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Abstract— Conventional fast fourier transform directional current/time tripping curve same as IDMT protection relay to
protection relay requires complex butterfly computation justify the tripping characteristic. With this features,
overheads and memory buffers. In this work, the directional directional overcurrent relay is able to make the network more
function is realized by using time base zero crossing method. The reliable and sturdy.
time base zero crossing directional method is simulated in a
configuration of a parallel medium voltage feeder circuit, and by
Previously, there are several types of methods being
modeling fault current in the cable between the generation and designed to determine the direction of the fault current flow in
load. The zero crossing method requires less computation and the system, among all the techniques fast fourier transform is
memory space, as a result it responds faster in comparison to fast the most common technique implemented[3]. Fast fourier
fourier transform method. Furthermore, it is also easier to transform technique is base on digital sampling and use phase
program in a real time hardware system. The result from the estimation between the voltage and current for the forward or
simulation shows that both directional overcurrent and normal reverse flow direction of the fault current. However, fast
inverse current relay coordinate successfully when fault current fourier transform technique also have some drawback in
is introduced to different length in the cable. determining the direction of the fault current, such as during
Keywords— directional protection relay; time base zero
the fault occurrence in the network, both voltage and current
crossing method; parallel medium voltage feeder circuit; relay signal are badly distorted and in addition to that the signal may
coordinate. contain harmonic as well as decaying of dc component, which
cause the phases measurement error[4]. Moreover, fast fourier
I. INTRODUCTION transform technique requires stored data which is
The medium voltage power network is growing in accomplished by buffering the data which adds latency on
complexity and dimension, and renewable energy source such delay in detection of the fault.
as wind farm and solar PV are connecting into the system, and Time base zero crossing technique is another potential
making the situation more complicated and difficult for power technique to implement on the directional overcurrent
protection system[1,2]. Therefore, a robust power system protection relay, because this technique had already been
protection relay is required to ensure the system is protected researched and implemented to other application and showing
and safeguarded against power interruption. The most good result, such as power system synchronization system[5].
commonly used inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) Zero crossing technique is very useful not only for the process
overcurrent protection relay insufficient to protect the system to determine the signals for the power system protection and
and the equipment against the fault. This is because, IDMT control/monitoring, but it also useful for detecting the current
protection relay is based on the current/time tripping curve transformer saturation condition due to external faults
characteristic which is pre installed in the relay and it operates occuring in the transmission line[6]. Accurate and fast
to isolate the fault when the fault current meet the pre-set pick respones time delay estimation (TDE) is require to resolve and
up current level of the relay; the greater the fault current enter minimize RADAR and SONAR time delay estimation, where
the relay, the faster the relay operate and trip. However, IDMT the zero crossing technique is able to be updated whenever
protection relay will not able to determine the direction of the there is a new zero crossing detected. Moreover, the time
fault current flow in the system. Therefore, a directional delay estimation algorithm has a low computational
overcurrent protection relay is more suitable for the complexity as well as low latency which gives good benefit to
application to protect the network, as the directional the TDE to respond more accurately and real time[7].
overcurrent protection relay has the ability to identify the In this paper a time base zero crossing technique is
direction of fault current flow in the network and the proposed for the directional overcurrent protection relay. This
zero crossing technique is simple and straight forward; all it
ISBN 978-967-5770-63-0 67
The 3rd National Graduate Conference (NatGrad2015), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-9 April 2015.
does is obtaining both voltage and current signal in real-time, R3 at the source end shall use overcurrent protection relay and
and compare it to get time difference between current and grade them with both directional relay R2 and R4 at the
voltage crossing point, from there it determines either the fault receiving end, to ensure correct discriminative operation of the
current flow is in forward or reverse direction of the protection relays during line fault occurrence which can be achieved by
relay. Due to the simplicity of zero crossing technique, it setting the directional relay R2 and R4 time setting and current
requires a less computation function and able to perform in pick up less then overcurrent relay's R1 and R3.
faster processing rate, as well as react intuitively and produce
real-time output[8,9]. This method is not restricted to number
of samples and no data is lost to give false tripping instruction. III. RELAY PROTECTION SYSTEM IN GENERAL
The design of this time base zero crossing directional In general, the protection relays are installed closed to the
overcurrent protection relay is constructed on the source and load side. From fig.2, when the fault occurs in the
MATLAB/Simulink platform. To confirm it is working first power line (L1), the current in this system will flow in
compatible to the real situation in the power network system, two directions. In the first case, the current will flow from
it is configured in series to a IDMT overcurrent relay on a source to B1, CB1, R1 and to the F, the second path the
medium voltage parallel feeder circuit. A fault is modeled current start to flow from source to B1, CB3, R3, R4, CB4,
with different length of cables connected between both normal B2, CB2, R2 and lastly F. In this situation both directional
inverse overcurrent and directional overcurrent protection relay R2 and R4 detects the occurrence of the fault, but only
relay. The result from the simulation is very promising as the directional relay R2 will pickup and trip the circuit breaker
tripping of the directional overcurrent relay and normal CB2 due to its directional characteristic. Directional relay R4
inverse overcurrent relay are well coordinated even though the is set similar to R2, but R4 will not trip CB4 due to the current
fault current occur in difference length in the cable. flow in opposite direction for the directional setting in R4.
Overcurrent protection relay R3 is a back up protection for
II. NETWORK CONFIGURATION directional relay R2, if the discriminative setting for these
There are few circuit configurations which are applicable relays is set correctly, relay R3 will not trip CB3, in case the
to directional overcurrent protection scheme for protection of directional relay R2 trip CB2. After CB2 trip, the fault current
power network. This paper proposes and discusses a now only flow in the first path, and R1 will pickup and
directional overcurrent protection scheme for a medium eventually trip CB1 due to the overcurrent relay R1, the fault
voltage parallel circuit feeder. Parallel circuit is commonly is isolated and the receiving end still getting supply from the
found in the utilities and in the industries network; and cause sending end via the second power line (L2).
of simple directional overcurrent protection scheme. This kind
of circuit use combination of overcurrent protection relay and
directional overcurrent protection relay with discrimination
properties Figure. 1.
ISBN 978-967-5770-63-0 68
The 3rd National Graduate Conference (NatGrad2015), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-9 April 2015.
In table 1 the fault occurrences and relays response as well The zero crossing in Fig.5a shows that the overlapping
as the circuit breaker operation are summarized for the area between the voltage and the current is more than the non-
proposed zero crossing directional protection relay system overlapping, it also shows that this characteristic is for
forward direction of load flow. On the other hand, in fig.5b the
Table 1 Fault Location and Operation of Component in the Network overlapping area between voltage and current is smaller
compared to fig.5a, this condition indicates the load flow in
the reverse direction. Nevertheless, this overlapping area is
generated by the voltage and current, which can be determined
by the phase angle difference between the voltage and current.
The characteristic of phase angle for forward or reverse
direction are as follows:
If ϴ be the angle between current and the voltage in the same
phase. Then for normal load flow (forward direction).
∴ 90° 90°
For reverse direction:-
∴ 90° 270°
Fig.4a Proposed Current and Voltage Zero Crossing Simulation Blocks To obtain the overlap between voltage and current in
MATLAB/Simulink platform, both sinusoidal voltage and
current signals are first converted to square ware. The square
wave signals are then input in product function block, the
results are then input to an integration function block. The
upper limit for the integrator is set as "0" to ensure that the
integrator returns less than zero, even under normal load flow
condition, refer to fig.4a for the MATLAB directional block
diagram. On the other hand, in reverse direction flow the
outputs of the integral starts to drop until the fault is isolated.
In fig.6 it is shown that both fault current and integrator
output, and the result of the integrator drop gradually due to
directional function indicating load flow is reversed due to
fault.
Fig.4b Earlier Design of Zero Crossing Function Block [10]
ISBN 978-967-5770-63-0 69
The 3rd National Graduate Conference (NatGrad2015), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-9 April 2015.
ISBN 978-967-5770-63-0 70
The 3rd National Graduate Conference (NatGrad2015), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-9 April 2015.
R3 overcurrent relay will trip the circuit breaker in case the Engineering, VNIT Nagpur, India , P.P.Bedekar Department
fault current exceeds the pickup current setting in the relay. of Electrical Engineering, VNIT Nagpur, India, "Comparison
Once both overcurrent protection relays tripped, there will be of Wavelet Transform and Fourier Transform based methods
no supply to the load and the fault will be removed. The of Phasor Estimation for Numerical Relaying" Proc. of the
circuit breaker and current status when fault occur at the load International Conference on Science and Engineering (ICSE
side can refer to appendix 1.2. 2011).
ISBN 978-967-5770-63-0 71
The 3rd National Graduate Conference (NatGrad2015), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Putrajaya Campus, 8-9 April 2015.
VIII. APPENDIX
Appendix 1.1 Status of Current and Circuit Breaker when Fault occurs in L1
Appendix 1.2 Status of Current and Circuit Breaker when Fault occurs at load side
Appendix 1.3 Status of Current and Circuit Breaker when Fault occurs at Source side
ISBN 978-967-5770-63-0 72