APPENDIX

Vaccination Schedules
for Dogs and Cats

The schedules provided in this appendix are guidelines for
immunization of dogs and cats against major viral and bacte-
rial agents. These assume the availability of (1) client resources
and (2) suitable products for immunization. The schedules are
based on guidelines written by the WSAVA, AAHA, AAFP,
and ABCD1-11 and on information available at the time of
writing. These are general guidelines, because the vaccine
types recommended and the frequency of immunization vary
depending on the lifestyle of the pet being immunized—that
is, indoor versus outdoor pets, shelter animals, travel plans,
kennel/boarding plans, and underlying disease conditions
such as immune-mediated diseases or preexisting infections
such as FIV infection. Because these factors may change over
time, the vaccination plan for individual pet animals should be
decided by the owner at routine annual examinations, after a
discussion between the veterinarian and the client regarding
the animal’s lifestyle in the year ahead and the advantages and
disadvantages of vaccination. This discussion should be docu-
mented in the medical record. A previous history of vaccine
reactions in an individual pet will also affect recommenda-
tions for immunization. Considerable research is still required
to generate optimal recommendations for vaccination of dogs
and cats.
Guidelines for Vaccination of Individual
Pet Dogs and Cats
Guidelines for vaccination of individual pet dogs and cats are
summarized in Tables A-1 and A-2, respectively.

TABLE A-1 
Guidelines for Vaccination of Individual Pet Dogs

Initial Vaccination
Vaccine Age ≤ 16 Weeks Age > 16 Weeks Booster Schedule Comments
CPV-2 (A, SC) 6-8 weeks of age, then ev- Two doses 3-4 weeks 1 year, then every Core. Protection after the
ery 3-4 weeks until no apart recommend- 3 years thereafter 12-month booster may be
sooner than 14-16 weeks ed, but one dose is lifelong. Administer with
(16-20 weeks in breeding considered protec- vaccines for CDV and
kennels) tive CAV-2.
CPV-2 (I, SC) Not recommended when
attenuated vaccines are
available and indicated
CDV (A, SC) 6-8 weeks of age, then Two doses 3-4 weeks 1 year, then every Core. Protection after the
every 3-4 weeks until no apart recommended, 3 years thereafter 12-month booster may be
sooner than 14-16 weeks but one dose is con- lifelong. Administer with
(16-20 weeks in breeding sidered protective CPV and CAV-2 vaccines.
kennels)
CDV 6-8 weeks of age, then Two doses 3-4 weeks 1 year, then every Core. Can be interchanged
(Recombinant, every 3-4 weeks until no apart recommend- 3 years thereafter with the attenuated live
SC) sooner than 14-16 weeks ed, but one dose is vaccine. May immunize
(16-20 weeks in breeding considered protec- in the face of maternal
kennels) tive antibody. Administer with
CAV2 and CPV vaccines.
CAV-2 (A, SC) 6-8 weeks of age, then Two doses 3-4 weeks 1 year, then every Core. Administer with CDV
every 3-4 weeks until no apart recommended, 3 years thereafter and CPV vaccines.
sooner than 14-16 weeks but one dose is con-
sidered protective
Continued

893
894 APPENDIX  Vaccination Schedules for Dogs and Cats

TABLE A-1
Guidelines for Vaccination of Individual Pet Dogs—cont’d

Initial Vaccination
Vaccine Age ≤ 16 Weeks Age > 16 Weeks Booster Schedule Comments
CAV-2 (A, IN) One dose as early as Single dose Annual Parenteral CAV-2 vaccines
3 weeks of age preferred for protection
against CAV-1. Adminis-
tered with IN CPiV and
B. bronchiseptica vaccines
CAV-1 (A and I, Not recommended when
SC) CAV2 available because
of adverse effects
Rabies (I, SC) One dose as early as Single dose 1 year, then every 3 years Core. In endemic areas or
3 months of age depend- thereafter with an where required by local
ing on local regulations approved product for regulations
3-yearly immuniza-
tion. Local regulations
may dictate alternate
protocols.
CPiV (A, SC) 6-8 weeks of age, then Single dose Annual or within Noncore. Use as a mon-
every 3-4 weeks until no 6 months of boarding, ovalent product or in
sooner than 14-16 weeks and at least 1 week combination with other
before boarding noncore vaccines for an-
nual boosters
CPiV (A, IN) One dose as early as 3 One dose Annual or within 6 Noncore. Potential to
weeks of age; consider months of boarding, provide improved local
second dose 2-4 weeks and at least 1 week mucosal immunity over
later if initial immuniza- before boarding SC products. Available in
tion occurs at < 6 weeks combination with IN B.
of age bronchiseptica.
Bordetella Two doses 3-4 weeks apart Two doses, 3-4 weeks Annual or within Noncore
bronchiseptica as early as 6 weeks of age apart 6 months of boarding,
(I, SC) and at least 1 week
before boarding
B. bronchiseptica Two doses 3-4 weeks apart Two doses, Annual or within Noncore
(cell wall an- starting at 8 weeks of age 4 weeks apart 6 months of boarding,
tigen extract, and at least 1 week
SC) before boarding
B. bronchiseptica One dose as early as 3 One dose Annual or within Noncore. Potential to
(Avirulent live, weeks of age 6 months of boarding, provide improved local
IN) and at least 1 week mucosal immunity over
before boarding SC products. Never ad-
minister SC, as may cause
fatal hepatic necrosis.
Borrelia burgdor- Two doses 3-4 weeks apart Two doses, Annual. Revaccinate 1 Noncore
feri (I, SC or starting at 12 weeks of 3-4 weeks apart month before the onset
recombinant age of the local Ixodes tick
OspA, SC) season
Canine influenza Two doses 3-4 weeks apart Two doses, 3-4 weeks Annual Noncore. For dogs at
(I, SC) starting at 6 weeks of age apart risk of exposure such
as co-housed dogs, or
before import to certain
countries as dictated by
regulations.
 APPENDIX  Vaccination Schedules for Dogs and Cats 895

TABLE A-1
Guidelines for Vaccination of Individual Pet Dogs—cont’d

Initial Vaccination
Vaccine Age ≤ 16 Weeks Age > 16 Weeks Booster Schedule Comments
Leptospira (I, Two doses 3-4 weeks apart Two doses, 3-4 weeks Annual. Revaccinate 1 Noncore. For dogs at risk
SC) starting at 12 weeks of apart month before the onset of exposure. If available,
age of the season if disease a 4-serovar vaccine is pre-
occurs seasonally. ferred because protection
is serovar-specific
Canine corona- Not recommended because
virus (I and A, disease is mild and im-
SC) munization of unproven
benefit
A, Attenuated live; I, inactivated whole organism; IN, intranasal; SC, subcutaneous.

TABLE A-2
Guidelines for Vaccination of Individual Pet Cats

Initial Vaccination
Vaccine Age ≤ 16 Weeks Age > 16 Weeks Booster Schedule Comments
FPV (A, SC; I, 6-8 weeks of age, then Two doses, 1 year, then every Core. Protection after the 12-month
SC; A, IN) every 3-4 weeks 3-4 weeks 3 years thereafter booster is strong and may be lifelong.
until no sooner than apart Provides cross-protection to CPV2.12
16 weeks (16-20 Do not give attenuated live vaccines to
weeks in breeding pregnant cats. Inactivated vaccines are
catteries)4 for pregnant cats (if absolutely neces-
sary) and cats with retrovirus infec-
tion. Inactivated and intranasal FPV
vaccines should be avoided for routine
vaccination in heavily contaminated
environments such as shelters.
FHV-1 (A, SC; I, 6-8 weeks of age, then Two doses, 1 year, then every Core. Does not provide complete protec-
SC; A, IN) every 3-4 weeks 3-4 weeks 3 years thereafter. tion. Attenuated live vaccines preferred
until no sooner apart Annual revaccination if available and indicated. Inactivated
than 14-16 weeks may be indicated in vaccines are for pregnant queens (if
heavily contaminated absolutely necessary) and in retrovirus-
environments. infected cats. Intranasal vaccines may
be associated with transient upper
respiratory signs. One dose of IN vac-
cine may be sufficient to reduce clinical
signs due to FHV-1 infection.
FCV (A, SC; I, 6-8 weeks of age, then Two doses, 1 year, then every Core. Does not provide complete protec-
SC; A, IN) every 3-4 weeks un- 3-4 weeks 3 years thereafter. tion. Attenuated live vaccines preferred
til no sooner than apart Annual revaccination if available and indicated. Inactivated
14-16 weeks may be indicated in vaccines are for pregnant queens (if
heavily contaminated absolutely necessary) and in retrovirus-
environments. infected cats. Intranasal vaccines may
be associated with transient upper
respiratory signs. One dose of IN vac-
cine may be sufficient to reduce clinical
signs due to FCV.
Continued
896 APPENDIX  Vaccination Schedules for Dogs and Cats

TABLE A-2 
Guidelines for Vaccination of Individual Pet Cats—cont’d

Initial Vaccination
Vaccine Age ≤ 16 Weeks Age > 16 Weeks Booster Schedule Comments
Hypervirulent Two doses, 3-4 weeks Two doses, Annual Not generally recommended. Hyper-
FCV (I, SC) apart starting at 3-4 weeks virulent strains have differed for every
8 weeks of age apart outbreak, and outbreaks are effectively
halted after institution of disinfection
and quarantine programs.
Rabies (I, SC) One dose as early as Single dose 1 year, then every Core in endemic areas or where re-
3 months of age 3 years thereafter quired by local regulations. Provides
depending on local with an approved strong protection. Vaccine-associated
regulations product for 3-yearly sarcoma task force recommended im-
immunization. Lo- munization as distal as possible in the
cal regulations may right pelvic limb.
dictate alternate
protocols.
Rabies Single dose as early as Single dose Annual Core in endemic areas or where re-
(recombinant 8 weeks of age quired by local regulations. Provides
canarypox, SC) depending on local strong protection. Vaccine-associated
regulations sarcoma task force recommended
administration as distal as possible in
the right pelvic limb
FeLV (I, SC) Two doses 3-4 weeks Two doses, 1 year, then every Noncore. *Only for FeLV-negative cats.
apart starting at 3-4 weeks 3 years thereafter FeLV testing before administration
8 weeks of age apart when risk is ongoing. mandatory before first administering
Beyond 1 year of age, the vaccine to kittens and if exposure
age-related resistance was likely before, booster immuniza-
may provide protec- tion is required. Can provide strong
tion. protection.13 Vaccine-associated
sarcoma task force recommended
administration as distal as possible in
the left pelvic limb
FeLV (recombi- Two doses 3-4 weeks Two doses, Annual when risk is Noncore. *Only for FeLV-negative
nant canary- apart starting at 3-4 weeks ongoing.† Beyond 1 cats (see FeLV (I, SC)). More data
pox, SC) 8 weeks of age apart year of age, age- are required on relative efficacy and
related resistance may whether these are associated with a re-
provide protection. duced risk of injection-site sarcomas.
Vaccine-associated sarcoma task force
recommended administration as distal
as possible in the left pelvic limb.
FeLV (subunit, Two doses, 3 weeks Two doses, Annual when risk is Inactivated whole virus vaccines may
SC) apart, starting at 3 weeks apart ongoing.† Beyond 1 provide superior protection.13 See
8 weeks of age year of age, age- above.
related resistance may
provide additional
protection.
FIV (I, SC) Three doses, 3 weeks Three doses, Annual Not generally recommended. Immuniza-
apart, starting at 3 weeks apart tion does not provide complete protec-
8 weeks of age tion and interferes with interpretation
of antibody test results, and PCR is
insufficiently sensitive for accurate
diagnosis. The first dose should only
be given to FIV-negative cats. Anti-
bodies may also be passed to kittens
in colostrum and interfere with testing
up to 12 weeks of age.
 APPENDIX  Vaccination Schedules for Dogs and Cats
TABLE A-2 
Guidelines for Vaccination of Individual Pet Cats—cont’d
Initial Vaccination
Vaccine Age ≤ 16 Weeks Age > 16 Weeks Booster Schedule
FIP (A, IN) Two doses, 3-4 weeks Two doses, 3-4
apart, starting at 16 weeks apart
weeks of age
Chlamydia felis Two doses, 3-4 weeks Two doses, 3-4
(I and A, SC) apart, starting at 9 weeks apart
weeks of age
B. bronchiseptica One dose as early as 8 One dose
(A, IN) weeks of age
A, attenuated live; I, inactivated whole organism; IN, intranasal; SC, subcutaneous.
*The AAFP highly recommends immunization of all kittens for FeLV.2
†Annual vaccination of adult cats for FeLV is controversial. The ABCD and WSAVA suggest boosters every 2 to 3 years in view of the significant
lower susceptibility of older cats, even with recombinant and subunit vaccines.
Guidelines for Immunization of Dogs
and Cats in Shelter Environments
For shelter animals, attenuated live core vaccines apart from
rabies should be given before or immediately on entry to the
shelter. Optimally, immunization for CPV and CDV should
occur at least 3 days before entry to a shelter environment,
but immunization even hours before entry has the potential
to make a difference. When outbreaks of known parvovi-
rus disease or canine distemper are present, vaccines can be
administered as early as 4 to 5 weeks of age, but they should
not be administered earlier than this because of the possibil-
ity of vaccine-induced disease and immunosuppression. In
the absence of an outbreak situation, immunization for these
pathogens should be performed no earlier than 6 weeks of
age. In a shelter situation, the benefits and risks of vaccination
of individual pregnant animals with attenuated live vaccines
must be carefully assessed. Immunization with an inactivated
vaccine is probably better than no vaccine for pregnant ani-
mals that enter a shelter, but inactivated vaccines should not
be administered to other animals in the shelter environment,
because the onset of immunity is slower than with attenuated
live vaccines. Attenuated live vaccines should be adminis-
tered if ovariohysterectomy is to be performed during preg-
nancy. If pregnant animals are not immunized, they should be
strictly isolated from the rest of the shelter animal population.
The use of rapid in-house serologic tests that determine the
immune status of pregnant animals may be helpful in this situ-
ation (see Chapter 12).
897
Comments
Annual Not generally recommended. Only sero-
negative cats have the potential to be
protected. Benefit and risks currently
unclear
Annual Noncore. Provides incomplete
­ rotection. Could be used as part
p
of a c­ontrol program in multiple
cat households where infection is
c­onfirmed using appropriate diagnos-
tic tests as endemic. Vaccination may
be associated with adverse effects.
Annual, but young cats Noncore. Provides incomplete pro-
are most at risk tection. Use as part of a control
program in multiple-cat house-
holds where infection is confirmed
u­sing appropriate diagnostic tests
as endemic. Never administer
­parenterally.
Revaccination should be performed no more frequently than
at intervals of 2 to 3 weeks, because vaccine administration that
occurs within 3 to 14 days of another immunization attempt
with attenuated live vaccines can interfere with development of
immune responses. Further study is required to determine opti-
mum revaccination intervals in shelter environments. Revacci-
nation is most important for pups and kittens younger than 16
weeks of age and is performed to maximize the chance of immu-
nization as soon as possible after the disappearance of maternal
antibody interference. Puppies and kittens should also be physi-
cally separated from the rest of the shelter animal population
and handled with strict attention to quarantine protocols.
Intranasal vaccines are preferred for management of upper
respiratory tract disease in shelter environments because of the
potential for improved local immunity, the possibility of admin-
istration to very young animals, more rapid onset of protec-
tion, and improved protection in the face of maternal antibody.
However, they also have been associated with vaccine-induced
upper respiratory disease, which may be more severe in debili-
tated animals and can be difficult to distinguish from natural
infection. In addition, field studies have yet not shown benefit
of intranasal over parenteral vaccines for prevention of respi-
ratory disease.14 Intranasal Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccines
should never be given parenterally. This is an emergency situ-
ation that requires immediate treatment. See Chapter 12 for
specific instructions for how to manage accidental parenteral
administration of these vaccines.
In endemic areas, if possible, a rabies vaccine could be admin-
istered at the time of discharge from the facility.1 Administration
898 APPENDIX  Vaccination Schedules for Dogs and Cats

of a 3-year product is preferred, but regardless of the product
used, booster immunization must be performed no later than 1
year after the initial immunization. Rabies immunization must
be properly documented, and a veterinarian must usually be
present at the time of immunization. Otherwise, the number of
vaccines should be limited to those that can assist control of dis-
ease that is confirmed to exist within the shelter. This will avoid
excessive immune suppression that may worsen the severity of
illness due to other pathogens in the shelter for which vaccines
are nonexistent.

TABLE A-3
Guidelines for Vaccination of Dogs in Shelter Environments

Initial Vaccination
Vaccine Age ≤ 16 Weeks
CPV-2 (A, SC) On entry no earlier than 6
weeks of age,* then every
2-3 weeks until no sooner
than 16 weeks (and up
to 20 weeks if outbreaks
occur)
CDV (A, SC) On entry no earlier than 6
weeks of age,* then every
2-3 weeks until no sooner
than 16 weeks (up to
20 weeks when outbreaks
occur)
CDV (recombi- On entry no earlier than 6
nant, SC) weeks of age,* then every
2-3 weeks until no sooner
than 16 weeks (up to
20 weeks when outbreaks
occur)
CAV-2 (A, SC) On entry no earlier than
6 weeks of age,* then
every 2-3 weeks until no
sooner than 16 weeks
Rabies (I, SC) If at all, one dose on exit
from the shelter as early
as 3 months depending
on local regulations
CPiV (A, SC) On entry no earlier than 6
weeks of age,* then every
2-3 weeks until no sooner
than 16 weeks
Recommendations
Age > 16 Weeks for Booster at Exit Comments
Two doses 2-3 weeks 1 year, then every 3 Core. Potential to provide
apart recommended, years thereafter. strong protection. Do not
but one dose is con- use in pregnancy. Adminis-
sidered protective ter with vaccines for CDV
and CAV-2.
Two doses 2-3 weeks 1 year, then every 3 Core. Potential to provide
apart recommended, years thereafter strong protection. Do not
but one dose is use in pregnancy. Admin-
considered protective ister with CPV and CAV-2
vaccines.
Two doses 2-3 weeks 1 year, then every 3 Core. Administer with CPV
apart recommended, years thereafter and CAV-2. Potential to
but one dose is con- provide strong protection
sidered protective and immunize pups in the
face of maternal antibody.
More studies needed that
compare the relative ef-
ficacy of recombinant and
live attenuated CDV vac-
cines in dogs of all ages in
shelter environments.
Two doses 2-3 weeks 1 year, then every 3 Core. Administer with CDV
apart recommended, years thereafter. and CPV vaccines. Do not
but one dose is con- use in pregnancy.
sidered protective
If at all, one dose on 1 year, then every Use in endemic areas. Local
exit from the shelter 3 years thereafter regulations can dictate the
with an approved need for rabies immuniza-
product for 3-yearly tion.
immunization.
Local regulations
may dictate alter-
nate protocols.
Two doses 2-3 weeks Annual or within 6 If the SC vaccine is used, it
apart recommended, months of board- can be administered in shel-
but one dose is con- ing, and at least ters in combination with
sidered protective 1 week before CDV, CPV, and CAV-2.
boarding with Administer with a vaccine
monovalent SC for B. bronchiseptica.
or IN respiratory
disease vaccines
 APPENDIX  Vaccination Schedules for Dogs and Cats 899

TABLE A-3 
Guidelines for Vaccination of Dogs in Shelter Environments—cont’d

Initial Vaccination
Vaccine Age ≤ 16 Weeks
CPiV (A, IN) Two doses 2-3 weeks apart
starting as early as 3
weeks, although one dose
may be sufficient
B. bronchiseptica Two doses 2-3 weeks
(A, IN) apart starting as early
as 3 weeks, although one
dose may be sufficient
Canine influenza On entry, two doses
(I, SC) 3 weeks apart starting
at 6 weeks of age
A, attenuated live; I, inactivated whole organism; IN, intranasal; SC, subcutaneous.
*Immunization can be performed as early as 4-5 weeks in the face of an outbreak.
Recommendations
Age > 16 Weeks for Booster at Exit Comments
Two doses 2-3 weeks Annual or within 6 Potential to provide improved
apart, although one months of board- local mucosal immunity over
dose may be sufficient ing, and at least SC products, but further
1 week before study required. Available
boarding in combination with IN B.
bronchiseptica
Two doses 2-3 weeks Annual or within 6 Potential to provide improved
apart, although one months of board- local mucosal immunity over
dose may be sufficient ing, and at least SC products, but further
1 week before study required. Provides
boarding more rapid immuniza-
tion than SC products and
improved likelihood of
immunization in the face of
maternal antibody compared
with SC products available
at the time of writing. Never
administer SC. Available in
combination with CPiV
Two doses, 3 weeks Annual if risk is For dogs at risk of exposure
apart ongoing in shelters in endemic re-
gions of the United States.
Maximal protection does
not occur until approxi-
mately one week after the
second vaccine.

TABLE A-4
Guidelines for Vaccination of Cats in Shelter Environments

Initial Vaccination
Vaccine Age ≤ 16 Weeks
FPV (A, SC) On entry and no earlier than
4-6 weeks of age, then
every 2-3 weeks until no
sooner than 16 weeks (up
to 20 weeks when out-
breaks occur)4
FHV-1 (A, On entry and no earlier than
SC; A, IN) 4-6 weeks of age, then
every 2-3 weeks until no
sooner than 14-16 weeks
Recommendations
Age > 16 Weeks for Booster at Exit Comments
Two doses 3 weeks apart 1 year, then every Potential to provide strong
recommended, but 3 years thereafter. protection against FPV and
one dose is considered CPV-2.12 Administer alone
protective or with SC vaccines for
FHV-1 and FCV. Do not use
in pregnant queens. The use
of IN FPV vaccines is not
recommended in shelters.
Two doses 3 weeks apart 1 year, then every Does not provide complete
recommended, but 3 years thereafter. protection. Avoid use in
one dose is considered Annual revaccina- pregnancy. Intranasal vac-
protective tion may be indicat- cines may be associated with
ed in contaminated transient upper respiratory
environments. signs. Administer with FCV.
One dose of the IN vaccine
may be sufficient.
Continued
900 APPENDIX  Vaccination Schedules for Dogs and Cats

TABLE A-4 
Guidelines for Vaccination of Cats in Shelter Environments—cont’d

Initial Vaccination
Vaccine Age ≤ 16 Weeks
FCV (A, SC; On entry and no earlier than
A, IN) 4-6 weeks of age, then
every 2-3 weeks until no
sooner than 14-16 weeks
Rabies (I, SC) If at all, one dose on exit
from the shelter as early
as 3 months depending on
local regulations
Recommendations
Age > 16 Weeks for Booster at Exit Comments
Two doses 2-3 weeks 1 year, then every Does not provide complete
apart recommended, 3 years thereafter. protection. Avoid use in
but one dose is consid- Annual revaccina- pregnancy. Intranasal
ered protective tion may be indicat- vaccines may be associ-
ed in contaminated ated with transient upper
environments. respiratory signs. Adminis-
ter with FHV-1. One dose
of the IN vaccine may be
sufficient.
If at all, one dose on exit 1 year, then every For use in endemic areas.
from the shelter 3 years thereafter Local regulations may
with an approved dictate the need for rabies
product for 3-yearly immunization.
immunization. Local
regulations may
dictate alternate
protocols.

A, attenuated live; I, inactivated whole organism; IN, intranasal; SC, subcutaneous.

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