Sources, Constraints and Actors

Domestic source means, generated from within,

The four Ps: Parliament, Public opinion, Pressure groups, and the Press
Individual actors who can emerge from almost any where, with an impact of unpredictable
nature and duration,
Domestic conditions are too in perpetual movement,
Weak states have dependent foreign policies,

Complications from Domestic Events

Spending beyond borders?
An effective foreign policy should avoid high drama,
Introversion, extroversion,
From our analytical perspective, the important point is that the deep interrelationship of the
foreign and domestic dimensions can only be properly understood by ensuring that they are
not blurred into one,
Civil wars create situations of great danger both for the state concerned and for the
international system
Short of revolution or civil war, there are other ways in which domestic instability can shake
up foreign policy arrangements,
Intermestic politics
Policy modes,
The contrasting rhythms and legal-normative structures of the foreign and domestic mean
that they each always retain the capacity to surprise, upset and divert the best laid plans of
the other.

Constitutional Structures
Domestic environment and different forces, such as, social, political and economic
Constitutional means, supremacy of law
In foreign policy, elements of the constitutional structure which most affect outcomes are
those dealing with executive-legislative relations.
Models of constitutional structure and its effects,
Models: federalism, multi-party legislative chamber, unitary state, with power distributed,
one party system,
Federalism:
Foreign policy and for central government
A federal structure both controls potential actors and privileges them,
Another dimension is, relationship between federalism and foreign policy is the check on
executive freedom of action,
Foreign policy constitutionally decentralized, US, Germany, Switzerland,
Single party system, delegation than representation, for popular will, examples,
USSR, CHINA
Constitutional structure needs understanding in conjunction with political culture,
Constitutional structure, is an important factor in shaping foreign policy conduct,
As a conclusion, The legal basis of a polity matters greatly,
Autres Regimes, Autres Maeurs?
Foreign policy and the actual nature of a regime,
Democratic peace theory and foreign policy,

Class, Development and Foreign Policy

Class and foreign policy
Nationalism and foreign policy,
Religion a background factor in foreign policy
Gender and foreign policy
Development, developing, developing and underdeveloped countries and foreign policy,

Foreign policy as output- and choice

The Constituencies of Foreign Policy

On purpose in Foreign Policy: Actions, Choice and Responsibility

Foreign policy is an activity rather than an outlook,

This chapter, seeks to pull the argument that foreign policy starts in the state
but does not finish there,

By three concepts,
Action,
Choice (is the central issue in any consideration of decision-making)
Responsibility (democratic accountability and consequences of public policy)
Foreign policy is a critical site of action and choice,

Action
All states have a foreign policy in some form,
States are the main players in the realm of foreign policy,

International environment,
States
Transnational actors

Domestic environment,
other domestic ministries in the ‘foreign policy process’,
Internationalization of domestic politics,

Quantitative changes = qualitative changes,

Professional diplomats,
Functional experts,
Bureaucratic rivals,

Foreign policy today is, a broad area of interface between the public policies of
one state or community and the external environment,

Foreign ministry is not the Gatekeeper between government and world

Governmental and societal actors involved in external relations,

Strong states and weak states,

What does ‘state’ mean in todays foreign policy context?

Actions in international relations still occur significantly through foreign

policies,
Foreign policy from above
Foreign policy from below,
Intergovernmental organizations,
Foreign policy is thus now a far more contested and complex area,

Multi-structuralism

Transnational actors in state environment,

The world is politically pluralist

It consists Multiple actors resulting in multiple actions,

Choice,
Choices is central to modern economics and to much political science,
Rational choice,
Public choice,
Choice and outcome
Eventual outcomes may be unrecognizable to their initiators,
The options of choice,
Volunteerism
Determinism

Foreign policy is a Cusp between choice and constraint,

Depending on actor, moment and situation,
Cold war, Cuba, Taliban,
Foreign policy is not always a dependent variable,

Wrong choice can bring down a leader or even a regime,

Responsibility
Who is responsible for what and why?

Relational Concept,

Responsibility,
First, formal duties which a person has to others by virtue of their role.
Second, accepting the burden of taking decisions together with their
consequences,

Foreign policy context:

Decision makers and citizens,
International commitments,

Foreign policy is responsible for:

Inside, constitution, public opinion, government, party colleagues,
Outside, allies, privileged partners, international law, international community,
international organization, world opinion

To a lesser degree, to History, (past generations, coming generations)

Three other dimensions,

Legitimacy
A foreign policy should have both internal and external legitimacy,
Taiwan

Identity
Subject and object of foreign of foreign policy should share common identity,
and common sense, wellbeing of the constituency

Ethics
Balance, Morals and national interests,