r
c h a i n s o f 1 , 4 - p - b o n d e d a n h y d r o g l u c o s e u n i t s . ( T h e n o t a t i o n 1,4-β
describes the b o n d linkage a n d the configuration of the oxygen atom
b e t w e e n adjacent glucose units.) F i g u r e 1 shows a structural diagram
of a portion of a glucan c h a i n . T h e n u m b e r of sugar units i n one
m o l e c u l a r c h a i n is r e f e r r e d to as t h e d e g r e e o f p o l y m e r i z a t i o n ( D P ) .
E v e n t h e m o s t u n i f o r m s a m p l e has m o l e c u l a r c h a i n s w i t h s l i g h t l y
different D P v a l u e s . T h e average D P for t h e m o l e c u l a r chains i n a
g i v e n s a m p l e is d e s i g n a t e d b y D P .
In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;


60
THE CHEMS
ITRY OF SOLID WOOD
G o r i n g a n d T i m e l l (5) d e t e r m i n e d t h e D P f o r n a t i v e c e l l u l o s e s
from several sources of plant material. T h e y used a nitration isolation
p r o c e d u r e that a t t e m p t s to m a x i m i z e the y i e l d w h i l e m i n i m i z i n g the
depolymerization of the cellulose. These molecular weight d e t e r m i
nations, done b y light-scattering experiments, indicate w o o d c e l l u
l o s e h a s a D P o f at l e a s t 9 , 0 0 0 - 1 0 , (XX), a n d p o s s i b l y as h i g h as 1 5 , 0 0 0 .
A D P of 10,000 w o u l d m e a n a linear chain length of approximately
5 μπι i n w o o d .
T h e D P o b t a i n e d f r o m l i g h t - s c a t t e r i n g e x p e r i m e n t s is b i a s e d u p
w a r d because light scattering increases exponentially w i t h molecular
s i z e . T h e v a l u e o b t a i n e d is u s u a l l y r e f e r r e d t o as t h e w e i g h t e d D P
o r D P . T h e n u m b e r a v e r a g e d e g r e e o f p o l y m e r i z a t i o n ( D P ) is u s u
W n
ally obtained from o s m o m e t r y measurements. These measurements

are l i n e a r w i t h respect to m o l e c u l a r size a n d , therefore, a m o l e c u l e

is c o u n t e d e q u a l l y as o n e m o l e c u l e r e g a r d l e s s o f i t s s i z e . T h e r a t i o
o f D P t o D P is a m e a s u r e o f t h e m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n .
W n
T h i s r a t i o is n e a r l y o n e f o r n a t i v e c e l l u l o s e i n s e c o n d a r y c e l l w a l l s o f
p l a n t s (6). T h e r e f o r e , t h i s c e l l u l o s e is m o n o d i s p e r s e a n d c o n t a i n s m o l
ecules o f o n l y o n e size. C e l l u l o s e i n t h e p r i m a r y w a l l has a l o w e r D P
a n d is t h o u g h t t o b e p o l y d i s p e r s e . (See R e f e r e n c e 7 f o r a d i s c u s s i o n
of molecular w e i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n i n synthetic polymers.)
N a t i v e c e l l u l o s e is p a r t i a l l y c r y s t a l l i n e . X - R a y d i f f r a c t i o n e x p e r
i m e n t s i n d i c a t e c r y s t a l l i n e c e l l u l o s e (Valonia ventricosa) has space
g r o u p s y m m e t r y P 2 ! w i t h a = 16.34, b = 15.72, c = 10.38 Â, a n d 7
= 9 7 . 0 ° (8). T h e u n i t c e l l c o n t a i n s e i g h t c e l l o b i o s e m o i e t i e s . T h e
m o l e c u l a r chains pack i n layers that are h e l d together b y w e a k v a n
d e r W a a l s ' f o r c e s ( F i g u r e 2a). T h e l a y e r s c o n s i s t o f p a r a l l e l c h a i n s o f
anhydroglucose units, a n d the chains are h e l d together b y i n t e r m o -
l e c u l a r h y d r o g e n b o n d s . T h e r e are also i n t r a m o l e c u l a r h y d r o g e n
b o n d s b e t w e e n t h e a t o m s o f a d j a c e n t g l u c o s e r e s i d u e s ( F i g u r e 2b).
T h i s s t r u c t u r e is c a l l e d c e l l u l o s e I .
T h e r e a r e at l e a s t t h r e e o t h e r s t r u c t u r e s r e p o r t e d f o r m o d i f i e d
c r y s t a l l i n e c e l l u l o s e . T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t is c e l l u l o s e I I , o b t a i n e d b y
m e r c e r i z a t i o n o r r e g e n e r a t i o n o f n a t i v e c e l l u l o s e . Mercerization is
t r e a t m e n t o f c e l l u l o s e w i t h s t r o n g a l k a l i . Regeneration is t r e a t m e n t
o f c e l l u l o s e w i t h s t r o n g a l k a l i a n d c a r b o n d i s u l f i d e to f o r m a s o l u b l e
x a n t h a t e d e r i v a t i v e . T h e d e r i v a t i v e is c o n v e r t e d b a c k t o c e l l u l o s e a n d
r e p r e c i p i t a t e d as r e g e n e r a t e d c e l l u l o s e . T h e s t r u c t u r e o f c e l l u l o s e I I
( r e g e n e r a t e d ) h a s s p a c e g r o u p s y m m e t r y Ρ2χ w i t h a = 8 . 0 1 , b =
9.04, c = 10.36 Â, a n d 7 = 117.1°, a n d t w o c e l l o b i o s e m o i e t i e s p e r
u n i t c e l l (9). T h e p a c k i n g a r r a n g e m e n t is m o d i f i e d i n c e l l u l o s e I I ,
a n d p e r m i t s a m o r e intricate h y d r o g e n - b o n d e d n e t w o r k that extends
b e t w e e n l a y e r s as w e l l as w i t h i n l a y e r s ( F i g u r e 3). T h e r e s u l t is a

2. PETTERSEN The Chemical Composition of Wood
61
Figure 2. Axial projection (top) and planar projection (bottom) of the

crystal structure of ceUuhse I. The planar projection shows the hydrogen-
bonding network within the layers. (Reproduced with permission from
Ref. 8. Copyright 1974, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company,
Amsterdam.)

62
THE CHEMS
ITRY OF SOLID WOOD
Figure 3. Axial projection of the crystal structure of cellulose II. (Repro

duced with permission from Ref 10. Copyright 19/8, Butterworth ir Co.
(Publishers) LtdT)
m o r e t h e r m o d y n a m i c a l l y stable substance. E v i d e n t l y , all native c e l

luloses have t h e s t r u c t u r e o f cellulose I.
C e l l u l o s e is i n s o l u b l e i n m o s t s o l v e n t s i n c l u d i n g s t r o n g a l k a l i . I t
is d i f f i c u l t t o i s o l a t e f r o m w o o d i n p u r e f o r m b e c a u s e i t is i n t i m a t e l y
associated w i t h the l i g n i n a n d hemicelluloses. A n a l y t i c a l methods of
cellulose preparation are discussed i n the section on " A n a l y t i c a l P r o
cedures."
HEMICELLULOSES. H e m i c e l l u l o s e s are m i x t u r e s of polysaccha
rides s y n t h e s i z e d i n w o o d a l m o s t e n t i r e l y f r o m g l u c o s e , m a n n o s e ,
galactose, xylose, arabinose, 4 - O - m e t h y l g l u c u r o n i c a c i d , a n d galac-
turonic acid residues. S o m e h a r d w o o d s c o n t a i n trace amounts of
rhamnose. G e n e r a l l y , hemicelluloses are of m u c h l o w e r m o l e c u l a r
w e i g h t than cellulose a n d s o m e are b r a n c h e d . T h e y are i n t i m a t e l y
a s s o c i a t e d w i t h c e l l u l o s e a n d a p p e a r t o c o n t r i b u t e as a s t r u c t u r a l
c o m p o n e n t i n the plant. S o m e hemicelluloses are present i n abnor
m a l l y l a r g e a m o u n t s w h e n t h e p l a n t is u n d e r s t r e s s ; e . g . , c o m p r e s s i o n
w o o d h a s a h i g h e r t h a n n o r m a l g a l a c t o s e c o n t e n t as w e l l as a h i g h e r
lignin content (II). H e m i c e l l u l o s e s are soluble i n alkali a n d easily
h y d r o l y z e d b y acids.
T h e s t r u c t u r e o f h e m i c e l l u l o s e s c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d b y first c o n
s i d e r i n g t h e c o n f o r m a t i o n o f t h e m o n o m e r u n i t s ( F i g u r e 4). T h e r e
a r e t h r e e e n t r i e s u n d e r e a c h m o n o m e r i n F i g u r e 4. I n e a c h e n t r y ,
the l e t t e r d e s i g n a t i o n s D a n d L refer to a s t a n d a r d c o n f i g u r a t i o n for
the two optical isomers of glyceraldehyde, the simplest carbohydrate.
T h e G r e e k l e t t e r s α a n d β r e f e r to t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n of the h y d r o x y l
g r o u p at c a r b o n a t o m 1. T h e t w o c o n f i g u r a t i o n s a r e c a l l e d anomers.
T h e first e n t r y is a s h o r t e n e d f o r m o f t h e s u g a r n a m e . T h e s e c o n d
e n t r y i n d i c a t e s t h e r i n g s t r u c t u r e . P y r a n o s e refers to a s i x - m e m b e r e d
ring i n t h e c h a i r o r b o a t f o r m a n d f u r a n o s e r e f e r s to a five-membered
r i n g . T h e t h i r d e n t r y is a n a b b r e v i a t i o n c o m m o n l y u s e d for t h e s u g a r
residue in polysaccharides.

PETTERSEN
63
2. The Chemical Composition of Wood
/3-D-Glucose /3-D-Mannose
0-D-Glucopyranose /3-D-Mannopyranose
£-D-Glup 0-D-Manp
/3-D-Qalactose £-D-XyIose
/3-D-Galactopyranose /3-D-Xylopyranose
0-D-Galp 0-D-Xylp
H OH Η μ
.Ο.
CH,0
ΗΟΗΧ OH
Η OH
α-L-Arab i nose 4-0- MethyIgucuronic acid

of-L- Arabinof uranose 4-O-Methylglucopyranosyluronic acid
a-L-Araf 4-O-Me-a-D-GlupA
Figure 4. Monomer components of wood hemicelluloses.
F i g u r e 5 shows a partial structure of a c o m m o n h a r d w o o d h e m i -

cellulose, O-acetyl-4-O-methylglucuronoxylan. T h e entire molecule
c o n s i s t s o f a b o u t 2 0 0 β-D-xylopyranose r e s i d u e s l i n k e d i n a l i n e a r
c h a i n b y (1 —> 4) g l y c o s i d i c b o n d s . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 1 o f 10 o f t h e x y l o s e
residues hasa 4 - O - m e t h y l g l u c u r o n i c acid residue b o n d e d to it
t h r o u g h t h e h y d r o x y l a t t h e 2 ring p o s i t i o n . A p p r o x i m a t e l y 7 o f 1 0
of the xylose residues have acetate groups b o n d e d to e i t h e r t h e 2 o r
3 r i n g p o s i t i o n . T h i s c o m p o s i t i o n is s u m m a r i z e d i n F i g u r e 5 i n a n
abbreviated structure diagram. H a r d w o o d xylans contain a n average
of two xylan b r a n c h i n g chains p e r macromolecule. T h e branches are
p r o b a b l y q u i t e s h o r t (12).
Table I lists t h e m o s t a b u n d a n t o f t h e w o o d h e m i c e l l u l o s e s . T h e


Table I. T h e M a j o r Hemicellulose Components
Composition
Amount
(% of Molar
Hemicellulose Type Occurrence wood) 0
Units Ratios Linkage Solubility
Galactoglucomannan Softwood 5--8 3 1 4 Alkali, water* 100

β-D-Manp
1 1 -> 4
aβ-D-Glup
-D-Galp 1 1
-» 6
/\ceiyi
(Galacto)Glucomannan Softwood 10-- 1 5 4 1 4 Alkaline borate 100
β-D-Manp 1 1 4
β-D-Glup 0.1 1 -> 6
a-D-Galp
Acetyl 1
Arabinoglucuro- Softwood 7- -10 10 1 —» 4 Alkali, 100
noxylan β-D-Xylp 2 1 -» 2 dimethyl
4-O-Me-a-D-
GlupA sulfoxide, *
a-L-Ara/ 1.3 1 —> 3 water*
Arabinogalactan Larch 5- -35 6 1 3, Water 200
wood β-D-Galp 1 -> 6
a-L-Ara/ 2/3 1 6
β-L-Arap 1/3 1 —> 3

Little 1 —» 6
Glucuronoxylan Hardwood 1 5 -- 3 0 β-D-GlupA 10 4 Alkali, 200
β-D-Xylp 1 1 H
->
1 —» 2 dimethyl
4-O-Me-a-D-
GlupA 7 sulfoxide*
Acetyl

Glucomannan Hardwood 2--5 1-2 1 —• 4 Alkaline borate 200
β-D-Manp 1 -> 4
β-D-Glup
0
T h e asterisk represents a partial soluhility.
b
n
D P is the n u m b e r average d e g r e e o f p o l y m e r i z a t i o n , usually obtained b y osmometry.
( R e p r o d u c e d with p e r m i s s i o n from Ref. 6. C o p y r i g h t 1981, A c a d e m i c Press.)
66
THE CHEMS
ITRY OF SOLID WOOD
m e t h o d s u s e d for the isolation a n d s t r u c t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f each
of these materials are b e y o n d the scope of this chapter (13-15).
Lignin. L i g n i n is a p h e n o l i c s u b s t a n c e c o n s i s t i n g o f a n i r r e g u l a r
array of variously b o n d e d h y d r o x y - a n d methoxy-substituted p h e -
n y l p r o p a n e units. T h e precursors of l i g n i n biosynthesis are p-eou-
m a r y l a l c o h o l (I), c o n i f e r y l a l c o h o l (II), a n d s i n a p y l a l c o h o l (III). I is
OCH. 0CH
CH o 3
o
OH
I II III
a m i n o r p r e c u r s o r o f s o f t w o o d a n d h a r d w o o d l i g n i n s ; I I is t h e p r e
d o m i n a n t p r e c u r s o r of softwood l i g n i n ; a n d II a n d III are b o t h p r e
c u r s o r s o f h a r d w o o d l i g n i n (15). T h e s e a l c o h o l s a r e l i n k e d i n l i g n i n
b y e t h e r a n d c a r b o n - c a r b o n b o n d s . F i g u r e 6 (15) is a s c h e m a t i c
s t r u c t u r e o f a s o f t w o o d l i g n i n m e a n t to i l l u s t r a t e t h e v a r i e t y o f s t r u c
tural components. The 3,5-dimethoxy-substituted aromatic ring
n u m b e r 13 o r i g i n a t e s f r o m s i n a p y l a l c o h o l , I I I , a n d is p r e s e n t o n l y
i n t r a c e a m o u n t s ( < 1 % ) (16). F i g u r e 6 d o e s n o t s h o w a l i g n i n - c a r
b o h y d r a t e c o v a l e n t b o n d . T h e r e has b e e n m u c h c o n t r o v e r s y c o n
c e r n i n g t h e e x i s t e n c e o f this b o n d , b u t e v i d e n c e has b e e n a c c u m u
l a t i n g i n i t s s u p p o r t (15, 17).
A s t r u c t u r e p r o p o s e d f o r h a r d w o o d l i g n i n (Fagus silvatica L . ) is
s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f F i g u r e 6, e x c e p t t h a t t h e r e a r e t h r e e t i m e s as m a n y
s y r i n g y l p r o p a n e u n i t s as g u a i a c y l p r o p a n e u n i t s (18). T h e s e m o i e t i e s
are d e r i v e d f r o m I I I a n d I I , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e ratio of s y r i n g y l to
g u a i a c y l m o i e t i e s is o f t e n o b t a i n e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e r e l a t i v e a m o u n t s
of syringaldehyde (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) and va
n i l l i n ( 4 - h y d r o x y - 3 - m e t h o x y b e n z a l d e h y d e ) g e n e r a t e d as p r o d u c t s o f
n i t r o b e n z e n e o x i d a t i o n o f l i g n i n (19). A b e t t e r m e t h o d is t o d e t e r m i n e
the products f o r m e d from the two types of moieties on permanganate
o x i d a t i o n o f m e t h y l a t e d l i g n i n s (20).
L i g n i n can be isolated b y one of several methods. A c i d h y d r o
l y s i s o f w o o d i s o l a t e s K l a s o n l i g n i n , w h i c h c a n b e q u a n t i f i e d (see
" A n a l y t i c a l P r o c e d u r e s " ) , b u t is t o o s e v e r e l y d e g r a d e d f o r u s e i n
s t r u c t u r a l s t u d i e s . B j o r k m a n ' s (21) m i l l e d w o o d l i g n i n p r o c e d u r e
y i e l d s a l i g n i n t h a t is m u c h l e s s d e g r a d e d a n d i s , t h u s , m o r e u s e f u l


68
THE CHEMS
ITRY OF SOLID WOOD
for s t r u c t u r a l s t u d i e s . T h e f o l l o w i n g are e x a m p l e s o f t h e w e i g h t av
erage m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t of l i g n i n s isolated b y u s i n g the m i l l e d w o o d
l i g n i n p r o c e s s : s p r u c e [Picea abies ( L . ) K a r s t ] , 1 5 , 0 0 0 ; a n d s w e e t g u m
(Liquidambar styraciflua L . ) , 1 6 , 0 0 0 (22). T h e s e v a l u e s a r e l o w e r
than the molecular weight of the original lignin because fragmenta
tion of the lignin molecules results from the ball m i l l i n g procedure.
L i g n i n for s t r u c t u r a l s t u d i e s c a n also b e o b t a i n e d b y e n z y m a t i c h y
d r o l y s i s o f t h e c a r b o h y d r a t e (23). W o o d is g r o u n d i n a v i b r a t o r y b a l l
m i l l and then treated w i t h cellulytic enzymes. T h e isolated lignin
contains 1 2 - 1 4 % carbohydrate.
M e t h o x y l c o n t e n t is u s e d t o c h a r a c t e r i z e l i g n i n s . E l e m e n t a l a n d
m e t h o x y l a n a l y s i s o f s p r u c e (Picea abies ( L . ) K a r s t . ) m i l l e d w o o d
l i g n i n i n d i c a t e s a c o m p o s i t i o n C H . 9 2 0 . 4 o ( O C H ) . 9 2 (15, 24). B e e c h
9 7 2 3 0
(Fagus silvatica L . ) m i l l e d w o o d l i g n i n has a c o m p o s i t i o n

C H 7 . 4 9 0 2 . 5 3 ( O C H 3 ) 9 (24). T h i s i n f o r m a t i o n h e l p s l i g n i n c h e m i s t s
9 h3
u n d e r s t a n d w h a t p r e c u r s o r s w e r e u s e d for the biosynthesis of l i g n i n .

A n e x c e l l e n t , c o m p r e h e n s i v e b o o k o n l i g n i n is e d i t e d b y S a r k a n e n
a n d L u d w i g (25).
Extraneous C o m p o n e n t s . T h e extraneous c o m p o n e n t s (extrac
t i v e s a n d ash) i n w o o d a r e t h e s u b s t a n c e s o t h e r t h a n c e l l u l o s e , h e m i
c e l l u l o s e s , a n d l i g n i n . T h e y d o n o t c o n t r i b u t e to t h e c e l l w a l l s t r u c
ture, a n d most are soluble i n neutral solvents. T h e detailed c h e m i s t r y
o f w o o d e x t r a c t i v e s c a n b e f o u n d e l s e w h e r e (26). A r e v i e w o f e x t r a c
t i v e s i n e a s t e r n U . S . h a r d w o o d s is a v a i l a b l e (27).
Extractives — the extraneous material soluble i n neutral sol
v e n t s — c o n s t i t u t e 4 - 1 0 % of the d r y w e i g h t of n o r m a l w o o d of species
t h a t g r o w i n t e m p e r a t e c l i m a t e s . T h e y m a y b e as m u c h as 2 0 % o f
the w o o d of t r o p i c a l species. E x t r a c t i v e s are a variety of organic c o m
p o u n d s i n c l u d i n g fats, w a x e s , a l k a l o i d s , p r o t e i n s , s i m p l e a n d c o m p l e x
phenolics, s i m p l e sugars, pectins, mucilages, gums, resins, terpenes,
starches, glycosides, saponins, a n d essential oils. M a n y of these func
t i o n as i n t e r m e d i a t e s i n t r e e m e t a b o l i s m , as e n e r g y r e s e r v e s , o r as
part of the tree's defense m e c h a n i s m against m i c r o b i a l attack. T h e y
c o n t r i b u t e to w o o d p r o p e r t i e s s u c h as c o l o r , o d o r , a n d d e c a y r e s i s
tance.
Ash is t h e i n o r g a n i c r e s i d u e r e m a i n i n g a f t e r i g n i t i o n at a h i g h
t e m p e r a t u r e . I t is u s u a l l y l e s s t h a n 1 % o f w o o d f r o m t e m p e r a t e z o n e s .
It is s l i g h t l y h i g h e r i n w o o d f r o m t r o p i c a l c l i m a t e s .
Carbohydrate and Lignin Distribution

Carbohydrates. T h e m o r p h o l o g i c a l parts of the cell w a l l of a
c o n i f e r a r e s h o w n i n C h a p t e r 1, F i g u r e l b . M o s t o f w o o d c a r b o h y
d r a t e is i n t h e m a s s i v e s e c o n d a r y w a l l , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n S . Y o u n g t r a -
2
c h e i d s h a v e b e e n i s o l a t e d (28) at v a r i o u s stages o f c e l l w a l l d e v e l o p -

2. PETTERSEN The Chemical Composition of Wood 69
m e n t , a n d t h e n the s e p a r a t e d fractions w e r e a n a l y z e d for the five

w o o d sugars. Table II lists t h e results o b t a i n e d b y u s i n g this m e t h o d
o n b i r c h (Betula verrucosa E h r h . ) a n d S c o t s p i n e (Pinus sylvestris
L . ) (29) f i b e r s . T h e v a l u e s a r e r e l a t i v e a n d s u m to 1 0 0 % f o r a g i v e n
m o r p h o l o g i c a l p a r t . T h i s m e t h o d has d i f f i c u l t y i n d i s t i n g u i s h i n g t h e
presence of the v e r y t h i n S . A tentative v o l u m e ratio was d e t e r m i n e d
3
for t h e l i g n i n - f r e e l a y e r s o f t h e p i n e a n d b i r c h f i b e r s b y u s i n g p h o
t o m i c r o g r a p h s of transverse sections. T a k i n g the p r o p o r t i o n to b e
m i d d l e l a m e l l a + p r i m a r y c e l l w a l l ( M L + P ) : S : S : S , the values are
1 2 3
2 : 1 0 : 7 8 : 1 0 f o r p i n e fibers (28) a n d 3 : 1 5 : 7 6 : 6 f o r b i r c h (29). A s s u m i n g

the d e n s i t y of t h e c e l l w a l l to b e constant, t h e v o l u m e ratios b e c o m e
a comparison of amounts of polysaccharide i n each layer.
Lignin. T h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of lignin i n the different m o r p h o l o g
ical regions of w o o d m i c r o s t r u c t u r e has b e e n s t u d i e d u s i n g U V m i

c r o s c o p y (30). I n s p r u c e (Picea mariana M i l l . ) t r a c h e i d s , i t w a s d e
t e r m i n e d that 7 2 % a n d 8 2 % of the l i g n i n was i n the secondary c e l l
w a l l s o f e a r l y w o o d a n d l a t e w o o d , r e s p e c t i v e l y (31). T h e r e m a i n d e r
was located i n the m i d d l e l a m e l l a a n d c e l l corners. I n b i r c h w o o d
(Betula papyrifera M a r s h . ) , 7 1 . 3 % of the l i g n i n was of the s y r i n g y l
t y p e a n d w a s f o u n d i n t h e s e c o n d a r y w a l l s o f t h e fibers ( 5 9 . 9 % ) a n d
ray cells (11.4%). A n a d d i t i o n a l 1 0 . 9 % of the l i g n i n was of the
guaiacyl type a n d was f o u n d i n the secondary walls of the vessels
(9.4%) a n d t h e v e s s e l m i d d l e l a m e l l a (1.5%). T h e r e m a i n d e r (17.7%)
w a s m i x e d s y r i n g y l - a n d g u a i a c y l - t y p e a n d w a s i n t h e fiber m i d d l e
l a m e l l a (32). C a u t i o n is n e e d e d i n i n t e r p r e t i n g t h e s y r i n g y l / g u a i a c y l
distribution i n h a r d w o o d lignins; m e t h o x y l analyses of isolated m o r
p h o l o g i c a l p a r t s o f o a k fibers a n d v e s s e l s i n d i c a t e s a r a t h e r u n i f o r m
s y r i n g y l / g u a i a c y l c o n t e n t (33).
Analytical Procedures
Carbohydrates. T h e r e are a n u m b e r of analytical d e t e r m i n a
tions associated w i t h the carbohydrate p o r t i o n of w o o d .
HOLOCELLULOSE. H o l o c e l l u l o s e is t h e t o t a l p o l y s a c c h a r i d e ( c e l
l u l o s e a n d h e m i c e l l u l o s e s ) c o n t e n t o f w o o d , a n d m e t h o d s f o r its d e
t e r m i n a t i o n seek to r e m o v e a l l o f the l i g n i n f r o m w o o d w i t h o u t d i s
t u r b i n g t h e c a r b o h y d r a t e s . T h e p r o c e d u r e g e n e r a l l y u s e d (34) w a s
a d o p t e d as T a p p i S t a n d a r d T 9 m ( n o w u s e f u l m e t h o d 2 4 9 ) , a n d as
J
A S T M S t a n d a r d D 1 1 0 4 . E x t r a c t e d w o o d m e a l is t r e a t e d a l t e r n a t e l y
2
w i t h c h l o r i n e gas a n d 2 - a m i n o e t h a n o l u n t i l a w h i t e r e s i d u e ( h o l o c e l
l u l o s e ) r e m a i n s . T h e a c i d c h l o r i t e m e t h o d is a l s o u s e d (3). T h e
1
T a p p i standards are m a i n t a i n e d b y the T e c h n i c a l Association o f P u l p a n d Paper
Industry, Atlanta, G a .
2
A S T M standards are m a i n t a i n e d b y the A m e r i c a n Society for Testing Materials,
P h i l a d e l p h i a , Pa.

T a b l e Π. Percentages of Polysaccharides i n the Different L a y e r s of the F i b e r W a l l
a
Polysaccharide Ml + P S 1 2
S (outer part) 2
S (inner part)
B i r c h (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.)

Galactan 16.9 1.2 0.7 0.0
Cellulose 41.4 49.8 48.0 60.0
Glucomannan 3.1 2.8 2.1 5.1
Arabinan 13.4 1.9 1.5 0.0
Glucuronoxylan 25.2 44.1 47.7 35.1
P i n e (Pinus sylvestris L.)
Galactan 20.1 5.2 1.6 3.2
Cellulose 35.5 61.5 66.5 47.5
Glucomannan 7.7 16.9 24.6 27.2
Arabinan 29.4 0.6 0.0 2.4
Glucuronoarabinoxylan 7.3 15.7 7.4 19.4

a
Also contains a h i g h p e r c e n t a g e of pectic a c i d .
( R e p r o d u c e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n from Ref. 29. C o p y r i g h t 1961, J o h n W i l e y & Sons.)

2. FETTERSΕΝ The Chemical Composition of Wood 71
p r o d u c t , c a l l e d c h l o r i t e h o l o c e l l u l o s e , is s i m i l a r t o c h l o r i n e h o l o c e l
lulose. T h e chlorite m e t h o d removes a fraction more of the h e m i
celluloses than the chlorine m e t h o d .
ALPHA CELLULOSE. A l p h a c e l l u l o s e is o b t a i n e d a f t e r t r e a t m e n t
o f t h e h o l o c e l l u l o s e w i t h 1 7 . 5 % N a O H (see A S T M S t a n d a r d D 1103).
This procedure removes most, but not all, of the hemicelluloses.
CROSS AND BEVAN CELLULOSE. Cross and B e v a n cellulose con
sists l a r g e l y o f p u r e c e l l u l o s e , b u t a l s o c o n t a i n s s o m e h e m i c e l l u l o s e s .
It is o b t a i n e d b y c h l o r i n a t i o n o f w o o d m e a l , f o l l o w e d b y w a s h i n g w i t h
3 % S 0 a n d 2 % s o d i u m s u l f i t e ( N a S 0 ) w a t e r s o l u t i o n s . T h e final
2 2 3
s t e p is t r e a t m e n t i n b o i l i n g N a S 0 s o l u t i o n . T h e a b s e n c e o f a c h a r
2 3
acteristic r e d (angiosperm) or b r o w n (gymnosperm) color d e v e l o p e d

in the presence of c h l o r i n a t e d l i g n i n signals c o m p l e t e l i g n i n r e m o v a l .

F o r a d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e m e t h o d a n d its m o d i f i c a t i o n s , see R e f e r e n c e
35.
KURSCHNER CELLULOSE. K u r s c h n e r c e l l u l o s e is o b t a i n e d b y r e -
f l u x i n g t h e w o o d s a m p l e t h r e e t i m e s f o r 1 h w i t h a 1:4 v o l u m e m i x
t u r e o f c o n c e n t r a t e d n i t r i c a c i d a n d e t h y l a l c o h o l (37). T h e w a s h e d
a n d d r i e d r e s i d u e is w e i g h e d as K u r s c h n e r c e l l u l o s e . T h e p r o d u c t
contains a small amount of hemicelluloses. [The cellulose d e t e r m i n e d
f o r t h e G h a n a n a n d R u s s i a n w o o d s (see i n T a b l e s V I a n d X I ) is K u r s c h
n e r c e l l u l o s e ] . T h e m e t h o d is n o t w i d e l y u s e d b e c a u s e i t d e s t r o y s
s o m e o f t h e c e l l u l o s e a n d t h e n i t r i c a c i d / a l c o h o l m i x t u r e is p o t e n t i a l l y
explosive.
PENTOSAN. Pentosan analysis measures the amount of five-
c a r b o n sugars p r e s e n t i n w o o d (xylose a n d arabinose residues). A l
t h o u g h t h e h e m i c e l l u l o s e s c o n s i s t o f a m i x t u r e o f five- a n d s i x - c a r b o n
s u g a r s (see d i s c u s s i o n o f h e m i c e l l u l o s e s ) , t h e p e n t o s a n a n a l y s i s r e
p o r t s t h e x y l a n a n d a r a b i n a n c o n t e n t as i f t h e five-carbon s u g a r s w e r e
p r e s e n t as p u r e p e n t a n s . P e n t o s e s a r e m o r e a b u n d a n t i n h a r d w o o d s
t h a n s o f t w o o d s ; t h e d i f f e r e n c e is d u e t o a h i g h e r x y l o s e c o n t e n t i n
h a r d w o o d s (see T a b l e X I I I f o r e x a m p l e s ) .
T a p p i s t a n d a r d Τ 223 o u t l i n e s the p r o c e d u r e for p e n t o s a n a n a l
y s i s . B r i e f l y , w o o d m e a l is b o i l e d i n 3 . 8 5 Ν H C l w i t h s o m e N a C l
a d d e d . F u r f u r a l is g e n e r a t e d a n d d i s t i l l e d i n t o a c o l l e c t i o n f l a s k . T h e
f u r f u r a l is d e t e r m i n e d c o l o r i m e t r i c a l l y w i t h o r c i n o l - i r o n ( I I I ) c h l o r i d e
r e a g e n t . A n o t h e r m e t h o d a l s o g e n e r a t e s f u r f u r a l , a n d t h e f u r f u r a l is
determined gravimetrically by precipitation with 1,3,5-benzenetriol.
These a n d other methods of pentosan analysis are d e s c r i b e d a n d
d i s c u s s e d i n B r o w n i n g ' s b o o k (36).
CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF WOOD SUGARS. T h i s analysis r e
q u i r e s a c i d h y d r o l y s i s o f t h e p o l y s a c c h a r i d e to y i e l d a s o l u t i o n m i x
t u r e o f t h e five w o o d s u g a r m o n o m e r s , i . e . , g l u c o s e , x y l o s e , g a l a c
t o s e , a r a b i n o s e , a n d m a n n o s e . T h e s o l u t i o n is n e u t r a l i z e d , filtered,

72
THE CHEMS
ITRY OF SOLID WOOD
a n d the sugars c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c a l l y separated a n d q u a n t i f i e d . G e n
e r a l l y t h i s m e t h o d is a c c e p t e d as t h e s t a n d a r d o f h y d r o l y s i s (37). I n
t h i s p r o c e d u r e , w o o d m e a l is t r e a t e d w i t h 7 2 % H S 0 at 3 0 ° C f o r 1
2 4
h to d e p o l y m e r i z e the c a r b o h y d r a t e s . R e v e r s i o n p r o d u c t s ( r e c o m -
b i n e d s u g a r m o n o m e r s ) a r e f u r t h e r h y d r o l y z e d i n 3 % H S 0 at 1 2 0
2 4
° C f o r 1 h . T h e s o l u t i o n is t h e n filtered, a n d t h e s o l i d r e s i d u e is
w a s h e d , d r i e d , a n d w e i g h e d as K l a s o n l i g n i n (see " L i g n i n " l a t e r ) . T h e
f i l t r a t e is n e u t r a l i z e d w i t h b a r i u m ( I I ) h y d r o x i d e o r i o n e x c h a n g e
r e s i n . T h e i n d i v i d u a l s u g a r s a r e s e p a r a t e d b y p a p e r , l i q u i d , o r gas
c h r o m a t o g r a p h y ( G C ) . P a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y has b e e n t h e s t a n d a r d
m e t h o d for m a n y years a n d a l l the i n d i v i d u a l sugar data a n d h e m i
cellulose data r e p o r t e d i n the tables of this chapter w e r e o b t a i n e d b y
t h i s m e t h o d [ a d o p t e d as T a p p i P r o v i s i o n a l Test M e t h o d Τ 2 5 0 (37)].
T h i s m e t h o d u s e s a m o d i f i e d f o r m o f t h e S o m o g y i c o l o r i m e t r i c assay
f o r r e d u c i n g s u g a r s (38). T i m e l l (39) r e p o r t s a c o l o r i m e t r i c m e t h o d i n
w h i c h the r e d u c i n g sugars are reacted w i t h 2 - a m i n o b i p h e n y l h y d r o
c h l o r i d e . T h e r e a r e m a n y o t h e r assay m e t h o d s f o r r e d u c i n g s u g a r s .
Sugar separation b y G C requires the preparation of volatile de
rivatives. T a p p i Test M e t h o d Τ 249 p m - 7 5 uses t h e a l d i t o l acetate
d e r i v i t i z a t i o n (40). P e r a c e t y l a t e d a l d o n i t r i l e (41) o r t r i m e t h y l s i l a n e
(42, 43) d e r i v a t i v e s c a n a l s o b e p r e p a r e d a n d s e p a r a t e d b y G C . W o o d
sugar analysis b y G C m a y b e u s e f u l for s p e c i a l i z e d p r o b l e m s , b u t the
d e r i v i t i z a t i o n steps m a k e it a t i m e - c o n s u m i n g m e t h o d for r o u t i n e
work.
H i g h p e r f o r m a n c e l i q u i d c h r o m a t o g r a p h y ( H P L C ) is c u r r e n t l y
the most efficient m e a n s for r o u t i n e separation a n d quantification of
t h e five w o o d s u g a r s (44). I n t h i s c a s e , n o d e r i v i t i z a t i o n is n e c e s s a r y ,
a n d s e p a r a t i o n is a c h i e v e d u s i n g w a t e r as a n e l u e n t . D e t e c t i o n is b y
a differential refractometer.
UROMC ACID. U r o n i c a c i d is d e t e r m i n e d b y m e a s u r i n g c a r b o n
d i o x i d e ( C 0 ) g e n e r a t i o n w h e n w o o d is b o i l e d w i t h 1 2 % H C 1 (45).
2
Results from this m e t h o d m a y be somewhat h i g h because of C 0 2
evolution from material containing carboxyl groups other than uronic

a c i d . A m e t h o d d e v e l o p e d b y S c o t t (46) is r a p i d a n d s e l e c t i v e . T h e
s a m p l e is t r e a t e d w i t h 9 6 % H S 0 at 7 0 ° C , a n d a p r o d u c t , 5 - f o r m y l -
2 4
2 - f u r a n c a r b o x y l i c a c i d , is d e r i v e d f r o m u r o n i c a c i d s . T h i s c o m p o u n d
reacts s e l e c t i v e l y w i t h 3 , 5 - d i m e t h y l p h e n o l to y i e l d a c h r o m o p h o r e
a b s o r b i n g at 4 5 0 n m .
ACETYL CONTENT. T h e a c e t y l c o n t e n t o f w o o d is d e t e r m i n e d b y
saponification of the sample i n 1 Ν N a O H , followed b y acidification,
quantitative distillation of the acetic acid, a n d titration of the distillate
w i t h s t a n d a r d N a O H (47). A m o d i f i c a t i o n h e r e ( F o r e s t P r o d u c t s L a b
oratory) enables acetic a c i d d e t e r m i n a t i o n b y u s i n g G C w i t h p r o p a
n o i c a c i d as a n i n t e r n a l s t a n d a r d . T h i s m o d i f i c a t i o n e l i m i n a t e s t h e
tedious, t i m e - c o n s u m i n g distillation step.

WOOD SOLUBILITY IN 1 % NAOH. W o o d extraction procedures i n

1% N a O H ( T a p p i S t a n d a r d Τ 212) e x t r a c t m o s t e x t r a n e o u s compo
nents, some lignin, and low molecular weight hemicelluloses and
degraded cellulose. T h e percent of alkali-soluble material increases
as t h e w o o d d e c a y s (48). T h e e x t r a c t i o n is d o n e i n a w a t e r b a t h m a i n
t a i n e d at 1 0 0 ° C .
Lignin. T h e l i g n i n contents of w o o d s p r e s e n t e d i n the tables
of this c h a p t e r are K l a s o n l i g n i n , t h e r e s i d u e r e m a i n i n g after s o l u -
bilizing the carbohydrate w i t h strong m i n e r a l acid. T h e usual p r o
c e d u r e , as i n T a p p i S t a n d a r d Τ 2 2 2 o r A S T M S t a n d a r d D 1 1 0 6 , is t o
treat f i n e l y g r o u n d w o o d w i t h 7 2 % H S 0 2 4 f o r 2 h at 2 0 ° C , f o l l o w e d
b y d i l u t i o n to 3 % H S 0 2 4 a n d b o i l i n g o r r e f l u x i n g for 4 h . A n e q u i v
alent b u t shorter m e t h o d treats the sample w i t h 7 2 % H S 0 at 3 0 ° C

2 4
for 1 h , f o l l o w e d b y 1 h at 1 2 0 ° C i n 3 % H S 0 2 4 (50). I n b o t h c a s e s
t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n is g r a v i m e t r i c .
Softwood l i g n i n s are i n s o l u b l e i n 7 2 % H S 0 2 4 and Klason lignin
provides an accurate measure of total lignin content. H a r d w o o d lig
nins are s o m e w h a t soluble i n 7 2 % H S 0 , a n d the acid-soluble p o r
2 4
t i o n m a y a m o u n t t o 1 0 - 2 0 % o f t h e t o t a l l i g n i n c o n t e n t (51). T h e acid-
soluble lignin c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d s p e c t r o p h o t o m e t r i c a l l y at 2 0 5 n m
(51, 52). (Table X I V c o n t a i n s l i g n i n v a l u e s t h a t a d d t h e a c i d - s o l u b l e
c o m p o n e n t m e a s u r e d at 2 0 5 n m t o t h e K l a s o n l i g n i n . L i g n i n c o n t e n t s
of hardwoods in a l l the other tables are low).
METHOXYL. M e t h o x y l groups are d e t e r m i n e d b y a m o d i f i e d
m e t h o d (53). M e t h y l i o d i d e is f o r m e d b y h y d r o l y s i s o f t h e m e t h o x y l
g r o u p s o f w o o d l i g n i n i n h y d r i o d i c a c i d a n d is d i s t i l l e d u n d e r C 0 2
into a solution of b r o m i n e a n d potassium acetate i n glacial acetic acid.

B r o m i n e o x i d i z e s i o d i d e to i o d a t e w h i c h is t h e n t i t r a t e d w i t h s t a n d a r d
t h i o s u l f a t e . T h e m e t h o d is d i f f i c u l t a n d t i m e - c o n s u m i n g , a n d s o m e
e x p e r i e n c e is n e c e s s a r y b e f o r e s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s c a n b e obtained.
D e t a i l s are i n A S T M Standard D 1166 a n d T a p p i S t a n d a r d Τ 209
( w i t h d r a w n i n N o v e m b e r 1979). A d d i t i o n a l d i s c u s s i o n c a n b e found
in Reference 54.
Extraneous Components
W o o d Solubility. T h e s o l u b i l i t y o f w o o d i n v a r i o u s s o l v e n t s is
a measure of the extraneous components content. N o single solvent
is a b l e t o r e m o v e a l l o f t h e e x t r a n e o u s m a t e r i a l s . E t h e r is r e l a t i v e l y
n o n p o l a r a n d e x t r a c t s fats, r e s i n s , o i l s , s t e r o l s , a n d t e r p e n e s . E t h a n o l /
benzene is m o r e p o l a r a n d e x t r a c t s m o s t o f t h e e t h e r - s o l u b l e s p l u s
most of the organic materials i n s o l u b l e i n water. H o t w a t e r extracts
s o m e i n o r g a n i c salts a n d l o w m o l e c u l a r w e i g h t p o l y s a c c h a r i d e s i n
c l u d i n g g u m s a n d starches. W a t e r also r e m o v e s certain hemicellu
l o s e s s u c h as t h e a r a b i n o g a l a c t a n g u m p r e s e n t i n l a r c h w o o d (see T a
b l e I).

74
THE CHEMS
ITRY OF SOLID WOOD
ETHANOL/BENZENE. T h e solubility of w o o d i n E t O H / b e n z e n e
( b e n z e n e is a k n o w n c a r c i n o g e n ; t o l u e n e c a n b e s u b s t i t u t e d ) i n a 1 : 2
v o l u m e ratio w i l l give a measure of the extractives content. T h i s
p r o c e d u r e is T a p p i S t a n d a r d Τ 2 0 4 a n d A S T M S t a n d a r d D 1 1 0 7 . T h e
w o o d m e a l is r e f l u x e d 6 - 8 h i n a S o x h l e t f l a s k , a n d t h e w e i g h t loss
o f t h e e x t r a c t e d , d r i e d w o o d is m e a s u r e d . S o m e t i m e s t h e l i g n i n ,
c a r b o h y d r a t e , a n d o t h e r c o m p o n e n t s are d e t e r m i n e d o n w o o d that
h a s b e e n e x t r a c t e d p r e v i o u s l y w i t h E t O H / b e n z e n e (see T a b l e X I I I ) .
DIETHYL ETHER. T h e s o l u b i l i t y o f w o o d i n d i e t h y l e t h e r is d e
t e r m i n e d i n t h e s a m e w a y as E t O H / b e n z e n e s o l u b i l i t y .
Ash Analysis. A s h a n a l y s i s is p e r f o r m e d a c c o r d i n g to T a p p i
Standard Τ 1 5 a n d A S T M S t a n d a r d D 1 1 0 2 . I n these standards ash
is d e f i n e d as t h e r e s i d u e r e m a i n i n g a f t e r d r y i g n i t i o n o f t h e w o o d at
5 7 5 ° C . E l e m e n t a l c o m p o s i t i o n o f t h e a s h is d e t e r m i n e d b y d i s s o l v i n g
the residue i n strong H N 0 3 and analyzing the solution by atomic
absorption or atomic emission. T h e inorganic elemental composition
of w o o d can be d e t e r m i n e d directly b y n e u t r o n activation analysis.
(Table X V c o n t a i n s e l e m e n t a l d a t a u s i n g b o t h m e t h o d s ) .
Silica ( S i 0 ) content i n w o o d can be d e t e r m i n e d by treating the
2
a s h w i t h h y d r o f l u o r i c a c i d ( H F ) to f o r m t h e v o l a t i l e c o m p o u n d s i l i c o n
t e t r a f l u o r i d e ( S i F ) . T h e w e i g h t loss is t h e a m o u n t o f s i l i c a i n t h e
4
a s h . S i l i c a is r a r e l y p r e s e n t i n m o r e t h a n t r a c e a m o u n t s i n t e m p e r a t e
c l i m a t e w o o d s , b u t c a n v a r y i n t r o p i c a l w o o d s f r o m a m e r e t r a c e to
as m u c h as 9 % . M o r e t h a n 0 . 5 % s i l i c a i n w o o d is h a r m f u l t o c u t t i n g
tools ( 5 5 ) .
Moisture Content. T h e m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t o f w o o d is d e t e r
m i n e d b y m e a s u r i n g t h e w e i g h t loss a f t e r d r y i n g t h e s a m p l e at 1 0 5
°C. U n l e s s specified otherwise, the percent of all other c h e m i c a l
c o m p o n e n t s i n w o o d is c a l c u l a t e d o n t h e b a s i s o f m o i s t u r e - f r e e w o o d .
M o i s t u r e c o n t e n t is d e t e r m i n e d o n a s e p a r a t e p o r t i o n o f t h e s a m p l e
not u s e d for the o t h e r analyses.
Recent Improvements in Techniques

T h e data reported i n this chapter w e r e obtained using standard
methods. T h e m e t h o d s are r o u t i n e b u t r e q u i r e m u c h care a n d t i m e .
S o m e methods have b e e n r e p l a c e d b y better, m o r e efficient methods.
F o r e x a m p l e , t h e h o l o c e l l u l o s e , c e l l u l o s e , a n d p e n t o s a n tests h a v e
b e e n r e p l a c e d b y t h e s i n g l e five-sugar c h r o m a t o g r a p h i c t e s t . T h e
five-sugar test p r o c e d u r e gives m o r e d e t a i l e d i n f o r m a t i o n i n a shorter
t i m e . T h e r e c e n t c h a n g e f r o m p a p e r c h r o m a t o g r a p h y t o H P L C has
i m p r o v e d t h e efficiency o f this test. T h e test for K l a s o n l i g n i n r e m a i n s
i n u s e , as d o t h e a c e t y l , m e t h o x y l , a n d u r o n i c a c i d t e s t s .
A n a l y t i c a l i n s t r u m e n t s a n d d a t a p r o c e s s o r s h a v e h e l p e d to r e
m o v e s o m e o f t h e t e d i u m a n d to s h o r t e n analysis t i m e . T h e r e s u l t
has b e e n a n i n c r e a s e i n t h e n u m b e r o f a n a l y s e s p e r f o r m e d . M o r e

2. PETTERSEN The Chemical Composition of Wood
75
s i g n i f i c a n t is t h e d e t a i l p o s s i b l e w i t h a d v a n c e d i n s t r u m e n t s . F o r e x
ample, H P L C can separate a n d quantitate i n d i v i d u a l u r o n i c acids.
This provides more detail of hemicellulose composition. T h e struc
ture of l i g n i n can b e p r o b e d f u r t h e r b y mass spectrometry a n d h i g h -
resolution N M R spectrometry. W o o d extractives can be isolated a n d
c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y c a p i l l a r y G C / m a s s spectrometry. A n e w mass spec
t r o m e t e r has t w o o r m o r e mass analyzers a n d e l i m i n a t e s the often
l i m i t i n g chromatographic separation step.
M o r e systematic w o o d composition studies are n e e d e d i n the
future. It w o u l d b e useful to s t u d y the c o m p o s i t i o n of a select n u m b e r
of p r o m i n e n t species a n d note the content variability w i t h tree parts,
c l i m a t e , soil c o n d i t i o n s , a n d age.
Tables of Composition Data

Tables I I I - X I V are o r g a n i z e d geographically a n d list c h e m i c a l
c o m p o s i t i o n d a t a f o r w o o d s f r o m v a r i o u s c o u n t r i e s . T h e d a t a as p u b
l i s h e d o r i g i n a l l y w e r e o f i n t e r e s t to the l o c a l p u l p a n d p a p e r i n d u s
tries. T h i s c o m p i l a t i o n p r o v i d e s a w o r l d w i d e v i e w of w o o d c o m p o
sition. M o s t o f t h e d a t a w e r e o b t a i n e d u s i n g s i m i l a r test m e t h o d s
( T a p p i S t a n d a r d s ) . W h e n i t is k n o w n t h a t o t h e r t e s t m e t h o d s w e r e
u s e d , t h e m e t h o d is f o o t n o t e d i n t h e t a b l e s . M o s t o f t h e v a l u e s r e
p o r t e d f r o m a l l s o u r c e s h a d o n e o r t w o figures b e y o n d t h e d e c i m a l
p o i n t . E x c e p t for t h e e t h e r s o l u b i l i t y a n d a s h v a l u e s (usually less t h a n
1%), v a l u e s h a v e b e e n r o u n d e d o f f t o t h e n e a r e s t p e r c e n t b e c a u s e
t h i s r e f l e c t s t h e p r e c i s i o n o f t h e s a m p l i n g a n d assay m e t h o d s .
T h e data i n Table III have not b e e n p u b l i s h e d previously. T h e
same test m e t h o d s w e r e u s e d for a l l tree species i n Table I I I . M o s t
o f t h e s e m e t h o d s w e r e d e v e l o p e d at t h e l a b o r a t o r y a n d w e r e l a t e r
a d o p t e d as T a p p i s t a n d a r d s . T a b l e s I V - X I I c o n t a i n s i m i l a r d a t a o b
t a i n e d i n m a n y test laboratories. T h e t h r e e Taiwanese sources c o n t a i n
data for m o r e t h a n 4 0 0 trees. T h e trees s e l e c t e d for i n c l u s i o n i n Table
X w e r e those d e s c r i b e d i n a book p u b l i s h e d b y the C h i n e s e F o r e s t r y
A s s o c i a t i o n (56). T a b l e X I I c o n t a i n s d a t a o n t r e e s o f u n r e c o r d e d o r
i g i n . E x c e p t f o r Tectonia grandia, the species r e p o r t e d do not appear
in the other tables.
Tables X I I I a n d X I V p r e s e n t m o r e d e t a i l e d analyses of woods:
Table X I I I contains data o n 30 N o r t h A m e r i c a n species, a n d Table X I V
contains data o n 32 species f r o m the southeastern U n i t e d States. T h e
lignin values i n Table X I V are the s u m of K l a s o n a n d acid-soluble
l i g n i n s . P e c t i n ( T a b l e X I V ) is m a i n l y g a l a c t u r o n i c a c i d . I t is t h e m e a
sured total uronic acid value m i n u s the estimated glucuronic acid
value. G l u c u r o n i c acid content can be estimated from the xylan con
t e n t b y a s s u m i n g a r a t i o o f x y l o s e to 4 - O - m e t h y l g l u c u r o n i c a c i d o f
10:1 (see T a b l e I and F i g u r e 5). T h e r e p o r t e d v a l u e s o f t h e c a r b o -

T a b l e III. C h e m i c a l C o m p o s i t i o n o f U . S . W o o d s as D e t e r m i n e d at U . S . F o r e s t Products L a b o r a t o r y
f r o m 1927 to 1968
Carbohydrate
Cross
and Solubility
Holo- Bevan Alpha
cellu- Cellu- Cellu- Pento- Klason 1% Hot EtOHl
0 b 0 1
lose lose lose sans' Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ether Ash
Hardwoods
Acer macrophyllum Pursh/
Bigleaf m a p l e 46 22 25 18 2 3 0.7 0.5
Acer negundo L . / B o x e l d e r 45 20 30 10 0.4
Acer rubrum L . / R e d m a p l e 77 (3) 61 (2) 47(3) 18(3) 21 (3) 16(3) 3(3) 2(3) 0.7 (3) 0.4 (3)
Acer saccharinum L./Silver
maple — 56 42 19 21 21 4 3 0.6 —
Acer saccharum Marsh./Sugar
maple 60 45 17 22 15 3 3 0.5 0.2
Alnus rubra B o n g . / R e d a l d e r 74 (2) 44(3) 20 (3) 24(3) 16(3) 3(3) 2(3) 0.5 (3) 0.3 (3)
Arbutus menziesii P u r s h /
Pacific m a d r o n e — — 44 23 21 23 5 7 0.4 0.7
Betula alleghaniensis Britton/
Yellow b i r c h 73 64 (2) 47(2) 23 (2) 21(2) 16(2) 2(2) 2(2) 1.2 (2) 0.7 (2)
Betula nigra L . / R i v e r b i r c h 57 41 23 21 21

4 2 0.5
Betula papyrifera Marsh./
Paper b i r c h 78 (2) 63 (3) 45(5) 23(5) 18(5) 17(4) 2(4) 3(4) 1.4 (4) 0.3 (2)
Carya cordiformus
(Wangenh.) K . K o c h /
Bitternut h i c k o r y — 56 44 19 25 16 5 4 0.5 —

Carya glaubra ( M i l l . ) Sweet/
Pignut h i c k o r y 71 (2) — 49 (2) 17(2) 24 (2) 17(2) 5(2) 4(2) 0.4 (2) 0.8 (2)
Carya ovata ( M i l l . ) K . K o c h /
Shagbark h i c k o r y 71 — 48 18 21 18 5 3 0.4 0.6
Carya pallida (Ashe) E n g l . &

G r a e b n . / S a n d hickory 69 — 50 17 23 18 7 4 0.4 1.0
Carya tomentosa (Poir.) N u t t . /
Mockernut hickory 71 (2) — 48 (2) 18 (2) 21(2) 17(2) 5(2) 4(2) 0.4 (2) 0.6
Celtis laevigata W i l l d . /
Sugarberry 54 40 22 21 23 6 3 0.3 —
Eucalyptus gigantea H o o k .
f./— 72 — 49 14 22 16 7 4 0.3 0.2
Fagus grandifolia Ehrh./
American beech 77 (2) 61(2) 49 (2) 20 (2) 22 (2) 14 (2) 2(2) 2(2) 0.8 (2) 0.4 (2)
Fraxinus americana L./White
ash — 51 41 15 26 16 7 5 0.5 —
Fraxinus pennsylvanica
M a r s h . / G r e e n ash — 53(4) 40 (4) 18(4) 26(4) 19 (4) 7(4) 5(4) 0.4 (4) —
Gleditsia triacanthos L./
H o n e y locust — — 52 22 21 19 — — 0.4 —
Laguncuhria racemosa (L.)
Gaertn./White mangrove — 52 40 19 23 29 15 6 2.1 —
Liquidambar styraciflua L./
Sweetgum — 60 (3) 46 (4) 20 (4) 21(4) 15(4) 3(3) 2(4) 0.7 (3) 0.3 (3)
Liriodendron tulipifera L . /
Yellow-poplar — 62 45 19 20 17 2 1 0.2 1.0
Lithocarpus densiflorus
(Hook. & A m . ) R e h d . /
Tanoak 71(2) — 46(3) 20 (2) 19 (3) 20 (3) 5(2) 3(2) 0.4 (2) 0.7 (2)
Milalenca quinquenervia

(Cav.) S. T . B l a k e / C a j e p u t — 56 43 19 27 21 4 2 0.5 —
Nyssa aquatica L./Water
tupelo — 59 (2) 45(2) 16(2) 24 (2) 16(2) 4(2) 3(2) 0.6 (2) 0.6
Nyssa sylvatica M a r s h . / B l a c k
tupelo 72 57(4) 45(5) 17(4) 27(5) 15(5) 3(5) 2(5) 0.4 (5) 0.5 (2)
67 52 23 16 20 4 5 0.9

Populus alba L . / W h i t e p o p l a r —
Populus deletoides Bartr. ex
M a r s h . / E a s t e r n cotton w o o d — 64(3) 47(3) 18(3) 23 (3) 15(3) 2(3) 2(3) 0.8 (2) 0.4
Continued on next page

T a b l e III. Continued
Carbohydrate
Cross
and Solubility
Holo- Bevan Alpha
Scientific Name/Common Name 13 0 1
fose° lose lose sans' Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ether Ash
Populus tremoides Michx./

Q u a k i n g aspen 78 (9) 65 (13) 49 (20) 19 (19) 19 (22) 18 (15) 3(15) 3(14) 1.2 (15) 0.4 (11)
Populus trichocarpa Ton*. &
Gray/Black cottonwood 49 19 21 18 3 3 0.7 0.5
— —
Prunus serotina Ehrh./Black
cherry 85 60 45 20 21 18 4 5 0.9 0.1
Quercus alba L . / W h i t e oak 67 (2) 47 (2) 20 (2) 27 (2) 19 (2) 6(3) 3(2) 0.5 (2) 0.4
—
Quercus coccinea M u e n c h h . /
Scarlet oak 63 — 46 18 28 20 6 3 0.4
Quercus douglasii Hook &
A r n . / B l u e oak 59 e
— 40 22 27 23 11 5 1.4 1.4
Quercus fahata M i c h x . /
Southern r e d oak 69 42 20 25 17 6 4 0.3 0.4
—
Quercus kelloggii N e w b . /
California black oak 60 e
— 37 23 26 26 10 5 1.5 0.4
Quercus fobata N e e / V a l l e y oak e
70 43 19 19 23 5 7 1.0 0.9

—
Quercus lyrata W a l t . / O v e r c u p
oak 40 18 28 24 9 5 1.2 0.3
— —
Quercus marylandica
M u e n c h h . / B l a c k j a c k oak 57 44 20 26 15 5 4 0.6
—
Quercus prinus L . / C h e s t n u t
oak

76 — 47 19 24 21 7 5 0.6 0.4
Quercus rubra L . / N o r t h e r n
r e d oak 69 46 22 24 22 6 5 1.2 0.4
—
Quercus stellata Wangenh./
Post oak 55 41 18 24 21 8 4 0.5 1.2
—
Quercus velutina Lam./Black

oak 71 — 48 20 24 18 6 5 0.2 0.2
Salix nigra M a r s h . / B l a c k
willow — 61(2) 46(2) 19(2) 21(2) 19 (2) 4(2) 2(2) 0.6 (2) —
Tilia heterophyUa Vent./
Bas s w o o d 77 65 48 17 20 20 2 4 2.1 0.7
Ulmus americana L./American
elm 73 61(3) 50(3) 17(3) 22 (3) 16(3) 3(3) 2(3) 0.5 (3) 0.4
Ulmus crassifolia Nutt./Cedar
elm 50 19 27 14 0.3
Softwoods
Abies amabilis D o u g l . ex
Forbes/Pacific silver fir — 61(3) 44(3) 10(3) 29 (3) 11(3) 3(3) 3(3) 0.7 (3) 0.4
Abies balsamea (L.) M i l l . /
Balsam fir — 58 (16) 42 (16) 11 (16) 29 (16) 11 (16) 4(16) 3(16) 1.0 (16) 0.4 (15)
Abies concolor ( G o r d . &
G l e n d . ) L i n d l . ex H i l d e b r . /
W h i t e fir 66 — 49 6 28 13 5 2 0.3 0.4
Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt./
S u b a l p i n e fir 67(4) — 46(4) 9(4) 29 (4) 12(4) 3(4) 3(4) 0.6 (4) 0.5 (4)
Abies procera R e h d . / N o b l e fir 61 — 43 9 29 10 2 3 0.6 0.4
Chamaecyparis thyoides ( L . )
B . S . P./Atlantic white c e d a r — 53 41 9 33 16 3 6 2.4 —
Juniperus deppeana S t e u d . /
Alligator j u n i p e r 57 — 40 5 34 16 3 7 2.4 0.3
Larix larcina ( D u Roi) Κ.

Koch/Tamarack 64(3) — 44(3) 8(3) 26 (3) 14(3) 7 3(3) 0.9 (3) 0.3 (2)
Larix occidentalis Nutt./
W e s t e r n larch 65 (3) 56 (2) 48 (3) 9(3) 27 (3) 16(3) 6(3) 2(3) 0.8 (3) 0.4 (2)
Libocedrus decurrens Torr./
Incense cedar 56 — 37 12 34 9 3 3 0.8 0.3

Picea engelmanni Parry ex
E n g e l m . / E n g e l m a n spruce 69 (4) 60 (2) 45(6) 10(6) 28 (6) 11(6) 2(6) 2(6) 1.1(6) 0.2 (2)
Picea gfauca ( M o e n c h ) Voss/
W h i t e spruce — 61 (8) 43(8) 13(7) 29(8) 12(8) 3(8) 2(8) 1.1 (8) 0.3 (2)

T a b l e III. Continued
Carbohydrate
Cross
and Solubility
Holo- Bevan Alpha
1 1 0
Scientific Name/Common Name lose' lose ' lose sans* Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ether Ash
Picea mariana ( M i l l . ) B . S . P . /
Black spruce — 60 (19) 43 (20) 12 (19) 27 (20) 11 (20) 3 (20) 2 (20) 1.0 (20) 0.3 (19)
Picea sitchensis (Bong.) C a r r . /
Sitka spruce — 62 45 7 27 12 4 4 0.7 —
Pinus attenuata Le mm./
Knobcone pine — — 47 14 27 11 3 1 — 0.2
Pinus banksiana L a m b . / J a c k
pine 66 (6) 58 (25) 43 (27) 13 (27) 27 (27) 13 (27) 3 (26) 5(27) 3.0 (26) 0.3 (7)
Pinus clausa ( C h a p m . ex
E n g e l m . ) Vasey ex S a r g . /
Sand p i n e — 57(3) 44 (4) 11(4) 27(4) 12(2) 2(2) 3(2) 1.0 0.4
Pinus contorta D o u g l . ex
Loud./Lodgepole pine 68 (11) 59 (7) 45 (11) 10 (11) 26 (11) 13 (11) 4(11) 3(11) 1.6 (11) 0.3 (11)
Pinus echinata M i l l . / S h o r t l e a f

pine 69 60(8) 45(9) 12(9) 28(9) 12(9) 2(9) 4(9) 2.9 (9) 0.4 (2)
Pinus elliottii Engelm./Slash
pine 64(3) 59 (13) 46 (15) 11 (15) 27 (15) 13 (15) 3(15) 4(15) 3.3 (15) 0.2 (3)
Pinus monticola D o u g l . ex D .
Don/Western white pine 69 (3) 61(4) 43(7) 9(7) 25(7) 13(6) 4(6) 4(6) 2.3 (6) 0.2 (3)

Pinus palustris Mill./Longleaf
pine — 59 (7) 44(5) 12 (7) 30 (6) 12 (7) 3(5) 4(7) 1.4 (7) —
Pinus ponderosa D o u g l . ex
Laws./Ponderosa pine 68 58 41 (2) 9(2) 26 (2) 16 (2) 4(2) 5(2) 5.5 (2) 0.5
Pinus resinosa A i t . / R e d p i n e 71 — 47 10 26 13 4 4 2.5 —

Pinus sabiniana D o u g l . / D i g g e r
pine — — 46 (2) 11(2) 27 (2) 12 (2) 3(2) 1(2) —· 0.2 (2)
Pinus strobus L . / E a s t e r n
white p i n e 68 (4) 60 45 (5) 8(5) 27(5) 15(5) 4(5) 6(5) 3.2 (5) 0.2 (3)
Pinus taeda L . / L o b l o l l y p i n e 68 60 (13) 45 (14) 12 (12) 27 (14) H (12) 2(12) 3(15) 2.0 (12) —
Pseudotsuga menziesii ( M i r b . )
Franco/Douglas-fir 66 (9) 60(42) 45 (50) 8 (50) 27 (50) 13 (50) 4(50) 4(50) 1.3 (50) 0.2 (13)
Sequoia sempervirens (D.
Don) E n d l . / R e d w o o d
O l d growth 55 — 43 7 33 19 9 10 0.8 0.1
S e c o n d growth 61 — 46 7 33 14 5 <1 0.1 0.1
Taxodium distichum (L.)
R i c h . / B a l d cypress — 55 41 12 33 13 4 5 1.5 —
Thuja occidentales L . /
e
N o r t h e r n w h i t e cedar 59 — 44 14 30 13 5 6 1.4 0.5
Thuja plicata D o n n ex D .
D o n / W e s t e r n red cedar —. 49 38 9 32 21 11 14 2.5 0.3
Tsuga canadensis ( L . ) C a n * . /
Eastern hemlock — 55 (7) 41 (7) 9(4) 33 (7) 13(6) 4(7) 3(7) 0.5 (7) 0.5 (5)
Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.)
Sarg./Western hemlock 67 (2) 58 (22) 42 (22) 9 (22) 29 (22) 14 (22) 4 (22) 4 (22) 0.5 (22) 0.4 (4)
Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.)
Carr./Mountain hemlock 60 — 43 7 27 12 5 5 0.9 0.5
NOTE: N u m b e r s i n parentheses are i n d e p e n d e n t determinations of the c o m p o n e n t a n d i n some cases, the trees are from different locations;

values are p e r c e n t moisture-free w o o d .
a
H o l o c e l l u l o s e is the total c a r b o h y d r a t e content o f w o o d .
b
C r o s s a n d B e v a n cellulose is largely p u r e cellulose but contains some hemicelluloses.
c
A l p h a cellulose is nearly p u r e cellulose.
d
Pentosans are the total anhydroxylose a n d arabinose residues i n w o o d .
e
Pentosans d e t e r m i n e d b y g r a v i m e t r i c m e t h o d .

T a b l e I V . C h e m i c a l C o m p o s i t i o n o f W o o d s f r o m South a n d C e n t r a l A m e r i c a , M e x i c o , a n d P u e r t o R i c o
Carbohydrate
Solubility
Holo- Alpha
cellu- Cellu- Pento- Klason 1% Hot EtOHI
a b 0 r
Scientific Name/Common Name lose lose sans Lignin Λ a O H Water Benzene Ether Ash Reference
Brazil
Brosimum parinarioides Ducke/
A m a p a roxo — 51 10 26 21 2 6 — 0.2 57
Cecropia juranyiana A. Rich./
Imbauba^ 69 48 17 e
25 14 6 3 0.3 0.7 58
Corythophora alta K n u t h . /
Ripeiro vermelho — 47 10 30 19 6 4 — 0.5 57
Couepia leptostachya Benth./
U c h i de cutia — 39 9 33 12 4 <1 — 0.8 57
Eclinusa ucuquirana branca
A u b r . et P e l l e g r . / U c u q u i r a n a
brava — 55 15 30 17 4 1 — 0.6 57
Eperua bijuga M a r t , e t B e n t h . /
Muirapiranga — 41 12 38 31 11 9 0.2 57

—
Eschweiler odora P o e p p . e t
M i e r s / M atamata — 50 13 32 18 6 <1 — 0.9 57
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Dehnh./Red river gum — 50f 17 29 11 2 2 — 0.8 59

Eucalyptus cloeziana F Muell./
G y m p i e messmate — 54f 16 28 12 2 3 — 0.3 59
Eucalyptus grandis W. Hillex
Maid./Flooded gum 54/ 19 26 16 3 3 0.3 59
Eucalyptus kirtoniana F
Muell./— 74 50 15 28 14 3 2 0.3 0.1 60
Eucalyptus saligna Sm./Sydney
74 50 15 27 14 3 1 0.3 0.2 60
blue g u m
Eucalyptus tesselaris F.
— 50*" 21 24 17 5 2 — 0.6 59
Muell./—
Eucalyptus torelliana F. M u e l l . /
Cadaga — 5# 23 22 19 3 2 — 1.0 59
Eucalyptus urophylla S. T .
Blake/Timor white gum — 5# 19 24 17 2 2 — 0.4 59
Holopyxidium latifolium
(Ducke) Knuth./Jarana — 50 10 30 17 1 4 — 0.3 57
Licania oblonifolia Standi./
Macuco chiador — 51 20 33 18 2 1 — 0.5 57
Lucuma dissepala (K. Krause)
e
Ducke/Abiurana 74 48 17 25 14 2 2 0.5 1.0 58

Micropholis rosadinha brava
A u b r . et P e l l e g r . / R o s a d a
— 53 11 28 13 2 1 — 0.8 57
brava
Pouteria guianensis Aubr./
Abiurana Abiu — 54 7 30 13 3 2 — 0.3 57

Protium heptaphyllum March./
e
70 49 17 27 16 5 2 0.4 0.6 58
Breu branco
Qualea dinizii D u c k e / P a u
e
mulato 69 48 14 28 15 3 2 0.3 0.8 58

Schizolobium amazonicum
Huber/Parica — 54 12 26 16 2 2 — 0.8 57
Vantanea parviflora Lam./
Macucu murici
_ 51 10 37 14 4 2 0.2 57

Table IV. Continued
Carbohydrate
Solubility
Holo- Alpha
cellu- Cellu- Pento- Klason 1% Hot EtOHl
a h c
Scientific Name/Common Name lose lose sans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ether Ash Reference
——
Ulmo 77 49 15 26 17 3 2 0.3 0.5 60

Laurelia philippiana Looser/
Tepa 71 46 16 28 10 2 2 0.4 1.0 60
Nothofagus dombeyi (Mirb.)
Oerst/Coigue 70 48 17 23 19 7 6 1.0 0.3 60
Colombia
Anacardium excelsum ( B e r t . &
Balb.) Skeels/Caracoli 61 44 10 30 18 6 6 2.9 1.2 60
Ceiba pentandra (L.) G a e r t n . /
C e i b a bruja 62 41 16 25 25 15 2 0.5 2.9 60
Shizolobium parahybum (Veil.)
Blake/Gambombo 73 49 14 26 21 2 2 0.5 0.4 60
Spondias purpurea L./Jobo

72 47 17 24 17 3 3 0.7 1.0 60
Costa Rica
Anacardium excelsum ( B e r t . &
Balb.) Skeels/Espavel 72 — 8 27 18 7 3 1.6 61
Brosimum utile ( H B K ) P i t t i e r /

Baco 79 — 13 26 16 3 2 0.4 61
Carapa slateri Standi./Cedro
macho 79 — 11 25 14 4 2 0.6 61
Caryocar costaricense Donn.
Smith/Ajo 75 — 13 24 16 9 3 — 0.4 61
Ceiba pentandra (L.) G a e r t n . /

Ceiba 77 — 10 26 19 7 1 — 2.7 61
Couratari panamensis Standi./
Campano 76 — 11 31 12 5 2 — 0.7 61
Dialyanthera otoba ( H u m b . &
Bonpl.) Warb./Bogamani 81 12 26 14 4 1 — 0.4 61
Dussia s p . / S a n g r i l l o a m a r i l l o 82 — 10 28 10 3 1 — 0.6 61
Peltogyne purpurea Pittier/
Nazareno 81 — 12 22 13 6 5 — 0.5 61
Platymiscium pinnatum (Jacq)
Dugand/Cristobal 76 — 15 26 15 6 6 — 0.6 61
Poulsenia armata S t a n d i . /
Calugo 81 — 11 36 20 3 1 — 9.7 61
Qualea paraensis Ducke/
Masicaran 79 — 11 25 17 5 1 — 1.3 61
Sacoglottis excelsa D r u k e /
Terciopelo 76 11 31 19 6 1 0.4 61
Sapotaceae sp./Nispero 82 — 14 25 15 3 1 — 1.9 61
Sapotaceae sp./Zapoton 80 — 15 25 18 5 2 — 0.7 61
Symphonia globulifera L.f./
Cerillo 78 — 15 24 15 3 3 — 0.4 61

Terminalia amazonia (J.F.
Gmel.) Excell./Escobo
amarillo 71 — 12 25 17 10 8 — 0.5 61
Uribea tamarindoides Dugand
& Romero/Almendro 73 — 12 33 10 4 5 — 1.1 61

Vantanea barbourii Standi./
Caracolillo 78 11 31 11 3 1 — 0.4 61
Virola s p . / F r u t a d o r a d a 80 15 24 17 4 1 — 0.6 61
Vochysia sp./Mayo negro 82 — 17 22 21 6 4 — 0.9 61

Table IV. Continued
Carbohydrate
Solubility
Holo- Alpha
a b c
Scientific ΉamelCommon Name lose lose sans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ether Ash Reference
Vochysia allenii S t a n d l e y &

L . O. W i l l i a m s / M a y o bianco 81 — 11 22 18 4 3 — 1.1 61
M e x i c o , Yucatan
Allophylus psilospermus Radlk./
Kanchunup 60 46 12 34 12 4 4 0.5 1.2 60
Brosimum alicastrum Sw./
Ramon 63 44 16 27 17 5 2 0.4 1.6 60
Bur sera simaruba (L.) Sarg./

Chacha 74 46 17 23 20 5 4 0.8 1.6 60
Calyptranthes millspaughii
Urb./Chachi 67 47 12 29 15 5 2 0.7 2.7 60
Cecropia obtusifolia Bertol./
Kochle 67 45 15 25 19 5 4 0.7 1.7 60

Ceiba pentandra (L.) C a e r t n . /
Ceiba 64 40 18 22 28 14 2 0.5 2.4 60
Coccoloba uvifera (L.) J acq./
Boo 69 48 14 28 17 5 2 0.5 1.6 60
to
Drypetes lateriflora (Sw.) K r u g
& Erb./Ekulu 69 48 15 26 17 6 4 0.5 2.5 60
Ficus lapathifolia (Liebm.) Ά
44 15 30 17 5 2 0.5 1.7 60 m
Miq./Zacamua 66 50
m
C3
/
Guazuma tomentosa H.B.K./ ζ
Pixoy 70 45 16 27 16 2 1 0.5 1.2 60
Pisonia sp./Tatsi 76 58 14 20 11 2 1 0.4 1.5 60
Poincianella guameri (Greenm.)
Britt. & Rose/Kitanche 62 47 14 25 19 10 7 2.0 1.3 60 n
Spondias tnombin L./Jobo 74 46 18 19 22 6 3 0.7 1.2 60
Puerto Rico 1
Cecropia peltata L . / Y a g r u m o
hembra 68 46 14 25 16 2 3 0.6 0.7 60 ο
Eucalyptus robusta Sm./Swamp
mahogany 67 48 12 28 12 3 2 0.3 0.5 60 1
ο
Inga vera W i l l d . / G u a m a 66 50 13 28 11 2 2 0.3 0.2 60

— S*
5
N O T E : Values are p e r c e n t moisture-free w o o d .
a
H o l o c e l l u l o s e is the total c a r b o h y d r a t e content o f w o o d .
b
c
Pentosans are the total anhvdroxylose a n d arabinose residues i n w o o d .
d
A v e r a g e of trees from two locations.
* T h e holocellulose, l i g n i n , a n d pentosans from Ref. 58 are p e r c e n t extractive-free w o o d .

/ C r o s s a n d B e v a n cellulose is largely p u r e cellulose b u t contains some hemicelluloses.

oo
Table V . Supplementary C h e m i c a l Composition D a t a for South a n d Central A m e r i c a n H a r d w o o d s
Carbohydrate
Alpha Hemi- Klason Total

Scientific Name/Common Name b
Cellulose* cellulose Lignin Acetyl extractives Ash
G u y a n a (62)
Couratari pulchra S a n d w . / T a u a r y 47 14 31 1.1 5.3 0.8
Eschweilera sagotiana Miers/Kakeralli 49 13 29 1.4 5.8 0.6
Ocotea rodiaei ( R o b . S c h o m b . ) M e z . /
Greenheart C
45 13 31 1.1 9.5 0.2
Honduras (63)
Cordia alliodora (R. & R ) C h a m . /
Jaurel bianco 45 17 30 1.3 6.6 1.0
Hymenaea courbaril L./Courbaril 43 20 20 2.2 13.8 0.9
Pseudosamanea guachapele (H.B.K.)
Harms./Frijolilo 45 13 24 1.5 13.1 0.6
Tabebuia guayacan (Seem.) H e m s l . /
Guayacan 46 14 29 1.1 8.6 0.3
Surinam (63)
Dicorynia paraensis Benth./
A n g é l i q u e (64) d
45 15 32 1.1 5.4 0.6

Licaria cayennensis (Meissn.)
Kosterm./Kaneelhart 46 11 30 0.8 10.4 0.03
Manilkara bidentata (A.D.C.) Chev./
Bulletwood 46 16 26 1.1 7.5 0.4
Ocotea rubra M e z . / D e t e r m a 48 13 29

0.8 10.1 0.2
N O T E : A n a l y t i c a l methods u s e d for p e r c e n t moisture-free w o o d are f o u n d i n Ref. 3.
a
b
Total extractives = s u m o f solubles in ether, 5 0 % E t O H , E t O H / b e n z e n e , a n d hot water (80 ° C ) .
0
Total extractives = s u m o f solubles i n c h l o r o f o r m , 5 0 % E t O H , a n d hot water (80 ° C ) .
d
Total extractives = s u m o f solubles i n ether, 5 0 % E t O H , a n d hot water (80 °C).
Table V I . C h e m i c a l Composition of Woods from G h a n a and Mozambique
Solubility
Carbohydrate
Klason 1% Hot EtOHl
b
Scientific Name/Common Name Cellulose" Pentosans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ash
c
Ghana
i <
Gmelina arborea L./Yemane 47 20 29 13 6 4 0.6
Musanga cecropioides R. B r . / O d w u m a 50 16 26 14 2 2 0.4
Terminalia ivorensis Chev./Emire 45 15 33 16 5 2 0.3
Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum/Wawa 40 17 31 19 10 1 1.8
Mozambique*
Acacia nigrescens Oliv./Chicocolo 42 14 20 17 8 14 1.6
Adina microcephala (Del.) Hiern.)
Galangola-f 42 12 27 16 6 10 0.7
Albizzia gummifera (Gmel.)
C. A. Sm./Galinga 43 20 23 17 4 5 0.4
Amblygonocarpus andongensis ( W e l w . ex O l i v . )
E x c e l l et T o r r e y / B a n g a - u a n g a 35 12 29 24 9 10 0.4
Androstachys johnsonii Prain/Cimbirre 29 16 29 13 2 16 1.0
Bombax rhodognaphalon K. Schum./Meguzas 42 14 30 20 3 8 1.6

Cedrela odorata L . / — 37 18 33 16 3 4 1.0
Chlorophora excelsa ( W e l w . ) B e n t h . e t
1
Hook. f./Mahundo' 41 15 25 20 5 7 3.1
Crossopteryx febrifuga Benth./Mucobenga 36 16 28 18 8 6 1.8
Dalbergia mefonoxyhn Guill.

et P e r r . / A m p i v i 38 12 26 13 2 14 3.4
Diospyros mespiliformis H o c h s t . ex A . D C . /
Chitomane 38 17 31 20 8 1 4.1
Erythrophloeum guineense D. Don/Chaia 38 11 26 18 4 16 0.0
Table V I . Continued
Guibourtia conjugata (Bolle)
J. L e o n a r d / C h a c a t e 34 16 30 20 10 5 1.8
Khaya nyasica S t a p f . e x B a k e r f . / I m b â u a ' 41 14 28 27 7 5 1.6
Kirkia acuminata Oliv./Muyumira 39 15 29 17 8 6 2.0
Lannea discolor (Sond.) E n g l . / C h u m b o 51 18 21 24 5 1 2.4
Melaleuca leucadendron L./—s 41 14 30 31 5 7 1.9
Morus lactea ( S i m . ) M i l d b r . / M e c o b z e 34 18 28 18 3 12 1.1
Newtonia buchananii (Bak.) G i l b e r t et
B o u t i q u e / M afamuti^ 42 15 24 23 7 7 1.0
Podocarpus falcatus (Thunb.) R. Br.
ex M i r b . / G o g o g o 44 10 29 18 2 2 0.7
Pterocarpus antunesii (Taub.)
Harms/Muchibire 44 16 27 13 6 1 0.9
Spirotachys africana S o n d . / C h i l i n g a m a c h e 36 15 21 17 4 19 2.5
g
Swartzia madagascariensis Desv./Cimbe 37 15 26 16 4 15 0.2
Syncarpia laurifolia Ten./— 42 15 31 12 7 3 1.6
Syringa vulgaris L . / — 44 19 28 19 3 1 0.5
f
Tectona grandis L.f./—
Sapwood 43 15 25 18 9 3 1.3
Heartwood 41 14 23 16 12 6 1.4 H
Trichilia emetica Vahl/Curre 39 18 31 27 7 1 3.9 X
m

Vitex doniana Sweet/M ucuvo-sique 40 13 31 18 7 2 2.7 η
χ
Xylopia holtzii Engl./Mulalabungo 41 17 31 20 4 2 0.5 m
2
a
C e l l u l o s e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g alcoholic nitric a c i d ( K u r s c h n e r cellulose) for G h a n a n woods. A mixture of c o n c e n t r a t e d nitric a c i d a n d glacial £j
acetic acid was used to d e t e r m i n e cellulose in M o z a m b i q u e woods. See Refs. 64 a n d 65 for details. "*
b
Pentosans are the total anhydroxylose a n d arabinose residues i n w o o d . §

c
D a t a a d a p t e d from Ref. 64. ^
d
C o m m o n n a m e in B u r m a . ®
e
D a t a a d a p t e d from Ref. 65. g
f A v e r a g e o f three trees. -
* A v e r a g e o f two trees. Ο
h
A v e r a g e o f four trees. §
i
A v e r a g e o f five trees.
T a b l e V I I . T h e C h e m i c a l C o m p o s i t i o n o f Japanese W o o d s (66,67)
Carbohydrate
Cross
and Solubility
Holo- Bevan Alpha
cellu- Cellu- Cellu- Pento- fQason 1% Hot EtOHl
1 0
Scientific Name/Common Name lose" lose ' lose'' san^ Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ash
Hardwoods
Acanthopanax sciadophylloides F ranch. &
Sav. / K o s h i a b u r a 80 63 45 21 21 23 5 2 0.6
Acer japonicum Thunb./Meigetsukaede 82 61 47 24 21 4 2 0.4
Acer mayrii Schwerin/Beniitaya 78 53 34 26 23 5 2 0.6
Acer mono M a x i m . / E z o i t a y a 81 62 48 22 19 17 4 2 0.4
Acer mono M a x i m . / I t a y a k a e d e 78 — 49 18 24 — 4 2 0.5
Acer palmatum Thunb./Yamanomiji 77 59 42 23 22 24 7 3 0.5
Aesculus turbinata BIume/Tochinoki 79 59 44 22 21 18 5 2 0.3
Aesculus turbinata Blume/Tochinoki 75 — 46 14 27 — 3 1 0.3
Alnus hirsuta Turcz./Keyamahannoki 79 58 43 20 20 22 5 5 0.3
Alnus hirsuta Turcz./Keyamahannoki 73 — 48 15 23 — 4 2 0.3

Alnus japonica Stend./Hannoki 76 56 40 23 22 22 5 4 0.3
Aralia elata S e e m . / T a r a n o k i 78 57 47 26 20 23 7 4 0.4
Benzoin umbellatum Kuntze/Kuromoji 77 57 34 27 19 26 7 6 0.8
Betula grossa S. e t Z . / M i z u m e 78 — 46 27 24 — 2 2 0.4

Betula ermanii Cham./Dakekanba 79 60 46 25 20 17 2 3 0.3
Betula maximowicziana Regel/Udaikanba 82 57 40 26 20 17 2 1 0.2
Betula maximowicziana Regel/Makanba 77 — 47 18 23 — 2 1 0.4
Betula platiphylla Sukatchev/Shirakanba 83 63 46 23 19 16 3 1 0.4

Table ΥΠ. Continued
Carbohydrate
Cross
and Solubility
Holo- Bevan Alpha
cellu- Cellu- Cellu Pento Klason 1% Hot EtOHl
a hc
Scientific Name/Common Name lose lose lose sans'' Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ash
Betula platiphylla Sukatchev/Shirakanba 77 56 22 18 2 2 0.2

Carpinus cor data B l u m e / S a w a s h i b a 79 61 43 20 21 23 4 2 0.5
Carpinus laxiflora Blume/Akashide 80 — 46 27 17 — 3 2 0.6
Castanea crenata S. e t Z . / K u r i 73 52 40 23 26 23 10 3 0.3
Castanea crenata S. e t Z . / K u r i 70 — 42 15 21 — 11 2 0.8
Cercidiphyllum japonicum S. et. Z / K a t s u r a 78 58 44 23 24 21 6 <1 0.7
Cercidiphyllum japonicum S. et. Z / K a t s u r a 78 — 51 16 26 — 5 3 0.3
Cinnamomum camphora Sieb./Kusunuki 81 — 50 14 29 — 5 2 0.5
Cornus controversa Hemsley/Miznki 82 61 43 23 23 24 5 1 0.3
Cornus controversa Hemsley/Miznki 73 — 46 17 22 — 4 2 0.4
Cyclobalanopsis acuta O e r s t . / A k a g a s h i 71 — 47 17 25 — 9 4 0.7
Cyclobalanopsis myrsinaefolia Oerst./

Shirakashi 75 — 48 19 23 — 7 2 1.0
Cyclobalanopsis gilva Oerst./Ichiigashi 77 — 48 15 27 — 6 1 1.1
Distylium racemosum S. et Z . / I s u n o k i 73 — 47 17 30 — 5 2 0.5
Euonymus macropterus Rupt./Hirobat-

suribana 71 49 33 26 27 21 7 4 0.9
Euonymus oxyphyllus Miq./Tsuribana 76 55 44 24 26 18 5 2 0.6
Fagus crenata Blume/Buna 81 60 45 21 21 17 4 1 0.7
Fagus crenata Blume/Buna^ 81 — 50 18 24 — 2 1 0.5
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Carbohydrate
Cross
and
Solubility
Holo- Bevan Alpha
Scientific Name/Common Name a bc 6
lose lose lose* sans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ash
Populus maximotviczii A. Henry/Doronoki 81 64 47 22 22 20 3 2 0.6

Populus maximotviczii A. Henry/Doronoki 82 — 53 14 22 2 2 0.7
Populus sieboldii Miq./Yamanarashi 81 — 49 19 18
, 3 3 0.5
Pourthiaea villosa Dene./Vshikoroshi 82 59 45 24 20 19 5 3 0.3
Prunus donarium Sieb./Yamazakura 73 48 21 18 6 5 0.3
Prunus grayana Maxim./Uwamizuzakura 78 54 39 23 20 21 5 4 0.7
Prunus maximowiczii Komarov/Shirozakura 82 62 46 24 18 24 5 2 0.2
Prunus padus L . / E z o n o u w a m i z u z a k u r a 81 49 36 22 21 28 5 2 0.6
Prunus sargentii Rehd. /Ezoyamazakura 80 57 44 23 18 28 9 5 0.3
Prunus ssiori F r . S c h m i d t / S h u r i z a k u r a 74 55 40 24 21 27 6 5 0.4
Pterocarya rhoifolia S. e t
Z./Sawagurumi 83 61 44 21 18 25 4 4 0.3

Pterocarya rhoifolia S. e t
Z./Sawagurumi 78 — 48 14 24 3 2 0.4
Quercus acutissima Carr./Kunugi 78 — 50 18 19 4 <1 0.6
Quercus crispula Blume/Mizunara 79 57 45 22 22 22 9 2 0.3

Quercus crispula Blume/Mizunara^
( a v e r a g e o f 4) 75 48 20 26 6 1 0.2
Quercus dentata T h u n b . / K a s h i w a 73 47 31 24 25 23 9 5 0.6
Quercus serrata Thunb./Konara 78 — 50 17 22 — 6 1 0.6
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Carbohydrate
Cross
n d
r? λι ι Solubility
nolo- Bevan Alpha
0 bc d e
Scientific Name/Common Name lose lose lose sans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ash
Softwoods
Abies fxrma S. e t Z . / M o m i 70 — 49 5 34 4 2 1.0
Abies homolepis S. e t Z . / U r a j i r o m o m i 77 — 53 6 29 2 2 0.2
Abies mariesii M asters/Aomoritodomatsu 72 — 50 8 30 2 2 2.3
Abies mayriana Miyabe & Kudo/Aotodo-
matsu 74 59 44 13 30 13 3 1 0.2
Abies sachalininensis Fr. Schmidt/
Todomatsu 70 57 41 13 29 12 5 3 0.5
Abies sachalininensis Fr. Schmidt/
Todomatsu 74 — 49 5 30 — 3 3 0.3
Abies veitchii L i n d l e y / S h i r a b e 73 — 47 6 29 — 2 2 0.2
Chamaecyparis obtusa E n d l i c h e r / H i n o k i 69 —. 39 5 33 — 4 5 0.5
Chamaecyparis pisifera S. e t Z . / M o m i 60 — 47 5 29 — 7 9 0.4

1 —
Criptomeria japonica D . Don/Sugi* 71 47 7 33 — 3 3 0.7
Larix leptolepis Gordon/Karamatsu 67 52 40 12 31 19 7 1 0.4
Larix leptolepis Gordon/Karamatsu 69 — 48 6 28 — 10 3 0.3
Picea abies ( L . ) K a r s t . / D o i t s u t o h i 73 54 38 12 29 12 2 1 0.4

Picea glehnii M a s t e r s / A k a e z o m a t s u 75 60 45 14 27 14 2 <1 0.4
Picea glehnii Masters/Akaezomatsu 74 — 50 7 28 — 2 2 0.2
Picea hondoensis Mayr./Tohi 64 — 42 5 29 — 3 2 0.2
Picea jezoensis Carr./Ezomatsu 75 59 44 14 29 13 3 1 0.1
Picea jezoensis Carr./Ezomatsu 71 — 47 6 28 — 4 1 0.2
Pinus banksiana Lamb./Bankusumatsu 71 55 40 14 28 13 2 1 0.1

Pinus densiflora S. e t Ζ . /
AkamatsuS 67 — 45 8 27 — 4 3 0.2
Pinus pentaphylla Mayr./Goyomutsu 71 58 32 12 26 19 6 8 0.1
Pinus pentaphylla Mayr./Himekomatsu 68 — 45 5 27 — 3 8 0.3
Pinus pumila (Pallas) R e g e l / H a i m a t s u 63 44 30 12 26 23 9 12 0.2
Pinus strobus L . / S u t o r o b u m a t s u 71 57 41 13 28 19 4 7 0.5
Pinus thunbergii Parlatore/Kuromatsu 63 — 44 7 26 — 3 3 0.2
Podocarpus macrophyllus D. D o n / I n u m a k i 65 — 49 11 36 — 3 2 0.4
Pseudotsuga japonica Beissner/
Toyasawara 68 — 47 5 33 — 4 4 0.1
Sciadopitys verticillata S. e t Ζ . /
Koyamaki 61 — 39 5 29 — 7 11 0.2
Taxus cuspidata S. e t Z . / O n k o 63 58 33 12 29 26 14 14 0.2
Taxus cuspidata S. e t Z . / I c h i i 59 — 38 6 28 — 11 12 0.2
Thuja standishii Carr./Nezuko 70 — 48 6 27 — 11 9 0.3
Thujopsis dolabrata S. et Z . / A s u n a r o 62 — 41 6 32 — 4 4 0.4
Thujopsis dolabrata var, Hondai
Makino/Hinokiasunaro 71 56 39 13 29 16 5 4 0.3
Thujopsis dolabrata var, Hondai
Makino/Hinokiasunaro 75 — 48 6 33 — 5 4 0.7
Torreya nucifera S. e t Z . / K a y a 64 — 45 5 35 — 7 7 0.7

Tsuga sieboldii Carr./Tsuga 71 — 51 4 31 — 4 3 0.2
N O T E : D a t a a d a p t e d from Ref. 6 7 are p e r c e n t moisture-free w o o d . D a t a adapted from Ref. 66 are not d e f i n e d in the E n g l i s h abstract a n d
table.
a
H o l o c e l l u l o s e is the total carbohydrate content of w o o d .
b
C r o s s a n d B e v a n cellulose is largely p u r e cellulose but contains some hemicelluloses.

c
Species w i t h a value for C r o s s a n d B e v a n cellulose from Ref. 66. A l l others from Ref. 67.
d
e
f A v e r a g e of five trees.
g
A v e r a g e o f four trees.
h
A v e r a g e o f five trees.
Table VIII. C h e m i c a l Composition of Woods from C a m b o d i a , K a l i m a n t a n (Borneo), a n d P a p u a N e w G u i n e a
Carbohydrate
Solubility
Holo- Alpha
cellu- Cellu- Klason 1% Hot EtOHl
Scientific Name/Common Name 1
lose" lose ' Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ash
C a m b o d i a (68)
Anisoptera glabra K u r z / P h d i e k 75 50 29 21 5 5 0.9
Dacrydium elatum ( B o x b . ) W a l l / S r o l k r a h a m 70 51 35 15 3 3 0.4
Dipterocarpus alatus B o x b . / C h h o e u t e a l s a r 73 49 33 24 3 3 0.9
Dipterocarpus insularis Hance/Chhoeuteal
bangkuoi 64 44 36 28 5 5 0.4
Hopea pierrei H a n c e / K o k i k h s a c h 69 49 27 30 11 12 0.2
Parkia streptocarpa Hance/Ro yong 78 51 30 15 3 1 0.9
Shorea hypochra Hance/Komnhan 69 47 32 21 6 6 1.3
Tristania sp./Rong leang 72 48 36 20 3 1 0.5
K a l i m a n t a n ( B o r n e o ) (69)
Aquilaria sp./Karas 74 50 26 6 2 1.5
Artocarpus sp./Keledang 72 51 31 4 1 1.6
Cotylelobium sp./Giam 62 46 26 11 14 0.8

0
Dipterocarpus sp./Keruing 74 55 29 2 3 0.9
Dryobalanops sp./Kapur 72 50 34 7 2 0.7
Oyer a s p . / J e l u t o n g 72 44 27 9 5 1.5
Eugenia sp./Kelat 64 47 35 5 6 0.8
Michelia sp./Champaka 73

51 29 4 2 4.6
Quercus sp./Borneo oak 74 50 28 7 4 0.5
r f
Shorea s p . / B a l a u 65 47 29 9 10 0.5
c
Shorea s p . / B a n g k i r a i 70 49 34 — 5 7 0.1
Shorea s p . / L i g h t r e d m e r a n t i 67 47 35 — 9 5 1.6
Shorea s p . / W h i t e m e r a n t i 69 50 30 — 3 4 0.5
TarrietiafTeraMng 64 45 28 — 4 3 1.4
Vatica sp./Pesak 65 42 27 — 13 12 0.7
e
Papua N e w Guinea (70,71)
Agfozt litoralis Talbot/— 74 50 34 17 5 4 1.1
Ailanthus intergrifolia L a m . / W h i t e siris 74 51 31 11 2 1 0.8
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R . B r . / W h i t e cheesewood 67 44 34 12 4 1 1.3
Amoora cucullata Roxb./Amoora 68 47 37 20 6 1 0.4
Anthocephalus cadamba (Roxb.) M i q . / L a b u l a 74 46 26 16 4 3 0.7
Antiaris toxicaria Lesch./— 73 48 31 12 3 1 1.9
Artocarpus incisa L . f . / K a p i a k 70 48 31 15 3 3 2.3
Burckella macropoda (Krause) L a m . / B u r c k e l l a 67 50 35 15 4 1 1.9
Calophyllum vexans P. F . S t e v e n s / C a l o p h y l l u m 71 49 33 16 2 2 0.6
Canarium indicum L./Galip 70 46 28 17 4 1 0.9
Castanospermum australe A. C u n n . / — 72 40 28 27 12 12 0.3
Celtis kajewskii M err. et P e r r y / L i g h t celtis 73 48 26 17 5 2 1.8
Celtis luzonica W a r b . / H a r d celtis 73 46 23 18 3 1 1.2
Cryptocarya massoy ( O k e n . ) K o s t e r m / C r y t o c a r y a 75 48 25 13 3 2 1.1
Dracontomelum puberulum M i q . / P . N . G . walnut 65 46 34 18 8 3 2.2
Dysoxylum arnoldianum K. Schum./— 69 47 32 13 4 2 2.3

Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum (Juss.) M i q . / — 69 46 27 12 2 1 1.3
Elaeocarpus sphaericus (Gaertn.) K . S c h u m . /
P . N . G . quandong 75 49 27 13 3 2 0.9
4 0.6
Eucalyptus deglupta Blume/Kamarere 73 51 32 10 2 1
Euodia elleryana F. M u e l l . / — 75 49 29 10 2 1 1.2

Homalium foetidum (Roxb.) B e n t h . / M a l a s 67 46 32 17 4 2 1.2
Intsia bijuga ( C o l e b r . ) O . K u n t z e / K w i l a 64 41 29 24 10 7 1.0
Neonauclea maluensis S. M o o r e / Y e l l o w h a r d w o o d 69 50 37 10 4 2 0.4
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Table EX. T h e C h e m i c a l Composition of Philippine Woods
Carbohydrate
Solubility
Holo- Alpha
h 0 d
Scientific Name/Common Name lose" lose sans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ether Ash Reference
Hardwoods
Adenanthera intermedia M err./
76 40 — 35 17 7 6 2.0 0.8 73
Aegiceras corniculatum (L.)
Blanco/Saging-saging 72 — 23 20 23 2 5 — 0.9 74
Aegiceras floridum Roem. &
Schult. /Tinduk-tindukan 68 21 24 24 2 6 0.6 74
Aglaia llanosiana C D C . / — 75 37 — 32 10 4 2 0.7 1.3 73
Alangium chinense (Lour.)
— 10 0.8 0.8 73
Render/— 81 42 29 23 13
Albizzia acle ( B l a n c o ) M e r r . / — 70 32 33 17 12 7 0.9 1.1 73
Albizzia fakataria (L.) F o s b . /
M o l u c c a n sau 72 — 18 24 14 1 2 — 0.6 75

Albizzia lebbeck ( L i n n . ) B e n t h /
71 35 — 28 21 11 6 0.5 0.5 73
Albizzia lebbekoides (DC.)
Benth/— 79 43 29 14 6 5 1.1 0.2 73
Aleurites moluccana Willd./— 78 46 — 20 21 10 1 0.1 2.1 73

Aleurites trisperma Blanco/— 74 38 — 32 22 6 2 0.6 1.7 73
Alphonsea arborea (Blanco)
Merr./— 79 41 30 13 5 3 0.9 0.7 73

Table IX. Continued
Carbohydrate
Solubility
Holo- Alpha
Scientific Name/Common Name lose a h 0
lose sans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene* Ether Ash Reference
Alphanamixis cumingiana
(CDC.) Harms./— 79 40 — 33 18 8 3 0.5 2.7 73
Artocarpus cumingiana Tree/— 76 45 — 29 20 7 6 0.7 2.3 73
Avicennia marina (Forsk.)
Vierh./Bungalon 70 — 25 21 25 4 5 1.3 74
Avicennia officinalis L./Api-api 69 — 21 17 26 5 7 2.3 74
Beilschmiedia glomerata Merr./
— 73 33 — 25 16 6 3 0.7 1.1 73
Bischofia javanica Blume/— 73 30 — 48 29 3 <1 0.5 1.5 73
Βombycidendron vidalianum
(Naves) M e r r . & R o l f e . / — 66 38 — 29 14 3 2 0.4 0.5 73
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (L.)
Lam./Busaing 69 — 19 25 19 2 3 1.1 74
Bruguiera parviflora (Roxb.)

W . A . ex G r i f f / L a n g a r a i 77 — 22 18 15 2 2 0.9 74
Bruguiera sexangula (Lour.)
Poir/Pototan 69 — 21 24 16 1 4 1.1 74
Caesalpin a sappan Linn./— 63 29 32 24 9 7 0.4 0.8 73

Calophyllum blancoi P I & T r . /
Bitanghol 70 — 15 27 14 1 1 0.3 75
Calophyllum inophyllum Linn./
70 34 — 38 16 4 4 0.4 0.5 73
Campostemon philippinense
(Vid.) Becc./Gapas-gapas 74 — 20 20 15 1 3 — 1.9 74
Cananga odoratum (Lam.)
Hook.f. & Thomas/Ilang-ilang 71 48 13 29 11 2 1 0.3 0.8 76
Canarium aspersum Benth/— 70 32 — 26 29 15 2 0.2 2.1 73
Canarium hirsutum Willd./— 77 45 — 24 20 8 1 0.3 1.6 73
Casuarina rumphiana Miq./
M o u n t a i n agoho 76 — 21 22 14 1 1 — 0.3 75
Celistocalyx operculatus (Roxb.)
Merr. & Perry/Malaruhat 70 17 22 21 5 3 0.6 75
Celtis philippensis Blanco/— 75 43 — 27 13 7 3 0.5 1.8 73
Ceriops tagal ( P e r r . ) C . B . R o b /
Tangal 68 20 17 26 6 8 1.5 74
Delonix regia ( B o j . ) R a f / — 78 46 — 25 17 8 4 0.2 1.8 73
Diospyros discolor Willd./— 71 35 — 34 21 8 6 1.4 1.3 73
Diospyros pilosanthera Blanco/
82 44 — 28 15 7 4 0.5 1.5 73
Diplodiscus paniculatus Turcz/
80 39 — 33 11 5 2 0.5 3.4 73
Dipterocarpus basilanicus
Foxw./Basilan apitong* 70 — 13 25 15 1 3 — 0.4 77

Dipterocarpus caudatus Foxw./
Leaf-tailed panau 66 — 17 30 23 3 1 — 0.5 77
Dipterocarpus graclis B l u m e /
Panau^ 66 — 15 27 16 2 4 — 0.6 77
Dipterocarpus grandiflorus

g
Blanco/Apitong 64 — 15 27 22 2 6 — 0.9 77
Dipterocarpus hasseltii Blume/
Hasselt panau 63 17 29 17 3 4 1.2 77

Table IX. Continued
Carbohydrate
Solubility
Holo- Alpha
h 0 d
Scientific Name/Common Name lose" lose sans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ether Ash Reference
Dipterocarpus kerrii King/

Malapanai/ 65 — 16 28 15 4 3 0.8 77
Dipterocarpus orbicularis
Foxw. /Round-leaf apitongs 65 — 16 30 16 2 3 0.8 77
Dipterocarpus speciosus
Brandis/Broad-winged
apitong* 65 — 15 29 16 2 3 0.7 77
Dipterocarpus warburgii
6
Brandis/Hagakhak 63 — 16 31 14 2 3 0.8 77
Drypetes bordenii Pax & K .
Hoffm./— 80 42 — 32 16 6 3 0.7 1.7 73
Dysoxylum turczaninowii
C D C . / — 77 41 — 35 6 5 1 0.7 1.6 73
Endospermum peltatum Merr./

— 81 44 — 31 18 8 3 0.4 0.8 73
Eucalyptus deglupta Blume/
Bagras 71 — 16 26 14 1 2 0.7 75
Euphoria didyma Blanco/— 69 34 36 14 3 2 0.2 1.4 73

Excoecaria aggallocha L./Buta-
buta 75 — 22 18 18 3 3 1.3 74
Ficus conora King/— 74 35 — 34 18 9 3 0.1 2.6 73
Ficus malunuensis Warb./— 77 43 — 30 13 5 3 0.6 3.0 73
Ficus nota ( B l a n c o ) M e r r . / — 73 33 — 34 18 8 3 0.5 4.0 73

Garciana venulosa (Blanco)
Choisy/— 74 38 — 35 22 8 7 4.8 1.5 73
Heritiera littoralis Ait./
Dungon-late 69 18 21 22 4 5 1.9 74
Hopea plagata (Blanco) V i d a l / — 75 31 — 34 24 9 7 6.2 2.0 73
Intsia bijuga ( C o l e b r . ) O .
Ktze./— 71 41 — 33 22 11 7 1.2 1.3 73
Koordersiodendron pinnatum
(Blanco) M e r r . / — 77 40 — 34 18 2 2 1.0 1.1 73
Lagerstroemia speciosa (Linn.)
Pers./— 75 34 — 35 18 9 2 0.2 2.3 73
Lithocarpus lianosii (A.D.C.)
Rehd./Ulaian 71 — 17 22 17 5 2 — 0.6 75
Lumnitzera littorea (Jack.)
Voigt./Tabau 58 — 15 29 17 3 9 — 1.6 74
Macaranga tanarius (Linn.)
Muell-Arg./— 80 40 32 15 6 3 0.2 0.9 73
Mangifera altissima Blanco/— 71 38 31 14 5 5 0.3 0.7 73
Melanolepsis multiglandulosa
(Reinw.) Reichb.f. & Z o l l . / — 75 38 29 25 13 2 0.5 1.3 73

Myristica elliptica Hook.f. &
T h o m a s . Var. S i m i a r u m
( A . D . C . ) J. Sinal./Tanghas 67 15 24 23 6 2 0.8 75
O chroma lagopus Schwartz/— 74 40 — 29 22 4 3 1.2 0.9 73
Osbornia octodonta F. M u e l l . /

Taualis 66 — 16 24 20 7 3 — 0.9 74
Pahudia rhamboidea (Blco.)
Prain/— 73 33 » 26 26 3 3 0.5 0.9 73

Table IX. Continued
Carbohydrate
Solubility
Holo- Alpha
b c d
Scientific Name/Common Name lose* lose sans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ether Ash Reference
Parashorea malaanonan
(Blanco) M e r r . / — 77 42 — 32 14 7 2 1.3 1.0 73
Parashorea plicata Brandis/
A
Bagtikan 65 — 15 30 13 2 3 — 1.2 78
Parinarium corymbosum
(Blume) M i q . / — 74 37 — 36 13 5 3 1.0 3.7 73
Pentacme contorta (Vidal)
M err./White lauan 67 51 9 31 11 2 3 1.0 — 76
Pentacme contorta (Vidal)
M e r r . / W h i t e lauan' 65 14 29 14 2 3 __ 0.8 78
Planchonia spectabilis Merr./— 75 37 — 40 20 9 6 1.5 0.4 73
Polyalthia rumphii (Blume)
Merr./— 74 34 — 28 20 11 5 0.5 1.9 73
Polyscias nodosa ( B l u m e ) S e e m /

73 36 30 25 10 5 0.9 0.9 73
Pometia pinnata Forst./Malugai 68 — 14 27 18 3 2 0.7 75
Pterocarpus indicus Willd./— 80 41 —. 32 17 10 4 0.7 1.1 73
Pterospermum diversifolium
Blume/—

76 38 37 15 6 7 0.7 1.2 73
Pterospermum niveum Vidal/— 79 44 — 33 12 2 2 1.0 0.9 73
Pterospermum obliquum
Blanco/— 80 45 — 35 13 4 4 0.9 0.6 73
Pygeum vulgare (Koehne)

Merr./— 78 41 — 33 16 3 2 2.4 0.2 73
Quercus bennettii Miq./— 71 41 — 35 16 7 4 0.3 0.3 73
Radermachera pinnata (Blanco)
Seem/— 75 34 — 38 14 7 5 0.9 0.8 73
Rhizaphora mucronata Lam./
Bakanan-babae 72 — 18 22 17 1 3 — 0.9 74
Samanea soman ( J a c q . ) M e r r . /
— 75 38 — 30 20 9 5 0.9 0.3 73
Sandoricum koetjape ( B u r m . f . )
Merr./— 78 40 — 29 18 6 4 2.5 0.6 73
Sapium luzonicum (Vidal)
Merr./— 78 44 — 31 16 7 8 0.2 1.6 73
Scyphophora hydrophyllacea
Gaertn./Nilad 67 — 23 17 26 2 13 — 0.7 74
Shorea agsaboensis Stern/
_____
Tiaong 66 — 12 31 15 1 2 0.2 78
Shorea almon F o x w . / A l m o r / 67 — 14 26 16 2 5 — 0.3 78
Shorea negrosensis Foxw./Red
lauan 62 50 7 34 14 3 2 0.6 — 76
Shorea negrosensis Foxw./Red

kuan* 58 — 12 35 20 2 5 — 0.3 78
Shorea philippinensis Brandis/
Manggasihoro 64 52 8 34 14 2 2 0.6 — 76
Shorea polysperma (Blanco)
Merr./Tangile 61 45 8 37 15 3 2 0.7 — 76

Shorea polysperma (Blanco)
Merr./Tangile' 64 — 13 32 17 1 3 — 0.3 78
Shorea squamata (Turcz.) D y e r /
Mayapis' 64 — 12 30 19 2 5 0.3 78
Table IX. Continued
Carbohydrate
„ 7 77T Solubilityy
nolo- Alpha
a b 0
Scientific ΝamelCommon Name lose lose sans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene* Ether Ash Reference
Sonnertia albe J . S m . / P a g a t p u t 63 15 26 22 3 5 2.2 74
Strombosia philippinensis
_
(Baill.) R o l f e / — 82 41 37 12 3 2 0.8 0.6 73
Swietenia mahagoni J acq./— 73 36 25 20 12 7 3.9 0.8 73
Tectona grandis Linn.f./— 73 33 35 22 11 4 2.8 1.7 73
Terminalia catappa Linn./— 67 30 33 19 11 5 0.4 0.7 73
Terminalia comintana (Blanco)
Merr./— 76 36 35 16 7 5 0.2 1.8 73
Terminalia edulis B l a n c o / — 71 36 34 20 8 5 0.4 0.4 73

Trema orientalis (L.) B l u m e /
Anabiong 71 — 17 24 19 3 2 0.9 75
Vatica mangachapoi Blanco/— 74 39 — 30 24 7 7 1.8 0.5 73
Vitex parviflora Juss./— 73 36 — 39 7 2 8 0.7 1.6 73
Wallaceodendron celebicum

Koord/— 75 40 — 32 14 4 3 1.4 1.2 73
Xylocarpus granatum Koen./
Tabigi 68 — 20 17 26 6 8 — 1.5 74
Zizyphus talanai (Blanco)

Merr./— 76 40 — 32 11 6 4 0.8 1.7 73
Softwoods
Agathis philippinensis Warb./
Almaciga* 64 — 8 32 14 1 2 — 0.6 79
Araucaris bidwilli H o o k . / B u n y a
pine 67 — 14 28 14 2 3 — 0.5 79
Pinus insularis E n d l . / B e n g u e t
pine* 66 — 11 30 14 2 2 — 0.3 79
Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de
Vr./Mindoro pine* 65 — 10 28 17 2 4 — 0.3 79
Podocarpus imbricatus R.Br./
Igem 70 — 10 29 10 1 <1 — 0.2 79
Podocarpus philippinensis
e
Foxw./Malakauayan 58 — 13 38 10 1 2 — 0.4 79
N O T E : M o i s t u r e - f r e e w o o d specified i n Refs. 73 a n d 76. A l l others w e r e not specified. A n a l y t i c a l m e t h o d s from Ref. 73 b a s e d o n m e t h o d s
d e v e l o p e d at U . S . F o r e s t Products Laboratory.
a
H o l o c e l l u l o s e is the total c a r b o h y d r a t e content of w o o d . T h e values h e r e are 100 - (the s u m of p e r c e n t ash, E t O H / b e n z e n e solubles, hot-
water solubles, a n d lignin). Values from Refs. 73 a n d 76 w e r e experimentally d e t e r m i n e d .
h
c
d

W o o d s from Ref. 73 extracted w i t h alcohol (probably ethanol).
e
A v e r a g e o f two trees.
f A v e r a g e of five trees.
g
A v e r a g e o f three trees.
h
A v e r a g e of six trees.
1
A v e r a g e of eight tress.
* A v e r a g e o f n i n e trees.

k
A v e r a g e o f four trees.
Table X . Chemical Composition of Woods from Taiwan
Carbohydrate
Solubility
H oh- Alpha
cellu- Cellu- Pento- Klason 1% Hot EtOHI
0 b 0
Scientific ΉamelCommon Name lose lose sans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene Ether Ash
Hardwoods
Acacia confusa M e r r . / T a i w a n acacia 87 54 19 19 21 7 6 1.5 0.4
Actinodaphne nantoensis H a y . / N a n t o u a c t i n o d a p h n e 87 51 17 26 21 3 3 1.5 0.7
Aleurites mont ana W i l s . / W o o d oil tree 86 46 23 25 19 3 3 1.5 1.1
Alnus formosana M a k i n o / F o r m o s a n aider 86 45 24 24 17 2 2 1.8 0.6
Bischoffia trifoliata H o o k . / B i s h o p w o o d — — 15 33 17 — 4 — 0.9
Cassia siamea L a m . / K a s s o d tree 87 51 19 25 16 4 5 1.7 1.6
Castanopsis carle sit H a y . var. C a r l e s s i L i . / C a n d a t e - l e a v e d
chinkapin 78 48 14 23 22 11 3 1.5 0.6
Castanopsis kawakamii H a y . / K a w a k a m i c h i n k a p i n 84 46 19 26 20 3 4 0.8 0.3
Cinnamomum camphora S i e b . / C a m p h o r tree 80 48 17 29 19 5 8 1.6 1.2
Cinnamomum micranthum H a y . / S t o u t c a m p h o r tree 86 56 18 20 12 5 3 1.5 0.9
Cinnamomum randaiense Hay./Fragrant cinnamon 86 53 18 22 18 3 5 1.1 0.7
Cryptocarya chinensis H e m s l . / C h i n e s e c r y p t o c a r y a 80 43 16 26 16 7 4 0.4 0.9
Cyclobalanopsis gilva O e r s t . / R e d bark oak 83 46 21 23 21 4 5 1.6 1.7

Cyclobalamopsis longinux S c h o t . / N a r r o w - l e a v e d oak 84 53 16 22 23 5 3 1.6 0.5
Cyclobalamopsis morii H a y . / M o r i oak (81) 88 48 17 32 15 2 2 0.2 0.8
Engelhardtia chrsolepis Hance/Taiwan engelhardtia 86 50 16 24 19 2 3 1.6 1.4
Euphoria longana L a m . / D r a g o n ' s eye l u n g a n 78 53 16 30 28 5 4 0.8 1.7
Lagerstroemia subcostata K o e h n e / S u b c o s t a t a crape myrtle 73 37 17 27 18 7 4 1.5 1.4
Lithocarpus amygdalifolius H a y . / A l m o n d - l e a v e d tanoak 87 52 23 21 29 8 3 1.5 1.1

Machilus husanoi H a y . / L a r g e - l e a v e d machilus 88 49 17 22 13 4 2 0.5 0.8
Machilus thunbergii S. et Ζ . / R e d machilus 81 53 20 19 21 4 5 1.5 1.0
Machilus zuihoensis H a y . / I n c e n s e machilus 86 49 15 24 23 5 4 1.5 1.9
Michelia formosana Masamune/Formosan michelia 80 43 18 29 15 2 4 1.6 0.5
Pasania brevicaudata S c h o t . / S h o r t - t a i l e d leaf tanoak 82 55 17 26 18 2 3 1.6 0.6

Pasania ternaticupula S c h o t . / N a n b a n tanoak 80 44 20 26 26 6 3 0.6 0.8
Pasania uraiana S c h o t . / U r a i tanoak 82 54 18 23 19 9 3 1.4 0.5
Paulownia kawakamii I t o / K a w a k a m i p a u l o w n i a 82 54 17 26 15 6 2 0.9 0.7
Sassafras randaiense R h e d . / T a i w a n sassafras 80 42 19 22 25 5 6 2.4 0.4
Schefflera octophylla H a r m s . / S c h e f i f l e r a tree 84 45 20 22 21 4 3 0.7 0.6
Schima superba G . et C h . / C h i n e s e g u g e r tree 86 47 14 29 19 3 2 1.5 0.5
Ternstroemia gymnenthera Sprague/Japanese ternstroemia 76 42 18 30 21 6 6 1.4 0.5

Trema orientalis B l . / I n d i a - c h a r c o a l t r e m a 84 50 16 28 24 4 2 1.6 1.6
Trochodendron aralioides S. et Ζ . / B i r d - l i m e tree 86 46 17 29 27 6 6 1.5 0.8
Zelkova formosana Hay./Taiwan zelkova 86 56 17 18 21 7 6 1.4 0.7
Softwoods'*
Abies kawakamii I to/Taiwan w h i t e fir 51 35 9 31 16 4 2

Calocedrus formosana F l o r i n / T a i w a n incense cedar 51 33 10 34 14 4 3 — 0.4
Chamaecyparis formosensis M a t s a m . / T a i w a n r e d cypress 50 38 11 33 13 5 4 — —
Chamaecyparis taiwanensis M a t s a m . et S u z u k i / T a i w a n
yellow cypress (82) 51 37 10 30 14 5 4 — —
Cryptomeria japonica D . D o n / J a p a n e s e fir 47 38 14 33 16 4 4 — 1.4
Cunninghamia lanceolata H o o k . / C h i n a fir 51 39 11 33 13 3 4 — 0.9
Picea morrisonicola Hay./Taiwan spruce 52 38 10 31 15 4 2 — —
Pinus armandi F r a n c h / A r m a n d p i n e 54 40 9 33 19 5 7 — 0.8
Pinus luchuensis M a y r . / L u c h u p i n e 49 38 10 28 17 6 3 — —
Taiwania cryptomerioides Hay./Taiwania 45 37 10 32 15 6 7 — 1.2
e
Tsuga chinensis Pritz./Chinese hemlock 53 42 38 36 13 3 3 — 0.2

a
H o l o c e l l u l o s e is the total c a r b o h y d r a t e content of w o o d .
b
c
d
Values for softwoods are total cellulose o b t a i n e d b y m e t h o d of S i e b e r a n d W a l t e r (83). T h i s m e t h o d r e q u i r e s successive chlorinations,
3 4
extractions w i t h 1% aqueous N a H S 0 , a n d b l e a c h i n g w i t h 0 . 1 % K M n 0 solution.
e
P r o b a b l y a t y p i n g e r r o r i n original report.

( R e p r o d u c e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n from Ref. 80. C o p y r i g h t 1971, Taiwan F o r e i g n Research Institute.)
T a b l e X I . C h e m i c a l Composition of Woods f r o m the U . S . S . R .
Carbohydrate
Solubility
Kurschner Pento- Klason
0 b
Scientific Name/Common Name Cellulose sans Lignin Ether Alcohol Water Ash Region
Hardwoods
Ailanthus glandulosus Desf./Tree of heaven 46 18 14 6.0 3 3 0.9 Caucasus
Alnus glutinosa M e d i c . / E u r o p e a n alder 48 24 22 0.9 3 <1 0.3 Leningrad
Ammodendron conollyi B e l . / S a n d y acacia 43 21 26 4.2 3 2 0.4 Central Asia
Arbutus andrache L . / S t r a w b e r r y tree 38 26 24 0.7 11 1 0.8 Crimea
Betula dahurica P a l l . / D a h u r i a n b i r c h 50 27 19 1.6 2 <1 0.2 Far Eastern
Betula mandshurika Nakai/Manchurian
white b i r c h 43 — 20 1.5 1 3 0.3 M a r i t i m e Territory
Betula pubescens E h r h . / W h i t e b i r c h 46 29 20 — — — — Karelia
Betula schmidtii Βgt./Schmidt's b i r c h 47 25 18 1.2 9 <1 0.2 Far Eastern
Betula tianschanica R u p r . / T i e n shan b i r c h 43 32 19 2.2 2 1 0.3 Central Asia
Buxus sempervirens L . / B o x tree 40 26 30 0.8 3 1 0.5 Caucasus
Carpinus betulus L . / C o m m o n h o r n b e a m 47 26 19 0.9 1 1 0.5 Caucasus
Castanea sativa M i l l . / S w e e t chestnut 43 20 22 1.4 8 3 0.4 Caucasus
Celtis austriaca australis L . / H a c k b e r r y 42 29 21 0.8 7 2 1.3 Crimea
Corylus avellana L . / E u r o p e a n filbert 47 29 22 0.6 3 1 0.4 Central Chernozem
Cotoneaster uw/garis/Juneberry 44 31 22 0.5 1 <1 0.4 Leningrad
Disopyros lotus L . / D a t e - p l u m p e r s i m m o n 45 24 19 2.3 4 2 0.8 Caucasus
Fraxinus excelsior L . / C o m m o n ash 44 25 25 1.2 3 1 0.5 Central Chernozem
Haloxylon aphyllum B u n g e / B l a c k haloxylon 32 21 28 0.7 1.3 3 2.9 Central Asia

Juglans manschurica M a x / M a n c h u r i a n walnut 51 16 20 2.2 4 2 0.4 Far Eastern
Juglans regia L . / P e r s i a n walnut 49 20 22 2.2 5 1 0.5 Caucasus
Laurus nobilis L . / T r u e bay 43 29 21 0.7 5 3 0.7 Crimea
Madura aurantiaca N u t t . / O s a g e orange 40 21 19 3.0 9 2 0.6 Caucasus
Olea europaea L . / C o m m o n olive 43 24 20 2.4 14 1 1.0 Crimea
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop./Hop hornbeam 49 24 21 0.8 2 1 0.6 Caucasus

Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb) S t e u d . /
Royal p a v l o w n i a 46 24 20 1.2 6 2 0.3 Caucasus
Parrotia persica D . A . M e d . / P e r s i a n i r o n w o o d 46 26 20 1.4 2 1 0.5 Caucasus
Phellodendron amurense R u p r . / A m u r c o r k tree 48 20 22 0.8 2 2 0.4 Far Eastern
Pirus communis L . / C o m m o n pear 44 26 24 0.7 2 1 0.4 Caucasus
Pirus malus L . / A p p l e tree 45 24 25 0.8 1 1 0.5 Caucasus
Pistacia mutica F . / T u r k i s h t e r e b i n t h 34 23 22 3.3 9 4 0.2 Caucasus
Pfotanus orientalis L . / O r i e n t a l plane 44 21 21 1.2 3 1 1.3 Caucasus

Populus nigra L . / B l a c k p o p l a r 48 23 19 1.8 5 1 0.4 Central Eastern
Prunus avium L . / G e a n tree 45 24 18 2.8 7 1 0.3 Caucasus
Prunus laurocerasus L . / C h e r r y laurel 45 26 27 0.5 1 1 0.5 Caucasus
Prunus padus L . / B i r d c h e r r y 47 28 20 0.5 1 1 0.2 Leningrad
Punica granatum L./Pomegranate 39 25 21 0.8 4 3 1.2 Crimea
Quercus mongolica F i s c h . / M o n g o l i a n oak 47 24 22 0.9 2 2 0.2 Far Eastern
Quercus sessiliflora Salisb./Sessile oak 44 23 24 0.9 3 2 0.3 Central Chernozem
Salix alba L . / W h i t e w i l l o w 46 25 28 1.2 2 1 0.5 Central Chernozem
Sambucus nigra L . / C o m m o n alder 48 25 30 0.4 2 1 0.6 Caucasus
Sorbus aucuparia L . / M o u n t a i n ash 46 30 22 0.9 3 1 0.6 Leningrad
Sorbus torminalis C r t z . / B i r c h 42 27 26 0.4 1 <1 0.7 Caucasus
Tamarix gallica L . / T a m a r i s k 35 21 18 0.7 8 9 5.4 Crimea
Tilia amurensis L . / A m u r l i n d e n 43 23 18 7.7 4 2 0.7 Far Eastern
Tilia cordata M ill/S m a l l - l e a v e d l i n d e n 50 23 18 5.7 2 1 0.6 Central Chernozem
Ulmus laevis P a l l . / R u s s i a n e l m 52 20 22 1.0 2 2 0.7 Central Chernozem
Zehova carpinifolia Dipp./Zelkova elm 33 21 20 1.7 15 1 0.8 Caucasus
Softwoods
Abies holophylla M a x . / M a n c h u r i a n fir 43 30 1.4 2 3 0.6 M a r i t i m e Territory

Abies nephrolepis (Traut.) M a x i m . / K h i n g a n fir 56 5 28 0.7 — 3 0.4 Far Eastern
Abies nordmannana (Stev.) S p a c h /
N o r d m a n n fir 46 10 29 2.5 4 <1 0.4 Caucasus
Abies sachalinensis M a s t e r s / S a k h a l i n fir 55 6 29 3.7 —. 2 0.2 Sakhalin
Abies sibirica L e d e b . / S i b e r i a n fir 51 5 30 0.9 2 1 0.7 Siberia
Larix dahurica T u r c z . / D a h u r i a n larch 52 12 27 1.3 1 2 0.2 Far Eastern
Larix sibirica L e d e b . / S i b e r i a n larch 46 9 30 1.8 2 5 1.0 Siberia
Picea fennica R e g e l / F i n n i s h S i b e r i a n spruce 48 10 29 1.4 1 0.3 Karelian A S S R

—
Picea jesoensis (S. et Ζ.) C a r r . / J e d d o spruce 47 7 29 3.1 — 4 0.2 Sakhalin
Picea obovata L e d . / S i b e r i a n spruce 46 10 28 1.5 — 1 0.3 Karelian A S S R
Picea schrenkiana F i s h & M e y e r / S c h r e n k spruce 41 13 33 0.6 2 1 0.6 Central Asia
Pinus koraiensis S i e b . & Z u s s / K o r e a n p i n e 44 — 26 6.7 3 8 0.2 M a r i t i m e Territory
Pinus sibirica R u p r . / S i b e r i a n stone p i n e 53 9 30 2.4 3 2 0.1 Siberia

Pinus sylvestris L . / S c o t c h p i n e 54 11 28 1.6 1 1 0.2 Leningrad
Taxus baccata L . / E n g l i s h y e w 43 12 29 2.3 3 1 0,4 Caucasus
a
K u r s c h n e r cellulose is nearly p u r e cellulose.
b
( R e p r o d u c e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n from Ref. 84. C o p y r i g h t 1966, Israel P r o g r a m for Scientific Translations, L t d . )
Table X I I . Chemical Composition of Woods of Unrecorded Origin
Carbohydrate
Cross
and
Solubility
Bevan Alpha
Cellu- Cellu- Pento- Klason 1% Hot EtOHl
Scientific Name/Common Name 11 0
lose" lose sans Lignin NaOH Water Benzene
Eucalyptus marginata Sm./Jarrah 41 36 11 43 26 7 1

Juniperus procera Hochst./African pencil cedar 42 33 13 37 25 6 7
Mitragyna stipu\osa Kuntze/Abura 50 44 17 33 12 5 2
Pinus palustris M ill./Pitch pine
Highly resinous 45 33 7 21 36 3 24
Slightly resinous 53 41 11 30 15 4 2
Quercus s p p . / E n g l i s h o a k 53 38 23 22 24 10 3
Tectonia grandis L.f./Teak 45 37 13 31 21 7 11

Triplochiton nigericum Sprague/Obeche 49 — 19 33 16 6 3
N O T E : Values are for p e r c e n t o v e n - d r y w o o d .
a
Cross a n d B e v a n cellulose is largely p u r e cellulose b u t contains some hemicelluloses.
b
0

( R e p r o d u c e d w i t h p e r m i s s i o n from Ref. 86. C o p y r i g h t 1939, the R o y a l Society of C h e m i s t r y . )
Table XIII. Chemical Composition of Some N o r t h A m e r i c a n Woods
Scientific Name/ Arahi- Man- IJ tonic

Common Name Glucan Xylan Galactan nan nan Anhydride Acetyl Lignin Ash Reference
H a r d w o o d s (Angiosperms)
Acer rub rum L . / R e d m a p l e 46 19 0.6 0.5 2.4 3.5 3.8 24 0.2 11
Acer saccharum M a r s h . / S u g a r
maple 52 15 <0.1 0.8 2.3 4.4 2.9 23 0.3 86
Betula alleghaniensis Britton/
Yellow b i r c h 47 20 0.9 0.6 3.6 4.2 3.3 21 0.3 86
Betula papyrifera Marsh./White
birch 43 26 0.6 0.5 1.8 4.6 4.4 19 0.2 11
Fagus grandifolia E h r h . / B e e c h 46 19 1.2 0.5 2.1 4.8 3.9 22 0.4 11
Liquidambar styraciflua L . /
Sweetgum 39 18 0.8 0.3 3.1 — — 24 0.2 87
Phtanus occidentalis L./
A m e r i c a n sycamore
Fast g r o w t h 44 18 2.0 0.7 2.2 5.6 5.3 20 0.8 88
Slow g r o w t h 43 15 2.2 0.6 2.0 5.1 5.5 23 0.7 88
Populus deltoïdes Bartr. ex
M a r s h . / E a s t e r n cottonwood
Fast g r o w t h 42 19 1.3 0.5 2.9 5.5 4.0 24 0.7 88
Slow g r o w t h 47 15 1.4 0.6 2.9 4.8 3.1 24 0.8 88

Populus tremuloides M i c h a x . /
Q u a k i n g aspen 49 17 2.0 0.5 2.1 4.3 3.7 21 0.4 11
Quercus fahata M i c h x . /
S o u t h e r n r e d oak 41 19 1.2 0.4 2.0 4.5 3.3 24 0.8 87
Ulmus americana L . / W h i t e e l m 52 12 0.9 0.6 2.4 3.6 3.9 24 0.3 11

Softwoods (Gymnosperms)
Abies balsamea (L.) M i l l /
Balsam fir 46 6.4 1.0 0.5 12 3.4 1.5 29 0.2 11

T a b l e XIII. C o n t i n u e d
Gingo biloba L . / G i n k o 40 4.9 3.5 1.6 10 4.6 1.3 33 1.1 89
Juniperus c o m m u n i s L . / C o m m o n
Juniper 41 6.9 3.0 1.0 9.1 5.4 2.2 31 0.3 89
Larve decidua M i l l . / C o m m o n
larch (sapwood) 46 6.3 2.0 2.5 11 4.8 1.4 26 0.2 89
Larix laricina ( D u Roi)
Κ. Koch/Tamarack 46 4.3 2.3 1.0 13 2.9 1.5 29 0.2 90
Picea abies (L.) K a r s t . / N o r w a y
spruce 43 7.4 2.3 1.4 9.5 5.3 1.2 29 0.5 89
Picea ghuca ( M o e n c h ) Voss/
W h i t e spruce 45 9.1 1.2 1.5 11 3.6 1.3 27 0.3 11
Picea mariana ( M i l l . ) B . S . P . /
Black spruce 44 6.0 2.0 1.5 9.4 5.1 1.3 30 0.3 89
Picea rubens S a r g . / R e d s p r u c e 44 6.2 2.2 1.4 12 4.7 1.4 28 0.3 89
Pinus banksiana L a m b . / J a c k p i n e 46 7.1 1.4 1.4 10 3.9 1.2 29 0.2 90
Pinus radiata D . D o n /
Australian radiata* 42 6.5 2.8 2.7 12 2.5 1.9 27 0.2 91,92
Pinus resinosa A i t . / R e d p i n e 42 9.3 1.8 2.4 7.4 6.0 1.2 29 0.4 89
Pinus rigida M i l l . / P i t c h p i n e 47 6.6 1.4 1.3 9.8 4.0 1.2 28 0.4 89
Pinus strobus L . / E a s t e r n w h i t e
pine 45 6.0 1.4 2.0 11 4.0 1.2 29 0.2 11
Pinus sylvestris L . / S c o t s p i n e 44 7.6 3.1 1.6 10 5.6 1.3 27 0.4 89

Pinus taeda L . / L o b l o l l y p i n e 45 6.8 2.3 1.7 11 3.8 1.1 28 0.3 87
Pseudotsuga menziesii ( M i r b . )
Franco/Douglas-fir 44 2.8 4.7 2.7 11 2.8 0.8 32 0.4 87
Thuja occidentalis L . / N o r t h e r n
white cedar 43 10.0 1.4 1.2 8.0 4.2 1.1 31 0.2 11
Tsuga canadensis (L.) C a r r . /

Eastern hemlock 44 5.3 1.2 0.6 11 3.3 1.7 33 0.2 11
NOTE: T h e values expressed are for p e r c e n t o v e n - d r y w o o d a n d extractive-free w o o d .

a
Australian-grown wood. Percent oven-dry wood.
T a b l e X I V . C h e m i c a l C o m p o s i t i o n of Selected H a r d w o o d s f r o m the Southeastern U n i t e d States (Percent

O v e n - D r y Wood)
Carbohydrate
Components of Hemicellulose
Total
Hemi Gluco- Acetyl- Total
Cellu cellu man- glucurono- Arabino- Lig- Extrac Loca
a 13 0
Scientific Name/Common Name lose lose nan xylan galactan Pectin nin tives Ash tion
Acer rubrum L . / R e d m a p l e 39.9 28.2 3.5 21.0 1.8 1.9 23.0 8.6 0.3 G
Acer rubrum L . / R e d m a p l e 40.7 30.4 3.5 23.5 1.6 1.9 23.3 5.3 0.3 Τ
Aesculus octandra M a r s h . / Y e l l o w b u c k e y e 40.6 25.8 3.6 18.6 1.0 2.6 30.0 3.1 0.5 Τ
Carya ghbra ( M i l l . ) Sweet/
Pignut h i c k o r y 46.2 26.7 1.1 22.1 1.2 2.3 23.2 3.4 0.6 Τ
Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) K . K o c h /
Pecan 38.7 30.2 1.6 24.7 1.6 2.3 23.3 7.4 0.4 G
Carya sp. N u t t . / H i c k o r y 37.7 29.2 0.8 24.9 1.8 1.7 23.0 9.0 1.1 G
Carya tomentosa (Poir. ) N u t t . / M o c k e r n u t 43.5 27.7 1.5 21.5 1.3 3.5 23.6 5.0 0.4 Τ
Cornus florida L . / F l o w e r i n g d o g w o o d 36.8 35.4 3.4 27.2 1.0 5.0 21.8 4.6 0.3 Τ
Fagus grandifolia E h r h . / A m e r i c a n b e e c h 36.0 29.4 2.7 23.5 1.3 1.8 30.9 3.4 0.4 Τ
Fraxinus americana L . / W h i t e ash 48.7 22.4 1.9 16.4 1.7 2.4 23.3 5.4 0.3 G
Fraxinus americana L . / W h i t e ash 39.5 29.1 3.8 22.1 1.4 1.9 24.8 6.3 0.3 Τ
Gordonia lasianthus (L.) E l l i s /
Loblolly-bay 43.8 29.1 4.1 22.1 1.1 1.8 21.5 5.2 — G

Liquidambar styraciflua L./Sweetgum** 42.8 30.1 3.6 23.6 1.0 1.9 25.7 1.1 0.3 G
Liquidambar styraciflua L./Sweetgum 40.8 30.7 3.2 21.4 1.3 4.9 22.4 5.9 0.2 Τ
Liriodendron tulipifera L . / Y e l l o w - p o p l a r 39.1 28.0 4.9 20.1 0.7 2.4 30.3 2.4 0.3 Τ
Magnolia virginiana L./Sweetbay 44.2 37.7 4.3 20.2 1.6 1.6 24.1 3.9 0.2 G
Nyssa aquatica L . / W a t e r t u p e l o 45.9 24.0 3.5 18.6 0.8 1.1 25.1 4.7 0.4 G

Nyssa sylvatica M a r s h . / B l a c k t u p e l o 44.9 23.2 3.8 17.3 1.2 0.9 28.9 2.6 0.4 G
Nyssa sylvatica Marsh./Black tupelo 42.6 27.3 3.6 18.0 1.0 4.8 26.6 2.9 0.6 Τ

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Table X V . Elemental Composition of Some Woods
Parts Per Thousand Parts Per Million
Wood Ca Κ Mg Ρ Mn Fe Cu Zn Na CI Referei
Temperate Woods
Abies balsamea (L.) Mill/Balsam
0
fir 0.8 0.8 0.27 — 0.13 13 17 11 — — 93
0.9 0.5 — — 0.09 — — — 18 — 93
0
Acer rubrum L . / R e d maple 0.8 0.7 0.12 0.03 0.07 11 5 29 — — 93
0.7 0.5 — — 0.07 — — — 5 18 93
Betula papyrifera Marsh./White
0
birch 0.7 0.3 0.18 0.15 0.03 10 4 28 — — 93
0.9 0.2 — — 0.03 — — — 9 10 93
7 94
Fraxinus americana L . / W h i t e ash* 0.3 2.6 1.8 0.01 — — — — 31 —
Liquidambar styraciflua L . /
c
Sweetgum
Bottomland 0.65 0.4 0.37 0.26 0.06 — — 22 88 — 95
Upland 0.55 0.3 0.34 0.15 0.08 — — 19 81 — 95
Picea rubens S a r g . / R e d s p r u c e " 0.8 0.2 0.07 0.05 0.14 14 4 8 — — 93

0.7 0.1 — — 0.11 — — — 8 0.3 93
Pinus strobus L . / E a s t e r n white
0
pine 0.2 0.3 0.07 — 0.03 10 5 11 — — 93
0.3 0.1 — — 0.02 — — — 9 19 93

Table X V . Continued
Populus deltoïdes Bartr./Eastern
ûrf
cottonwood 0.9 2.3 0.29 2 2
— 0.02 1 x 10 30 9.4 Χ 10 94
1.2 2.5 e 2
— <0.01 1.1 x 10 30 94
Populus tremuloides Michx./Quaking
0
aspen 1.1 1.2 0.27 0.10 0.03 12 7 17 93
0.8 0.9 — — 0.04 5 93
b
Quercus alba L . / W h i t e oak 0.5 1.2 0.31 <0.01 21 15 94
Quercus falcata Michx./Southern
c
red oak 0.3 0.6 0.03 0.02 0.01 30 73 38 44 76
fe
Tilia americana L./Basswood 0.1 2.8 0.35 63 38 94
Tsuga canadensis (L.) C a r r . / E a s t e r n
hemlock* 0.8 0.4 0.11 0.12 0.15 6 5 2 93
1.1 0.3 — — 0.12 — 6 93
6
Tropical W o o d s
Eriotheca sp. 0.1 8.7 4.0 <0.01 2 2
— 1.5 Χ 10 2.5 x 10 93
Peltogyne prophyrocardia Griseb. 0.2 9.8 8.6 — 0.06 48 97 93
Stryphnodendron polystachum (Miq.)
Kleinh. 0.5 26.1 1.0 2 3
0.01 — — — 6.8 x 10 1.1 x 10 93
N O T E : Values of parts p e r t h o u s a n d or parts p e r m i l l i o n are for o v e n - d r y w o o d .

a
Values i n the first row o b t a i n e d b y atomic s p e c t r o m e t r i c methods. Values i n second row for same tree species o b t a i n e d by n e u t r o n activation

method.
b
Values o b t a i n e d b y n e u t r o n activation m e t h o d .
c
Values o b t a i n e d b y atomic s p e c t r o m e t r i c m e t h o d s .
d
Sawdust.
e
O b s e r v e d , b u t not m e a s u r e d .

T a b l e X V I . S u m m a r y o f C a r b o h y d r a t e , L i g n i n , a n d A s h C o m p o s i t i o n s f o r W o o d s o f 13 N a t i o n s
Alpha Other Klason

a b 0 Ash
Country Holocellulose Cellulose Cellulose Pentosans Lignin
rf
Brazil (Table IV) 71.7 ± 26.6(6) 49A ± 4.1(18) 52.3 ± 1.9(6) 14.5 ± 4.2(24) 28.6 ± 3.9(24) 0.5 ± 0.3(24)
C a m b o d i a (Table VIII) 71.3 ± 4.3(8) 48.6 ± 2.3(8) — 32.3 ± 3.4(8) 0.7 ± 0.4(8)
C o s t a Rica (Table IV) 78.1 ± 3.3(22) — — 12.3 ± 2.1(22) 26.5 ± 3.7(22) 1.3 ± 2.0(22)
G h a n a (Table VI) — — 45.5 ± 4.2(4)* 17.0 2.2(4) 29.8 ± 3.9(4) 0.8 0.7(4)
Japan (Table VII)
Hardwoods 78.0 ± 3.7(100) 45.0 ± 4.9(100) 58.0 ± 3.9(56)*' 20.1 3.7(100) 22.1 ± 3.0(100) 0.5 0.2(100)
rf 29.6 ± 2.6(36) 0.4 0.4(36)
Softwoods 68.9 ± 4.8(36) 43.8 ± 5.5(36) 55.8 ± 4.4(12) 8.3 ± 3.5(36) ±
K a l i m a n t a n (Table VIII) 69.0 ± 4.2(15) 48.3 ± 3.3(15) — 29.9 ± 3.2(15) 0.9 0.5(14/
M e x i c o (Table IX) 67.8 ± 4.9(13) 46.5 ± 4.1(13) — 15.1 ± 1.9(13) 25.8 ± 4.1(13) 1.7 0.5(13)
M o z a m b i q u e (Table V I ) — 39.8 ± 4.1(29)6 15.1 ± 2.4(29) 27.3 ± 3.4(29) 1.6 ± 1.1(29)
—
Papua N e w Guinea
71.4 ± 3.7(35) 47.4 ± 2.5(35) 29.8 ± 3.8(35) 1.1 ± 0.6(37)
(Table VIII) —
P h i l i p p i n e Islands
(Table IX)
Hardwoods 71.8 ± 5.5(112) 39.1 ± 5.1(70) 16.3 4.1(47) 29.4 ± 5.6(112) 1.2 0.7(108)

Softwoods 65.0 ± 4.0(6) — — 11.0 ± 2.2(6) 30.8 ± 3.8(6) 0.4 ± 0.1(6)
Taiwan (Table X )
Hardwoods 83.3 ± 3.7(33) 48.8 ± 4.7(33) 17.9 2.4(34) 25.0 ± 3.8(34) 0.9 0.4(34)
Λ 32.2 ± 2.1(11) 0.8 0.5(6)
Softwoods — 50.4 ± 2.6(11) 10.4 1.4(11) ±

to
to
Table X V I . Continued
U . S . A . (Table III)
rf
Hardwoods 71.7 ± 5.7(25) 45.4 ± 3.5(39) 59.1 ± 4.3(26) 19.3 ± 2.2(49) 23.0 ± 3.0(40) 0.5 ± 0.3(34)
Softwoods 6 4 . 5 ± 4.6(22) 4 3 . 7 ± 2.6(35) 58.2 ± 3.0(23)^ 9.8 ± 2.2(35) 28.8 ± 2.6(35) 0.3 ± 0.1(30)
U . S . A . and Canada
(Table XIII)
Hardwoods — — 4 4 . 6 ± 4.1(11)' 31.7 ± 3.8(10)> 22.5 ± 1.8(11) 0.4 ± 0.2(11)
f
Softwoods — — 41.9 ± 1.8(19) 28.5 ± 1.7(19)> 29.2 ± 2.0(19) 0.3 ± 0.2(19)
U . S . A . (Table X I V ) — — 41.7 ± 3.3(39)' 28.6 ± 3.6(39)> 24.5 ± 3.0(39)* 0.4 ± 0.3(39)
U . S . S . R . (Table XI)
Hardwoods — — 44.3 ± 5.1(47)* 24.2 ± 3.4(46) 21.9 ± 3.2(47) 0.6 ± 0.4(45)'
Softwoods — — 48.3 ± 4.8(15) 8.8 ± 2.5(12) 29.0 ± 1.6(15) 0.5 ± 0.4(16)
N O T E : Values are m e a n ± standard d e v i a t i o n ( n u m b e r o f data).

a
H o l o c e l l u l o s e is t h e total carbohydrate content o f w o o d .
h
0
Pentosans are the total anhydroxylose a n d arabinose residues i n w o o d . H
d
Cross a n d B e v a n cellulose is largely p u r e cellulose b u t contains some hemicelluloses. X
e m
K u r s c h n e r cellulose is nearly p u r e cellulose.

f O n e value o f 4 . 6 % not i n c l u d e d . X2
g
M o d i f i e d K u r s c h n e r cellulose.
h
M o d i f i e d C r o s s a n d B e v a n cellulose.
' P u r e glucan calculated from glucose a n d m a n n o s e content.
J
H e m i c e l l u l o s e s c a l c u l a t e d from five-sugar, acetyl, a n d u r o n i c a c i d content.
k
Klason l i g n i n + a c i d - s o l u b l e l i g n i n .
1
O n e value o f 5 . 4 % not i n c l u d e d .

hydrate components i n Table X I V have b e e n adjusted b y a hydrolysis-

loss factor. T h i s f a c t o r w a s c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h s p e c i e s , s u c h t h a t t h e
s u m of total extractives, lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, a n d ash
equals 1 0 0 % . T h e hemicellulose components were calculated using
t h e a d j u s t e d v a l u e o f t h e five i n d i v i d u a l s u g a r s a n d t h e m e a s u r e d
values for acetyl a n d u r o n i c acid.
Table V I I reports t h e trace e l e m e n t composition of some woods.
C a l c i u m , potassium, magnesium, a n d phosphorus are the principal
trace elements i n t e m p e r a t e woods. T h e three tropical w o o d s have
a higher potassium a n d magnesium content a n d a lower calcium con
tent than the temperate woods.
Table X V I is a s u m m a r y o f average w o o d c o m p o s i t i o n i n 13 c o u n
tries. T h e m e a n , standard deviation, a n d n u m b e r o f data are t a b u

lated for carbohydrate, l i g n i n , a n d ash compositions. H a r d w o o d s a n d

softwoods are separated w h e n b o t h are available. A l l other values are
o n l y for hardwoods. B e careful c o m p a r i n g values b e t w e e n countries
because techniques a n d m e t h o d s vary. F o r e x a m p l e , t h e m e a n h o l -
o c e l l u l o s e c o n t e n t o f C o s t a R i c a n h a r d w o o d s is 7 8 . 1 % , h i g h e r t h a n
that o f w o o d s f r o m B r a z i l (71.7%) a n d M e x i c o (67.8%). T h e h o l o c e l -
lulose d e t e r m i n e d for the C o s t a Rican hardwoods probably contained
s o m e l i g n i n . T h e m e a n v a l u e o f Taiwanese h a r d w o o d h o l o c e l l u l o s e is
obviously h i g h (83.3%) because t h e means for holocellulose a n d l i g n i n
s u m to 1 0 8 % .
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RECEIVED for review May 6 , 1 9 8 3 . ACCEPTED July 22, 1 9 8 3 .



Chemical Composition of Wood Pettersen 1984

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Chemical Composition of Wood Pettersen 1984

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2

The Chemical Composition of Wood

This chapter includes overall chemical composition of

components and degree of polymerization of carbohy-

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of w o o d cannot be defined p r e ­

This chapter not subject to U.S. copyright.

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

ally obtained from o s m o m e t r y measurements. These measurements

are l i n e a r w i t h respect to m o l e c u l a r size a n d , therefore, a m o l e c u l e

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

Figure 2. Axial projection (top) and planar projection (bottom) of the

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

Figure 3. Axial projection of the crystal structure of cellulose II. (Repro­

m o r e t h e r m o d y n a m i c a l l y stable substance. E v i d e n t l y , all native c e l ­

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

α-L-Arab i nose 4-0- MethyIgucuronic acid

Figure 4. Monomer components of wood hemicelluloses.

F i g u r e 5 shows a partial structure of a c o m m o n h a r d w o o d h e m i -

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

Table I. T h e M a j o r Hemicellulose Components

Galactoglucomannan Softwood 5--8 3 1 4 Alkali, water* 100

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1984.

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

(Fagus silvatica L . ) m i l l e d w o o d l i g n i n has a c o m p o s i t i o n

u n d e r s t a n d w h a t p r e c u r s o r s w e r e u s e d for the biosynthesis of l i g n i n .

Carbohydrate and Lignin Distribution

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

m e n t , a n d t h e n the s e p a r a t e d fractions w e r e a n a l y z e d for the five

2 : 1 0 : 7 8 : 1 0 f o r p i n e fibers (28) a n d 3 : 1 5 : 7 6 : 6 f o r b i r c h (29). A s s u m i n g

ical regions of w o o d m i c r o s t r u c t u r e has b e e n s t u d i e d u s i n g U V m i ­

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

T a b l e Π. Percentages of Polysaccharides i n the Different L a y e r s of the F i b e r W a l l

B i r c h (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.)

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1984.

acteristic r e d (angiosperm) or b r o w n (gymnosperm) color d e v e l o p e d

in the presence of c h l o r i n a t e d l i g n i n signals c o m p l e t e l i g n i n r e m o v a l .

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

Results from this m e t h o d m a y be somewhat h i g h because of C 0 2

evolution from material containing carboxyl groups other than uronic

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

WOOD SOLUBILITY IN 1 % NAOH. W o o d extraction procedures i n

alent b u t shorter m e t h o d treats the sample w i t h 7 2 % H S 0 at 3 0 ° C

into a solution of b r o m i n e a n d potassium acetate i n glacial acetic acid.

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

Recent Improvements in Techniques

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

Tables of Composition Data

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1984.

Carya pallida (Ashe) E n g l . &

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1984.

Continued on next page

Populus tremoides Michx./

In The Chemistry of Solid Wood; Rowell, R.;

Advances in Chemistry; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1984.

Quercus velutina Lam./Black

THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION of w o o d cannot be defined p r e

Figure 3. Axial projection of the crystal structure of cellulose II. (Repro

m o r e t h e r m o d y n a m i c a l l y stable substance. E v i d e n t l y , all native c e l

ical regions of w o o d m i c r o s t r u c t u r e has b e e n s t u d i e d u s i n g U V m i