Harvard Referencing PDF

Harvard
Referencing
(Adobe PDF version)
This is a printable version of the online Harvard References tutorial.
It does not contain the activities (quizzes, assignment) of that web based file.
For printing: note that it will print 59 pages
Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 1 of 59

Table of Contents (Hold down the Control key & click the links)
What is Harvard referencing?.......................................................................5
Why would you use it? .................................................................................5
Other Referencing Systems .........................................................................5
Handling different types of Source Media.....................................................6
On Plagiarism.................................................................................................6
Paraphrasing and the hazards of Plagiarism................................................6
Why is it so important? .................................................................................6
The Harvard System – a simple example.....................................................7
Step 1. Note down the bibliographic source details............................................ 7
Step 2. Insert a Citation in the text..................................................................... 7
Step 3. Add the entry into the references table .................................................. 7
What are Citations? .......................................................................................8
1. Handling citations without quotations...................................................10
With or without quotations; how do they differ? ..........................................10
Single Author Citations (no quotations) ......................................................10
Writing Flow..................................................................................................... 11
Single author with multiple publications......................................................11
Multiple author citations and using ‘et al’....................................................12
Section Summary .......................................................................................13
2. Handling citations with Quotations........................................................14
What is a quotation?...................................................................................14
Short quotations .........................................................................................14
Longer quotations.......................................................................................15
Shortening quotations for relevance using dots .........................................15
A quotation from more than 1 page of a source .........................................15
Repeated quotations from the same source - using ibid ............................16
Summary: Citations with quotations ...........................................................16
3. Making Reference Tables........................................................................17
Citations and Referencing Review .............................................................17
Where does the information for the References come from? .....................18
About Editions, Reprints and Dates............................................................18
What do Reference tables look like? ..........................................................19
Rules about reference tables .....................................................................19
Good practice: Keep track of your sources ................................................20
Basics of book referencing.........................................................................21
Single author books....................................................................................21
Memory aid...................................................................................................... 21
Capitalisation..............................................................................................22
Punctuation ................................................................................................22
Other paper-based referencing...................................................................23
No date of Publication ................................................................................23
No place of publication ...............................................................................23
No publisher ...............................................................................................23

ISBN Numbers ...........................................................................................23
Multiple authors ..........................................................................................24
Secondary Referencing..............................................................................24
Within Referencing - using ‘In’....................................................................24
Journal or Newspaper Article reference tables.........................................25
Order for Journals: .....................................................................................25
Order for Newspapers: ...............................................................................25
Summary: paper-based reference tables ...................................................25
Summary: paper-based reference tables ...................................................26
Electronic (computer) reference tables .....................................................27
What’s in the Look Up section? ....................................................................... 27
Internet sources ...........................................................................................28
Individual works/ web pages.......................................................................28
website - No author ....................................................................................29
website - No date .......................................................................................29
Personal e-mail correspondence................................................................29
Summary: Electronic referencing ...............................................................30
Other types of references ...........................................................................30
The Look Up Section ...................................................................................30
Introduction ................................................................................................30
Citations without quotations: .....................................................................30
Single Author Citations (no quotations) ......................................................30
Single author with multiple publications......................................................30
Multiple author citations..............................................................................30
Repeated citations to the same source: using ibid .....................................30
Citations with quotations:...........................................................................30
Short Quotations ........................................................................................30
Shortening quotations for relevance using dots .........................................30
Look Ups: References .................................................................................30
Paper based references ..............................................................................30
Single author books....................................................................................30
Capitalisation..............................................................................................30
Punctuation ................................................................................................30
Multiple authors ..........................................................................................30
Editor only (no author)................................................................................30
ISBN Numbers ...........................................................................................30
No date of Publication ................................................................................30
No place of publication ...............................................................................30
Secondary Referencing..............................................................................30
Within Referencing - using ‘In’....................................................................30
Internet sources ...........................................................................................30
Individual works/ web pages.......................................................................30
Website - No author ...................................................................................30

Website - No date.......................................................................................30
‘Within Referencing - using ‘In’ for websites...............................................30
Electronic journal articles ...........................................................................30
Individual Works – FTP ..............................................................................30
Individual Works – Telnet ...........................................................................30
Electronic mail / Discussion Lists / Bulletin Boards.................................30
Personal e-mail correspondence................................................................30
Forwarded e-mails with additions ...............................................................30
Citing a journal article from e-mail ..............................................................30
Elect. Conferences (interest groups), Bulletin Boards (partial)...................30
Elect. Conferences (interest groups), Bulletin Boards (entire)....................30
Usenet messages/ discussion groups ........................................................30
CD-ROM Bibliographic Databases .............................................................30
CD-ROM Bibliographic database – (entire) ................................................30
CD-ROM Bibliographic database – (a journal abstract/index ) ...................30
CD-ROM database - A journal / newspaper article from a full text version.30
UK Government / Official Publications ......................................................30
Government Publications ...........................................................................30
Acts of Parliament ......................................................................................30
Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).................................30
Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates in Standing Committees...........30
Command Papers ......................................................................................30
Foreign Language Publications ..................................................................30
Law Reports ...............................................................................................30
Miscellaneous Materials..............................................................................30
Academic Theses.......................................................................................30
British Standards Publications....................................................................30
Illustrations .................................................................................................30
Market Survey Reports...............................................................................30
Patents .......................................................................................................30
Podcasts ....................................................................................................30
Published Music .........................................................................................30
Reference to a film, video and television broadcasts .................................30
Film/Video ....................................................................................................... 30
Television ........................................................................................................ 30
Programme Contributions................................................................................ 30
Sound Recordings......................................................................................30
Other Information and Links .......................................................................30
Web Links ..................................................................................................30
Books .........................................................................................................30
References used for this paper: .................................................................30
Glossary of Terms .......................................................................................30

What is Harvard referencing?
Harvard referencing is a method used in your written assignments to let
readers know the published sources of information you have used. These
published sources can be from any paper based or electronic media and there
are standard formats for entering these details that vary according to a
number of factors.
Harvard referencing is a formal way of crediting the published work of others

which you have quoted within your own work.
Why would you use it?

By doing this you make it clear that
• You have evidence for the points you make from publications.
• You have not taken the opinions and claimed them as your own either
intentionally or unintentionally. This is called plagiarism - to use, and
claim as your own, someone else' s writing/speech.
• Finding your source is easier. Because published items are all
classified using a small number of bits of information (author, title, ISBN
number etc.) using this method means if your work is read by someone
in a different location he/she will be able to understand and locate the
sources using your references.
Although it does take time to learn the system, once you get into the habit of
doing it, handling referencing is fairly simple. It is a task best done during your
work as you keep track of sources and, in the final stages of the work, when
your writing is complete.
So, using this convention means you are using an established, international,
academic convention which all can use and this builds the credibility of your
writing. It also demonstrates that you have achieved the level of discipline of
writing in a clear, concise style which you can back up with evidence.
Other Referencing Systems

Another way of referencing you may encounter is the Numeric system which
uses numbers placed in the text for example:
“Here is a reference using the Numeric system3”
The numbers refer to sources listed at the end of each chapter.
A note on consistency
There are several variations on the Harvard referencing format. Once you
have found an acceptable way of handling your references you should be
consistent; you should definitely not mix referencing systems in the same
document.

Handling different types of Source Media
The type of the source publication must also be considered. A range of
different publication types – paper-based, official and electronic etc. – require
their own special form of referencing. Learning about recording correct
citations and handling references for a range of these different publication
types and sources is the focus of these tutorials.
On Plagiarism
When you are writing academically, it is not accepted practice for you to
express your own ideas or conclusions without support from careful research
or by reference to the ideas of other published sources. This is traditionally
how an academic body of information has been developed.
Stating an opinion without support from published sources (or research) can
lead to accusations of plagiarism (the stealing of ideas) or of putting forward
unproven, unsupported ideas. Being careful to credit a source is a very
important practice when writing academic works and one that many students
find difficult to recognise and establish, at first.
Paraphrasing and the hazards of Plagiarism

There is an important distinction between paraphrasing, i.e. using the sense
of the author’s ideas, and quoting, where you use the actual words of the
author. Both need to be given credit.
While it is easy to see that quotations need clear citation it is a common error
to include paraphrased opinion and ideas in assignments without the same.
Consider the following:
Other authors agree that eccentricity is common. Even Dyson worked

tirelessly without much pay to get started. Keating (2001, p66) states:
‘All my research leads me to believe that a high level of devotion was
the shared factor’.
Did you spot what was missing? While Keating is properly cited the student
used an idea he had read and, intentionally or not, failed to cite its source:
other authors. He/she hadn’t quoted from or cited the authors but had
paraphrased their ideas without due credit. It’s easy to do and you must be
careful to avoid it.
Why is it so important?
Because it may lead to the marker to suspect plagiarism (see below) and
most academic institutions have very firm views (and penalties) on this.
Plagiarism
Is defined as a deliberate attempt on the part of the writer or researcher to
use the work, ideas or expressions of other as if they were his/her own.
Deliberate plagiarism is a form of academic cheating but is far less
common than plagiarism committed through misunderstanding or
carelessness.
Plagiarism can occur if:
a) You fail to acknowledge fully the sources of knowledge of the ideas
that appear in your work;
b) You incorporate the actual words of others writers into your work as
if they were your own;
c) You string together ideas of facts taken from others without
presenting your own viewpoint.
The Harvard System – a simple example

This part is a brief outline of the steps you will need to take to use the Harvard
referencing system followed by an everyday example. Further explanations
are given in following sections.
Step 1. Note down the bibliographic source details

Here are the details of the book from where the opinion came:
• Title: Shopping Trends
• Author: William Keene
• Year of publication: 2002
• Edition: 2nd
• Publisher: Bantam Press
• Location: New York
• Page/s: 175.
Step 2. Insert a Citation in the text

Because your reader may want to verify Keene’s opinion (and read further)
this form of shorthand “ ‘Keene (2002)…(p.175)’ ” called a citation (a
bracketed entry in the text containing the author name and year of the source
e.g. (Jones 2001), is used in the text. Using the author’s last name and the
year of publication, the citation makes a traceable link to a reference table:
Perhaps the most telling example is e-Bay. Keene (2002) states that e-Bay
is an ‘incredibly important new form of person to person business which
ignores retail shops altogether’ (p175).
Because the text includes a quotation from Keene the page number where it
can be found is added and the quotation is added in single quotation marks
(more on quotations later).
Step 3. Add the entry into the references table

This is a table placed in the rear of a written work that lists the published
sources referred to within the body of the work itself. The tables are organised
alphabetically and by media. Occasionally, for larger works, these can be
placed at the end of each chapter.

Here is the entry in the reference table for this book:
Keene, W., 2002. Shopping Trends. 2nd ed. New York: Bantam Press.
The order of the various elements in the above example is very important and
a subject which we will look at in depth later.
Important
In the above example, a citation in the text points to the source of the
quotation. It is important that you recognise that not only quotations but
sources of ideas themselves also require referencing. Even where there is no
actual quotation, you must cite the source of the idea.
At this stage this may all seem a strange and unfamiliar way of doing things
but it will become a lot easier as you use the system. Let’s begin with looking
at the rules for handling citations.
What are Citations?

Citations are defined as a brief entry in the text of your work that gives the
reader just enough information to locate the complete work details listed in
your Reference tables.
Here is a sample showing two formats for citation of a single source (these
will be explained in the next part):
..and there is some support for this opinion from authors. Sangster (2001)
suggests there are connections between nutrition and student
achievement. In a later work on simple sugars, a longer term in-depth study
into the role of sugar is proposed (Peters 2002).
Both formats are slightly different and both are acceptable as you will see in
the next section.
Each time you cite (refer to) or directly quote publications in your work you
must:
• Include a bracketed citation in your text to the source of the item using
the author’s last name and the year of publication e.g. (Jones 2000).
(As you will see in the References section of this file, the relevant
information about book author and date etc. is located in the Title page
at the front of the book).
• Link the citation to a corresponding reference in a reference table in

the rear of your work which is organised in alphabetical order and lists
all those source publications you refer to. Depending on the type of

resource they contain these are called ‘Book References’, ‘Journal
References’, ‘Websites’, ‘ Electronic Mail’ , Government Publications
and so on.
How you record the citation will depend on the following factors:
• Whether the source document is written by a single author or multiple
authors;
• Whether the author has more than one publications in the same year;
• Whether the source you are using is inside a collection of source

materials.
(We will look at these variations in the following sections).
In the next part we look at handling citations without quotations. Once you
observe a few simple rules citations are easy. Handling citations with
quotations, the section following this one, differs only slightly.

1. Handling citations without quotations
In this part we will look at 3 common variations of citations that don’t include
quotations: Citations for single author books, multiple author books and
handling publications by the same author in different years. A more complete
list of the variety of citations can be found in the Lookup section of this
tutorial.
With or without quotations; how do they differ?

Citations without quotations differ from Citations with quotations in two ways:
• Quotations require page numbers in your citations.
• Longer quotations should be indented
Otherwise, they are largely the same.
Single Author Citations (no quotations)

A fragment from the text of a student assignment contains the following:
New technology almost always comes from the fascinations of a small

number of half-crazed enthusiasts (James 1998).
and here is the corresponding entry in the ‘Book References’ table:

James, F., 1998. The Creative Personality. 2nd ed. London: Oxford Press.
In this example you can see the main features of the Harvard system. Notice
that:
• Only the author’s last name and the year the book was published
appears in the citation (James 1998);
• The citation appears in brackets;
• There is no comma in the citation but there is plenty of punctuation in
the reference table entry (more on this later);
• The citation follows the text that is about the idea which came from
James;
• All other relevant details for that source are put into the Book
References table so any reader can look up the reference and trace
the original source.
• Notice also in the example that while the idea comes from James it is
not a quotation. This is an example of paraphrasing (using the sense
of the author’s ideas expressed in your own words) and quite
acceptable in assignments as long as it is correctly cited and
referenced.

Writing Flow
To improve the flow of your writing (making it easier to read) you can refer
directly to the author (use his or her name) in your work providing that you
insert a bracketed reference to the year of publication afterwards. In the
following example notice how much more natural is the sound of the sentence
A number of authors agree. James (1998) and Keaton (2001) support the
idea that an obsessional character is apparent in all of the important
inventors of last century and Harrison (2000) believes it to be an essential
feature for greatness.
when read::
As before, each of the authors’ names will then be found in the Book
References table. In the next example the same author is cited but from
publications in different years.
Single author with multiple publications

Where you need to cite more than one work by the same author, a simple
bracketed date of publication is enough:
James (1998) and James (1999) recognise that the growth in the use of
English as the language of the internet has led to problems.
So the corresponding Book References table might resemble:
JAMES, F., 1998. The Creative Personality. 2nd Edition. London: Oxford
Press
JAMES, F., 1999. The Creative Impulse. 1st Edition. London: Oxford Press
Single author; 2 or more publications in same year

It’s also quite common, especially with journal articles, to cite more than one
publication by the same author in the same year. In this case you can do so
by adding letters after the dates and making similar additions to your listings
in the alphabetical references section in the rear of the work.
James (1998a) and James (1998b)
So the corresponding Book References table would resemble:
JAMES, F., 1998a. The Creative Personality. 2nd Edition. London: Oxford Press
JAMES, F., 1998b. The Creative Impulse. London: Oxford Press

About recording page numbers and punctuation:
Notice that in the previous example there is a comma used to separate the
year and the page number. Some institutions use a colon ‘:’ between the
author details and the page number thus: (James 1998:121). Check with
yours to be sure.
Multiple author citations and using ‘et al’

If the source has three or fewer authors all names should be given before
the year:
Roberts, Withers and Beacon (2002) has much to say on the

consequences of eating low calorie breakfasts on student concentration…
If there are more than 3 authors use the Latin abbreviation et al (i.e. ‘and
others’)
Kerry et al (1999)…
Note that although the book has multiple authors it is referred to as a single
thing – as if ‘the book by’ was inserted before the citation.
There are a number of other examples of citations without quotations listed in

the Look Up section of this tutorial which you can refer to as you need to.
Here is a list of the types of citation you can find in the Look Up section of
this tutorial
• Single Author Citations (no quotations)
• Single author with multiple publications
• Single author; 2 or more publications in same year
• Multiple author citations
• Repeated citations to the same source: using ibid
• ‘Within’ Citations
• Secondary Citations
• No author (anonymous) citations
See the following page for a summary of this section.

Section Summary
Citations without quotations
• Single author citations are the most common. In the text they appear
as the author’s last name followed by the year of publication e.g.
(Hines 2002);
• To improve writing flow citations can be written as part of the text with
the year in brackets e.g. “Hines (2002) suggests that …”;
• Each citation must have a matching entry in the corresponding

References table so readers can find the source;
• Reference Tables usually appear at the end of the work and list all of
the details to easily identify a published work in a set order.

2. Handling citations with Quotations
In the last part we looked at handling citations without quotations. In this part
we will look at the modifications you need to make to the citation and to the
quotation itself to include quotations in your work.
What is a quotation?
A quotation is where you have taken the actual text from the source and
included it in your written text. A quotation can range in size from a single
word to a short paragraph.
To use a quotation from a publication you should
• Be accurate in recording the words and punctuation used by the

original author.
• Use single quotation marks (‘ ‘) around the text if the quotation is

less than one sentence; if longer, indent the passage and don’t use
quotation marks.
• In the citation, record the author’s last name, year of publication and
the page number/s in the publication where it can be found.
• Use, indentation if the text is more than one sentence and leave out
the quotation marks.
In this section we will look at some common variations:

• Short quotations;
• Longer quotations;
• Shortening quotations for relevance using dots;
• Quotations from more than 1 page of a source;
• Repeated citations to the same source – using ibid.
A more complete list of the variety of citations can be found in the Lookup
section of this tutorial.
Short quotations
An actual quote from James may appear as:
’Innovation brought forth rewards in time although it has come at significant

personal cost without initial reward’. (James 1998, p121).
or
James (1998, p121), argues that ‘Innovation brought forth rewards in time
although it has come at significant personal cost without initial reward’.

Longer quotations
A larger quote really needs indenting as well:
As stated by Walters (2004, p201):

Cooking haute cuisine French food needs a good understanding of the
basic reliance on good stocks, and the freshness of the produce and
meats it requires. Many restaurants claim to serve French cuisine but
for reasons often related to the shortage of quality ingredients and high
level skills they don’t deliver the goods.
Even without quotation marks it is clear from the wording and the page
reference that this IS a quotation.
Shortening quotations for relevance using dots

It’s no use including the whole paragraph if all you actually want is the first
and last sentences. Good writing means you can edit quotations to leave out
less relevant parts as long as you indicate the place you have cut out
material:
As mentioned by Michaels, (1999, p.24):
The newest houses in the area have a higher build quality then ever
…The great majority of householders aspire to make their own
improvements in time and this has led to an increase in DIY sales in
local stores….
Note the use of the 3 dots to indicate that part of the quotation is left out in
the body of the text and 4 dots are used if text is omitted at the end. Joining
the parts of the quotation in this way builds the strength of the quotation.
Note: Using dots to indicate there has been an omission is called Ellipsis.
A quotation from more than 1 page of a source

As we have seen it is necessary to include page numbers when using
quotations. If the citation should include more than 1 page then use pp. to
show it as below. Notice also the use of a comma to separate the author and
date from the page number:
In his work on football Henrikson (2002, pp.15-16) states the reasons

that….

Repeated quotations from the same source - using ibid
Where you have added a citation and are using further quotes from the same
source it is possible to add the Latin abbreviation ibid followed by the page
number, all in brackets. This tells the reader that this quotation comes from
the same source as the one immediately preceding it and no other. (Some
institutions allow ibid to be omitted and only the page number added in
brackets. Check for yours).
1. Recent research about lions (James 1990, p2) and tigers (ibid p.4)…etc.
2. Hargreaves (1996) discusses the causes of the Australian gold rush.

‘Dissent was a primary factor’ (ibid p.23) but unemployment and under-
employment which was widespread ‘made a significant and pernicious
contribution’ (ibid p.66).
Summary: Citations with quotations

Before we look at setting up reference tables let’s look at a summary of what
we have covered so far:
• The Harvard system requires that where the ideas or words of an

original source are used you must correctly cite it in your work.
Intentional or unintentional plagiarism must be avoided;
• Citations to other sources in your work must make clear the author’s
last name and date of publication either:
• Quotations from published sources require careful handling in using the

exact wording of the original and page numbers need to be included
in the citation brackets e.g. (Sheridan 1990, p.45);
• Short quotations require single quotation marks (‘ ’) and longer

quotations should be indented and so don’t require quotation marks;
• Quotations can be trimmed to exclude less relevant material. 3 dots

are used to indicate material has been left out between quoted
passages; 4 dots for trimming at the end;
• Quotations from the same source as the previous can be cited using
ibid and the page number in that source e.g. (ibid p.33);
• If a citation idea or quotation is found over a number of pages then

pp. and the page numbers should be included e.g. (Henry pp.31-32)

3. Making Reference Tables
We have looked at including citations with and without quotations in your text.
This section shows how to make correct entries into the Reference tables
which you must include at the rear of your assignments.
References are quite varied and, as before, we will look at only the most
common paper based references in this training section. A more complete list
of the variety of citations including electronic references can be found in the
Lookup section of this tutorial.
At the end of this section there is a brief quiz to test your understanding of the
topic followed by a summary.
Citations and Referencing Review

In an earlier section, we saw the principle that referencing other people’s
published work requires a citation placed within the text and a reference
placed in a separate table at the rear. The purpose of this was to allow a
reader to see where you obtained this information in case he/she wanted to
read further and, to demonstrate that you had based your writing on the
findings and thoughts of published writers.
Here is an example of a citation and its related reference:

…and here is the corresponding entry in the Book References table:
JAMES, F., 1998. The Personality. 2nd ed. London: Oxford Press.
(How and why references are organised in this way will be explained in the
following pages).

Where does the information for the References come from?
All of the details of the published item can be found in the title page/s at the
front of every published book or, for journals and magazines in the first few
pages. Here is a sample of a book’s title page.
To locate the relevant data

from a book it’s more reliable
to use its TITLE page rather
than the cover as the source
(See the note about editions,

reprints and dates below)
About Editions, Reprints and Dates

When looking for a date to cite you may find more than one: there may be
dates for copyright, printing or different edition dates. It’s especially important
if you are quoting from a book to indicate the edition so readers can easily
locate the passage or ideas you are citing. In the example it is ‘Second
edition’. Where possible always give the edition date of the edition you are
referencing because a new edition has the possibility of revision (a change to
a published work which may alter the content or the page numbering).
For reprints assume that a reprint is not a new edition and no changes to the
text have occurred. In the case above you would use 1980 because that is the
year of the last published edition date. So edition year would be 1980.
If you think that page numbers have been changed, and you have used
quotations from it, then give the printing date of the version you are using.
If you cannot trace a date of publication you will need to include [no date]
within your reference.

What do Reference tables look like?
As mentioned previously these tables are alphabetical lists, organised by
type, of the sources you have either taken ideas from or actually quoted in
your work. Below is a picture of a typical book reference table:
BOOK REFERENCES
rd
BROOKE, H., (no date) Tribal Life in the Longhouses of Borneo. 3 ed.
Singapore: Raja Press.
nd
BENNETT, R., 1991. Management. 2 ed. London: Pitman.
CARRIER, M., (1997). Starting Visual Basic. ISBN:1234567890, Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.
rd
DOW, D., 1964. A History of the World. 3 ed. London: Greenfield.
DOW, D., 1967. Roman Legions. London: Greenfield.
INGERSOL, S., ed., 2005. Foundation Degree Forward National Conference:

Working in Practice, 12th & 13th July, 2005. Lichfield: FDF Press.
JAMES, F., 1998a. The Creative Personality. 2nd Edition. London: Oxford Press
JAMES, F., 1998b. The Creative Impulse. 1st Edition. London: Oxford Press
Rules about reference tables

• Reference tables are placed at the rear of your written assignments
with bibliographies and frequently in an appendix (a separate section
in the rear of an assignment which holds separate documents or tables
related to the work. Appendices are numbered Appendix 1, Appendix 2
and so on).
• References are not the same as Bibliographies. References list

details about the sources of ideas and quotations you have actually
used in your work; Bibliographies list details of all of the sources
(books, journals, online sources etc.) that you have used in the
research phase of your work. Typically Bibliographies are longer.
• A separate table is required for each type of media you have used –
books in a Book References table, magazines and journals in a Journal
References table, websites in a Web References table and so on.
(Some institutions allow all referenced materials to be included in the
same table. Check with your own).
• Generally, references are first ordered alphabetically (by author’s last

name) then, if the author has more than one entry, by date. (see the
example below).

• The order and punctuation of the parts of the reference (author name,
date, publisher and so on) is important. These may vary slightly
depending on the type of publication listed in that table (see individual
details later).
• Style: you should highlight TITLES of books using any of the following
methods: bold, italics, underline. (If your work is to be viewed online
underlines can be confused with hyperlinks). You may enclose DATES
in brackets if you wish – BENNETT, R., (2001)..etc.
Important: some institutions require particular style treatments e.g. titles to be

italicised. It is best to check your own.
Good practice: Keep track of your sources

Keep track of the sources you have consulted as you go along. Maintain a
paper or securely backed up online record of the source details and the
page numbers or locations of the ones that you have taken material from –
you may need to find them again.
It’s a frustrating task to retrieve details of a book if it is back in circulation or a

website that you can no longer locate!
Creating reference tables (and citations) gets much easier once you get into
the pattern. In the next part you will see how to organise the source details for
the most common type of reference source: Basics of Book Referencing.

Basics of book referencing
You should be aware that because there are many variations in the source
and the nature of published works, including works with multiple or no
apparent author, journals, conference papers and publisher only works, there
are many ways in which they should be referenced. There are also a number
of sources where special handling is needed including Parliamentary
papers, Law Reports and secondary references. Although this topic may
appear complicated, each type fits a pattern and you can find examples
detailed in the either the following pages or in the Look Up section of this
tutorial.
In this page we look at referencing principles using the most common type:
the single author book reference.
Single author books

To locate the relevant data from a book it’s more reliable to use its TITLE
page rather than the cover as the source.
The order of appearance of the significant parts of the reference and its
punctuation are important. Here is the order of the parts of a Book reference.
Detail Content
Author, last name then initial/s. e.g. JAMES, P.,
only the year unless specifically relevant e.g.
Year of publication.
1999.
Title. title and the sub title – separated by a colon (:).
Edition. e.g. 3rd ed.(put in only if NOT the 1st )
Location of
e.g. London: (note the colon)
publication:
Publisher Name. e.g. Oxford Press.
Memory aid
Here is a simple memory aid for remembering the correct order for
referencing books: AYTELP
Author All
Year of publication Young
Title Tigers
Edition Eat
Location of
Live
publication
Publisher Name Prey

Here is a worked example:
Your research cites a published book entitled The Personality. It was written
by Fred Jamieson in 1998 and published as a second edition by Oxford Press
which is listed on the title page as located in London.
…and an excerpt from the references table containing the following:
Book References
BENNETT, R., 1991. Management. 2nd ed. London: Pitman.
DOW, D., 1964. A History of the World. 3rd ed. London: Greenfield.
JAMIESON, F., 1998. The Personality. 2nd ed. London: Oxford Press.
Please note the above punctuation and formatting and that the list is first
alphabetically organised by author’s last name and then, if the author has
more than one entry, by date. Also note that 1st editions are not indicated)
Capitalisation
The use of CAPITALISATION of the author’s name varies. In this tutorial all
are capitalised. (Check with your institution for any rules on this).
Punctuation
If you imagine each of the parts of the reference as separate sentences then
each will expect a full stop. The only exceptions are
the book’s author

Last name, Initial.,
and the publisher details:
Location: Publisher name.
The method used above applies for most book references but there are a
number of exceptions detailed on the following pages.

Other paper-based referencing
Having looked at applying the referencing principles to single author books we
now look at a few of the many variations to this standard format. A full list of
reference types is provided in the Look Up section of this tutorial including:
• Neither place nor publisher
• Editor only (no author)
• Corporate (group) authors
• Conferences
• Individual Papers from a conference
• Theses and Dissertations
• Anonymous works
• Collaborative/Reference works
No date of Publication
If no date is apparent insert (no date) where it should be.
BROOKE, H., (no date) Tribal Life in the Longhouses of Borneo. 3rd ed.
No place of publication
Use: (s.l.) – this is for sine loco i.e. place unknown.
BENNETT, R., 1991. Management. (s.l.): Pitman Press.
No publisher
Use: (s.n.) – this is for sine nominee i.e. name unknown
BENNETT, R., 1991. Management. 2nd ed. London: (s.n.)
ISBN Numbers
(International Standard Book Number)
This is an internationally agreed, 10 digit number method of numbering more
recently published books. Please note the colon [:] following ISBN and no
spaces. ISBN numbers are not essential.
CARRIER, M., (1997). Starting Visual Basic. ISBN:1234567890,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Multiple authors
a) 3 or less – use commas and take name order from the title page
SMITH, E., JAMES, T., and CURTIS, G., 2002. Classroom Management.
2nd ed. Cambridge: Philadelphia Press.
b) 4 or more: - use et al (and others)
RICHARDS, F.D., et al., 2001. Punishment in Schools: a European

Perspective. London: Greenwood Press.
Secondary Referencing
Is where one author refers to the work of another author in a publication. In
secondary referencing two sources are given in the citation but only the
source that you have read, i.e. the primary source, is referenced. This is done
as for any other reference of its type whether paper-based or electronic.
For reasons of reliability, secondary referencing is to be avoided if at all

possible.
Within Referencing - using ‘In’

Where the work of one author is included in an edited collection of another the
word In is included within the reference. This is somewhat different from
secondary referencing in which another author’s work is referred to in
something you have read. Here is an example of within referencing:
SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S. STONE,

ed. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS, 1980, pp 27-30.
ROBERTS, K.T., 1999. Star Wars and CGI Now. In: HENRY, ed.,
Computer Movies – current perspectives. Los Angeles: Microsoft Press,
2000, pp.33-40.

Journal or Newspaper Article reference tables
Because journals and newspapers are published regularly but share the same
overall title it is important to be able to determine which issue contains the
material that you have used. In the case of journals the Volume and Issue (or
date if none available) is used; for newspapers, the full date of the edition is
included. Article titles and sub titles (if available) are also required.
Order for Journals:
Detail Content
Year of publication. only the year unless specifically relevant e.g. 1999.
Article Title. title and the sub title – separated by a colon (:).
Journal Title, e.g. New Statesman (bold or italic – check for yours)
Volume
e.g. 15(33) or if none put date: 30thJanuary,
(Issue)/Date,
Page/s. e.g. pp.16-19.
HAINES, P., 1999. Left Brain Drawing: Is it different? Art Direction, 52(30),
pp.12-14.
GRAHAM, B., 2001. Trends in Cement. The Times Literary Supplement,

21st Jan, pp.13-15.
Order for Newspapers:
Detail Content
Year of publication. only the year unless specifically relevant e.g. 1999.
Article Title. title and the sub title – separated by a colon (:).
Newspaper Title, e.g. The Telegraph (bold or italic – check for yours)
e.g. 24th January, - unless a different year is
Date,
assumed to be the same.
Page/s. e.g. p.3.
HAINES, P., 2004. Left Brain Drawing: Is it different? The Observer, 1st
August, pp.7-8.

Summary: paper-based reference tables
Reference tables list the sources you have used, organised by type of media
and placed at the rear of your written assignments, frequently in an appendix.
• Reference tables list the sources you have used in your assignments.
They are organised by type of media (Books references, Journal
References ..etc.) and placed at the rear of your written assignments.
• Reference tables are first ordered alphabetically by author’s last name

and then, if the author/s has more than one entry, by date.
• The order of the parts of the reference is important and will vary slightly
depending on the type of publication listed in that table (see individual
details). The most common format for book references can be recalled
using the acronym All Young Tigers Eat Live Prey (Author, Year, Title,
Edition, Location Publisher). Punctuation is important.
• Style: you must highlight TITLES of books using any of the following
methods: bold, italics, underline. (If your work is to be viewed online
underlines can be confused with hyperlinks). You should check for the
rules that apply in your institution.
• Author names are capitalised; Dates may be enclosed in brackets – e.g.

BENNETT, R., (2001)..etc.
• For reasons of reliability, secondary referencing, where the author refers

to the work of another author, is to be avoided if at all possible.
Secondary referencing is not the same as Within referencing where a
work appears inside a collection of similar works.

Electronic (computer) reference tables
There is currently little agreement on how the ever increasing amount and
variety of electronic material becoming available should be referenced.
In general, the same rules apply as for paper sources: the key aims should be
to provide enough information to trace your sources and to maintain
consistency.
What’s in this section?

In this section we look at some common variations on electronic referencing
for:
• Individual web pages
• Website no author
• Website no date
• Personal e mail correspondence
What’s in the Look Up section?

Listed below are other electronic referencing types you can find in the Look
Up section of this tutorial.
Internet
• Secondary References
where one author refers to the work of another author in a
publication
• Within references
where the work of one author is included in an edited collection of
another the word In is included within the reference.
Electronic Journals / newspapers

• Electronic Journal Articles
• Electronic Newspaper Articles
• Individual works – FTP
• Individual works – Telnet
CD-ROM Bibliographic Databases

• CD-ROM Bibliographic database – entire
• CD-ROM Bibliographic database – (a journal abstract/index )
• CD-ROM database - A journal / newspaper article from a full text
version
Referencing e-mails can be found in a separate section.

Internet sources
Individual works/ web pages
The World Wide Web is based on hyperlinked documents transported using
http – a set of agreed standards for the transfer of documents from one
computer to another. To link pages it uses the Uniform Resource Locators
(URLs) – the web pages addresses – which are used in citing references on
the web.
References should contain the author or editor if you can locate one. If not,
the title, located at the top of the browser is enough.
Detail Content
(if available). Use capitals. If no author is apparent
Author or Editor,
Title should precede Year.
Year of publication. in brackets (if available otherwise put ‘(no date)’ ).
Bold, or italics.
Title.
[online]. Must have this.

Location: Publisher. (if available)
(full website address including http://). Some use
URL:
‘Available from:’
Date visited: as content on web pages is subject to
change you are telling your readers that the
[Date visited: date]. information/page was available at the date you last
accessed the site. Some use ‘[Accessed:]’ instead of
[Date visited:]
(Example - with author)

HIGGINS, T., (2000). C2K Key Skills. [online]. URL:
http://doa.org.uk/dearing.html [Date visited: 20 June 2003].
Here is another example of a website with an author. This one is part of a

study series:
GOULDEN, C., 2001. At the margins: drug use by vulnerable young

people in the 1998/99 youth style survey [online]. Home Office Research
Study 228. London: Home Office. URL:
http://www.drugs.gov.uk/ReportsandPublications/YoungPeople/1033739599
[Date visited: 2 September 2005].

Here is a reference to a site where the ‘author’ is clearly an organisation (see
also the Government Papers section later):
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework for

diabetes: delivery strategy [online]. London: Department of Health. URL:
http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Date visited: 5
May 2004].
website - No author
AQA Statistics. (2005). [online]. URL:

http://www.aqa.org.uk/over/stat.html#grade. [Date visited: 12 September
2005].
website - No date
Student Grants and Loans: a brief guide for higher education

students. (no date). [online]. London: Dfes.
URL:http://www.open.gov.uk/dfee/loans/loans.htm [Date visited: 30
September 2003].
Personal e-mail correspondence

What’s in this section?
Here is an example of the most common example in this category. Below you
can find other related types of referencing listed in the Look Up section of
this tutorial.
Detail Content
Author, (if available). Use capitals. last name then initial/s;.
Date of message. in brackets (if available otherwise put ‘(no date)’ ).
Bold, or italics.
Subject of message.

Available e-mail: recipient’s e-mail address

ROBERTS, T., (12 August 2005). News from Tasmania [e-mail to: P Smith]
[Online]. Available e-mail: p.smith@Mcollege.ac.uk.
What’s in the Look Up section?

Other related e-mail references that can be found in the Look Up section:
Electronic mail / Discussion Lists / Bulletin Boards

• Forwarded e-mails with additions
• Citing a journal article from e-mail
• Electronic Conferences (interest groups) or Bulletin Boards (part)
• Electronic Conferences (interest groups) or Bulletin Board (entire)
• Usenet messages/ discussion groups
Summary: Electronic referencing

Electronic referencing includes a vast and evolving range of resources. The
same principles of consistency and complete detail apply.
• Electronic referencing includes a vast and evolving range of resources.
The same principles of consistency and complete detail apply;
• Web references should contain the author or editor if you can locate
one. If not, the title, located at the top of the browser is enough. The y
should also include the full web address including the http:// or other
protocols - an agreed set of rules that defines an exact format for
communication between computers, especially across the web;
• The term [online] must be included in all electronic references;
• The source of the reference (web, e-mail, group etc.) and any
volume/issue/page data must be included;
• For web sites the URL (the full web address) is included at the end for
web sites; for e-mail the e-mail address is included at the end;
• Where no author is apparent the reference should begin with the item’s
title;
• Where no date is apparent include the term (no date) after the page
title.
Other types of references

The Look Up section of this tutorial contains two other groups of reference
types which you may find useful for your assignments:
1. UK Official Publications
• Government Publications
• Acts of Parliament
• Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)

• Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates in Standing Committees
• Command Papers
• Foreign Language Publications
• Law Reports
2. Miscellaneous References
• Academic Theses
• British Standards Publications
• Illustrations
• Market Survey Reports
• Patents
• Podcasts
• Published Music
• Reference to a film, video and television broadcast
• Sound Recordings
The Look Up Section

Introduction
The following section contains a list of short explanations and examples of
citation and reference types. It is not in the form of a tutorial but can be used
to dip into when you need to look up how to add a citation or reference when
you are putting your assignment together.
It is comprised of the following parts:
1. Citations
• With quotations
• Without quotations
2. Referencing
• Paper based references
• Internet sources
• Electronic mail / Discussion Lists / Bulletin Boards
• CD-ROM Bibliographic Databases
• UK Government / Official Publications
• Miscellaneous Materials

Citations without quotations:
Contents of this section:
• Single Author citations;
• Single author citations with multiple publications
• Single author citations; 2 or more publications in same year
• Multiple author citations and using et al
• Repeated citations to the same source – using ibid
• ‘Within’ citations
• Secondary citations
• Anonymous citations (no author apparent)
Single Author Citations (no quotations)

This is the most frequently used form of citation: An excerpt from the text of a
student assignment contains the following:

Single author with multiple publications

Where you need to cite more than one work by the same author, a simple
bracketed date of publication is enough:
James (1998) and James (1999) recognise that the growth in the use
of English as the language of the internet has led to problems.
Multiple author citations

If the source has three or fewer authors all names should be given before the
year:
Roberts, Withers and Beacon (2002) has much to say on the
consequences of eating low calorie breakfasts on student
concentration…
If there are more than 3 authors use the Latin abbreviation et al (i.e. ‘and
others’)
Kerry et al (1999)…
Note that although the book has multiple authors it is referred to as a single
thing – as if ‘the book by’ was inserted before the citation.

Single author; 2 or more publications in same year
It’s also quite common, especially with journal articles, to cite more than one
publication by the same author in the same year. In this case you can do so
by adding letters after the dates and making similar additions to your listings
in the alphabetical references section in the rear of the work.
James (1998a) and James (1998b)
Repeated citations to the same source: using ibid

Where you have introduced a citation to a source and are using further quotes
from the same source it is possible to add the Latin abbreviation ibid and the
page number in brackets. This tells the reader the quotation comes from the
same source as the one immediately preceding that one:
Hargreaves (1996) discusses the causes of the Australian gold rush.

‘Within’ Citations
This occurs where the work of one author is included in an edited collection of
another. The word In is included in the reference. This is slightly different from
secondary citations (to follow). Here is an example of a within citation:
Smith (In Stone 1980) has the view that the ancients knew the world
was not only not flat but spherical.
Note: to clarify the above Stone 1980 is the collection which includes the work
of Smith.
Secondary Citations
This occurs where one author refers to the work of another author in a
publication. This generally happens when the original source of the work is
not available. For reasons of accuracy and reliability this type of referencing
should be avoided if at all possible.
In the text of your work you should cite the primary source (the one that you
have read) and the source to which it refers. Only the primary source should
be fully referenced in the Reference tables.
Here are three examples of handling citations for secondary referencing:
Rowley (1991) cites the work of Melack and Thompson who developed
the McGill Archaeology questionnaire.

OR
Melack and Thompson (cited by Rowley 1991) developed the McGill
Archaeology questionnaire.
For both of the above, Rowley (1991) appears in the reference table; not
Melack and Thompson.
An example with a quotation:
Chambers (1992, p25) gives Whiteley’s (1990, p44) definition of

defining emotion as a ‘response to situations of one specific type’.
In the above, Chambers appears in the reference table.
No author (anonymous) citations

Use the Latin abbreviation anon. (i.e. ‘anonymous’).
Anon (1999)…
Citations with quotations:

Contents of this section:
• Short quotations
• Longer Quotations
• Shortening quotations for relevance using dots
• A quotation from more than 1 page of a source
• Repeated quotations from the same source - using ibid
Short Quotations
An actual quote from the author James may appear as:
’Innovation brought rewards in time although it has come at significant

personal cost without initial reward’ (James 1998, p121).
OR
James (1998, p121), argues that ‘Innovation brought rewards in time
although it has come at significant personal cost without initial reward’.
About recording page numbers and punctuation:

Notice that in the example above there is a comma used to separate the year
and the page number. Some institutions use a colon ‘:’ between the author
details and the page number thus: (James 1998:121). Check with yours to be
sure.

Longer quotations
A larger quote really needs indenting as well:
Even without quotation marks it is clear from the wording, the page reference
and the indentation that this IS a quotation.
Shortening quotations for relevance using dots

It’s no use including the whole paragraph if all you actually want is the first
and last sentences. Good writing means you can edit quotations to leave out
less relevant parts as long as you indicate the place you have cut out material
as in the following excerpt:
Note the use of the 3 dots to indicate that part of the quotation is left out in
the body of the text and 4 dots are used if text is omitted at the end. Joining
the parts of the quotation in this way builds the strength of the quotation.
Using dots to indicate there has been an omission is called Ellipsis.
A quotation from more than 1 page of a source

As we have seen it is necessary to include page numbers when using
quotations. If the citation should include more than 1 page then use pp. to
show it as below. Notice also the use of a comma to separate the author and
date from the page number.
In his work on American football (Henrikson 2002, pp.15-16) states the

reasons that …etc.
Repeated quotations from the same source - using ibid

Where you have added a citation and are using further quotes from the same
source it is possible to add the Latin abbreviation ibid followed by the page
number, all in brackets. This tells the reader that this quotation comes from
the same source as the one immediately preceding it and no other. (Some

institutions allow ibid to be omitted and only the page number added in
brackets. Check for yours).
1. Recent research about lions (James 1990, p2) and tigers (ibid
p.4)…etc.
2. Hargreaves (1996) discusses the causes of the Australian gold rush.

Look Ups: References

You should be aware that because there are many variations in the source
and the nature of published works, including works with multiple or no
apparent author, journals, conference papers and publisher only works, there
are many ways in which they should be referenced. There are also a number
of sources where special handling is needed including Parliamentary
papers, Law Reports and secondary references.
Although this may appear complicated, each type fits a pattern and you can
find examples detailed in the following pages.
This section is divided into sections containing formats and examples for each
type of reference:
• Paper based references
• Internet sources
• Electronic mail / Discussion Lists / Bulletin Boards
• CD-ROM Bibliographic Databases
• UK Government / Official Publications
• Miscellaneous Materials
Paper based references

This part begins with a small worked example of a citation and reference to a
book and contains a useful memory aid for recalling the order of a book
reference and some information on punctuation and capitalisation. Here is a
list of topics it contains:
• Single author books
• Capitalisation of the author name
• Punctuation
• Multiple Authors
• Editor only
• ISBN numbers
• No Date of publication
• No Place of publication
• Secondary referencing
• ‘Within’ references

Single author books
To locate the relevant data from a book it’s more reliable to use its TITLE
page rather than the cover as the source.
The order of appearance of the significant parts of the reference and its
punctuation are important. Here is the order of the parts of a Book reference.
Detail Content
only the year unless specifically relevant e.g.
Year of publication.
1999.
Title. title and the sub title – separated by a colon (:).
Edition. e.g. 3rd ed.(put in only if NOT the 1st )
Location of publication: e.g. London: (note the colon)
Publisher Name. e.g. Oxford Press.
This is a simple memory aid for remembering the correct order for referencing
books: AYTELP
Author All
Year of publication Young
Title Tigers
Edition Eat
Location of publication Live
Publisher Name Prey
…and a worked example:
Your research cites a published book entitled The Personality. It was

written by Fred Jamieson in 1998 and published as a second edition by
Oxford Press which is listed on the title page as located in London.
…and an excerpt from the references table containing the following:

Book References
BENNETT, R., 1991. Management. 2nd ed. London: Pitman.
DOW, D., 1964. A History of the World. 3rd ed. London: Greenfield.
JAMIESON, F., 1998. The Personality. 2nd ed. London: Oxford Press.
NIEDERST, J., 1999. Web Design in a Nutshell. Sebastopol: O’Reilly.
Please note the above punctuation and formatting and that the list is first
alphabetically organised by author’s last name and then, if the author has
more than one entry, by date. Also note that 1st editions are not indicated)
Capitalisation
The use of CAPITALISATION of the author’s name varies. In this tutorial all
are capitalised. (Check with your institution for any rules on this).
Punctuation
If you imagine each of the parts of the reference as separate sentences then
each will expect a full stop. The only exceptions are:
the book’s author

Last name, Initial.,
and the publisher details:
Location: Publisher name.
Multiple authors
a) 3 or less – use commas and take name order from the title page
SMITH, E., JAMES, T., and CURTIS, G., 2002. Classroom

Management. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Philadelphia Press.
b) 4 or more: - use et al
RICHARDS, F.D., et al., 2001. Punishment in Schools: a European

Perspective. London: Greenwood Press.
Editor only (no author)

If you cannot locate an author, or the work is a collection of edited materials,
include the name of the editor and the term ed as follows:
HARRIS, J., ed., 1975. Stalin’s Children. Boston: West Point

Publishers.

ISBN Numbers
(International Standard Book Number)
This is an internationally agreed, 10 digit number method of numbering more
recently published books. Please note the colon [:] following ISBN and no
spaces. ISBN numbers are not essential.
CARRIER, M., (1997). Starting Visual Basic. ISBN:1234567890,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
No date of Publication
If no date is apparent insert (no date) where it should be.
BROOKE, H., (no date) Tribal Life in the Longhouses of Borneo. 3rd ed.
No place of publication
Use: (s.l.) – this is for sine loco i.e. place unknown.
BENNETT, R., 1991. Management. (s.l.): Pitman Press.
Secondary Referencing
Is where one author refers to the work of another author in a publication. In
secondary referencing two sources are given in the citation but only the
(see also Secondary Citations in the Look Up section).
For reasons of reliability, secondary referencing is to be avoided if at all

possible.
Anonymous publications
Where no author is apparent the citation contains the word ANON and the
year of publication, as usual. In the book references table ANON and the date
appears in alphabetical order.
ANON.,1988. Democracy and the Umma: Does it fit?. ed. N. Huish.

Currents. Manchester: Zara Press.
Within Referencing - using ‘In’

something you have read. Here is are examples of within referencing:

SMITH, C.,1980. Problems of information studies in history. In: S.
STONE, ed. Humanities information research. Sheffield: CRUS, 1980,
pp 27-30.
ROBERTS, K.T., 1999. Star Wars and CGI Now. In: HENRY, ed.,
Computer Movies – current perspectives. Los Angeles: Microsoft Press,
2000, pp.33-40.
Internet sources
Here is a list of topics this part contains:
• Individual Woks / Web pages
• Website - No author
• Website - No Date
• Secondary References – webs
• ‘Within Referencing - using ‘In’ for websites
• Electronic Journal Articles
• Electronic Newspaper Articles
• Individual works – FTP
• Individual works - Telnet
Individual works/ web pages

The World Wide Web is based on hyperlinked documents transported using
http – a set of agreed standards for the transfer of documents from one
computer to another. To link pages it uses the Uniform Resource Locators
(URLs) – the web pages addresses – which are used in citing references on
the web.
References should contain the author or editor if you can locate one. If not,
the title, located at the top of the browser is enough.
Detail Content
(if available). Use capitals. If no author is apparent
Author or Editor,
Title should precede Year.
Bold, or italics.
Title.

Location: Publisher. (if available)
URL:
[Date visited:]

Example: (With author)
HIGGINS, T., (2000). C2K Key Skills. [online]. URL:

http://doa.org.uk/dearing.html [Date visited: 20 June 2003].
Here is another example of a website with an author. This one is part of a

study series:
GOULDEN, C., 2001. At the margins: drug use by vulnerable young

people in the 1998/99 youth style survey [online]. Home Office
Research Study 228. London: Home Office. URL:
http://www.drugs.gov.uk/ReportsandPublications/YoungPeople/1033739
599 [Date visited: 2 September 2005].
Here is a reference to a site where the ‘author’ is clearly an organisation (see

also the Government Papers section later):
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH. 2002. National service framework for

diabetes: delivery strategy [online]. London: Department of Health.
URL: http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/03/28/23/04032823.pdf [Date
visited: 5 May 2004].
Website - No author
AQA Statistics. (2005). [online]. URL:

http://www.aqa.org.uk/over/stat.html#grade. [Date visited: 12 September
2005].
Website - No date
Student Grants and Loans: a brief guide for higher education
students. (no date). [online]. London: Dfes.
URL:http://www.open.gov.uk/dfee/loans/loans.htm [Date visited: 30
September 2003].
Secondary References - webs

This is where one author refers to the work of another author in a publication.
In secondary referencing two sources are given in the citation but only the
Secondary referencing is to be avoided if at all possible.

‘Within Referencing - using ‘In’ for websites
something you have read.
The following is a more complex example showing a reference to an online
document source within another online source, with two editors, a publisher
and multiple pages:
WESTMORLAND, L., 2000. Taking the flak: operational policing, fear

and violence. In: G. LEE-TREWEEK and S. LINKOGLE, eds. Danger in
the field: risk and ethics in social research [online]. London: Routledge,
pp 26-42. URL: http://www.netlibrary.com/ [Date visited: 25 May 2004].
Electronic journal articles

Some journal articles are published in print only, some in print and online (of
which some are exact copies and some will appear in a different format), and
some online only. In all cases, the version you cite should be the version that
you have seen.
If you cannot locate an author or page in electronic journals omit them.

In general, try to provide as accurate a location as possible. For instance, you
could give the paragraph number if available.
Detail Content
(if available). Use capitals. Last name then initial/s
Author or Editor,
OR Editor if available
(Year). Only the year unless specifically relevant.
Article Title. Bold, or italics from the top of the browser.
Journal Title [online], Must have this.
Volume, (issue), Include both if possible. Issue may be month.
Pages (pp.~). (if applicable)
(full website address including http://) Some use
URL:
[Date visited:]
Here are 3 examples:

ALISSON, AC (2004). Two lessons from the interface of genetics
and medicine, Genetics [online], vol 166, April, pp.1591-1599. URL:
http://www.genetics.otg/cgi/content/full/166/4/1591 [Date visited: 4 July
2005].

BALDWIN, C.M., KROESEN, K., et al., 2004. Complementary and
alternative medicine: a concept map. BMC Complementary and
Alternative Medicine [online] 4:2 (13 February 2004). URL:
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1472-6882-4-2.pdf [Date
visited: 5 May 2004].
(note: ‘4:2’ applies to the volume: number – i.e. volume 4; number 2) and et
al.
SANDLER, M.P., 2003. The art of publishing methods. Journal of

Nuclear Medicine [online], vol 44, pp 661-662. URL:
http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/vol44/issue5/index.shtml [Date
visited: 2 September 2005].
(note: ‘44’ applies to the volume)
Electronic newspaper articles

Very similar to paper based referencing but with the addition of [online], the
URL and the date of visiting that site.
Detail Content
Author or Editor, (if available). Use capitals. Last name, then initials.
Article Title. Title and any sub title.
Newspaper title and
In bold or italics
date.
URL:
[Date visited:]
Here are two examples:
HASSELL, N., 2004. Gilts investors take profits. Times [online] 10 August.
URL: http://web.lexis-nexis.com/xchange-international [Date visited: 8
August 2004].
BORGER,J., 2005. Major issues: SOS as chaos tightens its grip.

Guardian [online] 2 September. URL:

http://www.guardian.co.uk/katrina/story/0,16441,1561314,00.html [Date
visited: 2 September].
Individual Works – FTP
Detail Content
Date of message. (the one with the source, in brackets).
Title. Bold or italic
Available FTP: address
Directory:
File:
[Date accessed:
Full date you visited the site
date].
KEENAN, M., (August, 2000). My Hostage Crisis [online]. Available FTP:

ptcnext.cso.uiuc.edu Directory: gutenberg/freenet File: my-hostage-crisis
[2 March 2003].
Individual Works – Telnet
Detail Content
Date Year in brackets (if available) otherwise put (no date).
Title Bold or italic
Available Telnet: address
Directory:
File:
[Date accessed:
Full date you visited the site
date].
HIGGINS. H., (2004). MovingTurkey into Europe [online]. Available

Telnet: gopher.tc.umn.edu. Directory: Libraries/Electronic books. File:
Moving Turkey into Europe: [12 August 2005].

Electronic mail / Discussion Lists / Bulletin Boards
• Personal e-mail correspondence
• Forwarded e-mails with additions
• Citing a journal article from e-mail
• Electronic Conferences (interest groups) or Bulletin Boards (part)
• Electronic Conferences (interest groups) or Bulletin Board (entire)
• Usenet messages/ discussion groups
Personal e-mail correspondence

Detail Content
Date of message. in brackets (1999).
Subject of message. Bold or italics.
[e-mail to: B Brown]
[e-mail to: recipient’s name]
[online]
Available e-mail: recipient’ e- e.g. Available e-mail:
mail address p.smith@Mcollege.ac.uk
ROBERTS, T., (12 August 2005). News from Tasmania [e-mail to: P
Smith] [online]. Available e-mail: p.smith@Mcollege.ac.uk.
Forwarded e-mails with additions

Detail Content
Forwarder, last name then initial/s. e.g. JAMES, P.,
Date of forwarding. in brackets (20 May 1999).
Subject of forwarded
message.
Subject of original
Bold or italics.
message.
[Forwarder
forwarded e-mail to See example below
recipient from
originator, date],
[online]
Available e-mail:
recipient’ e-mail e.g. Available e-mail: p.smith@Mcollege.ac.uk
address
DREW, T., (20 August 2004). Update on Customer List. Current

Customer List [J.Jones forwarded e-mail to P. Blaine from H. Murray, 12
August 2004], [online]. Available e-mail: p.blaine@m-college.ac.uk.

Citing a journal article from e-mail
Detail Content
Article title. Not bold or italics
Journal title. Bold or italics.
[Type of medium] e.g. [online]
Volume Issue (page number), if given
Date if given (see below)
Available e-mail: e-mail address
Example:
DREW, T., UCAS: Current Initiatives. Education Now: monthly articles

in Education [online]. 2(34-36), March 2002. Available e-mail:
phil.specter@educnow.junc.net.
Elect. Conferences (interest groups), Bulletin Boards (partial)
Detail Content
Author of message, last name then initial/s. e.g. JAMES, P.,
Date of message. (full date in round brackets), if given
Subject of message.
Electronic conference or
bold or italics
Bulletin Board
[online].
Available at: e mail e-mail address
Example:
DREW, T., (11th July 2004). UK Immigration Questions. EU Social

Trends Discussion List [online]. Available at: edulib-L@idbsu.bitnet.

Elect. Conferences (interest groups), Bulletin Boards (entire)
Detail Content
Listname Bold or italics
[online].
Example:
Cypriot News List [online]. Available e-mail:

CYPNEWS@MEDNEWS.bitnet
Usenet messages/ discussion groups
Detail Content
Author of message, last name then initial/s. e.g. JAMES, P.,
Date of message. (in round brackets, if given).
Subject of message (bold or italics)
[Discussion],
[online].
Example:
ROBERTS, J., (October 2003). Movies: The Lord of the Rings trilogy
[Discussion], [online]. Available e-mail: USENET Newsgroup: alt.cult-
movies.

CD-ROM Bibliographic Databases
• CD-ROM Bibliographic database – entire
• CD-ROM Bibliographic database – (a journal abstract/index )
• CD-ROM database - A journal / newspaper article from a full text
version
CD-ROM Bibliographic database – (entire)

Note: the citation for an ONLINE database is the same as this one.
Detail Content
Database: (underline or italics)
[CDROM].
(Inclusive dates) Year/s (in round brackets).
Place: producer name
See example below
(producer)
Available: from Distributor file (if any).
AGRICOLA [CD-ROM]. (1970-1978). Beltsville: National Agricultural

Library (Producer). Available: Silver Platter.
CD-ROM Bibliographic database – (a journal abstract/index )
Detail Content
Title (not bold or italic)
[CDROM].
Journal Information, title etc.(title in bold or italic)
(Date). (Full date of publication).
(allow sufficient information for retrieval
Abstract / Index entry from:
from the database)
GREEN. R., Fashion Colonialism: French Export Marie Claire makes in-
roads [CD-ROM]. Advertising Age, (23 August 2001). Abstract from:
ABI/INFORM Item: 89-41770.

CD-ROM database - A journal / newspaper article from a full
text version
Detail Content
Title of article. not bold or italic
Journal / newspaper title. bold or italic
[CDROM],
Date of publication, Full date of publication.
Volume, date, paging. See example below
LASCELLES. D., Oil’s Troubled Waters. Financial Times [CD-ROM], 11

February 2000, pp.16-17.

UK Government / Official Publications
• Government Publications
• Acts of Parliament
• Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
• Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates in Standing Committees
• Command Papers
• Foreign Language Publications
• Law Reports
Government Publications
Where a government website has information use the regular referencing
practices. Official Government publications however, need specific handling
and should be prefixed with GREAT BRITAIN.
Content
GREAT BRITAIN
Name of Committee, Dept, Royal Commission
Year of Publication
Title (in bold)
Place of Publication:
Name of Publisher
Paper number – where appropriate (in brackets)
Here are 3 examples:
GREAT BRITAIN. Department of Trade and Industry. 2001. Productivity

and enterprise: a world class competition regime. London: The
Stationery Office. (Cm 5233).
GREAT BRITAIN. School Curriculum and Assessment Authority, 1997.

The Parents Guide to National Tests. London: The Stationary Office.
GREAT BRITAIN. Department for Education and Employment, 1996.

Setting targets to raise standards: a survey of good practice. London:
Department for Education and Employment.

Acts of Parliament
Content
GREAT BRITAIN
Name of issuing body
Year of Publication
Title of Act (in bold)
Chapter number (in italics)
Place of Publication:
Name of Publisher
GREAT BRITAIN. Parliament. 2002. Football Disorder Amendment Act

2002. Chapter 12. London: The Stationery Office.
Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)

References to Hansard should include the following –
• Abbreviations of House of Commons (HC) or House of Lords (HL)
• The abbreviation for debate e.g. HC Deb
• Parliamentary session in round brackets e.g. (1992)
• Volume number e.g. 195
• The abbreviation ‘col’ (see below)
• Followed by the column number e.g. col. 112
Example:
HC Deb (1990-91) 195 col. 311

HC Deb (1990-91) 195, written answers col. 41
HC Deb (1990-91) 529 col. 111
Official Reports of Parliamentary Debates in Standing

Committees
References to Standing Committees should include the following –
• Abbreviation ‘Std Co Deb’
• Parliamentary Session year in round brackets e.g. (1990-91)
• Standing committee (Co) and identifying letter e.g. Co E

• Title of legislation under discussion e.g. Finance Bill
• The abbreviation ‘col’ (see below)
• Followed by the column number e.g. col. 46
Example:
Stg Co Deb (1980-81) Co E Finance Bill col. 46
Command Papers
Command papers are presented to parliament ‘by command of her majesty’.
There are a number of different types, including:
• ‘White papers’ – statement of government policy

• ‘Green papers’ – discussion or consultation documents
• Royal Commission reports
• Departmental committee reports
• Reports of Tribunals or Commissions of Enquiry
• Reports of the Law Commission or the Monopolies and Mergers
Commission
• Treaties and agreements with other countries or international
organisations
• Annual accounts
References to Command Papers should contain the following 3 attributes:

• Title including relevant dates e.g. duration
• Command paper number - Command papers are numbered
sequentially regardless of Parliamentary session. The running number
and prefix can be found at the bottom left-hand corner. The Cmnd.
prefix has changed over the years so it requires care.
• Year of Publication
Example:
Royal Commission on Local Government, 1966-69. (Cmnd. 4040, 1969).
Foreign Language Publications

You may choose to reference the original title of a foreign language
publication in the usual way. However, you may want to translate the title of
the book or article or include the original foreign language title for a
translation. If so, use square brackets for the added title.
Any elements not in the Roman alphabet should be transliterated or

romanised if necessary:

GORKI, M., 1955. The artamonous [Delo artamonovykh]. Translated
from the Russian by Alex Brown. London: Folio Society.
MOMMENS, V., Louis, R., D' Orio, V., 2004. Prise en charge des
exacerbations d'
asthame [French] [Treatment of exacerbated asthma].
Revue Medicale de Liege, 59(4), pp 209-14.
Law Reports
The correct method of referencing law reports is referred to as ‘accepted legal
citation’ This is not part of the Harvard referencing system but it is the
preferred method used by the legal profession. Cases are usually cited in this
way:
• Names of the parties (plaintiff and defendant – underlined, bold or
italics, followed by a full stop.
• Year the case was reported in square brackets
• Number of the volume in which it was reported
• Name of the series of law reports (in abbreviated form – see below)
• Page number at which the report starts
Case Law Reports Abbreviations

Appeal Cases A.C.
Queen’s Bench Division Q.B.
Chancery Division Ch.
Family Division Fam.
All England Law Reports All E.R.
Common Market Law reports C.M.L.R.
European Union Law Reporter CCH.
Justice of the Peace Reports JP.
Local Government Reports LGR.
Tax Cases T.C.
Weekly Law Reports W.L.R.
Example:
Scott v. Amundsen Travel Company. [1898]. 1 QB 256.

Miscellaneous Materials
• Academic Theses
• British Standards Publications
• Illustrations
• Market Survey Reports
• Patents
• Podcasts
• Published Music
• Reference to a film, video and television broadcast
• Sound Recordings
Academic Theses
Use a similar method to a book.
LEVINE, D.,1993. A parallel genetic algorithm for the set partitioning

problem. Ph.D. thesis, Illinois Institute of Technology.
British Standards Publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, 1981.

BS5930: 1981. Code of practice for site investigations.
Illustrations
This should include: Originator, year, title, material type and location.
GOSSE, S.,1912. The garden, Rowlandson House. Etching and

aquatint, At: London: British Museum, Department of Prints and
Drawings. Register number 1915-27-41.
Market Survey Reports

This should include: author (if specified), year of publication, title and
publisher.
Fenn, D.(ed.), 2005. Drinks Market.16th ed. Key Note Market Survey.
Hampton: Key Note Ltd.
Mintel, 2005. Indian Foods – UK [online]. URL:

http://reports.mintel.com/sinatra/reports/my-reports/display/id=114633
[Date visited: 2 September 2005]

Patents
References have to show: Inventor/s, year (in brackets), assignee, title, patent
number.
GRAHAM, C.P., FONTI, L. and MARTINEZ, A.M. 1972. American

Sugar Co. Tableting sugar compositions containing it. U.S. Pat.
3,642,535.
Podcasts
This should include: the title of the podcast, source type, source name, source
location. publication date. retrieval date and URL.
The Wings of a Butterfly – Children, teenagers and anxiety. Podcast

radio programme. ABC Radio National, Sydney. 10 September 2005,
Retrieved 16 September 2005. URL:
http://www.abc.net.au/rn/podcast/default.htm#mind
The citation: (The Wings of a Butterfly – Children, teenagers and anxiety,

2005.)
Published Music
This should include: Originator, title, subsidiary originator, publisher and year.
BRITTAIN, B.,1980. Eight folk songs arrangements for high voice and
harp. Osain ELLIS, ed. London: Faber Music.
Reference to a film, video and television broadcasts
Film/Video
The reference for films and videos should include: title, year, material
designation, subsidiary originator (director is preferred), production details -
place: organisation.
Chicken Run. 2000. Animated film. Directed by Peter Lord and Nick
Park. Bristol: Aardman.
Blade Runner: from a story by Philip K. Dick. 1982. Film. Directed by

Ridley Scott. USA: Warner Brothers.
Television
The reference for television programmes and series should include: number
and title of episode, as well as the series title, transmitting organisation and
channel, and full date and time of transmission.

Yes, Prime Minister: Episode 1, The Ministerial Broadcast. 1986. TV,
BBC2, January 1986. 20.30 hrs.
News at Ten. 1996. TV, ITV. January 27, 1996. 22.00 hrs.
Programme Contributions
The reference for contributors or individual items within a programme should
include the contributor as author.
BLAIR, T., 1997. Interview. Six O'

Clock News. TV, BBC1. February 29,
1997. 1823 hrs.
Sound Recordings
ELY, J., 1990. Drivin’ to the poorhouse in a limousine. In: Live at

Liberty Lunch. Stereo sound disk. New York: MCA, MCG 6113, side B,
track 2.

Other Information and Links
There are many sources for information on Harvard Referencing, especially
on the Internet.
Keep in mind that while you may find variations of this method once you have
found an acceptable way of handling your references you should aim to for
consistency.
Here are some internet links and book titles where you may find further
information about Harvard Referencing.
Web Links
Here are some recommended sites all visited on 19/10/2005.
http://www.bournemouth.ac.uk/library/using/harvard_system.html
http://wwwcls.hud.ac.uk/cls-bin/cls.pl?c=24/56/151
http://www.shef.ac.uk/library/useful/refs.html
http://www.staffs.ac.uk/uniservices/infoservices/library/learn/skills.php
http://www.i-cite.bham.ac.uk/ncite03.htm
Books
Northedge, A., (2005) The Good Study Guide. ISBN 0-7492-5974-4. Milton
Keynes: Open University Worldwide.
Fisher, D. & Hanstock, T., (1998) Citing References. ISBN 1-85377-992-x.

Nottingham: Nottingham Trent University.
Kennedy. J. & Lawler. G.(ed). (2005) Study Skills: Maximise Your Time to
Pass Exams. ISBN: 1842850644. London: Studymates Limited.
References used for this paper:
Fisher, D and Hanstock, T. July 1997. Citing References: a guide for users.
4th edition. The Nottingham Trent University, Library and Information Services.
How to cite references [online] URL:

http://www.staffs.ac.uk/uniservices/infoservices/library/learn/skills.php [Date
visited: 19 Oct 2005].

Glossary of Terms
Word Definition
appendix A separate section in the rear of an assignment which
holds separate documents or tables related to the work.
Appendices are numbered Appendix 1, Appendix 2 and so
on.
bibliography
A list of published sources (books, websites etc.) which
you have consulted in the research for your work.
Reference tables contain information about sources that
you have actually used in your work. They are not the
same thing. References and bibliographies are arranged
in the same way, by media type and alphabetically.
citation
A credit or reference to another document or source which
details both influence and authority e.g. (a book by
Charles Dickens written in 1892 would appear as (Dickens
1892) in the text.
footnote
If you have something which needs saying, but which
cannot be easily said in the main body of your work, use a
footnote but keep them to an absolute minimum
ibid Where you have earlier cited a source and are making
references to different pages of the same source. e.g.
James (1990) talks about lions (ibid p.2) and tigers (ibid
p.4). There can be no other source cited between the
original citation and its ibid page number. (Some
institutions allow ibid to be ommitted. Check for yours).
indenting This is the practice of moving in the left hand

margin of a block of text to show that it is different
from the text around it. This is an indented
paragraph.
paraphrasing
Re-wording the work or ideas of another. This is
associated with plagiarism if not referenced.
plagiarism
To use, and pass off as one' s own, someone else'
s
writing/speech without referencing
publications
In this tutorial the term refers to any published work in the
form of paper (books, newspapers, journals etc.) or

electronic media. Electronic media includes websites and
computerised sources such as CD’s or DVDs
quotation
A quotation is a published or spoken item by one source
or author that is inserted into another work. Accurate
recording and punctuation is important.
references
A direction to a book, passage, website, CDROM etc.,
where certain information may be found; an indication of
the author, date, title, origin page etc., to be looked at or
consulted. (see also reference table).
reference table
A table placed in the rear of a written work that lists the
published sources referred to within the body of the work
itself. The tables are organised alphabetically and by
media i.e. Book reference tables are separate from
Journal and Website reference tables etc. (Some
institutions allow all references, regardless of media, to be
included in the same table. Check for yours).
revision
A change to a published work which may alter the content
or the page numbering.
edition When a work is published it may be necessary to make

revisions or in order to re-print it for further distribution or
sale. Using ed.- only editions after 1st editions are
specifically listed e.g. 2nd ed.

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Harvard

This is a printable version of the online Harvard References tutorial.

For printing: note that it will print 59 pages

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 1 of 59

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 2 of 59

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 3 of 59

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 4 of 59

Harvard referencing is a formal way of crediting the published work of others

Why would you use it?

Other Referencing Systems

“Here is a reference using the Numeric system3”

The numbers refer to sources listed at the end of each chapter.

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 5 of 59

Paraphrasing and the hazards of Plagiarism

Other authors agree that eccentricity is common. Even Dyson worked

The Harvard System – a simple example

Step 1. Note down the bibliographic source details

Step 2. Insert a Citation in the text

Step 3. Add the entry into the references table

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 7 of 59

What are Citations?

• Link the citation to a corresponding reference in a reference table in

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 8 of 59

• Whether the source you are using is inside a collection of source

(We will look at these variations in the following sections).

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 9 of 59

With or without quotations; how do they differ?

Single Author Citations (no quotations)

New technology almost always comes from the fascinations of a small

and here is the corresponding entry in the ‘Book References’ table:

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 10 of 59

Single author with multiple publications

So the corresponding Book References table might resemble:

Single author; 2 or more publications in same year

James (1998a) and James (1998b)

So the corresponding Book References table would resemble:

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 11 of 59

Multiple author citations and using ‘et al’

Roberts, Withers and Beacon (2002) has much to say on the

There are a number of other examples of citations without quotations listed in

See the following page for a summary of this section.

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 12 of 59

• Each citation must have a matching entry in the corresponding

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 13 of 59

To use a quotation from a publication you should

• Be accurate in recording the words and punctuation used by the

• Use single quotation marks (‘ ‘) around the text if the quotation is

In this section we will look at some common variations:

’Innovation brought forth rewards in time although it has come at significant

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 14 of 59

As stated by Walters (2004, p201):

Shortening quotations for relevance using dots

A quotation from more than 1 page of a source

In his work on football Henrikson (2002, pp.15-16) states the reasons

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 15 of 59

2. Hargreaves (1996) discusses the causes of the Australian gold rush.

Summary: Citations with quotations

• The Harvard system requires that where the ideas or words of an

• Quotations from published sources require careful handling in using the

• Short quotations require single quotation marks (‘ ’) and longer

• Quotations can be trimmed to exclude less relevant material. 3 dots

• If a citation idea or quotation is found over a number of pages then

Harvard Referencing – printable summary page 16 of 59