Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GCE
Summer 2008
Publications Code UA019993
All the material in this publication is copyright
© Edexcel Ltd 2008
Contents
Mark Schemes
ii
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiners and revised, together with the relevant
questions, by a panel of senior examiners and subject teachers. The schemes are further
amended at the Standardisation meetings attended by all examiners. The Standardisation
meeting ensures as far as possible that the mark scheme covers the candidates' actual
responses to questions and that every examiner understands and applies it in the same way.
The schemes in this document are the final mark schemes used by the examiners in this
examination and include the amendments made at the meeting. They do not include any
details of the discussions that took place in the meeting, nor do they include all of the possible
alternative answers or equivalent statements that were considered to be worthy of credit.
It is emphasised that these mark schemes are working documents that apply to these papers in
this examination. Every effort is made to ensure a consistent approach to marking from one
examination to another but each marking point has to be judged in the context of the
candidates' responses and in relation to the other questions in the paper. It should not be
assumed that future mark schemes will adopt exactly the same marking points as this one.
Edexcel cannot under any circumstances discuss or comment informally on the marking of
individual scripts. Any enquiries about the marks awarded to individual candidates can be
dealt with only through the official Enquiry about Results procedure.
This Mark Scheme covers the unit offered in this examination for Advanced Subsidiary Biology
(Salters-Nuffield) (Pilot) 6131. The units available for the complete qualifications, Advanced
Subsidiary and Advanced, are listed in the table below.
A2
4 6134 Environment and Survival
iii
GENERAL INFORMATION
The following symbols are used in the mark schemes for all questions:
If a candidate has crossed out an answer and written new text, the crossed out work can be
ignored. If the candidate has crossed out work but written no new text, the crossed out work for
that question or part question should be marked, as far as it is possible to do so.
In general, an error made in an early part of a question is penalised when it occurs but not
subsequently. The candidate is penalised once only and can gain credit in later parts of the
question by correct reasoning from the earlier incorrect answer.
No marks are awarded specifically for quality of language in the written papers, except for the
essays in the synoptic paper. Use of English is however taken into account as follows:
• the spelling of technical terms must be sufficiently correct for the answer to be unambiguous
e.g. for amylase, ‘ammalase’ is acceptable whereas ‘amylose’ is not
e.g. for glycogen, ‘glicojen’ is acceptable whereas ‘glucagen’ is not
e.g. for ileum, ‘illeum’ is acceptable whereas ‘ilium’ is not
e.g. for mitosis, ‘mytosis’ is acceptable whereas ‘meitosis’ is not
• candidates must make their meaning clear to the examiner to gain the mark.
iv
Unit SN1 (6131/01) Lifestyle, Transport, Genes and Health
1
Question Answer Mark
Number
2. facilitated diffusion ;
max
3. endocytosis / pinocytosis / endopinocytosis / eq ; (2)
2. mRNA ;
3. tRNA ;
max
4. rRNA ; (2)
2
Question Answer Mark
Number
3(a)
Drink Time taken Caffeine
for 180 heart concentration /
beats / mg per 100ml
seconds
Instant coffee 33 to 34 ;
Filter coffee 58 to 60 ;
Tea 30 ;
(3)
1. genotype / eq ;
2. age ;
3. size / eq ;
4. gender /eq ;
5. physiological state / eq ;
6. pre-treatment / eq ;
max
7. absorption rate /eq ; (3)
3
4(a)(i)
CH2OH CH2OH
O OH O
HO H H
H H
H OH H H OH OH H OH
H OH H OH
galactose ; glucose ; (2)
2. Possible genotypes
of second child: GG Gg Gg gg ;
3. Probability of not
having the condition: 0.75 / 75% / ¾ ; (3)
4
Question Answer Mark
Number
4(b)(ii) 1. more than one {triplet / codon / eq} may code for same
amino acid ;
5
Question Answer Mark
Number
4. smoking ;
5. stress ;
7. old age ;
8. inherited trait / eq ;
9. obesity / overweight ;
max
10. lack of exercise / eq ; (2)
6
Question Answer Mark
Number
7
Question Answer Mark
Number
6(a)(ii) AA ;
TT ; (2)
8
Question Answer Mark
Number
9
Question Answer Mark
Number
10
Unit SN2 (6132/01) Development, Plants and the Environment
Chloroplasts 9 8 8;
Nuclear 9 9 8;
membrane
Cell (unit) 9 9 9;
membrane
Ribosomes 9 9 9;
Centrioles 8 9 8; max
(5)
11
Question Answer Mark
Number
12
Question Answer Mark
Number
2. by hydrogen bonding ;
max
3. appropriate references to polarity of water molecules ; (2)
13
Question Answer Mark
Number
4(a)
1. (so) DNA/skin cells not protected from UV ;
4(b)
1. {DNA damaged / reference to (somatic) mutation} by
UV / other mutagen ;
4(c)
1. some (cancerous) cells may have broken off / not all
cancerous cells were removed ;
14
Question Answer Mark
Number
5(b)
1. acrosome present ;
2. digestive enzymes / eq ;
5(c)(i) 16 ; (1)
15
Question Answer Mark
Number
5(c)(iii)
1. chromosomes {shorten / coil} / condenses / become
visible ;
16
Question Answer Mark
Number
6(a)
1. the rate of hatching {increases with temperature up to
/ peaks at} 28oC ;
6(b)
1. enzymes have an optimum temperature/ are
temperature sensitive ;
6(c)
1. (reduced hatching) so reduced population of adults at
temperatures over 28 °C ;
17
Question Answer Mark
Number
7(a)(i)
1. the deeper the layer the older (the layer)/ eq ;
max
2. use of (radio)carbon dating of the peat; (1)
18
Question Answer Mark
Number
8(a) 1. CO2 released (by burning sunflower oil) has only {just /
recently / eq} been absorbed by photosynthesis / eq ;
3. if the sunflower oil were not burnt the CO2 would still
be released by decay/respiration (of organisms which
feed on it) / eq ;
8(b)(ii)
(sunflower)
1. down-stream processing costs are lower (than for sugar
beet) less energy is needed to turn it into usable fuel ;
2. despite the fact that the yield (of raw sunflower plants
per hectare) is much less ;
19
Question Answer Mark
Number
20
Question Answer Mark
Number
9(b)(i)
1. embryonic cells are easier to work with than adult stem
cells ;
21
Question Answer Mark
Number
9(b)(ii) Against
Credit any three of the points below:
1. embryonic stem cells (are taken from embryos) which
(are to be considered) unborn children / eq ;
For
Credit any three of the points below:
1. offers prospect of treatment to many suffering people ;
22
Unit SN3 (6133/02) Practical Review
1(a)
1. repetitions as part of validity (specific e.g. needed);
max
7. use of control / baseline of example ; (3)
23
Question Answer Mark
Number
2(a)
1. appropriate error described ;
2. systematic / random ; (2)
2(b)
1. basic method for elimination described ;
2. detail; (2)
2(c)
1. IV ;
2. DV ;
3. Relevant CV ; (3)
24
Question Answer Mark
Number
3(a)
1. correct presentation method ;
2. trend / pattern identified ;
3. what this means in specific case ; (3)
3(b)
1. extended range of IV, with example ;
2. more values of IV (around critical points) in original,
with examples to illustrate ;
3. repetition, to measure reliability / degree of error /
error bars / SD / range ;
4. use of more accurate / precise equipment, with
example ;
5. more skilled use of equipment, with example ;
max
6. better / some control of CVs, with example ; (4)
25
Unit SN4 (6134/01) Environment and Survival
2. phagocytosis ;
4. interferon ; (4)
26
Question Answer Mark
Number
2(b)(ii) 1. all females are more likely to mate with a male from
same population / eq ;
27
Question Answer Mark
Number
4. no gene flow ;
28
Question Answer Mark
Number
2. membrane ; (2)
3(b) A ATP;
29
Question Answer Mark
Number
3(e)(i) 1. competition ;
2. for light ;
4. for space ;
30
Question Answer Mark
Number
2. reference to succession ;
31
Question Answer Mark
Number
5(a) 1. C is bacteriocidal ;
3. B is bacteriostatic ;
max
4. bacteriostatic prevents reproduction / growth ; (3)
3. reference to resistance ;
4. incubation qualified ;
32
Question Answer Mark
Number
33
Unit SN5 (6135/01) Energy, Exercise and Coordination
34
Question Answer Mark
Number
35
Question Answer Mark
Number
OTHER DRUGS:
36
Question Answer Mark
Number
37
Question Answer Mark
Number
38
Question Answer Mark
Number
4(a)(i)
SLOW TWITCH has:
1. more mitochondria ;
2. more myoglobin ;
4. more capillaries ;
4(a)(ii) (1)
prey ;
4(a)(iii)
1. predators have more fast twitch (than slow twitch) ;
max
(2)
2. anaerobic respiration / glycolysis is used / eq ;
39
Question Answer Mark
Number
4(b)
1. (lactate) removed from muscle / diffuses into blood
stream / enters liver ;
4(c)
1. correct reference to homeostasis ;
40
Unit SN6 (6136/01) Synoptic paper
3. archaea are more different from bacteria than you and I max
are more different from a crab or spider / eq ; (2)
41
Question Answer Mark
Number
42
Question Answer Mark
Number
4. histamine released ;
43
Question Answer Mark
Number
2. large populations ;
1(g) 1. may kill the host before they have a chance to infect
other people / eq ;
44
Question Answer Mark
Number
2(a)(ii)
1. each cod eats many times its own mass of sandeels (in
its life time) / eq ;
2. suitable wavelengths ;
5. more minerals / eq ;
max
6. fewer zooplankton ; (2)
45
Question Answer Mark
Number
2(c)(i) (1)
grams (organic) carbon per square metre ;
46
Question Answer Mark
Number
47
Question Marking Grid Mark
Number
3
(20)
48
B2f Description of a reflex arc.
49
A5 Autonomic nervous system B5a Role of parasympathetic nervous
system described e.g. rest and digest
described.
50
A9 Response to damage in B9a Role of hypothalamus in
external environment (not thermoregulation.
credited elsewhere) e.g.
thermoregulation / uv light B9b Correct description of 2 methods of
increasing heat loss e.g. vasodilatation
leading to more radiation, sweating -
leading to more heat loss through
evaporation.
51
A11 Osmoregulation/excretion B11a Description of role of liver in wide
range of roles e.g. urea production for
excretion.
C2 The essay clearly conveys that the systems described work closely together and rarely
in isolation.
C4 Importance of cardiac output/ ventilation rate linked clearly to supplying muscle cells
with oxygen/removing waste for respiration so we can respond to danger and move faster.
C5 Linked point to C4 but description also includes role of adrenaline and sympathetic
nervous system.
C6 Importance of the reflex described for B3b clearly described together with
consequence of the reflexes not working e.g. damage to retina if pupil does not constrict
in bright light.
C8 Example of consequence of a hormone not working correctly e.g. lack of insulin leading
to diabetes mellitus and consequent potential problems described.
C9 Example of damage to brain and the effect it can have on a person - ultimately if your
brain doesn’t work you die.
C10 Good description given to explain how a human can survive in a particular
environment / hazardous situation because of the way he/she can respond to the situation
– probably combining physiological and behavioural responses.
C11 Explanation that complex brain has enabled complex behavioural responses and social
learning,/ detailed communication / tool use etc which made possible cultural and
technological evolution so that we can manipulate our environment to help survival / eq.
52
C12 Description that human populations have shown evolutionary adaptations to survive in
their environments e.g. melanin levels in skin, surface area to volume ratio due to body
shape, etc.
C13 Description of effects of drugs or disease on control and coordination and the
potential consequences for the body.
Level 4 3 Good logical structure with good spelling, punctuation, grammar and
sound use of technical terminology, but tends to be a collection of
information which, although relevant, tends to be disjointed and only
partly attempts to synthesise information.
53
Question Marking Grid Mark
Number
4
(20)
54
B2f Improved genetic screening of foetus
for informed decisions re. Abortions/
preparation/ peace of mind.
55
A5 Genetic fingerprinting B5a Measuring genetic diversity within a
population
56
A8 Development of new medicines B8a If you identify the gene causing a
disease you may be able to
manufacture a protein/medicine that
will replace the lost protein/ inhibit a
malfunctioning protein / enzyme
57
A12 Specific wider/ethical B12a Rights of the embryo/ foetus to life
issues/dangers (reference to source of stem cells).
C1 Results of genetic screening need to handled with sensitivity and counselling should be
provided.
C2 Discussion about whether the testing (esp embryo testing) is worth the cost/ hassle etc
e.g.IVF is expensive and fairly unreliable and uncomfortable, but is it worth it in order to
reduce the need for a possible abortion if they waited for a foetal screen rather than an
embryo screen? Better not to know arguments e.g. some people prefer not to know if they
have incurable conditions/ stress with positive result for presence of a particular allele.
C3 data protection issues / insurance issues e.g. high premiums if you inform the
insurance company of a higher risk, but you will defraud them if you know you are likely to
die prematurely but take out an extra large health/life insurance policy based on
knowledge you withhold from the insurance company.
C4 Thin end of the wedge arguments (Current applications are acceptable) but might lead
to greater pressure for designer babies/eugenics – misuse of the new technology or 'and
why not?' e.g. arguments discussion of positive and negative issues surrounding designer
babies (recognising the argument but countering it).
C7 clear distinction provided between somatic gene therapy (legal treatment but not a
cure) and germ line gene therapy (could cure/ prevent but illegal as dangerous and issues
to do with future generations not being able to provide consent).
C8 DNA finger printing - only the guilty need fear - or a civil liberties time bomb?
C9 obtaining the DNA sequence is only the beginning, further research needed to identify
the genes and understand what they do – Bioinformatics.
C10 Issues regarding patenting – who owns the DNA sequence? Can it restrict other
research opportunities due to price? / eq.
58
C11 good discussion about some of the potential hazards of genetically modifying
plants/animals e.g. super weeds, spread of antibiotic resistance/ new allergies etc.
C12 credit discussion of a further ethical issue e.g. is it worth the cost in comparison to
trying to find an effective treatment for HIV/Malaria etc? Do the rights of one person to
have a treatment outweigh a potential (but small) risk of a negative outcome for a wider
population e.g. a transgenic pig heart may save a life, but there is a small risk that a new
viral disease could be introduced to the human population (e.g. reactivate a dormant
porcine retrovirus because it is now contained within a human host and may combine with
an infectious human virus).
C13 It would be unethical to ignore potential for good in GM technology: the dangers and
the need for regulation need to be recognised but the medical / environmental /
agricultural opportunities to alleviate human suffering/save the planet/feed the hungry is
such that it would be ethically wrong not to pursue it/to try to ban it.
Level 4 3 Good logical structure with good spelling, punctuation, grammar and
sound use of technical terminology, but tends to be a collection of
information which, although relevant, tends to be disjointed and
only partly attempts to synthesise information
Level 3 2 A reasonably coherent account that includes satisfactory spelling,
punctuation and grammar, which tends to be disjointed. A collection
of information with little or no attempt to link ideas together
Note
The maximum total mark which can be awarded is 20
59
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Order Code UA 019993 Summer 2008