Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C H A P T E R
3
Circular functions
Objectives
To understand the reciprocal circular functions cosec, sec and cot
To understand and apply the identities sec2 = 1 + tan2 and
cosec2 = 1 + cot2
To understand and apply the compound angle formulas
To understand and apply the double angle formulas
To understand the restricted circular functions and their inverses sin−1 ,
cos−1 and tan−1
To understand the graphs of the inverse functions sin−1 , cos−1 and tan−1
To solve equations involving circular functions
The sine, cosine and tangent functions are discussed in some detail in section 1.1. Several new
circular functions are introduced in this chapter.
103
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
y
y = cosec θ
1
y = sin θ
0
–π π π θ
–π 3π 2π
2 –1 2 2
1
y = cos θ
0
π θ
–π –π π 3π 2π
2 2 2
–1
Example 1
Sketch the graph of each of the following over the interval [0, 2].
a y = cosec(2x) b y = sec x + c y = cot x −
3 4
Solution y
–2
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
y
c The graph of y = cot x − is a
4
translation of the graph of
y = cot x, units in the positive
4
direction of the x axis. The y axis 1
0
intercept is cot − = −1 x
4 π 3π π 5π 7π 2π
5 –1
The asymptotes are at x = and x = . 4 4 4 4 (2π, –1)
4 4
3 7
The x-axis intercepts are at and .
4 4
For right-angled triangles, the reciprocal functions can be defined through ratios. C
hyp
cosec x ◦ =
opp hyp
hyp opp
sec x ◦ =
adj
adj x°
and cot x ◦ =
opp A B
adj
Example 2 C
Solution
x°
a By Pythagoras’ theorem, AC2 = 52 + 62 = 61 A B
√ 6
∴ AC = 61 cm
5 6 5
b sin x ◦ = √ cos x ◦ = √ tan x ◦ =
61 61 6
√ √
61 61 6
cosec x ◦ = sec x ◦ = cot x ◦ =
5 6 5
Useful properties
The symmetry properties established for sine, cosine and tangent can be used to establish the
following results:
Example 3
The first of these identities is obtained by dividing each term of the original identity
by sin2 x:
sin2 x cos2 x 1
i.e. 2
+ 2
=
sin x sin x sin2 x
which implies 1 + cot x = cosec2 x
2
The derivation of the second identity is left as an exercise for the reader.
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
Example 4
cos x − cos3 x
Simplify the expression .
cot x
Solution
cos x − cos3 x cos x(1 − cos2 x)
=
cot x cot x
sin x
= cos x × sin2 x ×
cos x
= sin3 x
Example 5
If tan x = 2, x ∈ 0, , find:
2
a sec x b cos x c sin x d cosec x
Solution √
1 5
a sec x = tan x + 1
2 2
b cos x = =
sec x 5
=4+1
√
∴ sec x = ± 5
√
As x ∈ 0, , sec x = 5
2 √ √
2 5 1 5
c sin x = tan x × cos x = d cosec x = =
5 sin x 2
Exercise 3A
1 Sketch the graph of each of the following, over the interval [0, 2]:
a y = cosec x + b y = sec x − c y = cot x +
4 6 3
2 3
d y = sec x + e y = cosec x − f y = cot x −
3 2 4
2 Sketch the graph of each of the following, over the interval [0, ]:
a y = sec 2x b y = cosec(3x) c y = cot(4x)
d y = cosec 2x + e y = sec(2x + ) f y = cot 2x −
2 3
3 Sketch the graph of each of the following, over the interval [−, ]:
2
a y = sec 2x − b y = cosec 2x + c y = cot 2x −
2 3 3
4 Find the trigonometric ratios cot x◦ , sec x◦ and cosec x◦ for each of the following
triangles:
a b c
x° 5
5 9
x°
7
x°
8
7
5 Find the exact value of each of the following:
2 3 −
a sin b cos c tan d cosec
3 4 4 6
− 5 5
e sec f cot g sin h tan
4 6 4 6
− 3 9 −7
i sec j cosec k cot l cos
3 4 4 3
6 Simplify each of the following expressions:
tan2 x + 1
a sec2 x − tan2 x b cot2 x − cosec2 x c
tan2 x
sin2 x
d + cos x e sin4 x − cos4 x f tan3 x + tan x
cos x
−
7 If tan x = −4, x ∈ , 0 , find:
2
a sec x b cos x c cosec x
3
8 If cot x = 3, x ∈ , , find:
2
a cosec x b sin x c sec x
−
9 If sec x = 10, x ∈ , 0 , find:
2
a tan x b sin x
3
10 If cosec x = −6, x ∈ , 2 , find:
2
a cot x b cos x
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
A proof of the first identity is given below and the other identities can be derived from that
result.
Proof y
cos(x − y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y
1
Consider angles x and y, x > y, measured Q(cos y, sin y)
counter-clockwise, and the corresponding points
P (cos x, sin x) and Q (cos y, sin y) respectively. O
x
Let be the angle measured anticlockwise –1 α 1
from OQ to OP. Then x − y = + 2k for
some integer constant k. –1 P(cos x, sin x)
Two cases need to be considered.
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
Case 1
0<≤
Using vectors,
−
→ −
→
OP = cos xi + sin xj and |OP| = 1
−
→ −
→
OQ = cos yi + sin yj and |OQ| = 1
Case 2 y
< ≤ 2
1
In the diagram opposite: Q
→ −
− →
OP.OQ = cos(2 − )
O
= cos(−) x
–1 1
= cos α P
∴ in all cases:
−
→ −→ –1
OP.OQ = cos
−
→ − →
Now OP.OQ = cos x cos y + sin x sin y (using dot product)
Example 6
5 5
a Use = + to evaluate sin . b Use = − to evaluate cos .
12 6 4 12 12 3 4 12
Solution
5
a sin = sin +
12 6 4
= sin cos + cos sin
6 4 6 4
√ √ √
1 2 3 2
= × + ×
2 2 2 2
√
2 √
= (1 + 3)
4
b cos = cos −
12 3 4
= cos cos + sin sin
3 4 3 4
√ √ √
1 2 3 2
= × + ×
2 2 2 2
√
2 √
= (1 + 3)
4
Example 7
3
sin x = 0.2, x ∈ 0, and cos y = −0.4, y ∈ , . Find sin(x + y).
2 2
Solution
sin x = 0.2
√
∴ cos x = ± 1 − 0.22 = ± 0.96
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
√
√ 2 6
As x ∈ 0, , cos x = 0.96 =
2 5
√
cos y = −0.4 ∴ sin y = ± 1 − (−0.4)2 = ± 0.84
√
3 √ 21
As y ∈ , , sin y = − 0.84 = −
2 5
sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
√ √
2 6 21
= 0.2 × −0.4 + ×−
5 5
2 √
= −0.08 − × 3 14
25
2 √
= − [1 + 3 14]
25
These formulas can be derived from the compound angle formulas by substituting y for x:
cos(x + y) = cos x cos y − sin x sin y
∴ cos(x + x) = cos x cos x − sin x sin x
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x
The two other equivalent forms of cos 2x can be obtained by applying the Pythagorean identity
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
Example 8
If sin = 0.6, ∈ , , find sin 2.
2
Solution
sin = 0.6 ∴ cos = ± 1 − 0.62
= ±0.8
As ∈ , , cos = −0.8
2
sin 2 = 2 sin cos
= 2 × 0.6 × −0.8
= −0.96
Example 9
3
If cos = 0.7, ∈ , 2 , find sin .
2 2
Solution
cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x
∴ cos = 1 − 2 sin2
2
2 sin 2
= 1 − 0.7
2
= 0.3
√
sin = ± 0.15
2
3 3
∈ , 2 , ∈ ,
2 2 4
∴ sin is positive
2 √
√ 15
sin = 0.15 =
2 10
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
Exercise 3B
1 Use the compound angle formulas to expand each of the following:
a sin(2x − 5y) b cos(x2 + y) c tan(x + (y + z))
5 Use the compound angle formulas and appropriate angles to find the exact value of each
of the following:
5 7
a sin b tan c cos d tan
12 12 12 12
6 Let sin x = 0.6, x ∈ , and tan y = 2.4, y ∈ 0, . Find the exact value of each
2 2
of the following:
a cos x b sec y c cos y
d sin y e tan x f cos(x − y)
g sin(x − y) h tan(x + y) i tan(x + 2y)
3
7 Let cos x = −0.7, x ∈ , and sin y = 0.4, y ∈ 0, , Find the value of each
2 2
of the following, correct to two decimal places:
a sin x b cos y c tan(x − y) d cos(x + y)
3
12 Let sin x = −0.75, x ∈ , . Find correct to two decimal places:
2
a cos x b sin 12 x
13 If cos x = 0.9, x ∈ 0, , find cos 12 x correct to two decimal places.
2
14 In a right-angled triangle GAP, AP = 12 m and GA = 5 m. P
T is a point on AP, such that ∠AGT = ∠TGP = xc . Without
using a calculator, find the exact values of the following:
a tan 2x
b tan x, by using the double angle formula
c AT
12 m
T
G 5m A
Note: The domain of sin−1 = range of the restricted sine function = [−1, 1].
The range of sin−1 = domain of the restricted sine function = − , .
2 2
By the property of inverse functions, sin(sin−1 x) = x and, for x ∈ − , ,
2 2
−1
sin (sin x) = x.
The graph of y = sin−1 (x) is obtained from the graph of y = sin (x), x ∈ − , , through
2 2
a reflection in the line y = x.
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
y y
y
π π
–1
2 y = sin x y = sin–1 x
2
y = sin x y=x
1 1
y = sin x
0 0 0
x x x
–π π –π –1 π
1 –1 1
2 2 2 2
–1
–1
–π –π
2 2
sin−1 is also denoted by arsin, arcsin or asin.
The graph of the restricted cosine function, its reflection in the line y = x to produce
y = cos−1 x, and the graph of y = cos−1 x are shown in the three figures below.
y y y
π y=x π
y = cos–1 x
π
2
y = cos–1 x
1 y = cos x 1
y = cos x
0 0 0
x x x
π π –1 π π –1 1
–1 2 –1 2
Note: The domain of cos−1 x is [−1, 1] and the range is [0, ].
Also, cos(cos−1 x) = x and, for x ∈ [0, ], cos−1 (cos x) = x.
cos−1 is also denoted by arcos or acos.
The graph of the restricted tangent function, its reflection in the line y = x to produce
y = tan−1 x, and the graph of y = tan−1 x are shown in the three figures below.
y y y
y = tan x y = tan x
π π
y=x π
2 2 y=
2
y = tan–1 x y = tan–1 x
0 0 0
x x x
–π π –π π –π
2 2 2 2 2 π
–π y=–
2
2
Note: The domain of tan−1 x is R and its range is − , .
2 2
Also tan(tan−1 x) = x and, for x ∈ − , , tan−1 (tan x) = x.
2 2
tan−1 is also denoted by artan, arctan or atan.
Example 10
Sketch the graph of each of the following for their maximal domain:
a y = cos−1 (2 − 3x) b y = tan−1 (x + 2) +
2
Solution y
a For the function to be defined (1, π)
−1 ≤ 2 − 3x ≤ 1
⇔ −3 ≤ −3x ≤ −1
⇔ 1
3
≤x ≤1
i.e. the implied domain is 13 , 1 x
0 1 1
Note: y = cos−1 −3 x − 23 3
y=π
π
–2,
2
x
0
Example 11
√
3
a Evaluate sin−1 −
2
b Simplify:
5
−1
i sin−1 sin ii sin sin
6 6
√
2
iii sin−1 cos iv sin cos−1
3 2
Solution √ √
−1 3 − 3
a Evaluating sin − is equivalent to solving the equation sin x =
2 2
√
3
sin =
3 2
√
3
∴ sin − =−
3 2
√
3
∴ sin−1 − =−
2 3
b i Since ∈ − , , by definition sin−1 sin =
6 2 2 6 6
5 5
ii sin−1 sin = sin−1 sin −
6 6
= sin−1 sin
6
=
6
−1
iii sin cos = sin−1 sin −
3 2 3
−1
= sin sin
6
=
6
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
√
−1 2
iv sin cos = sin
2 4
√
2
=
2
Example 12
Solution
a For sin−1 (2x − 1) to be defined b For 3 cos−1 (2 − 2x) to be defined
−1 ≤ 2x − 1 ≤ 1 −1 ≤ 2 − 2x ≤ 1
⇔ −3 ≤ −2x ≤ −1
⇔ 0 ≤ 2x ≤ 2 1 3
⇔ ≤x≤
⇔ 0≤x ≤1 2 2
1 3
∴ the implied domain is [0,1] ∴ the implied domain is ,
2 2
The range is − , . The range is [0, 3].
2 2
Example 13
Find the implied domain and range of y = cos(−sin−1 x), where cos has restricted
domain [0, ].
Solution
Let y = cos u, u ∈ [0, ] where u = −sin−1 x
u
y
π
2
1
u x
0 π π –1 0 1
–1 2 π
–
2
−
From the graphs it can be seen that the range of u = , , but for the composite
2 2
function to exist the values of u must be a subset of [0, ], the domain of cos u. Hence
the values of u for this composite function to exist, and hence the domain of cos,
must lie in the interval 0, .
2
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
Exercise 3C
1 Sketch the graphs of each of the following, stating clearly the implied domain and range
each time:
a y = tan−1 (x
− 1) b y = cos−1 (x + 1)
1
c y = 2 sin−1 x + d y = 2 tan−1 (x) +
2 2
e y = cos−1 (2x) f y= 1
2
sin−1 (3x) +
4
2 Evaluate each of the following: √
−1 − 2
a sin −1
1 b sin c sin−1 0.5
√ 2
− 3
d cos −1 e cos−1 0.5 f tan−1 1
2 √
√ 3
g tan−1 (− 3) h tan−1 i cos−1 (−1)
3
3 Simplify: √
−1 −1 5 −1 2
a sin(cos 0.5) b sin cos c tan sin −
6 2
5
d cos(tan−1 1) e tan−1 sin f tan(cos−1 0.5)
2
7 2 11
g cos−1 cos h sin−1
sin − i tan −1
tan
3 3 4
j cos−1 sin − −1 3
3 k cos−1 tan − l sin cos −
4 4
3
4 Let f : , → R, f (x) = sin x.
2 2
a Define f −1 , clearly stating its domain and its range.
b Evaluate:
3 7
i f ii f iii f
2 4 6
−1
iv f −1 (−1) v f −1 (0) vi f (0.5)
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
5 Given that the domain of sin x, cos x and tan x are restricted to − , , [0, ] and
2 2
− , respectively, define the implied domain and range of each of the following
2 2
where y is equal to:
a sin−1 (2 − x) b sin x + c sin−1 (2x + 4)
4
d sin 3x − e cos x − f cos−1 (x + 1)
3 6
g cos−1 (x2 ) 2
h cos 2x + i tan−1 (x2 )
3
j tan 2x − k tan−1 (2x + 1) l tan(x2 )
2
6 Simplify each of the following expressions, in an exact form:
a cos sin−1 45 b tan cos−1 13 5
c cos tan−1 247
d tan sin−1 41 40
e tan cos−1 12 f sin cos−1 32
g sin(tan−1 (−2)) h cos sin−1 73 i sin(tan−1 0.7)
7 Let sin = 35 and sin = 13
5
, ∈ 0, and ∈ 0,
2 2
a Find: i cos ii cos
b Use a compound angle formula to show that:
i sin−1 3
5
− sin−1 5
13
= sin−1 16
65
ii sin−1 3
5
+ sin−1 13
5
= cos−1 33
65
8 Given that the domain of sin x and cos x are restricted to − , and [0, ] respectively,
2 2
define the implied domain and range of each of the following where y is equal to:
a sin−1 (cos x) b cos(sin−1 x) c cos−1 (sin 2x)
d sin(−cos−1 x) e cos(2 sin−1 x) f tan−1 (cos x)
g cos(tan−1 x) h sin(tan−1 x)
1
9 a Use a compound angle formula to show that tan−1 3 − tan−1 = .
2 4
−1 −1 x − 1
b Hence, show that tan x − tan = , x > –1.
x +1 4
10 Given that the domain of sin x and cos x are restricted to − , and [0, ]
2 2
respectively, explain why each of these expressions cannot be evaluated:
a cos[sin−1 (−0.5)] b sin[cos−1 (−0.2)] c cos[tan−1 (−1)]
Example 14
Example 15 y
Solution
The period of cot x is . In the interval [0, ] 3π
3 4
the solution of cot x = −1 is x =
4 x
∴ the solutions of the equation are 0 π π
–1 2
3
x= + n, n ∈ Z
4
Example 16
√
−2 3
Find x, such that cosec 2x − = , for x ∈ [0, 2].
3 3
Solution √
−2 3
cosec 2x − =
3 3
√
−3 − 3
implies sin 2x − = √ =
3 2 3 2
11
Let = 2x − where ∈ − ,
3 3 3
√
− 3
then sin() =
2
4 5 10 11
∴ =− , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
4 5 10 11
∴ 2x − =− , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3
5 11
∴ 2x = 0, , 2, , 4
3 3
5 11
∴ x = 0, , , , 2
6 6
Example 17
∴ (2a − 1)(a + 1) = 0
∴ 2a − 1 = 0 or a + 1 = 0
∴ a= 1
2
or a = −1
∴ a= since a ∈ [0, 1]
1
2
x
∴ sin = 12
2
x 5
∴ = ,
2 6 6
5
∴ x= ,
3 3
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
Example 18
Solution
a Let a = sin(2x)
x
–3π –π –π 0 π π 3π
2 2 2 2
1
y=
(sin (2x) + 1)2 + 1
b Note that sin2 (2x) + 2 sin(2x) + 2 ≥ 0 for all x. Thus its reciprocal also has this
property.
The local maximum for the original function yields a local minimum for the
reciprocal.
The local minimum for the original function yields a local maximum for the
reciprocal.
∴ maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is 15
There are many equations involving circular functions which are not solvable by analytic
techniques. A graphics calculator can be used for the solution of such equations.
Example 19
Find the solution of the equation 2 sin(3x) = x correct to three decimal places.
Solution y
The graphs of y = 2 sin(3x) and y=x
y = x are plotted with a graphics 2
calculator. The solutions are
(0.8929..., 0.8929...)
x = 0, x ≈ 0.893 and x ≈ −0.893
x
0
–2
y = 2 sin (3x)
(–0.8929..., –0.8929...)
Exercise 3D
1 Solve each of the following equations for x ∈ [0, 2]:
a cosec x = −2 b cosec x − = −2
√ 4
c 3 sec x = 2 3 d cosec(2x) + 1 = 2
√
e cot x = − 3 f cot 2x − = −1
3
2 Solve each of the following equations, giving solutions in the interval [0, 2]:
√
− 3 √
a sin x = 0.5 b cos x = c tan x = 3
2 √
d cot x = −1 e sec x = 2 f cosec x = − 2
7 Using a graphics calculator, find the coordinates of the points of intersection for the
graphs of the following pairs of functions. (Give values correct to two decimal places.)
a y = 2x y = 3 sin(2x) b y=x y = 2 sin(2x)
c y=3−x y = cos x d y=x y = tan x x ∈ [0, 2]
8 Let cos x = a, a = −1, x ∈ [0, 2]. If q is one of the solutions, find, in terms of q, the
second solution.
9 Let sin = a where ∈ 0, . Find, in terms of , two values of x in the range [0, 2]
2
which satisfy each of the following equations:
a sin x = −a b cos x = a
10 Let sec = b where ∈ , . Find, in terms of , two values of x in the range
2
[−, ] which satisfy each of the following equations:
a sec x = −b b cosec x = b
3
11 Let tan = c where ∈ , . Find in terms of , two values of x in the range
2
[0, 2] which satisfy each of the following equations:
a tan x = −c b cot x = c
12 Solve, correct to two decimal places, the equation sin2 = for ∈ [0, ].
13 Find the value of x, correct to two decimal places, such that tan−1 x = 4x − 5.
14 A curve on a light rail track is an arc of a circle of length 300 m and the straight line
joining the two ends of the curve is 270 m long.
a Show that, if the arc subtends an angle of 2 ◦ at the centre of the circle, is a solution
◦
of the equation sin ◦ = .
200
b Solve, correct to two decimal places, the equation for .
1
15 Solve, correct to two decimal places, the equation tan x = for x ∈ [0, ].
x
16 The area of a segment of a circle is given by the equation A = 12 r 2 ( − sin ), where is
the angle subtended at the centre of the circle.
If the radius of the circle is 6 cm and the area of the segment is 18 cm2 , find the value
of correct to two decimal places.
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
18 Two particles A and B move in a straight line. At time t their positions relative to a point O
are given by
xA = 0.5 sin t and xB = 0.25t2 + 0.05t
Find the times at which their positions are the same, and give this position (distances are
measured in cm and time in seconds).
19 A string is wound around a disc and a horizontal length of the string AB is 20 cm long.
The radius of the disc is 10 cm. The string is then moved so that the end of the string, B ,
is moved to a point at the same level as O, the centre of the circle. BP is a tangent to the
circle.
O O B'
θ
10 cm
P
A 20 cm B A B
a Show that satisfies the equation − + tan = 2.
2
b Find the value of , correct to two decimal places, which satisfies this equation.
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
Review
Chapter summary
The reciprocal circular functions cosec x, sec x and cot x are defined as follows:
1
cosec x = sin x = 0
sin x
1
sec x = cos x = 0
cos x
cos x
cot x = sin x = 0
sin x
Useful symmetry properties for the reciprocal circular functions are:
sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
cot2 x + 1 = cosec2 x
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
The compound angle formulas express circular functions of sums and differences of two
angles (variables) in terms of circular functions of each of the angles:
The double angle formulas are derived from the compound angle formulas:
π y = sin–1 x π y = cos–1 x
2
x
_1 0 1
π x
_ _1 0 1
2
tan−1 : R → R, tan−1 x = y
where tan y = x, y ∈ − ,
2 2
y
π
y = tan–1 x
2
0 x
_π
2
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
Review
Multiple-choice questions
A y B y C y
1 π π
π
0 π π
x 2 π
2 2
–1 x x
–1 0 1 –1 0 1
D y E y
π 1
π x
2 0 π π
2
x –1
–1 0 1
−2
2 If cos x = 3
and 2 < x < 3 then the exact value of sin x is:
√ √ √ √
− 5
A 2 + 3
5
B 2 − 3
5
C 3
5
D 3
E 5
9
3 Given that cos(x) = −1 and x ∈ , , the value of cot(x) is:
10
√ √ 2 √ √
A 3√1011 B 3 11 C −3 11 D 3311 E −3311
4 The graph of the function y = 2 + sec(3x), for x ∈ − 6 , 7
6
, has stationary points at:
5
A x = 3, B x = 6, 2, 6 C x = 2
D x = 0, 3 , 2
3
, E x = 0, 2 3
5 If sin x = − 13 , the possible values of cos x are:
√ √ √ √
−2 2 2 2 −2 2 −8 8 − 2 −1 1
A 3
, 3
B ,
3 3
C ,
9 9
D 3
, 3
2
E ,
2 2
6 The maximum domain of cos−1 (1 − 5x) is given by:
2
A 0, 25 B 1− 5
, 15 C [−1, 1] D 0, 5 E − 15 , 15
7 (1 + tan x)2 + (1 − tan x)2 is equal to:
A 2 + tan x + 2 tan(2x) B 2 C −4 tan x D 2 + tan(2x) E 2 sec2 x
8 The number of solutions of cos2 (3x) = 14 , given that 0 ≤ x ≤ , is:
A 1 B 2 C 3 D 6 E 9
tan(2)
9 equals:
1 + sec(2)
A tan(2) B tan(2) + 1 C tan + 1 D sin(2) E tan
10 For < A < and 0 < B < 2 with sin A = t and cos B = t, cos(B + A) is equal to:
2
√ √
A 0 B 1 − t2 C 2t 2 − 1 D 1 − 2t 2 E −2t 1 − t 2
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
Review
Extended-response questions
b ABCDEFGH is a cuboid. F G
∠GAC = , ∠CAD = ,
2
AC = 10 E H
B C
θ
i Show that the volume, V, of the cuboid 2
θ
is given by V = 1000 cos sin tan . A
2 D
ii Find the values of a and b such that
V = a sin2 + b sin4 .
2 2
2
iii Let p = sin , and express V as a quadratic in p.
2
iv Find the possible values of p for 0 < < .
2
v Sketch the graphs of V against and V against p with the help of a graphics
calculator.
vi Find the maximum volume of the cuboid and the values of p and for which this
occurs. (Determine the maximum through the quadratic found in b iii.)
c If for the cuboid ∠CAD = and ∠GAC = :
i find V in terms of
ii sketch the graph of V against
iii discuss the relationship between V and using the graph of c ii.
3
ii Show that is a solution to the equation and that it is the only real solution.
2 √
iii Find the value of for which p = 3.
iv Find the radius of the circle.
d Using a graphics calculator sketch the graph of p against for ∈ 0, .
4
e If A = E, find the value of .
f i If AE = 1, show that 8x3 − 4x −1
= 0.
1 √
ii Hence show ( 5 + 1) = cos .
4 5
P1: GHM
0521609992c03.xml CUAT007-EVANS September 1, 2005 18:40
Review
5 a i Prove that tan x + cot x = 2 cosec(2x) for sin 2x = 0.
ii Solve the equation tan x = cot x for x.
iii On the one set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = tan x, y = cot x and
y = 2 cosec(2x) for x ∈ (0, 2).
b i Prove that cot(2x) + tan x = cosec(2x) for sin(2x) = 0.
ii Solve the equation cot(2x) = tan x.
iii On the one set of axes, sketch the graphs of y = cot(2x), y = tan x and
y = cosec(2x) for x ∈ [0, 2].
cos[(m − n)x]
c i Prove that cot(mx) + tan(nx) = m, n ∈ Z .
sin(mx) cos(nx)
ii Hence show that cot(6x) + tan(3x) = cosec(6x).
6 Triangle ABE is isosceles with AB = BE and triangle ACE is B
isosceles with AC = AE.
AE = 1 36°
a i Find the magnitude of ∠BAE, ∠AEC and ∠ACE.
ii Hence find the magnitude of ∠BAC. C
b Show that BD = 1 + sin 18◦ .
1 + sin 18◦
c Use triangle ABD to prove that cos 36◦ = . D
1 + 2 sin 18◦
d Hence show that 4 sin2 18◦ + 2 sin 18◦ − 1 = 0.
e Find sin 18◦ in exact form. A E