Impedance Transformation

for
Matching
Concept of Transmission-Line Transformer

• Transform the load impedance ZL to the line

impedance Z(x) on a lossless transmission line
( Z L  Z 0 ) e d  ( Z L  Z 0 ) e  d
Z ( x)  Z 0 d  d
, where d  l  x
( Z L  Z 0 )e  ( Z L  Z 0 )e

• Convenient to design on a Smith chart (by

rotating on the chart)
rotate
Z L  l   ( x )  Z ( x )
 Single Shunt Stub Matching
• Matching (complex) ZL to (real) Z0 for zero reflection
at the Z0 side y
Zero reflection L

yL *
Conjugate matching for
Maxium power transfer
Verify it!

(Assuming lossless linesZ0 is real and the impedance transformer does not degrade signal)
 Design Procedure
1. Locate zL and yL on the Smith chart
2. Rotate from yL toward generator (clockwise) till intersecting
with G=1 (at which yA=1+jb) and l1 can be obtained from this
traveling distance
3. Locate yt=-jb
4. Rotate from the SHORT or OPEN position toward generator
till the yt point. This distance of rotation is l2
Example 1:
(With SHORT stub) 0.136

0.180

0.333
Example 2: Matching ZL=100+j100 W to a line with Z0=50 W
2

Solution 1
1

Solution 2

1
 Single Shunt Stub Matching

• Matching (real) Z0 to (complex) ZL for zero reflection

at the ZL side
Nonzero reflection Zero reflection

* Because of the arrow direction of y,

moving from yL to yA looks as if moving
toward “load” (counter-clockwise)

Note: If we design a conjugate match at the ZL side, then the matching at the Zo
side will be automatically conjugate and equal to Zo since Zo is real in this case.
 Design Procedure
1. Locate zL and yL on the Smith chart
2. Rotate from yL toward load (counter-clockwise) till
intersecting with G=1 (at which yA=1+jb) and l1 can be
obtained from this traveling distance
3. Rotate from the SHORT or OPEN position toward generator
till the yt=jb point. This distance of rotation is l2
Example:
0.158
(With OPEN stub)
0.178

0.278
 Quarter-Wave Transformer
• For a lossless line of length l, characteristic impedance ZT , and
with a load ZL, it can be shown that
Z L  jZ T tan  l
Z in  Z T
Z T  jZ L tan  l
• If l=l/4, then
ZT Zin
tan l   and Z in  ZT
ZL
Use in Matching:
• If the load ZL is real (RL) and we want Zin to be equal to some
real number Rin such as Z0, then Z T  R in R L
• If ZL is not real, its reactive part must be cancelled by using a
stub or a line before matching by using a l/4 transformer
Example: Matching 50 W to 25-j25 W by using a quarter-
wave transformer (Z0T) and a line (Z0=50 W)
Matching plane

Target: W

Z=25-j25W

(The line l1 transforms complex

Z’IN to real R”IN. When RL
cannot be directly connected to
the end of l1, use the l/4 line
as a buffer.)

(Can use a single shunt stub to

cancel out j1.0)
 Multi-Section Quarter-Wave Transformer

• Wider bandwidth than that of single-section

quarter-wave transformer
 Matching by Using Lumped Elements (L and C)

• Adding a series reactance to a load produces motion

along a constant-resistance circle in the Z chart
• Adding a shunt reactance to a load produces motion
along a constant-conductance circle in the rotated Y
chart
 L-Networks
Series-Shunt Shunt-Series
Example: Match yL=0.4-j0.6 to 50 W
 zL=0.769+j1.154
Example: Match 50 W to YL=(4-j4)x10-3 W1
 Network Conversion
• Networks (a) and (b) are equivalent if