Prof.M.

Sushanth Babu
Professor,
ECE Department

6 January 2018 1
 Advantages:
◦ mobility
◦ a wireless communication network is a solution in areas
where cables are impossible to install (e.g. hazardous
areas, long distances etc.)
◦ easier to maintain
 Disadvantages:
◦ has security vulnerabilities
◦ high costs for setting the infrastructure
◦ unlike wired comm., wireless comm. is influenced by
physical obstructions, climatic conditions, interference
from other wireless devices

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 1G (first generation) – voice-oriented systems based on
analog technology; ex.: Advanced Mobile Phone Systems
(AMPS) and cordless systems

 2G (second generation) - voice-oriented systems based

on digital technology; more efficient and used less spectrum
than 1G; ex.: Global System for Mobile (GSM) and US Time
Division Multiple Access (US-TDMA)

 3G (third generation) – high-speed voice-oriented

systems integrated with data services; ex.: General Packet
Radio Service (GPRS), Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

 4G (fourth generation) – Not deployed yet fully in our

country based on Internet protocol networks and will provide
voice, data and multimedia service to subscribers.
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 3G Supports Entire Range of IP
Services

• Video/Music
• Telco-quality VoIP
• Low-Latency Gaming
• Push to Talk / Push to Media
• Multimedia Upload/Exchange
• High-Speed Web Browsing
• Streaming/Downloads
• Video Telephony
• Service Tiering
• Multicasting

Enabled by 3G’s Integrated Quality of Service (QoS) support, high capacity and
low latency
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Prof.K.Kishan Rao, Director, VCEW
Scarce Wireless Spectrum

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Peak Rates Over Time

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 3.5G (HSPA)
➢High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) is an amalgamation of
two mobile telephony protocols, High Speed Downlink
Packet Access (HSDPA) and High Speed Uplink Packet
Access (HSUPA), that extends and improves the
performance of existing WCDMA protocols.

➢3.5G introduces many new features that will enhance the

UMTS technology in future. 1xEV-DV already supports
most of the features that will be provided in 3.5G. These
include:
- Adaptive Modulation and Coding
- Fast Scheduling
- Backward compatibility with 3G
- Enhanced Air Interface

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 HSDPA
Improving the WCDMA downlink

SPEED Higher bit rates: up to 14 Mbps

CAPACITY 3 – 4 times improved system capacity Rel. 5/6

REDUCED DELAY Quicker response time with interactive services

STANDARDIZED Integral part of WCDMA (3GPP Rel.5/6)

Network Coverage Short time to market with existing sites

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❖ Comparison Between 3G & 3.5G.
✓Data Rate ( 2Mbps -----> 14.2 Mbps)
✓Modulation ( QPSK -----> QPSK&16QAM)
✓TTI( 10ms ----> 2ms )

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• High speed data enhancement for
WCDMA/UMTS
• Peak theoretical speeds of 14.2 Mbps
• Current devices support 7.2 Mbps throughput
• Methods used by HSDPA
– High speed channels shared both in the code and time
domains
– Short transmission time interval (TTI)
– Fast scheduling and user diversity
– Higher-order modulation
– Fast link adaptation
– Fast hybrid automatic-repeat-request (HARQ)

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• Scheduling
– Done at the Node B
– No interaction with the RNC
– Based on channel quality feedback from the
UE.
• Retransmissions
– HARQ (link level retransmissions)
– Done at the Node B
– Based on UE feedback (ACK/NACK)
– Soft combining at the UE

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Higher Order Modulations (HOMS)

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Prof.K.Kishan Rao, Director, VCEW
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 ◦ Easier multicode transmissions
◦ Shorter frame size, 10ms mandatory for all HSUPA capable devices
and 2 ms as optional feature
 HSUPA is not a standalone feature, but
requires many of the basic features of the
WCDMA Rel’99
◦ Cell selection and synchronization,
◦ random access,
◦ basic power control loop functions,
◦ basic mobility procedures (soft handover), etc.

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Prof.K.Kishan Rao, Director, VCEW
 High Speed Uplink Packet Access
• 85% increase in overall cell throughput on the uplink
• Achievable rates of 5.8 Mbps on the uplink
• Reduced packet delays to as low as 30 msec
• Methods:
– An enhanced dedicated physical channel
– A short TTI, as low as 2 msec, which allows
fast responses to changing radio conditions
and error conditions
-Node B based scheduling – Fast B-scheduling, which
allows the base station to efficiently allocate radio
resources
– Fast Hybrid ARQ, which improves the efficiency of error
processing

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HSUPA UE Capabilities

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 Increasing demands towards BW consuming &
High data rate applications in Mobile
communication have lead to the development of
High Speed Networks in W-CDMA ( High
Speed Packet Access Networks ).

MIMO
HSUPA Co-
W- operative
CDMA HSPA HSPA + Networking
[ 3G ]

HSDPA
3.5 G
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Research Area
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 Introduction
to Multiple Antenna Systems

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 What is a MIMO system?
▪
A MIMO system consists of several antenna elements, plus
adaptive signal processing, at both transmitter and receiver,
the combination of which exploits the spatial dimension of
the mobile radio channel.
Benefits
• Higher spectral efficiency (bits/s/Hz):
- spectrum is expensive; number of base stations limited
• Better transmission quality
• Increased coverage
• Improved user position estimation

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ARCHITECTURE OF MIMO

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 MIMO Concept

Up Link 2x2 Down Link

MIMO 2x2 MIMO

Multiple antenna transmit multiple antenna receive  higher peak rate

MIMO exploit multi-path to create parallel streams
Easy to install and maintain antennas  Conventional x-pol antenna
Lower operational cost
MIMO works in all environments  urban, suburban, rural
MIMO designed for mobility
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Cooperative Communications

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 Motivation

• The main advantages of cooperative

communications are:

– Higher spatial diversity

– Higher throughput/Lower delay
– Reduced interference/Lower transmitted
power
– Adaptability to network conditions

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 What’s Different Between MIMO and
Cooperation?

 Distributed nature of relays/nodes

◦ Different channel gain amplitudes and phases
◦ Each relay runs on its own timer and VCO
 Relay capabilities
◦ Single antenna
◦ Full duplex or half duplex
 Channel state information (CSI)
◦ Relay might not know states of other relay links

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 Transmission Phases

Phase I

R Phase II

S D

R Multiple
access
broadcast

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 Cooperative Communication
Schemes
 Amplify and forward

 Decode and forward

Possibilities:
 Orthogonal / Non-orthogonal cooperation
 Coded / Uncoded cooperation

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▪ Amplify and Forward (AF)
-Allows the relay node to amplify the received
noisy signal from the source node and then
forward it to the destination.
-Simplest relaying strategies with low
implementation cost.
-Provides a better performance when the relay
is located half the way between the source and
destination.

▪ Decode and Forward (DF)

-Allows the relay node to decode the received
noisy signal from the source node, re-encode it
and forward it to the destination.
-DF outperforms AF when the source-relay
channel ensures error-free detection of the
received signal at the relay.
-Receiver need CSI between source and relay
for optimum decoding.
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 4G (LTE)

 LTE stands for Long Term Evolution

 Next Generation mobile broadband
technology
 Promises data transfer rates of 100 Mbps
 Based on UMTS 3G technology
 Optimized for All-IP traffic

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 Release 8
◦ Initial LTE release
◦ Up to 4x4 MIMO
 Release 9
◦ Minor enhancements
◦ Currently built out by VZ, ATT
&S
 Release 10, LTE Advanced
◦ 2013 Commercial Availability
◦ Channel bonding up to 5X
◦ 8x8 MIMO, SON

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Major LTE Radio Technologies
 Uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
(OFDM) for downlink.

 Uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple

Access (SC-FDMA) for uplink.

 Uses Multi-input Multi-output(MIMO) for enhanced

throughput.

 Reduced power consumption.

 Higher RF power amplifier efficiency (less battery

power used by handsets)

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 It is the next major phase of mobile
telecommunication & wireless system.
 It is 10 times more faster than 4G.
 It has a expected speed of 1Gbps.
 Lower cost than the previous version.
 It is expected to come around the year 2017.

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 5G is a packet switched wireless system with
wide area coverage and high throughput.

5G wireless uses OFDM and millimeter

wireless that enables data rate of 20 mbps and
frequency band of 2-8 GHz.

5G is going to be a packed based network.

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Higher capacity
▪ Larger volumes of data per user, larger number of users/devices
➢ multi-Gbps mobile access, >10 Gbps backhaul,
➢ more spectrum, dense access points distribution (small cells).

Higher flexibility
▪ easy deployment of capacity where/when it is needed.
➢ Wireless backhaul, self-organizing network.

Green radios:
▪ Low power consumption per bit transmitted
➢ mmW radios, directive antennas, short distance links

Low EM exposure:
➢ lower EM field density (lower Tx power), focused radiation

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 Data rates 1-10Gbps (resp.100s of Mbps)

Capacity 36TB/month/user (resp. 500 GB)

Spectrum Higher frequencies & flexibility Ultra-dense

networks
Energy ~10% of today’s consumption

Latency reduction ~ 1ms (e.g. tactile internet)

D2D capabilities NSPS, ITS, resilience, … Ultra Reliable

Comm.
Reliability 99.999% within time budget

Coverage >20 dB of LTE (e.g. sensors)

Massive
Battery ~10 years Machines

Devices per area 300.000 per access node

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 The METIS-II builds on the successful METIS project and
will develop the overall 5G radio access network design and
to provide the technical enablers needed for an efficient
integration and use of the various 5G technologies and
components currently developed.
 METIS-II will provide the 5G collaboration framework
within 5G-PPP for a common evaluation of 5G radio access
network concepts and prepare concerted action towards
regulatory and standardisation bodies.
 Based on its very strong and international consortium with
partners from all regions with strong 5G R&D initiatives (EU,
US, China, Japan, Korea) comprising most of the major
international vendors, major operators, and key researchers,
METIS-II will have the unique capability to drive consensus
building globally, to consolidate a full picture of the needs of
mobile as well as vertical industries, and to disseminate the
results towards the relevant bodies, forums, and
standardisation groups in all regions.
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 Dedicated licensed spectrum complemented
with various forms of shared spectrum

“Toolbox” of different sharing enablers required

In order for 5G system to work under such scenarios
Dimensions Feasible technologies
Spectrum efficiency • Interference management and traffic
adaptation (IMTA)
• Multiple antennas (MIMO) / Massive MIMO /
Smart antenna

Spectrum extension • New Carrier Type (NCT)

• Carrier aggregation (CA)
• TV white space
• Visible Light Communication (VLC)
• Cognitive Radio (CR)

Network configuration & • Small cell deployment (relay / backhaul)

optimization • Efficient machine type communication (MTC)
• Direct communication (D2D)
• Self-organizing network (SON)
• Heterogeneous network (HetNet)
• Software-defined network (SDN)
Techno 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G
logy
Start/ 1970/198 1980/1999 1990/2002 2000/2010 2014/2015
Deployment 4
Data 2Kbps 14-64Kbps 2Mbps 200Mbps 1Gbps and
Bandwidth higher

Technology Analog Digital Broadbandwidth Unified IP & 4G+WWWW

cellular cellular / seamless combo of
CDMA/ LAN/WAN/WLAN/
IP technology PAN

Multiplexing FDMA TDMA/CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA

Core network PSTN PSTN Packet network Internet Internet

Service Mobile Digital voice, Integrated high Dynamic Dynamic

telephony short quality audio, information access, information
messaging video & data variable devices access, variable
devices
with AI
capabilities

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 Trade-offs
How can
Why use indoor capacity be
antennas? increased?
How to avoid
interference?
What about the
future?

How much BW is till

required?

Continous
Conectivity

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1.”Performance Analysis of WCDMA System with High
Speed Networks” By Dr. M. Sushant Babu, Ph.D. Degree
was awarded by JNTU Hyderabad in August,2014.
2,”Modified Clustering Algorithms and their Performance for
Wireless Sensor Networks” By. Prof.B. Brahma Reddy .
Submitted Ph.D. Thesis in November,2014 to JNTU
Hyderabad.

3.”Energy Efficient Routing Techniques using Cooperative

Algorithms for Wireless Adhoc Networks” By. Smt.B.Rama
Devi. Likely to submit Ph.D.Thesis by September,2015 to
JNTU,Hyderabad.

Prof.K.Kishan Rao, Director, VCEW 6 January 2018 49

 1.Performance Study of Spectrum Efficiency in
MU-MIMO OFDM LTE Systems.
 2.Performance Analysis with Channel
Estimators under Non-Data Aided
HSPA+Networks.
 3. Analysis of Blind Adaptive Multiuser
Detection Receivers.
 4. Theory and Applications of Semi Blind
Signal Separation Techniques.
 5. Noise Reduction Signal Processing
Techniques for Brain MRI Images.
Prof.K.Kishan Rao, Director, VCEW 6 January 2018 50
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