EURIPIDES

BACCHAE
EDITED WITH
INTRODUCTION AND COMMENTARY
BY

E. R. DODDS
REGIUS PROFESSOR OF GREEK
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

SECOND EDITION

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
Oxford Unz'=0ersi{y Press, Amen House, London E .C.4
GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE WELLINGTON

BOMBAY CALCUTTA MADRAS KARACHI LAHORE DACC-A

CAPE TOWN SALISBURY NAIROBI IBADAN ACCRA

KUALA LUMPUR HONG KONG

© Oxford University Press I960

FIRST EDITION 1944

REPRINTED 1953
SECOND EDITION 1960
REPRINTED LITI-IOGRAPHICALLY IN GREAT BRITAIN
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, OXFORD
FROM SHEETSOF THE srtconn EDITION
1963
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
I AM grateful to the Delegates of the Press for giving me the
opportunity to revise this book in the light of work which
has appeared since 1943. The intervening years have brought
varied contributions. The two papyri cited in the first
edition have been published, and a third, as yet unpublished,
has been made available to me by the kindness of Mr. _]. W. B.
Barns and the Delegates (see Introduction, p. lix). The
medieval manuscripts have been minutely studied by Pro-
fessor Turyn (The Byzantine Manuscript Tradition of the
Tragedies ofEuripides, 1957). ProfessorWinnington-Ingram's
admirable essay has appeared under the title Euripides and
Dionysus (1948) ; the late Professor Norwood has presented
his 86:5-repai <;6pov1-£'8es on the Bacchae in Essays on Euripidean
Drama (1954) ;' and we have had interesting studies of the
play from André Rivier (Essai sur le tragique d’Euripide,
1944, chap. v) ; F. Martinazzoli (Euripide, 1946, 387 ff.) ;
J. Labarbe (Miscellanea ]. Gessler, 1948, ii. 686 ff.); E. M.
Blaiklock (The Male Characters of Euripides, 19 52, chap. xi) ;
F. M. Wassermann (Studies presented to D. M. Robinson,
1953, 559 ff.) ; H. Diller (A bh. Mainz, 1955, Nr. 5); and A.-J.
Festugiere (Eranos, lv, 1957, 127 ff.). There has been an
edition with Italian commentary by P. Scazzoso (1957), and
individual passages have‘ been discussed by A. Y. Campbell,
D. S. Colman, A.—_]. Festugiére, M. Gigante, J. C. Kamer-
beek, R. Merkelbach, E. L. B. Meurig-Davies, K. O’Nolan,
L. R. Palmer, .D. S. Robertson, and others; especially
valuable are the conjectures of the late _]ohn Jackson in his
Marginalia Scaenica (1955). In addition, I must thank
those scholars who have been good enough to send me
unpublished criticisms and suggestions; they include Father
Festugiére, Professors Broadhead, Dover, Merkelbach, and
W. R. Smyth, Mr. W. S. Barrett, Mr. Alan Ker, and Mr.
W. B. Sedgwick.
I should probably have made fuller use of all this material
iv PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
had I been able to approach it with a fresh mind. But it has
at least enabled me to recognize, if not always to remedy,
various weaknesses in my own treatment of the play.
Users of the first edition will find here, besides the new
papyrus evidence on lines 1154-9 and 1183-6, substantially
modified views on lines_ 21-22, 135, 209, 506, 902--11, and
1220, fuller consideration of the problems presented by lines
406-8, 651—3, and 1066-7, correction of a good many minor
inaccuracies, and a large number of small changes and
additions which I. hope will make the book more useful.
I have also added two short indexes. Murray's text and
apparatus criticus are retained--not for reasons of sentiment
or modesty, as one reviewer suggested, but because resetting
the Greek would make the book too expensive for the kind
of reader for whom it is primarily designed.
E. R. D.

OXFORD
February I959
 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
N0 OTHER play of Euripides has been so much discussed as
the Bacchae; very few have been the subject of such exact
and careful study on the linguistic side. In the field of
language and textual criticism a twentieth-century editor is
unlikely to better very substantially the work of Elmsley
and Hermann, Paley and Sandys and Wecklein, except
where he is lucky enough to be armed with new evidence:
the solid scholars of the last century stated all the major
linguistic and textual problems of the play, and brought
most of them as near to solution as they are likely to be
brought in the absence of such evidence. Their successors
may still occasionally find (or think they have found) new
answers to old questions; but their best hope of reaching a
closer understanding of a difficult work probably lies in
asking new questions, arising out of that new approach to
Greek tragedy of which Wilamowitz was the pioneer‘—
an approach which seriously concerns itself with the play
not only as a piece of Greek but as a Work of art and at
the same time (like all works of art) a social document.
If the present commentary has any justification, it is, in
the first place, that it asks a number of new questions, new
at any rate in the sense that previous commentators have
ignored them. That all or most of them are rightly answered
is more than I dare hope; but if they are rightly framed
I have done some service. In particular, I have aimed at
bringing to bear on the interpretation both of individual
passages and of the play as a whole that wider and deeper
knowledge of Dionysiac religion which my generation owes

‘ In his great commentary on the Heracles (1889). He left no con-

tinuous commentary on the Bacchae, but I have learned much from his
translation (1923), from the notes he contributed to Bruhn’s edition
(1891), and from his discussions of individual passages in Griechisehe
Verskunst and elsewhere.
vi PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
to the work of men like Rohde, Farnell, Wilamowitz, Kern,
and Nilsson. If such matter bulks large in both Introduc-
tion and Commentary, the reason is that the last fifty years
have achieved a greater and more fruitful advance in this
field than in any other which has an equally important
bearing on the play. I have also been enabled, thanks
to the generosity of the Egypt Exploration Society, the
Delegates of the Oxford University Press, and Mr. C. H.
Roberts of St. ]ohn's College, Oxford, to add something to
the positive evidence for the text by quoting the readings
of two unpublished papyri (see Introduction, p. lvi).
In accordance with the plan of the series to which it
belongs, the text (and apparatus criticus) of the present
edition is, apart from correction of one or two misprints,
that of Professor Murray (Euripides, Oxford Classical
Texts, 2nd edition, 1913). In the Commentary, I have
made it my first business to explain this text; but where
I disagree with it I have said so, and have given my
reasons. In the arrangement of my matter I have ventured
to depart in two respects from the established custom of
commentators. (i) Since I believe that linguistic, metrical,
and literary interpretation are alike indispensable, and can-
not be divorced without peril, I have incorporated in the
Commentary both metrical analysis (presented, I hope,
with a minimum of technicality) and discussion of the sig-
nificance of the several scenes, instead of relegating the
former to an unreadable appendix and the latter to an
Introduction which may be left unread. (ii) “Since this
edition is intended for schoolboys as well as for scholars,
I have enclosed certain matter in square brackets-—matter
which is for the most part controversial, and concerned
mainly (though not exclusively) with textual criticism. I
hope that those reading the play for the first time will in
general ignore this bracketed stuff : it is addressed primarily
to persons who are or wish to become professional scholars.
If the love and knowledge of Greek literature ever die in
this country, they will die of a suffocation arising from its
 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION vii
exponents’ industry. I do not wish to be accessory to the
murder.
Like all editors, I have pillaged my predecessors, some-
times with acknowledgement, but often without. It is more
important to acknowledge here what I owe to the learning
and the unselfishness of my friends, and of two above all:
Professor Eduard Fraenkel, who read the whole of my type-
script and not only threw a completely fresh light on several
passages but saved me from more errors than I care to
count and introduced me to many new sources of know-
ledge ; and Mr. _]. D. Denniston, who generously sacrificed the
scanty leisure of a temporary civil servant in war-time to do
me a similar service. In addition, I have profited greatly by
the expert advice of Dr. Paul Jacobsthal on archaeological
matters and of Dr. Paul Maas on a number of metrical,
linguistic, and textual points ; Mr. R. P. Winnington-Ingram
has permitted me to quote several acute observations from
an unpublished essay on the play ; Professor R. B. Onians has
allowed me to consult the proofs of his forthcoming Origins
of European Thought; and I have had valuable help of
various kinds from Professor J. D. Beazley, Mr. E. L. B.
Meurig-Davies, Dr. Rudolf Pfeiffer, Mr. Maurice Platnauer,
and Mr. C. H. Roberts. Lastly, I must thank Professor
Murray, to whose lectures on the Bacchae I, like so many
others, owe my first real understanding of the play’s great-
ness and of its religious background. All of this book is
ultimately his: a part of it he made; the rest grew from
seed he planted thirty years ago.
E. R. D.

OXFORD
Novernber I943
 CONTENTS
NOTE . . . - X

INTRODUCTION . xi
I. Dionysus . . . . . xi
i. The Nature of Dionysiac Religion xi
ii. Dionysiac Religion at Athens . xx
II. Traditional Elements in the Bacchae . xxv
i. History and Ritual . . . . . xxv
ii. Evidence from Earlier Dionysiac Plays . xxv iii
iii. Evidence from Vase Paintings . . . xxxiii
iv. Formal Elements . . . . . xxxvi
III. The Place of the Bacchae in Euripides’ Work . xxxix
IV. Sources of the Text . . . . li
i. The Transmission . li
ii. The Medieval Sources liii
iii. Papyri . . . lvi

TEXT . . . I

COMMENTARY . . . . . . . 61

APPENDIX. Additional Fragments attributable to the

Bacchae . . . . . . . . 243
INDEXES . . . 24,7
 NOTE
For the older fragments of the tragedians my references are
to» Nauck’s Tragicormn Graecorum Fragmenta, second edition,
except in the case of Sophocles where. I have followed the new
Liddell and Scott (L.S.°) in referring to Pearson’s edition. For
more recently discovered fragments I have where possible
given references to Hunt, Fragmenta Tragica Papyracea (O.C.T.,
1912), or Arnim, Supplementum Euripideum (Lietzmann’s
Kleine Texte, Bonn, 1913), or Page, Greek Literary Papyri, i
(Loeb Library, 1942).
Kiihner-Blass, Ki;ihner—Gerth = R. Kiihner, Ausfithrliche
Grammatik der griechischen Sprache, Dritte Auflage, Teil i,
besorgt von F. Blass; Teil ii, besorgt von B. Gerth.
Beazley, A.R.V. = _]. D. Beazley, Attic Red-Figure Vase-
Painters (Oxford, I942).
 INTRODUCTION
UNLIKE most Greek tragedies the Bacchae is a play about
an historical event—the introduction into Hellas of a new
religion.‘ When Euripides wrote, the event lay in the far
past, and the memory of it survived only in mythical form;
the new religion had long since been acclimatized and
accepted as part of Greek life. But it still stood as the
expression of 'a religious attitude, and the memorial of a
religious experience, different from anything implied in the
cult of the traditional Olympian gods; and the forces
liberated and embodied by the original movement were
active in other forms in the Athens of Euripides’ day. If
we are to understand this play, we must first know some-
thing about Dionysiac religion—the intention of certain
of its rites, the meaning of certain of its myths, and the
shapes it had assumed in Euripides’ time. The disagree-
ments of nineteenth-century critics should warn us that if
we attempt to seize the poet’s thought by a frontal attack,
in disregard of the contemporary background, we shall be
at the mercy of our own or other people's prejudices.

I. D I O N Y S U S
1 . The Nature of Dionysiac Religion”
To the Greeks of the classical age Dionysus was not
solely, or even mainly, the god of wine. Plutarch tells us
‘ The characteristics of Dionysiac worship are so different from those
of most other Greek cults that we may justifiably speak of it in this way.
But in its Greek form it was never a separate ‘religion’ in the sense of
excluding other cults.
2 The first modern writer who understood the Dionysiac psychology
was Erwin Rohde ; his Psyche (1st ed. 1891-4, Eng. trans. 1925) is still the
fundamental book. See also Farnell, Cults of the Greek States, vol. v,
chaps. 4-7, Wilamowitz, Glaube der Hellenen, ii. 6o ff., O. Kern, Religion
der Griechen, i. 226 ff., W. K. C. Guthrie, The Greeks and their Gods,
xii INTRODUCTION
as much, confirming it with a quotation from Pindar,‘ and
the god’s cult titles confirm it also: he is Aev8pt-mg or
".Ev§ev5pos', the Power in the tree; he is 211/6.-.0; the blossom-
bringer, Kdipmos the fruit—bringer, <l‘5Ae6g or <15Aéwg, the
abundance of life. His domain is, in Plutarch’s words, the
whole of the :5-ypcl ¢o'cns—not only the liquid fire in the grape,
but the sap thrusting in a young tree, the blood pounding
in the veins of a young animal, all the mysterious and
uncontrollable tides that ebb and flow in the life of nature.
Our oldest witness, Homer, nowhere explicitly refers to
him as a wine god ;= and it may well be that his association
with certain wild plants, such as the fir and the ivy, and
with certain wild animals, is in fact older than his associa-
tion with the vine. It was the Alexandrines, and above
all the Romans—-with their tidy functionalism and their
cheerful obtuseness in all matters of the spirit-—-who depart-
mentalized Dionysus as ‘jolly Bacchus’ the wine-god with
his riotous crew of nymphs and satyrs.3 As such he was
taken over from the Romans by Renaissance painters and
poets; and it was they in turn who shaped the image in
which the modern world pictures him. If we are to under-
stand the Bacchae, our first step is to unthink all this: to
forget the pictures of Titian and Rubens, to forget Keats
and his ‘god of breathless cups and chirping mirth’, to
remember that dpyta are not orgies but acts of devotion
(cf. 34 n.), and that Banxedeiv is not to ‘revel’ but to have
a particular kind of religious experience—the experience of

chap. 6. Miss Harrison’s Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion

and W. F. Otto’s Dionysos are interesting but should be used with
caution. Some illuminating modern parallels are cited by H. ]ean-
maire in his comprehensive but in parts decidedly speculative book,
Dionysos (1951).
1 Is. et Os. 35, 365 A, quoting Pindar, fr. 140 Bowra.
1 This may of course be accidental; but it is odd, as Farnell says, that
Maron, though a Thracian and a vine-rgower, is represented as a priest
not of Dionysus but of Apollo.
3 Horace is an exception : Odes, 2. 19 and 3. 25 show a deeper under-
standing of the gocl’s true nature.
 INTRODUCTION xiii
communion with God which transformed a human being
into a Bdxxog or a Bdrcxr) (cf. 115 n.).
To this experience the Greeks, like many other peoples,‘
believed wine to be in certain circumstances an aid.
Drunkenness, as William James observed, ‘expands, unites,
and says Yes: it brings its votary from the chill periphery
of things to the radiant core; it makes him for the moment
one with truth’? Thus wine acquires religious value: he
who drinks it becomes é‘v9eos—-he has drunk deity. But
wine was not the only or the most important means to
communion. The maenads in our play are not drunken:
Pentheus thought they were (260 ff.), but we are expressly
told that he was mistaken (686 f.) ; some of them preferred
to drink water, or even milk (704 ff.). In this Euripides is
probably correct from a ritual point of view: for the other
acts of his maenads belong to a winter ritual which seems
not to have been a wine festival, and would not naturally
be one.3 The right time for holy drunkenness is in the spring,
when the new wine is ready to be opened ; and it is then that
we find it, e.g. at the Athenian ‘Feast of Cups’ which formed
part of the Anthesteria.
But there were other ways of becoming é'v6eos. The
strange dpetfiuaia or mountain dancing, which is described
in the m£po8og of the Bacchae and again in the first messenger-
speech, is no fancy of the poet but the reflection of a ritual
which was practised by women’s societies at Delphi down
to Plutarch’s time, and for which we have inscriptional
evidence from a number of other places in the Greek world.‘
The rite took place in midwinter in alternate years (hence
the name rpterqpig, Ba. I 33). It II111St have involved C011-
siderable discomfort, and even risk: Pausanias says that
‘ Cf. Frazer, Golden Bough, iii. 248, and for an excellent modern
example Ruth Benedict, Patterns of Culture, 85.
1 The Varieties of Religious Experience, 387.
3 Farnell, Cults, v. 198 ff. Cf., however, Ion, 550-4.
‘ See my article ‘Maenadism in the Bacehae’, Harvard Theological
Rev. xxxiii (1940), 155 ff. (reprinted in part, with some additions and
corrections, as an appendix to The Greeks and the Irrational, 1951).
xiv .INTRODUCTION
at Delphi the women went to the very summit of Parnassus
(over 8,000 ft. high), and Plutarch describes an occasion,
apparently in his own lifetime, when they were cut off by
a snow-storm and a rescue party had to be sent out.‘
What was the object of this practice? Many peoples dance
out of doors to make their crops grow, by sympathetic
magic. But such dances elsewhere are annual like the
crops, not biennial like the dpeifiaota; their season is spring,
not midwinter; and their scene is the cornland, not the
barren mountain-tops. Late Greek writers thought of the
dances at Delphi as commemorative: ‘they dance’, says
Diodorus (4. 3), ‘in imitation of the maenads who are said
to have been associated with the god in the old days’.
Probably he is right, as regards his own time (or the time
of his source); but ritual is usually older than the myth
by which people explain it, and has deeper psychological
roots. There must have been a time when the maenads
or thyiads or Bdxxat really became for a few hours or days
what their name implies---wild women whose human per-
sonality has been temporarily replaced by another. Whether
this might still be so in Euripides’ day we have no sure
means of knowing: a Delphic tradition recorded by
Plutarch” suggests that as late as the fourth century B.C.
the rite sometimes produced a true disturbance of person-
ality, but the evidence is slender.
There are, however, parallel phenomena in other cultures
which may help us to understand the mipooos of the Bacchae
and the punishment of Agaue. In many societies, perhaps
in all societies, there are people for whom ‘ritual dances
provide a. religious experience that seems more satisfying
and convincing than any other. . . . It is with their muscles
that they most easily obtain knowledge of the divine.“ The
best known examples are the Mohammedan dervishes, the
American Shakers, the Jewish Hasidirn, and the Siberian
‘ Paus. 10. 32. 5; Plut. de prime frigido, I8, 953 D.
2 mul. oirt. I3.
3 Aldous Huxley, Ends and Means, 232, 235.
 INTRODUCTION xv

shamans. Often the dance induces a sense of being pos-

sessed by an alien personality. Such dancing is highly
infectious; it ‘spreads like wildfire’ (Ba. 778), and easily
becomes a compulsive obsession, taking possession even of
sceptics (like Agaue) without the consent of the conscious
mind. This happened in the extraordinary dancing madness
which periodically invaded Europe from the fourteenth to
the seventeenth century,‘ when people danced until they
dropped and lay unconscious (cf. Ba. 136 and n.): e.g. at
Liege in 1374 ‘many persons seemingly sound in mind and
body were suddenly possessed by -the devils’ and left house
and home to wander away with the dancers; Cadmus and
Teiresias had their counterparts in seventeenth-century
Italy, where ‘even old men of ninety threw aside their crutches
at the sound of the tarantella, and as if some magic potion,
restorative of youth and vigour, flowed through their veins,
they joined the most extravagant dancers’. Many held that
the dancing madness could be imposed on people by cursing
them with it, as Dionysus cursed the daughters of Cadmus.
In some cases the obsession reappeared at regular intervals,
‘ See I. F. K. Hecker, Die Tanzwuth (1832; Eng. trans., Babington,
1888), A. Martin, ‘Geschichte der Tanzkrankheit in Deutschland’ in
Ztschr. d. Vereins Volkskunde, xxiv (1914). Such happenings are not
unknown even today. In 1921 there was an outbreak of dancing mania
in Thuringia, inspired by one Muck Lamberty. ‘Policemen and public
servants were seen joining the dance and singing in open streets, and
there was a new kind of riot, against which the authorities seemed to be
helpless. . . . Dignity, profession, creed and political opinion lost their
meaning. . . . The new prophet became a power, esteemed even in high
quarters. Not only was it doubtful whether anybody could have been
found to call him to account, but this might even have resulted in a
general rising’ (G. R. Halkett, The Dear Monster, 204 fI.). As Dionysus
was received at Delphi, so Muck preached in the Cathedral at Erfurt,
and succeeded for a time in establishing new forms of religious festival.
But Pentheus won in the end: Muck was discredited owing to moral
scandals. Similar outbreaks of mass hysteria occurred periodically in
japan during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (see E. H.
Norman, For Eastern Survey, xiv (I945), 65 fI.). Disturbed social
conditions seem to have been a predisposing cause both in Germany
and in Japan.
xvi INTRODUCTION
growing in intensity until St. _]ohn’s or St. Vitus’s day,
when an outbreak occurred and was followed by a return
to normality; hence there developed periodic ‘cures’ of
afflicted patients by music and ecstatic dancing, which in
some places crystallized into annual festivals.‘
This last fact suggests the way in which in Greece the
ritual dpeifiaata at a fixed date may originally have developed
out of spontaneous attacks of mass hysteria.’ By canalizing
such hysteria in an organized rite once in two years, the
Dionysiac cult kept it within bounds and gave it a relatively
harmless outlet. What the -.-r<£p08os of the Bacchae depicts
is hysteria subdued to the service of religion; the deeds
done on Cithaeron were manifestations of hysteria in the
raw, the compulsive mania which attacks the unbeliever.
Dionysus is at work in both: like St. John or St. Vitus, he
is the cause of madness and the liberator from madness,
Bcircxog and /l1io1.o5‘,3 (iecig Seivdraros, civtipobrrotat 5' wjrrtobrarog
(Ba. 860). We must keep this ambivalence in mind if we
are rightly to understand the play. To resist Dionysus is to
repress the elemental in one’s own nature; the punishment
is the sudden complete collapse of the inward dykes when the
elemental breaks through perforce and civilization vanishes.
The culminating act of the Dionysiac winter dance was
the tearing to pieces, and eating raw, of an animal body,
0"rra.po'.')/p.65‘ and tbuoqbayta. It is referred to in the regulations
of the Dionysiac cult at Miletus (276 B.c.)," and attested
‘ Cf. the annual dancing procession at Esternach in the Rhineland,
which is still believed to be a cure for psychopathic complaints (Martin,
l.c., 129 ff.) ; also Ieanmaire, Dionysos, 167 if.
1 For other parallels which suggest that the ‘maenad’ is a real and
not merely a mythological figure see notes on 748-64, and ‘Maenadism
in the Bacchae’, 159 ff.
3 Rohde, Psyche, chap. 9, n. 21, Farnell, Cults, v. 120. Cf.~the story
of the daughters of Proetus, who were driven mad by Dionysus and
subsequently cured per’ ti./\a.l\a.-y,u.of:’ Kai -rwog eivfiéov xopcias [Ap0.llOd.]
2. 2. 2; and SChOl. Pindar, Pj/ill. 3. I39 Kai. -rdv Altdvvoov 8% Ko.9o.p'rucdv
navias paoi.
4 Milet Vi. 22 psi] eigeivar. cbpogbdyrov eiptflaheiv ;.rr)9evi. rrpdrepov -ij 1) ie‘pcm
Iirreip Ti}; 11-6/\cr.us énfldhg. ei,u.BalleE'v means, I think, ‘throw to the crowd of
 INTRODUCTION xvii
by Plutarch and others. In the Bacchae the O'1'l'(I.pCI.')/].LClS‘, first
of the Theban cattle (734 ff.) and then of Pentheus (1125 ff.),
is described with a gusto which the modern reader has
difliculty in sharing. A detailed description of the 03710-
qbayia would perhaps have been too much for the stomachs
even of an Athenian audience; Eur. speaks of it twice,
Ba. 138 and Cretans fr. 472, but in each place he passes over
it swiftly and discreetly. It is hard to guess at the psycho-
logical state that he describes in the two words objuoqbd-yov
xcipw. But it is noteworthy that the days appointed for
o5)u.0qSa-yla were ‘unlucky and black days’ ;‘ and it appears
that those who practise a comparable rite in our time
experience in it a mixture of supreme exaltation and
supreme repulsion: it is at once holy and horrible, fulfil-
ment and uncleanness, a sacrament and a pollution--the
same violent conflict of emotional attitudes that runs all
through the Bacchae and lies at the root of all religion of
the Dionysiac type.‘
Late writers explained the ofinopayla as they did the
dancing: they supposed it to commemorate the day when
the infant Dionysus was himself torn to pieces and devoured.‘
But (a) we can hardly dissociate the rite from the wide-
spread belief in what Frazer called ‘the homoeopathic
effects of a flesh diet’ :4 if you tear something to pieces and
eat it warm and bleeding, you add its vital powers to your
celebrants’ (‘Maenadism in the Bacchae’, 164); cf. the modern Arab
cbuogbayia, where the priest on a terrace throws the victim to the mob
of ecstatics below (R. Brunel, Essai sur la con_fre'rie religieuse des
Aissdoua au Maroc, 177). For other evidence see Farnell, Cults, v.
302 f.
‘ Plut. Jeff. 0106. I4, 41'] C, 1)p.e'pu.s‘ dnoqipdbas Kai cncvdpurrrdg, e’v aig
cbpogbayiat Kai. Baaonaopoi.
3 Cf. Benedict, Patterns of Culture, 179: ‘the very repugnance which
the Kwakiutl [Indians of Vancouver Island] felt towards the act of
eating human flesh made it for them a fitting expression of the Diony-
sian virtue that lies in the terrible and the forbidden’.
3 Schol. Clem. Alex. 92 P. (i. 318 Stahlin), Firm. Mat. err. prof. rel.
6. 5, Photius, S.V. veflpi§e:.v.
4 See Golden Bough, v. ii, chap. 12.
4003 .9 b
xviii INTRODUCTION
own, for ‘the blood is the life’; (b) it seems likely that the
victim was felt to embody the vital powers of the god him-
self, which by the act of <.3,u.o<;$a.yta were transferred to the
worshippers. The most usual victim was a bull--that is
why Aristophanes speaks of ‘the Bacchic rites of bull-eating
Cratinus’.‘ We hear also of oluoqfiayiat of wild goats or
fawns, and the tearing of vipers? while the women who
rent Pentheus believed him to be a lion.‘ In several of
these creatures we may recognize bestial incarnations of
the god: cf. Ba; 1017-19, where the faithful cry to him to
appear as bull, snake, or lion. For a cattle-herding people
like those of Boeotia or Elis there is no more splendid
symbol of nature's potency than the bull. It is in bull-
shape, ‘raging with bestial hoof’, that Dionysus is invoked
in the ancient hymn of the women of Elis,‘ as it is in bull-
shape that he mocks his persecutor in the Bacchae (618);
and the sculptors sometimes show him, as Pentheus saw
him in a vision (Ba. 922), as a horned man.‘ In the Homeric
hymn (7. 44) he manifests himself as a lion, and this may
well be the oldest of his bestial -shapes.“
We may regard the cbnoqiayia, then, as a rite in which the
god was in some sense present in his beast-vehicle and was
in that shape torn and eaten by his people.’ Did the cult
once admit-—as the Pentheus story suggests—a still more
potent, because more dreadful, form of communion--the
rending, even the rending and eating, of God in the shape
‘ Ran. 357 and schol. Cf. Ba. 743 ff., 1185; Oppian, Cyn. 4. 304 ff.
1' Goat, Ba. 138, Arnobius, adv. nat. 5. 19; fawn, Phot., s.v. vq8,ot’§e:.v ;
viper, Galen, de antid. I. 6. 14.
3 Cf. Or. 1492, where the Bdxxat. hunt a O’KIip.v05‘ dpeio. (i.e. a. lion-cub P).
4 Plut. Q.G1'. 36, 299 B, Boétp rrodi driwv, dfzc rafipe. .
-" Cf. his cult epithets Bixepcus, -ravpwrrcig, 1-avpo,u.e'-rwrros, K€p(10'<,bdp0$‘.
Occasionally his statues gave him a bul1’s body also (Athen. 476 A). Cer-
tain of his worshippers were called ,8ow.-6.\o:., and at Argos he was wor-
shipped as ,8ov-yewfig (Plut. Is. et Os. 35, 364 F).
6 There were no lions in Greece in historical times; but the lion
survived in the god’s earlier homes, in Asia Minor, Thrace, and
Macedonia (Hdt. 7. 125, Xen. Cyrr. I1, Paus. 6. 5. 4, Ar. ‘Hist. An.
579"7). 7 Cf. Gruppe, Gr. Mythologie u. Relzgionsgeschzehte, 732.
 INTRODUCTION xix
of man? We cannot be sure, and some scholars deny it.
There are, however, scattered indications which point that
way.‘ Theophrastus, apud Porph. abst. 2. 8, speaks of -5 1-o’3v
dvfipwn-o6vo:.o'3v Baxxeia, and adds that the Bassares practise
cannibalism as well. Pausanias (9. 8. 2) has heard that at
Potniae, near Thebes, a boy was at one time sacrificed to
Dionysus, until Delphi authorized a goat as a surrogate. He
explains the rite as expiatory; but there is other evidence"
which may lead us to doubt this. Euelpis of Carystos (ap.
Porph. Abst. 2. 55) knows that on two Aegean islands, Chios
and Tenedos, o'11'a.pa.'y;.:.d5‘ of a human victim was once prac-
tised in honour of Dionysus Omadios, the god of the dino-
payia; and Clement (Protr. 3. 42) has culled from a Hellenistic
history of Crete a similar tradition about Lesbos. It seems
that on Tenedos, as at Potniae, an animal victim was later
substituted, but the ritual retained curious and significant
features : Aelian (N.A. 12. 34) tells us that they choose a cow
in calf and treat her as if she were a human mother; when
the calf is born, they put buskins on it and then sacrifice it
to Dionysus Zlvfipwwoppalo-n79, ‘the Mansmasher’; ‘but he
who struck the calf with his axe is stoned by the people until
he escapes to the sea-shore’ (i.e. he is polluted, and must
make as if to leave the country, like Agaue at the end of the
Bacchae). To this evidence we may add the repeated occur-
rence of child-murder and human orrapayndg in Dionysiac
myths (see below) ; the fact that the human sacrifice alleged
to have been performed before the battle of Salamis is said to
have been offered to Dionysus Omestes ;1 and the allegation
of ritual murder in connexion with the Italian Dionysiac
movement which was suppressed in 186 B.C.3
‘ Collected by F. Schwenn, Die Menschenopfer bei den Griechen u.
Romern. See also Farnell, Cults, v. 164 ff.
1 Plut. Them. 13, on the authority of Aristotle’s pupil Phanias. Even
if the story be false, it shows what fourth-century Greeks thought of
Dionysus Omestes.
1 Livy, 39. 13, cf. Plaut. Bacchides, 371 f. Kern believed that the
/I'Fjva.l. (Theocr. xxvi) was written to defend ritual child-murder
(Arch.f. Rel. xxvi. 14 f.).
xx INTRODUCTION
However this may be, the J.-poqflayia and the bestial
incarnations reveal Dionysus as something much more
significant and much more dangerous than a wine-god. He
is the principle of animal life, 1-aiipos and 1-avpoqfiei-yog,‘ the
hunted and the hunter—the unrestrained potency which
man envies in the beasts and seeks to assimilate. His cult
was originally an attempt on the part of human beings to
achieve communion with this potency. The psychological
effect was to libe.rate the instinctive life in man from the
bondage imposed on it by reason and social custom: the
worshipper became conscious of a strange new vitality,
which he attributed to the god's presence within him (cf.
Ba. 187 ff., r94, 945-6, and notes). Euripides seems to hint
likewise at a further effect, a merging ‘of the individual
consciousness in a group consciousness: the worshipper
Qaaaetieraz glrvxciv (Ba. 75), he iS 3.12 one not only with the
Master of Life but with his fellow-worshippers; and he is
at one also with the life of earth (Ba. 726-7, and note).

ii. Dionysiac Religion at Athens

The Greeks held, no doubt correctly, that these singular
rites were not native to Hellas: Herodotus calls them
vewmri. ém;-y)u.é'va (2. 49, where vewo~ri. seems to refer to the
time of Melampus, before the Trojan War) ; and Euripides
represents the Dionysiac cult as a sort of ‘world religion’,
carried by missionaries (as no native Greek cult ever was)
from one land to another. According to him, its original seat
is the mountains of Lydia and Phrygia (Ba. 13, 55, 86, 8cc.),
a view supported by the modern discovery that Béxxos is
the Lydian equivalent of Dionysus.’ Elsewhere Dionysus
is most often represented as a Thracian: Homer connects
him with the Thracian Lycurgus (IZ. 6. r3o ff., cf. Soph. Ami.
955), and in the fifth century Greek travellers knew of the
‘ Soph. fr. 668.
2 Sardis, vi. i. 39, Lyd. Ba.m;-'ar\:.5‘ = Greek Aabvuauckfis.
 INTRODUCTION xxi

Dionysiac cult on Mounts Pangaeum and Rhodope.‘ This

also we may accept: the highlands of Thrace and those of
Asia Minor held peoples of kindred blood and culture (Hdt.
7. 7 3). The myths suggest that the new god may in fact have
reached mainland Greece by two independent routes—-
overseas from the Asiatic coast by way of Cos, Naxos, Delos,
and Euboea to Attica, and by land from Thrace to Mace-
donia, Boeotia, and Delphi.‘ His coming cannot be exactly
dated, but must I think be a good deal earlier than was
supposed, e.g., by Wilamowitz (who was prepared to put
it as late as 700 B.c.) : not only is Semele already a Theban
princess for the author of the ALOQ d-.-r<£1-17 (Il. 14. 323 ff.), but
the introduction myths are associated with very early
conditions—the monarchy at Athens, the rule of the
Minyae at Orchomenus and of the Proetids and Perseids
at Argos, the Cadmean period at Thebes.‘
In the course of the centuries which separate the first
appearance of Dionysiac cult in Greece from the age of
‘ Cf. Hec. 1267, Rhes. 972, Hdt. 5. 7 and 7. 111. Hdt. also knows of
drgiastic 'rpl.e1"qpi8€$‘ among the Scythian Geloni (4. 108). And the god’s
northern associations are recognized even in the Bacchae (lines 560-75).
1 Cf. Kern, Rel. der Griech. i. 226 ff. ; Nilsson, Minoan-lllycenaean
Religion‘, 567 if. » '
3 Cf. Farnell, Cults, v. 109 ff., Foucart, Culte de Dion. en Attique,
chap. 3, Deubner, Arch. jhb. xlii (1927), 189. Since the above was
written, the case for a very early dating of the introduction myths
has been strengthened by Miss Lorimer, Homer and the Monuments,
471 f., and has received apparent confirmation from the decipherment
on a fragmentary Pylos tablet, Xao6, of the name di-wo-nu-so-jo
(ventris and Chadwick, DQ.§.t4m,e.u.t.i .in..._M1gg31dean Greek, 127). Ven-
tris and Chadwick point out that the name onlthewfzitilet 1s not neces-
sarily that of a god ; it seems, however, to presuppose knowledge of
the divine name, and thus to date back Greek acquaintance with
Dionysus to the thirteenth century B.C. at latest. If the decipherment
is confirmed, it does not follow that the introduction myths are entirely
without historical foundation; but the historical element will refer to
a very remote period (the time of Herodotus’ Mela.mpus?), unless
with Nilsson (Minoan-Mycenaean Religion1, 575 ff.) we postulate a
missionary movement in the Archaic Age which was in fact a reintro-
duction from abroad of ideas and rites that had been familiar to the
Minoan world.
xxii INTRODUCTION
Euripides, it was brought under State control and lost
much of its original character, at any rate in Attica. The
Athenians of Euripides’ time had no biennial winter rite,
no mountain dancing, no obp.oq5c1.yio.;‘ they were content to
send a delegation of women to represent them at the
Delphic rpte-njpis. So far as we know, their own Dionysiac
festivals were very different: they were occasions for old-
fashioned country gaiety and a little old-fashioned country
magic, as at the rural Dionysia; or for pious and cheerful
drunkenness, as at the Feast of Cups; or for a display of the
civic and cultural greatness of Athens, as at the City Dio-
nysia. Only the Lenaea may perhaps have kept something
of the original fervour which its name betokens and which
we may recognize on some of the so-called ‘Lenaea-vases’?
The function of these genial Attic festivals was, in the words
of Pericles,‘ to provide dvdnavhat 'r<I:v vrdvwvi their value was
more social than religious. This aspect of Dionysiac worship
is not ignored in the Bacchae: Euripides has expressed it
beautifully in the first stasimon, 370 ff. (see Commentary).
But there was little or nothing in the ofiicial Athenian cult
which could inspire the descriptions in the -mip08os: and the
messenger-speeches, or had any real relevance to the savage
and primitive story of Pentheus’ punishment. j
Much of the play’s primitive religiouscolouring is doubt-
less traditional, like the theme itself (see below). Its extra-
ordinary vividness is possibly due in some measure to things
that the poet saw or heard in Macedonia, where the play
was written--—for in Macedonia, if we are to believe Plutarch,
‘ It has been held that the ‘orgiastic’ rites never had a footing in
Attica; but the name Lenaea——a_pparently from Mivm, the wild women
-—suggests the contrary.
1 Farnell, Cults, v. 208_f.; Frickenhaus, Lenaenoasen ; Deubner, Att.
Feste, 126 ff. The vases show a wine-offering made by women before a
mask-idol of Dionysus, accompanied by a sacral dance with thyrsi and
torches, to the music of flutes and castanets. This looks like a con-
trolled and limited survival of the orgiastic female cult. But its con-
nexion with the Lenaea is disputed (Nilsson, Arch. jahrb. xxxi (1916),
331 f.). 1 Thuc. 2. 38.
 INTRODUCTION xxiii

the Dionysiac cult was still in the fourth century sufficiently

primitive to include such rites as snake-handling.‘ But I
have suggested elsewhere‘ that Euripides’ interest in the
subject may also have been aroused by things that were
happening nearer home. At Athens Dionysus had been
tamed; but it does not follow that the Dionysiac temper had
vanished, and there is in fact plenty of evidence that during
the Peloponnesian War—probably as a result of the social
stresses which it generated-—-religion of the orgiastic type
began to emerge again under other names. Athens was
invaded by a multitude of 6602 ficvmolz it is at this time that
Attic literature begins to be full of references to the eastern
and northern mystery gods, Cybele and Bendis, Attis,
Adonis, and Sabazius? In relation to the Bacchae the last-
named is of especial interest. He is an oriental counterpart
of Dionysus—an unhellenized Dionysus whose cult retained
the primitive appeal and much of the primitive ritual which
the Attic Dionysus had long since lost. Sabazius still
promised his initiates what Dionysus had once promised—-
identification with deity.‘ And to this end he offered them
the old means—an ecstatic nocturnal rite performed to the
music of flute and kettledrum.5 Several of the old ritual
elements mentioned in the vrdpobos of the Bacchae-—the
Kafiapjioi, the "r1iju.1ro.va., the snake-handling, the fawnskins,
the cult-title é’{,‘apX0g—are attested by Demosthenes for the
Sabazius-cult as practised at Athens in the fourth century.‘
‘ Plut. Alex. 2.
1 ‘Maenadism in the Bacchae’, 171 ff.
1 Cybele, Cratinus, fr. 82, Ar. Av. 876 f., Soph. Phil. 391 ff.; Bendis,
Cratin. fr. 80, cf. I.G. i1. 310. 208 (429/8 B.C.); Attis, Theopompus com.
fr. 27; Adonis, Cratin. fr. 15, Ar. Pax, 420; Sabazius, Ar. Vesp. 9 f.,
Av. 875, Lys. 387-97. On the growth of superstition during the Pelopon-
nesian War see Kern, Rel. d. Griech. ii. 287 ff., Nilsson, Greek Popular
Religion, 130 ff.
4 They became aéfiot, as the initiates of Bacchus became Bdxxol.
(Harpocrat. s.v. Z.'dEBo¢, schol. Ar. Av. 874, Plut. Q. Conv. 4. 6. 2).
1 Ar. Lys. 388, fr. 566, Dem. de cor. 259, Iamb. de myst. 3. 9.
6 de cor. 259 f., 284. We may add the ivy if the MS. reading m.'r1'o¢dpo5'
is right in de cor. 260.
xxiv INTRODUCTION
The past had in fact returned, or was trying to return.
And it brought in its train a controversy of similar sub-
stance to the debate between Pentheus and Teiresias in the
Bacchae. Echoes of that controversy survive in the frag-
ments of Old Comedy, in the orators, and in Plato. Or
rather, echoes from one side of it; for it happens that all
our witnesses are hostile to the new religious movement.
Aristophanes wrote a play, the Horae, in which ‘Sabazius
and certain other foreign gods’ were put on trial and sen-
tenced to banishment from Athens; the complaint seems
to have been chiefly directed, like Pentheus’ complaint
against Dionysus, to the celebration of women's rites under
cover of darkness, ‘nocturnae pervigilationes’.‘ Nor was
this an isolated attack on the new cults: the Hem‘. fevmot
were satirized by Apollophanes in his Cretans, by Eupolis
in his Baptae, by Plato comicus in his Adonis. In the fourth
century, Demosthenes seeks to blacken his rival’s character
by repeated allusions to his association with the disrepu-
table rites of Sabazius; Phryne is accused of introducing a
‘new god’ of Dionysiac type, Isodaites, and of forming
unlicensed Bic-.o0t ;1 while Plato takes so seriously the moral
dangers of the movement ‘that he would impose severe
penalties on anyone who should be found ‘practising private
orgiastic rites’.1
Athenian public opinion is thus, so far as we happen to
know -it, on the side of law and order. What sort of emo-
tional forces were engaged on the other side we may partly
guess from the choruses of the Bacchae,‘ and the discourse
of Teiresias may perhaps help us to reconstruct the intellec-
tual case for the defence that was made in certain quarters.
Conversely, we may understand better some parts of the
‘ Cic. Leg. 2. 37.
1 Euthias, fr. 2 Baiter-Sauppe. Moral prejudice against foreign cults
probably had something to do also with the condemnation of the two
priestesses, Ninus and Theo ris (cf. Foucart, Associations, 80 ff., 132 ff.).
3 dpyui§mv -rr/\1)v rd 31771. data, Leg. I0, 910 BC.
1 Partly also from certain vase-paintings: see below, p. xxxv f.,
and Webster, Greek Art and Literature, 530-400 B.C., 174. '
 INTRODUCTION xxv

play if we relate them to this contemporary background.

I do not suggest that the poet treated the coming of
Dionysus to Thebes as an allegory of the coming to Athens
of Sabazius and his like: even had he wished to do so, the
outline of the story was too firmly fixed by tradition to
lend itself to such treatment. But it seems probable that
the contemporary situation helped to stimulate Euripides’
interest in the mythical one; and that in writing certain
passages of the Bacchae—notably the Pentheus—Teiresias
scene‘--he had in mind, and expected his audience to have
in mind, the parallelism between the two.

II. TRADITIONAL ELEMENTS IN THE

BACCHAE
i. History and Ritual
The story of Pentheus and Agaue is one of a series of
cult-legends which describe the punishment of those rash
mortals who refused to accept the religion of Dionysus.
The first of them to appear in literature is the tale of
Lycurgus the Thra_c__:ian, of whom Homer relates (Il. 6.
130 ff.) that on the sacred mountain Nysa he hunted
Dionysus and his -‘nurses’, drove them into the sea, and
was blinded as a punishment. Later writers (and vase-
paintings1) tell that he was punished with madness, and
in his madness killed his own son ([Apollod.] 3. 5. 7, Hyg.
Fab. 132). His end is variously described: he was entombed
in a cave (Soph. Ant. 955 ff.), suffered 0'7rc1.po.'yp.d5‘ by horses
([Apollod.]) or panthers (Hyg.), or cut off his own legs
(Serv. on Aen. 3. 14). A closely similar figure is the Thracian
‘ See introductory note on this scene, and 201-3 n., 222-3 n., 234 n.,
274-85 n.
1 The oldest evidence is a hydria painted about 4.40 (C .V.A. Cracovie,
pl. 12 ; Beazley, Greek Vases in Poland, 44 ff.), which shows that this
version is not a late borrowing from the Agaue story.
xxvi INTRODUCTION
Boutes, who chased the maenads of Phthiotis into the sea,
went mad, and drowned himself in a well (Diod. 5. 50).
Another group of stories tells of women who were maddened
by the god--the three daughters of Minyas at Orchomenos,
who killed and devoured the child Hippasos (Plut. Q. Gr.
38) ; the three daughters of Proetus, who induced the women
of Argos to kill their children and take to the mountains
([Apollod.] 2. 2. 2, from Hesiod, &c.) ; the daughters of
Eleuther at Eleutherae, whose madness was a punishment
for scorning a vision of the god (Suidas szv. MéAav).
These legends are evidently related to the Theban myth
of the madness of Cadmus’ three daughters and the death
of Pentheus at their hands. Many writers‘ find in them
simply a reflection of historical events—a tradition of suc-
cessive local conflicts between the fanatical adherents of
the new religion and the representatives of law and order,
the heads of the great families. That such conflicts occurred
is probable in itself ; that the infection of mountain-dancing
should lay sudden hold of unbelievers is psychologically
intelligible and has, as we have seen, its parallels in other
cultures; that the god should make his first converts among
the women is natural in view of the narrow and repressed
lives which Greek women commonly led. But while we need
not reject this view, it does not, I think, provide by itself
a complete explanation of the myths. (a) It does not suit
the Lycurgus story, which is located in the god’s Thracian
homeland. (b) It does not account for the odd fixity of
outline displayed by the other group: always it is the king’s
daughters who go mad; always there are three of them
(corresponding to the three 9ia.o'o:. of maenads which existed
at Thebes and elsewhere in historical times, cf. Ba. 680 n.) ;
regularly they murder their children, or the child of one of
them, as Lycurgus did his son, and as Procne murdered
Itys at the 1-piewjpis on Mount Rhodope (Ov. Met. 6. 587 ff.).
‘ e.g. Wilamowitz, Glaube d. Hell. 2. 66, Nilsson, Hist. of Greek
Religion, 206 ff. Against this view, see now Guthrie, The Greeks and
their Gods, 172 f., and Ieanmaire, Dionysos, 86 ff.
 INTRODUCTION xxvii

History no doubt repeats itself: but it is only ritual that

repeats itself exactly. (c) The Minyad story is connected
by Plutarch with a ritual pursuit of the ‘maenads’_by the
priest of Dionysus which was still performed at Orcho-
menos in his own day-a pursuit which could end (and
had on occasion ended) in a ritual murder. If we accept
Plutarch’s evidence, it is hard to avoid the conclusion that
the pursuit of the Argive maenads by the priest Melampus,
and that of the god’s ‘nurses’ by Lycurgus and Boutes,
reflect a similar ritual.‘
These considerations suggest that Pentheus may be a
figure compounded (like Guy Fawkes) of historical and
ritual elements—at once the god’s historical adversary and
his ritual victim. Euripides has given him a character that
suits the former role: he is the conservative Greek aristo-
crat, who despises the new religion as Bdpfiapov, hates it for
its obliteration of sex and class distinctions, and fears it as
a threat to social order and public morals. But there are
features in his story as the play presents it which look like
traditional elements derived from ritual, and are not easily
accounted for on any other hypothesis.‘ Such are Pentheus’
perch on the sacred fir-tree (1058-75 n.), his pelting with fir
and oak branches (1096-8 n.), and Agaue’s delusion that
she carries the-severed head of one of the god’s bestial
incarnations, a bull-calf or a lion, on which she invites the
Chorus to feast (1184-7 nn.). And if we accept these as
reflecting a primitive sacrificial ritual, we may reasonably
connect with the same ritual-—and therefore recognize as
in substance traditional-two major incidents of the story,
the enchanting or bedevilling of Pentheus and his dressing
‘ Lycurgus’ 50»-.-M155 (Il. 6. 135) looks like a ritual weapon. Does his
imprisonment in the cave also reflect ritual? Cf. Livy, 39. 13. 13, in
Italian Dionysiac cult ‘raptos a diis homines dici, quos machinae illi-
gatos ex conspectu in abditos specus abripiant’: I am tempted to
connect this with the cave-dwelling god or 1Tp0¢‘|';1'17S of Rhes. 972 f. and
Strabo, 7. 3. 5. (So now Festugiere, Mélanges d’Arch. et d'Hist. 1954,
94 ff»)
1 Cf. A. G. Bather, ].H.S. xiv (1894), 244 ff., Farnell, Cults, v. 171 f.
xxviii INTRODUCTION
in ritual garb. If Pentheus is to be the god’s victim, he
must become the god’s vehicle (that is the Dionysiac theory
of sacrifice): Dionysus must enter into him and madden
him, not by drink or drugs or hypnotism, as modern rational-
ism too glibly suggests, but by a supernatural invasion of
the man’s personality (cf. introductory note to scene 3 c).
Also, before the victim is torn, it must be consecrated by
a rite of investiture: as the calf on Tenedos wore the god’s
buskin, so Pentheus must wear the god’s pirpa (831-3 n.,
854-5 n.). We may say with some confidence that neither
the bedevilling scene nor the ‘toilet’ scene is, in its main
content, the poet’s (or any poet’s) invention as has been
alleged, although from these traditional elements he has
created something which is unique in its strangeness and
compelling power. The same seems to be true of much of the
content of the first messenger-speech (see Commentary).

ii. Evidence from Earlier Dionysiac Plays

The 1rd9'r] of Dionysus, the patron god of drama, may well
be the oldest of all dramatic subjects. For us the Bacchae
is a unique specimen of a Dionysiac passion-play ; but for
its first audience it was a rehandling of a theme already
familiar to generations of Athenian play-goers. The
ascription of a 116.066; to Thespis is probably a_fiction;
but in addition to the two Dionysiac tetralogies of Aeschylus
we hear of a Lycurgus-tetralogy by Polyphrasmon, exhibited
467; a .BCi.KXCI.t. by Xenocles, one of a set of plays which
gained the first prize in 415 ; a Bdxxar. 1') Harare, by Sophocles’
son Iophon; a Z.’cp.é)l~/7 Kepavvovuévq by Spintharos (late fifth
century); a Bcixxcu. by Cleophon (period uncertain). No
Dionysiac tragedies are attributed to Sophocles, unless his
'Y3poqb6pot. dealt, like the Zeuéhrj ij 'Y3poq5dpot Oi Aeschylus,
with the birth of Dionysus (whom we know to have been
mentioned in the play, fr. 674). The Atévvoos of Chaeremon
(in which Pentheus seems to have figured), the Eqlél-q of
Carcinus, and the Zeuékq of Diogenes probably belong to
 INTRODUCTION xxix

the fourth century; a longish extant passage from the last-

named testifies to the continued interest of Athenian
audiences in exotic orgiastic cults.
Of none of these do we know much beyond the title—-—the
great popularity of the Bacchae‘ in later antiquity doubtless
killed them. And even of Aeschylus’: Dionysiac plays our
knowledge is lamentably small-.1 His Lycurgeia consisted
Of the ’H3wvoi, Baoocipat (or Baooapides), Neavioxot, and
the satyr-play Avmfipyos (schol. Ar. Thesm. 134). As to the
plays which made up his (presumed) Theban tetralogy
there is much dispute. The Medicean catalogue offers us
Bcixxat, Ecivrptai, Hcvdedg, Ecpéhrj ij ’Y5poq.‘>o‘po:., Tpoqboi
(= Atovooov Tpoqfioi, hyp. Eur. Med.). This is one too many:
the likeliest guess is perhaps that the Bcixxat. is an alterna-
tive title for the Ba.ooc£pa.t.1 The Z'ep.é'l\17 must have been the
first play: it dealt with Semele’s mysterious pregnancy and
the beginning of the Dionysiac possession at Thebes (schol.
Ap. Rh. 1. 636), and presumably ended with her death and
the supposed death of her child ;“ the Chorus are women
who have brought water for the ceremonial washing of the
‘ It was well known as a schoolbook (Call. epigr. 48 Wilam. = Anth.
Pal. 6. 310); popular recitations were given from it (Lucian, Ind. 19);
it was widely quoted and excerpted in the Roman period, as may be
seen from the ‘testimonia’ cited in Kirchhoff’s apparatus, and was
imitated by Nonnus at a time when almost all memory of Greek
tragedy was fading.
1 To the fragments in Nauck’s T.G.F. must be added P. Oxy. 2164,
now conveniently accessible in Mr. Lloyd-_lones’s appendix to the
Loeb Aeschylus, and a few scraps collected by Mette in his Frag-
mente der Tragfidien des Aischylos (Berlin, I9 59). Discussion: Welcker,
Aisch. Trilogie, 320 ff., Hermann, Opusc. v. 3 ff., Bruhn, Introd. to Ba.,
Zielinski, Tragodoumena, 67 ff., Murray, Aeschylus, 153 ff., Deichgraber,
Gott. Nachr. 1939, no. 8, Latte, Philol. xcvii (1948), 47 ff.
1 Or for the Hevflcfis (as the Bolxxal. of Eur. and Iophon bore the
alternative title zraearg). In that case the Alexandrine scholar who
made the catalogue has blundered surprisingly. On the view suggested
in the text, the blunder may be that of a copyist, who wrote Bdxxcu.
Baaacipcu. 1“/\a.6:cos Hdvrtog instead Of Bcixxar. ij Baaacipcu. F/\a.i3ocog
Howard; Fllafixos II¢iv-nos.
4 Cf. fr. 221 Zea»; 6; KGTéKTfl -rofi-rov (i.e. Dionysus, cf. Ba. 244 f.?).
xxx INTRODUCTION
new-born infant.‘ Hera may have intervened to tempt
Semele to her destruction (cf. Ba. 9), as she does in some
later versions of the story. The Oxyrhynchus fragments,
however, in which Hera figures, belong, if Asclepiadesz can
be trusted, not to this play but to the Xantriae. In the main
fragment a chorus-presumably the ‘wool-carding women’
of the title-—defend Semele’s reputation against jealousy
and slander concerning her union with Zeus (cf. Ba. 26 ff.).1
To them enter Hera disguised as a begging priestess: her
purpose is doubtless to stir up opposition against Semele’s
son (cf. Ba. 98, 294) ; I take her to be the person referred to
elsewhere -in the play as 'rc‘:3v3e Boiiltevrts rrdvouv (fr. 172). (It
is interesting that Euripides discards this supernatural
intervention, making the opposition purely human and
basing it on very human motives.) Dionysus’ reply to
Hera’s plot is to send Lyssa to madden the unbelievers (fr.
169). (Observe, again, that whereas Aeschylus brought
Lyssa in person on the stage, Euripides is content with a

‘ Others say, to put out the fire started by the lightning. But this
unforeseen event seems to have occurred at or near the end of the play,
and the entry of the Chorus could hardly be so long deferred. Descrip-
tive titles elsewhere describe the initial situation, e.g. Choephoroe,
Ichneutae, Plyntriae, Hippolytus Stephanias.
1 Apud schol. Ar. Frogs 1344. Latte has argued forcibly that we
should throw Asclepiades’ testimony overboard and assign the frag-
ments to the Semele, thus giving Hera the function which she has in
some later versions of the story. His argument rests, however, on two
assumptions: that the Xantriae dealt with the death of Pentheus, and
that in the fragments Semele is implied to be still alive. Neither
assumption seems to me secure. As to Pentheus’ death see p. xxxi
n. 1. Semele’s life hangs on a supplement to an incomplete sentence,
[Z’]e,u.e‘)\a5 5’ e[1i]x6,uc6’ civae Sui 4-at €‘I.l6'l.l’l'l'OpOII )\a[, which Latte com-
pletes with )kci[xo$ aiofig, Lloyd-Jones With lkd[xos cilkflov. But other
supplements are possible, e.g. Au-rpetav (for the rhythm cf. Agam. 204):
the sentence would then refer to the continuing cult at Semele’s grave
(cf. note on Ba. 6-12).
1 They are therefore not the women who were punished with madness
for their lack of faith. Hence Elmsley’s view that Edvrptat = ‘The
Dismemberers’ (of Pentheus) seems to be mistaken (it is also open to
objection on the ground stated in n. 1 above).
 INTRODUCTION xxxi

passing allusion (977) ; he had used her in the Heracles, but

here there is no room for such a purely symbolic figure.)
In the E:(i.vTpt.G.I. I suspect that Dionysus did not appear in
person but worked through his agent Lyssa; the god him-
self was reserved for the third piece. The Edv-rpiai may
have ended where Euripides’ Bacchae begins, with the
retreat of the Theban women to Cithaeron, which we know
was mentioned in it,‘ and Pentheus’ threat to pursue them.
The third piece, the Hevfiefig, will then have covered the
same ground as Euripides’ play, which agrees with the state-
ment of Aristophanes of Byzantium in the 15w66em.s to the
latter.‘ Enragingly, only one line of it survives, fr. 183
p.178’ ai.‘y.a'ro5' 11'e‘)u.<,f>¢.'ya rrpd$‘_1re"5qo Bd¢\'gs‘—E|.n iI1j11I1Cti0n which
recalls Ba. 837 and was perhaps uttered in similar circum-
stances. Of the Aiovfioov Tpoqbot we know only that it dealt
with, or mentioned, the rejuvenation of the Tpoqlmi and their
husbands by Medea (fr. 50). This reward of the faithful
would suit a satyr-play, having obvious humorous possi-
bilities.
The fragments of Aeschylus’ Lycurgeia offer some inter-
esting parallels to the Bacchae. (a) In the ’H8wvot, as in our
play, Dionysus was taken prisoner‘ (schol. Ar. Thesm. 135),
questioned about his birthplace, evidently in ignorance of
his identity (fr. 61, cf. Ba. 460 ff.), and taunted with his
effeminate appearance and costume (fr. 61 and probably
59, 60, 62, cf. Ba. 453-9 n., 831-3 n.). It looks as if the first
scene between Pentheus and Dionysus in the Bacchae

I SChOl. Eum. 26 vfiv qb-qocv e’v Hapvaaqb elvat. 1-ti. xa-rd. Hcvdda, Ev 3e rais
Eav-rpiats év Ktfimpofivt. It is usually inferred from this that the death of
Pentheus occurred in the .E.'dv-.-pun, which was therefore the third play
of the trilogy. But if so, (a) what was the second play about? (b) why
does Aristophanes say that Aesch. treated the subject-matter of Eur.’s
Bacchae év Hevfiet‘? Cithaeron may well have figured both in the
Edvrptat and in the Hcvfietis, and Pentheus’ death may have been pre-
dicted in the former play.
1 Haste; here has sometimes been taken for the name of the whole
trilogy. But A1. parallels the Phoenissae with the Septem, not with the
Oedipodea.
xxxii INTRODUCTION
followed the older poet’s model pretty closely. (b) Some-
where in the tetralogy there was an epiphany of the god
in his true nature, whose effect on Lycurgus’ palace was
described in the line eivdovowd 81) 363p.a- Barcxezier. ore‘)/17
(fr. 58). We may probably infer that in the ‘palace miracles’
of the Bacchae Euripides was following tradition, although
the words preserved need not imply an actual earthquake.
Cf. Naevius, Luc. frs. 20, 23, quoted below, p. xxxiii, n. 1.
(c) From two fragments of the Baoodpat we may infer that
Aeschylus—like Euripides-spoke of the god’s dangerous
bull-shape (fr. 23, cf. Ba. 618, 920, 1017) and represented
him (if 6.0-.-pa.m’7‘g is sound) as Master of the Lightning
(Mette, Suppl. Aesch. fr. 31 = fr. 12 Weir-Smyth [Loeb]
dorparrfis rrevxdev oélas on Mount Pangaeum, cf. Ba. 594-
5 n., 1082-3 n.). '
Three further" conjectures may be added. (i) Some
character in Aeschylus (?Lycurgus or Pentheus) applied
the abusive term X(1.Al.,lLt:fl.L or X0./\tpé3eg to the bacchanal
women (fr. 448), which suggests that the allegations of
immorality put by Euripides into Pentheus’ mouth are
traditional charges. (ii) The imprisonment and miraculous
escape of the bacchanals, briefly described in our play
(443—8), figures in ‘Apollodorus’ ’ summary of the Lycurgus
story (Bibl. 3. 5'. I Bcircxar. 3% eiyévovro aixpdhwrot . . . arldts: 8d
0.2 Bdtcxar. é)uJ61;aa.v éfiatpvrjs.-), and perhaps appeared also
in the Lucurgus of Naevius (fr. 6, cf. Ribbeck, Romische
Tragodie, 59 f.). ‘Apollodorus’ is not following Euripides,
for he makes Lycurgus jail the satyrs too. We must
suppose that he and Euripides (and Naevius?) are drawing
here on a common source, in all likelihood the Lycurgeia
of Aeschylus.‘ (iii) Naevius reproduces also the interroga-
tion of the captive god (frs. 11-14) and the description of his
effeminate dress,‘ which certainly go back to Aeschylus;
‘ Cf. Zielinski, Tragodoumena, 66.
1 Naevius, fr. incerti nominis 4 ‘diabathra in pedibus habebat, erat
amictus epicroco’. It seems fairly certain that Dionysus is the person
described.
 INTRODUCTION xxxiii
and the burning of the palace,‘ which probably does. Hence
it may well be from the same source that he and Euripides
derived the comparison of the maenads to birds and the
account of their raid on the valley farms (frs. 7 and 3, quoted
on Ba. 748-50). The impression left by the Lucurgus frag-
ments as a whole is that Naevius did not borrow from the
Bacchae, but used an original very similar to it both in
general colouring and in the pattern of its plot. And the
probabilities are that this original was the ’H8<ov0t of
Aeschylus.‘
Of the Roman tragedies on the Pentheus story, the
Pentheus of Pacuvius was based on Euripides, if we are to
believe Servius on Aen. 4. 469; but some other source was
apparently used as well, for Pentheus’ prisoner was called
Acoetes, as he is in Ovid. Met. 3. 574 ff. (where the nar-
rative diverges widely from Euripides in other respects).
The Bacchae of Accius appears from the fragments to have
been a fairly close adaptation of Euripides’ play.

iii. Evidence from Vase Paintingsi‘

The death of Pentheus was, like other Dionysiac subjects,
a great favourite with the vase painters; and from their
treatment of it attempts have been made to draw inferences
as to Aeschylus’ handling of it and the innovations attribut-
able to him or to Euripides.
1. The earliest extant representation of the scene ap-
pears on a psykter in Boston (and Freiburg), painted about
520 B.C. in the manner of Euphronios (Arch. jhb. vii (1892),
pl. 5, Philippart, pl. 12, No. 150, Beazley, A.R.V. p. 19. 5).
The largest fragment shows Pentheus (identified by name)
‘ fr. 20 ‘ut uideam Volcani opera haec fiammis flora fieri’; fr. 23 ‘late
longeque transtros feruere’.
1 Cf. Deichgraber, loc. cit., pp. 260 ff.
1 Most fully collected and illustrated by H. Philippart, ‘Iconogra-
phie des Bacchantes d’Eur.’, Rev. belge de phil. et d’hist. ix (1930). Cf.
also Sandys‘, Introd., pp. cvii ff., and L. Curtius, Pentheus (Berliner
Winckelmannsprogramm 88, 1929).
4003 .9 C -
xxxiv INTRODUCTION
being torn by two maenads, one of whom is named Galene ;‘
the name of the other is missing. It has been inferred that
in the oldest form of the myth the killers were not Agaue
and her sisters but the followers of Dionysus; and that
either Aeschylus or Euripides was the first to make Agaue
the murderess.‘ This is not impossible, but the parallel
myths of the Minyads and Proetids seem to me to tell
against it ; and the Villa Giulia cup (infra) is against making
Euripides the innovator.
2. Other pre-Euripidean vases present nothing that con-
flicts with Euripides’ account. That the ghastly play with
the mangled limbs (Ba. 1133 ff.) is an invention neither of
Euripides nor of Aeschylus appears from two early works:
the Louvre cup G 69 (Arch. ]hb., l.c,, p. 162, Philippart,
pl. 13 a, No. 151), which belongs to the last decade of the
sixth century;1 and the stamnos by the Berlin painter in
Oxford (Beazley, A.R.V. 138. 112, ].H.S. xxxi (1911), 282,
pl. 17), painted in the first decade of the fifth. The triumph-
dance led by a maenad who carries Pentheus’ head is shown
on fragments of a cup in the Villa Giulia at Rome (C .V.A.
Villa Giulia, fasc. 2, III. i. c, pl. 37) painted early in the
last quarter of the fifth century B.C. Here the leading figure
stands out from the others, and it is a reasonable guess to
call her Agaue, though we cannot be absolutely certain.
3. About contemporary (at earliest) with Euripides’ play
is the Heidelberg pyxis (Curtius, Abb. 2-6, Philippart,
No. 132, pl. VII b), which shows Pentheus setting out from
his palace with net and hunting-spears, presumably to hunt
the maenads (cf. the figurative hunting of the fawn, Ba.
868 ff.). Neither here nor elsewhere in Greek art is there
1 A figure so named appears also in a Dionysiac 064009 on a red-fig.
bell-krater, c. 430 B.C. (Reinach, Repertoire des Vases, ii. 6. 3, C. Frankel,
.S'atyr- u. Bakchennamen auf Vasenbildern, No. 17). Elsewhere Galene is
a Nereid or a local nymph.
1 Aesch., P. Girard, R.E.G. xvii (I904), 190; Eur., Hartwig, Arch.
_]hb. vii (1892), 157 ff., Wilamowitz, Ba. zlbersetzt, Einleitung 34.
1 The dates assigned by Curtius (‘c. 470’) and Philippart (‘early fifth
century’) are mistaken.
 INTRODUCTION xxxv

any indication that Pentheus is disguised. This may be

due merely to the difficulty of making a disguised Pentheus
easily recognizable (Huddilston, Greek Tragedy in the Light
of Vase-paintings, 16). And it is in any case rash to conclude,
as some do, that Euripides. invented the disguising (cf.
supra, p. xxviii): more than one version of Pentheus’ end
may well have been current before he wrote.
4. An Italiote kalpis (Miinchen 3267, Sandys, No. 1,
Curtius, Abb. 14, Philippart, No. 137, pl. VII a), roughly con-
temporary with the first performance of the Bacchae, shows
an armed Pentheus discovered in hiding between two trees;
and a series of other vases of similar date and origin‘ show
him in armed conflict with the maenads. This conception
has been thought to go back to Aeschylus,‘ on the strength
Q

Of 25 f. Bdxxatg e’o"rpa.'r1j'y'qo'ev Beds, I ha}/cl: dixnv .lTev9e|.

navappdpas {J-dpov, which is understood as implying that
Dionysus led his women into pitched battle with Pentheus
and routed him (cf. Ba. 52, 798 f., which might carry a
reference to this version). The combination would be more
convincing if Aeschylus’ words were more explicit and the
art tradition were traceable to a date nearer to Aeschylus’
time.
Speculations of this type are necessarily hazardous. What
does, however, emerge from a study of fifth-century paint-
ings of Dionysiac subjects is that some at least of the
painters had seen women in religious ecstasy (possibly at
the Lenaea).1 And what they could see Euripides might
see also, without going to Macedonia for the purpose. But
the painters’ conception of a maenad changed as the fifth
century advanced. Those by the great artists of the age
of the Persian wars‘ breathe the fiercest fire. In the last
I Philippart, Nos. 133, 134, 138, 139 =- Sandys, Nos. 2, 6, 3, 4.
1 G. Haupt, Commentationes archaeol. in Aesch. (Diss. phi]. Hal.,
1897), I14 ff., Bruhn, Einl. 25 f.; contra, Séchan, Etudes sur la Tragédie
grecque dans ses rapports avec la Céramique, 102 ff., 308 ff.
1 See above, p. xxii.
4 e.g. the amphora by the Kleophrades painter, Pfuhl, figs. 379-80
(Beazley, A.R.V. 121. 5); white-ground cup by the Brygos painter
xxxvi INTRODUCTION
quarter of the fifth century noble maenads were still
created, e.g. in the reliefs reflected by a Greek bronze
krater‘ and by neo-Attic marble copies,‘ or on the Lenaea-
stamnos in Naples.‘ These do not lack o'ep.vd1"qS‘, but the
animality and savage ecstasy of the older period is toned
down-—the dxdllwov and Bdpos have given way to an ideal
of tamed melodious beauty. It is the older pictures which
best illustrate the spirit of Euripides’ poem.

iv. Formal Elements

We have thus far considered only the content of the
Bacchae. When we examine the form, we are at once struck
by the archaic aspect which this very late play presents.
In this it is not unique: a certain archaizing tendency shows
itself here and there in all Euripides’ later work.‘ But the
Bacchae carries archaism further than any other of his
plays; Murray even calls it ‘the most formal Greek play
known to us’.5 i
In a measure this is dictated by the plot. Here for once
Euripides had a Chorus whose presence needed no apology
and whose personal fortunes were intimately bound up
with the action: they can thus avva-ywvtficafiat in the manner
approved by Aristotle (Poet. 1456=25), and to an extent
which is unusual both in Euripides and in the surviving
plays of Sophocles. Hence there was no need to curtail
their part or to replace any of their songs by actor's solos
Furtwangler-Reichhold, pl. 49 (A.R.V. 247. 14); cup by Makron,
Pfuhl, fig. 438 (A.R.V. 304. 37). _
‘ W. Zuechner, Der Berliner Mdnadenkrater (Berliner Winckel-
mannsprogramm 98). _
1 Gisela Richter, A.].A. xl (1936), 11 ff.
1 Pfuhl fig. 582 (A .R.V. 789. 2).
4 Wilamowitz, Eur. Herakles, i1, p. 145, cf. H. Burkhardt, Die
Archaismen des Eur. (Diss. Erlangen, 1906), 95 ff., W. Kranz, Stasimon,
232. A striking example is Euripides’ revival of the original metre of
tragic dialogue, the trochaic tetrameter, which after a long interval of
neglect reappears in the Heracles and is used in most of his subsequent
plays. 5 Euripides and His Age, 184.
 INTRODUCTION xxxvii

(p.ovq.>8to.:.),.‘ Further, the presentation of a miracle play,

unless the producer commands the technical resources of
Drury Lane, imposes an extensive use of narrative. The
poet has put a. psychological miracle at the centre of his
stage action ;‘ but the physical miracles have to be reported.
And so" the Bacchae reverts to the oldest dramatic model:
not only are there two formal messenger-speeches, each
over 100 lines‘ long, but we have in addition the soldier's
narrative (434-50) and that of the Stranger (616-3'7); all
four describe miraculous events which could not be shown
on the stage.
But it is significant that in diction and st’yle also the play
reverts to an older manner. A recent continental investi-
gator finds more archaic forms in the Bacchae than in any
other play of Euripides, and fewer colloquial or prose forms
than in anything he had written since the Troades.1 There
is, it is true, an unusually high proportion of ‘new’ words,
i.e. words not found in any earlier writer.‘ But few of these
seem to be taken from contemporary speech: some of them
belong to the language of Dionysiac religion, like 61.0003-r-qs
or Ra-ra,8aRX:.o6a9a|.: others are refinements of poetic dic-
tion, like XpU0’0pdT)S 01' omapdxo/.Los. There is a considerable
Aeschylean element in the vocabulary,‘ and some uncon-
scious echoes of Aeschylean phrases have been noticed‘
(probably we should find more if Aeschylus’ Dionysiac
plays were extant). The grave semi-liturgical style which
1 It seems likely that the long solo, overdone in plays like the Orestes
and no longer a novelty, had begun to bore audiences (cf. Ar. Ran. 849,
1329 ff.) ; for the contemporary Oedipus Coloneus shows a. similar rever-
sion to the older practice as compared with the Philoctetes.
1 See note on Scene 3 (c), p. 172.
1 ]. Smereka, Studio Euripidea (Lwow, 1936), 117.
4 Ibid. 241.
5 Cf. Burkhardt, op. cit., 62 ff.
'1 O. Krausse, de Euripide Aeschyli instauratore (diss. jena, 1905),
158-62. See esp. 850-3 n. and 1101-2 n. It is unsafe to attach much
significance to stock tags like 764 otix dvev Bedbv -rwos = Pers. 163, or
753 miv-r’ d'vco -re Kai. mi-rw = Eum. 650, or to proverbial phrases like
795 rrpds Kdvrpa ¢\a1c'ri§o:.;.u. (Cf. Ag. I624).
xxxviii INTRODUCTION
predominates in the choral odes often recalls Aeschylus;
there is little of the baroque preciosity and preoccupation
with the decorative which characterizes most of Euripides’
later lyrics. In keeping with this tone is the choice of
rhythms associated with actual hymns of worship (Com-
mentary, p. I83), and especially the extensive use of ionics
(p. 72). So too is the’ introduction of refrains (876 ff.,
991 ff.), which belong to the tradition of the cult hymn:
it is noteworthy that Aeschylus uses them freely, Sophocles
not at all, Euripides elsewhere only in Ion’s hymn to Apollo
and Electra’s water-carrying song. The iambic trimeters
give away the date of the play by the high proportion of
resolved feet (one to every 2-3 trimeters, a frequency ex-
ceeded only in the Orestes); but the dialogue has never-
theless a certain archaic stiffness as compared, e.g., with the
contemporary Iphigeneia at Aulis. One mark of this is the
rarity in the spoken passages of civa-|.AaB1§ (division of a line
between two speakers). In other late plays this is a favourite‘
device for conveying the swift cut-and-thrust of excited
discussion, especially in the trochaic scenes; in the Bacchae
iambic lines are divided in two places only (189, 966-70),
trochaics never.
This severity of form seems to be deliberate: it goes
beyond what the conditions of the theatre enforced. And
in fact the play’s tremendous power arises in part from the
tension between the classical formality of its style and
structure and the strange religious experiences which it
depicts. As Coleridge said, the creative imagination shows
itself most intensely in ‘the balance or reconciliation of
opposite or discordant qualities’, and especially in combining
‘a more than usual state of emotion with more than usual
order’. Such a combination is achieved in the Bacchae.
1 52 spoken lines are so divided in the Orestes, 36 in the IA., 53 in
the OC.
 INTRODUCTION xxxix

III. THE PLACE OF THE BACCHAE IN

EURIPIDES' WORK
After the production of the Orestes in the spring of 408
Euripides left Athens, never to return: he had accepted
the invitation of Archelaus, the Hellenizing king of the
semi-barbarous Macedonians, who was anxious to make his
court a centre of Greek culture. The poet was over 70 and,
as we have some reason to think, a disappointed man. If
the prize-lists were any test, he had been relatively un-
successful as a dramatist; he had become the butt of the
comic poets; and in an Athens crazed by twenty years
of increasingly disastrous war his outspoken criticisms of
demagogy and of power-politics must have made him many
enemies. There may well be truth in the tradition preserved
in 3. fragment Of Pl'1i10d6II1l1S———q5a.o'iv cixficipevov afirdv e'1'ri.
‘TC?! crxefidv -rrziv-1-0.5‘ éraxafpeav rrpog Zlpxéhaov cirre/\66Fv.I In
Macedonia hecontinued to write, producing the Archelaus,
a play about his host’s eponymous ancestor, which may
have been acted in the new theatre built by Archelaus at
Dion. And when he died, in the winter of 407-406, three
further pieces were found among his papers, the Bacchae,
the Alcmaeon at Corinth (now lost), and the Iphelgeneia at
Aulis-—the last-named probably unfinished. These were
subsequently staged at Athens by the poet’s son (or
nephew), Euripides the younger,‘ and won the first prize.“
The presumption thus created that the Bacchae was com-
pleted, if not conceived, in Macedonia derives support from
the complimentary references to Pieria (4o9—rr n.) and to
the valley of the Ludias (568-7 5 n.)--both of them districts
1 De vitiis, col. 13. 4. It is not certain that the words refer to
Euripides, but it is highly probable. Cf. wit. Eur. 1. II5 Nauck -rrikéov -n.
cfipovrfaas eixdrws rrepufa-ra.-ro 'r'<.'6v 'rroAPlc13v, o133e;.ufav q6u\o-nplav rrepi. rd.
9e'a.'rpa. rronofipevos. . . . §1rre'rccw1'o 5% Kai. of xwpaxoi qbfidvqu alirciv Scaafipovres.
fi1rrep¢3cIJv 8% rrzivra sis Maxe3ov[av drrfipe.
1 Schol. Ar. Ran. 67 (from the 3c3aaKa)u'cu.); cf. wit. Eur., 1. 29.
3 Suidas, s.v. E6pmi’8'qs.
xl INTRODUCTION
which Euripides is likely to have visited, since Dion was
situated in the former and Aegae, the Macedonian capital,
in the latter. I do not, however, think it probable that the
play was designed primarily for a Macedonian audience:
the allusions to contemporary theories and controversies
at 201-3, 270-1, 274 ff., 890 ff., and elsewhere (see Com-
mentary) are surely meant for Athenian ears ;‘ and we have
seen that at this period the social problem of orgiastic
religion had at least as much topical interest at Athens as
in Macedonia.
Why did Euripides, tireless innovator and experimen-
ter as he had always been, leave as his final legacy to
his fellow—countrymen this topical yet deeply traditional
miracle-play, ‘old-fashioned’ in style and structure as in
the incidents it depicted, yet charged with disturbing emo-
tion? Had he some lesson which he wished to teach
them? Most of his would-be interpreters have thought
so, though they have failed to agree about the nature of
the lesson. Since the play exhibits the power of Dionysus
and the dreadful fate of those who resist him, the first
explanation which occurred to scholars was that the poet
had experienced (or thought it expedient to feign) a death-
bed conversion: the Bacchae was a ‘palinode’, a recanta—
tion of the ‘atheism’ of which Aristophanes had accused its
author (Thesm. 450 f.) ; it was written to defend Euripides
against the charge of impiety which was soon to overwhelm
his friend Socrates (Tyrwhitt, Schoene), or ‘to put him
right with the public on matters on which he had been
misunderstood’ (Sandys), or from a genuine conviction
‘that religion should not be exposed to the subtleties of
reasoning’ (K. O. Miiller) since ‘he had found no satis-
faction in his unbelief’ (Paley). Oddly enough, good
Christian editors seem to have been gratified by this notion
of their poet’s eleventh-hour conversion to pagan ortho-
doxy; and this or something like it remained the prevailing
' Cf. R. Nihard, Le Problémc des Bacchcmtes d’Euripide (Publications
du Musée Belge, No. 38, 1912), 33 ff., and 62, n.-"2.
 INTRODUCTION xli
opinion till far on in the nineteenth century. At this period
a generation arose which,. having a different set of pre-
judices, admired Euripides for quite other reasons, and
proceeded to make the Bacchae conform with its own views
by radically reinterpreting it. Pointing out (correctly) that
Cadmus and Teiresias are poor representatives of ortho-
doxy, and that Dionysus behaves with pitiless cruelty not
only to his opponents Pentheus and Agaue but to his
supporter Cadmus, they concluded that the real moral of
the play was ‘tantum religio potuit suadere malorum’. This
interpretation, the germ of which appears already in Patin,
was developed in the last decade of the century by Wila-
mowitz and Bruhn in Germany, Decharme and Weil in
France; and later (with fantastic elaborations peculiar to
themselves) by‘ Norwood and Verrall in England. The
devotional earnestness of the choral odes, to these critics
an offence and a stumbling-block, was variously explained
as a concession to a superstitious Macedonian audience
(Weil) or as a successful characterization of fanaticism
(Wilamowitz) .
The more thoughtful among recent critics‘ have recog-
nized the inadequacy both of the ‘palinode’ theory and of
its rival. Each thesis fits some of the facts, but mani-
festly does not fit others: i.e. both are too crude.
(a) Closer study of the poet’s work as a whole reveals no
such abrupt volte-face as the ‘palinode’ thesis postulated.‘
I Cf. Murray, ‘The Bacchae of Euripides in relation to certain Cur-
rents of Thought in the Fifth Century’, Essays and Addresses, 56 ff.,
Nihard, op. cit.,~ F. M. Wassermann, ‘Die Bakchantinnen des Eur.’,
N. jhb. f. W:'ss. u. jugendbildung, v (1929), 272 ff., W. B. Sedgwick,
C.R. xliv (I930), 6 ff., G. M. A. Grube, Trans. Amer. Phil. Ass. lxvi
(I935), 37 ff., and The Drama of Euripides, 398 ff., H. D. F. Kitto, Greek
Tragedy, 382 f. To these can now be added W. Schmid, Geschichte der
griech. Lit. I. iii, 683 ff., A. Lesky, Die griech. Tragddiel, 250 ff.,
F. Martinazzoli, Euripide, 387 ff., and E. M. Blaiklock, The Male
Characters of Euripides, 209 ff.
1 Hartung pointed this out a century ago : ‘hi si magis quid carmina
Euripidis docerent scrutari quam quid ipsi opinarentur effutire voluis-
sent, eandem sententiam iuvenem atque senem profiteri intellexissent'.
xlii INTRODUCTION
On the one hand, his interest in, and sympathetic under-
standing of, orgiastic religion does not date from his Mace-
donian period: it appears already in the chant of the
initiates in the Cretans (fr. 472), the ode on the mysteries
of the Mountain Mother in the Helem: (1301 ff.), and the
remains of an ode in the Hypsipyle (frs. 57, 58 Arnim = 31,
32 Hunt). The Helena was played in 412, the Hypsipyle
somewhat later; but the Cretarts seems to be early work.‘
The Choruses of the Bacchae are thus the last and fullest
utterance of feelings which had haunted‘ Euripides for
at least six years before his death, and probably for much
longer. So too the attacks on ‘cleverness’, and praise of
the instinctive wisdom of simple people, which have sur-
prised critics of the“ Bacchae, are in reality nothing new:
see notes on 399-401, 43o-3, 890-2, 910-I I. On the other hand,
the discrepancy between the moral standards implied in
the myths and those of civilized humanity, to which many
of Euripides’ characters call attention, is not ignored in
the Bacchae. The vengeance of Dionysus is as cruel and
undiscriminating as the vengeance of Aphrodite in the
Hippolytus. In each play one of the god’s humble wor-
shippers pleads against this unmorality, and pleads in vain
(Ba. 1348-9 n.). And each play ends with the sympathies
of the audience concentrated solely upon the god’s victims.
It is not thus that Euripides, or anyone else, would have
composed a palinodefi _

For further evidence see my paper ‘Euripides the Irrationalist’, C .R.

xliii (1929), 97 ff.
1 Wilamowitz, Berl. Kl. Texte, v. 2, p. 79, Zielinski, Tragodoumemz,
226.(no resolutions in the 40 surviving trimeters).
1 Significant in this connexion is his especial fondness for the meta-
phorical use of Bdxxfl, flaxxefictv, and related terms. I have counted over
20 examples, against 2 in Aeschylus and 1 in Sophocles.
3 One may add that the supposed ‘conversion’ to ‘orthodoxy’ must
have been followed by an immediate backsliding. For one of the
implications of the I A.-presumably the poet’s last work, since he seems
to have left it unfinished-is certainly ‘tantum religio . . .’ (cf. the
judgement of the Chorus—leader, 1403 -rd -rfis 6506 voaet).
 INTRODUCTION xliii
(b) But we must not leap to the conclusion that Euripides
regarded Aphrodite and Dionysus either as fiends or as
fictions. To such an interpretation of the Bacchae one fatal
obstacle is the characterization of Pentheus. If Dionysiac
worship is an immoral superstition and nothing more, it
follows that Pentheus is one of the martyrs of enlighten-
ment. But it is much easier to blacken Dionysus than to
whitewash Pentheus. Some rationalist critics have essayed
the latter task; but it takes a resolutely blinkered vision
to discover in him ‘the defender of conjugal faith’, ‘a con-
sistently lovable character’.‘ Euripides could conceivably
have represented him thus ; he could certainly have made him
a second Hippolytus, fanatical, but with a touching and
heroic fanaticism. He has not chosen to do so. Instead, he
has invested him with the traits of a typical tragedy-tyrant :1
absence of self-control (214, 343 ff., 620 f., 670 f.); willing-
ness to believe the worst on hearsay evidence (221 ff.), or
on none (255 ff.); brutality towards the helpless (231, 241,
511 ff., 796 f.); and a stupid reliance on physical force as
a means of settling spiritual problems (781-6 n.). In addi-
tion, he has given him the foolish racial pride of a Hermione
(483-4 n.), and the sexual curiosity of a Peeping Tom
(222-3 n., 957-60 n.).3 It is not thus that martyrs of enlighten-
ment are represented.‘ Nor do such martyrs at the moment
of death recant their faith as Pentheus does (1120 f.).
I Masqueray, Euripide et ses z'de'es, 147; Pohlenz, Die griech.
Tra_go'dz'e=, i. 455.
1 Cf. Murray’s translation, note on 215-62, M. Croiset, journal des
Savants, 1909, 250, and now especially H. Diller, Abh. Maine 1955,
Nr- 5. 458-63-
3 Pentheus’ ‘libidinosa spectandorum secretorum cupido’ was already
noticed by Hartung. It is this curiosity which delivers him into his
enemy's hands (see Commentary on the temptation scene). As Zielinski
has well said (N. ]hb., 1902, 646), primitive things rise against him not
only in Thebes but in his own breast.
4 Nihard, op. cit. 103 f., instructively contrasts the character of
Zopire in Voltaire’s Mahomet. (We must, of course, avoid the opposite
error of seeing in Pentheus a mere stage villain: if he were that, the
poet could not invite our pity for him as he plainly does in the later
xliv INTRODUCTION
What of the divine Stranger? He displays throughout
qualities antithetic to those of his human antagonist:
therein lies the peculiar effectiveness of the conflict scenes.
Pentheus is flurried, irascible, full of an unhealthy excite-
ment; the Stranger preserves from first to last an unruffled
smiling calm (ajavxla, 621-2 n.)—a calm which we find at
first touching, then vaguely disquieting, in the end inde-
scribably sinister (439 n., 1020-23 n.). Pentheus relies on
a parade of military force; the Stranger’s only weapon is
the invisible power which dwells within him. And to the
00<;5ia of the King, the ‘cleverness’ or ‘realism’ which would
measure everything by the vulgar yardstick of average
experience, he opposes another kind of 00<;l>la, the wisdom
which, being its-elf a part of the order of things, knows
that order and man’s place in it. In all these ways the
Stranger is characterized as a supernatural personage, in
contrast with his all-too-human adversary: vjovxla, o'ep.vci—
1-17s-, and wisdom are the qualities which above all others
the Greek artists of the classical age sought to embody
in the divine figures of their imagination. The Stranger
behaves 03¢.-. 81‘; 9665‘, as a Greek god should behave: he is
the counterpart of the serene and dignified being whom we
see on certain red-figure vases, or in sculptured works of
Attic inspiration.
But the Stranger is not simply an idealized being from
outside man’s world; he is Dionysus, the embodiment of
those tragic contradictions—joy and horror, insight and
madness, innocent gaiety and dark cruelty—which, as we
have seen, are implicit in all religion of the Dionysiac type.
From the standpoint, therefore, of human morality he is and
must be an ambiguous figure. Viewing_him from that stand-
point, Cadmus at the end of the play explicitly condemns
scenes. As lines 45-46_ show, he is a man of conventional conservative
piety, not a eontemptor deum like Virgil’s Mezentius, and he believes
himself to be acting in the interest of the State. But neither in Greek
tragedy nor in real life do good intentions save men from the con-
sequences of false judgement.)
 INTRODUCTION xlv
his heartlessness. But the condemnation is as futile as
is the similar condemnation of Aphrodite in the Hippo-
lytus. For, like Aphrodite, Dionysus is a ‘person’, or moral
agent, only by stage necessity. What Aphrodite really is,
the poet has told us plainly: <7'>oz.1'<§. 8’ dv’ aZ6ép’, Eon 8’ év
Qahacrolqa | xhfidwvz Ktiwpts, 'rra'.v-ra 5’ drc 'ra1.i'r175- é'q5v' I 17j5'
e'o'1-iv -F) arrelpovaa Kai. 32.50130’ Epov, I 0'5 '2-ra'.v1-es‘ e'o'p.€v oi xard
x66v’ é’-yyovot (Hipp. 447 ff.). To ask whether Euripides
‘believed in’ this Aphrodite is as meaningless as to ask
whether he ‘believed in’ sex. It is not otherwise with
Dionysus. As the ‘moral’ of the Hippolytus is that sex is
a thing about which you cannot afford to make mistakes,‘
so the ‘moral’ of the Bacchae is that we ignore at our peril
the demand of the human spirit for Dionysiac experience.
For those who do not close their minds against it such
experience can be a deep source of spiritual power and
ea}-Saqaovla. But those who repress the demand in themselves
or refuse its satisfaction to others transform it by their act
into a power of disintegration and destruction, a blind
natural force that sweeps away the innocent with the guilty.
When that has happened, it is too late to reason or to plead:
in man’s justice there is room for pity, but there is none in
the justice of Nature; to our ‘Ought’ its sufficient reply is
the simple ‘Must’; we have no choice but to accept that
reply and to endure as we may.
If this or something like it is the thought underlying the
play, it follows that the flat-footed question posed by
nineteenth-century critics—-was Euripides ‘for’ Dionysus
or ‘against’ him?—admits of no answer in those terms.
In himself, Dionysus is beyond good and evil; for us, as
Teiresias says (314-18), he is what we make of him. The
nineteenth-century question rested in fact on the assump-
tion, common to the rationalist school and their opponents,‘
I R. G. Collingwood, An Essay on Metaphysics, 210.
1 As Grube expresses it (Drama of Eur. 399), ‘both schools are guilty
of the same fundamental error: they put the poet himself in front of his
play instead of behind it’. Cf. Zielinski, N. _/hb., 1902, 649, ‘War er
xlvi INTRODUCTION
and still too often made, that Euripides was, like some of his
critics, more interested in propaganda than in the drama-
tist's proper business. This assumption I believe to be false.
What is true is that in many of his plays he sought to inject
new life into traditional myths by filling them with a new
contemporary content—recognizing in the heroes of old
stories the counterparts of fifth-century types, and restating
mythical situations in terms of fifth-century conflicts. As
we have seen, something of the kind may have been
intended in the Bacchae. But in his best plays Euripides
used these conflicts not to make propaganda but as a
dramatist should,‘ to make tragedy out of their tension.
There was never a writer who more conspicuously lacked
the propagandist’s faith in easy and complete solutions.
His favourite method is to take a one-sided point of view,
a noble half-truth, to exhibit its nobility, and then to
exhibit the disaster to which it leads its blind adherents-—
because it is after all only part of the truth.’ It is thus that
he shows us in the Hippolyt-us the beauty and the narrow
insufficiency of the ascetic ideal, in the Heracles the
splendour of bodily strength and courage and its toppling
over into megalomania and ruin; it is thus that in his
revenge plays-—Medea, Hecuba, Electra—the spectator’s
sympathy is first enlisted for the avenger and then made to
extend to the avenger‘s victims. The Bacchae is constructed
on the same principle: the poet has neither belittled the
Pentheus, war er Dionysus, Teiresias? Alles das, und noch vieles dazu’.
Blaiklock quotes the judgement of Andre Gide (journal, 21 August
1940): ‘Euripides takes sides no more than does Ibsen, it seems to me.
He is content to illuminate and develop the conflict between natural
forces and the soul that claims to escape their domination.’
‘ Cf. Virginia Woolf on the Antigone: ‘When the curtain falls we
sympathise even with Creon himself. This result, to the propagandist
undesirable . . . suggests that if we use art to propagate political
opinions, we must force the artist to clip and‘ cabin his gift to do us a
cheap and passing service. Literature will suffer the same mutilation
that the mule has suffered; and there will be no more horses’ (Three
Guineas, 302).
1 Cf. Murray, Euripides and His Age, 187.
 INTRODUCTION xlvii
joyful release of vitality which Dionysiac experience brings
nor softened the animal horror of ‘black’ maenadism ;
deliberately he leads his audience through the whole gamut
of emotions, from sympathy with the persecuted god,
through the excitement of the palace miracles and the
gruesome tragi-comedy of the toilet scene, to share in the
end the revulsion of Cadmus against that inhuman justice.
It is a mistake to ask what he is trying to ‘prove’ : his con-
cern in this as in all his major plays is not to prove anything
but to enlarge our sen.sibility--which is, as Dr. Johnson
said, the proper concern of a poet.
What makes the Bacchae different from the rest of
Euripides‘ work is not anything new in its technique‘ or in
its author's intellectual attitude. It is rather what James
Adam felt when he said that the play expressed ‘an added
dimension of emotion’, and that it was ‘pervaded by
the kind of joyous exaltation which accompanies a new
discovery or illumination’.‘ It is as if the renewed contact
with nature in the wild country of Macedonia, and his re-
imagining there of the old miracle story, had released some
spring in the aged poet’s mind, re-establishing a contact
with hidden sources of power which he had lost in the self-
conscious, over-intellectualized environment of late-fifth-
century Athens, and enabling him to find an outlet for
feelings which for years had been pressing on his conscious-
ness without attaining to completeexpression. We may
guess that Euripides said to himself in Macedonia very

1 The Religious Teachers of Greece, 316 f. Cf. Andre Rivier, Essai sur
le tragique d'Euripide, 96: ‘La revelation d’un au dela libere de nos
categories morales et de notre raison, tel est le fait religieux fonda-
mental sur quoi repose la tragedie des Baccharttes.’ The depth and sin-
cerity of the religious feelings expressed in the choral odes has recently
been emphasized by Festugiere, Eranos, lv (1957), 127 ff. This seems to
me right, so long as we are talking of feelings and not of convictions.
But it remains perfectly possible that, as jaeger puts it, ‘Euripides
learnt how to praise the joy of humble faith in one of the religious
truths which pass all understanding, simply because he himself had no
such happy faith’ (Paideia, i. 352, Eng. trans.).
xlviii INTRODUCTION
much what Rilke said to himself at the beginning of his
last period:
‘Werk des Gesichts ist gethan:
tue nun Herzwerk
an den Bildern in dir, jenen gefangenen. Denn du
iiberwaltigtest sie ; aber nun kennst du sie nicht.’
The ‘added dimension of emotion’ proceeds from no in-
tellectual conversion, but from the work of the heart—from
vision directed inward upon images long imprisoned in the
mind.
Note. In the above discussion I have not dealt, save by
implication, with the ingenious fancies of Verrall and (in his
youth) Norwood,‘ which had a vogue in this country‘ fifty
years ago but lie outside the main current of thought about
the play. So far as scholars are concerned, it might be sulfi-
cient to say that time has dealt with them ;3 but since Verrall
at least is still, I believe, read in English schools, it may be
useful to state briefly here some of the grounds which make
it impossible to accept their two main theses,‘ viz. that the
miracles in which the play abounds are meant to be under-
stood by the audience as bogus miracles, and that Pentheus’
I Gilbert Norwood, The Riddle of the Bacchae (1908); A. W. Verrall
The Bacchants qf Euripides and Other Essays (1910). Verrall had already
interpreted other plays of Euripides on similar lines.
1 It is interesting that no continental scholar of standing has ever
(so far as I know) taken Verrall’s interpretation of Euripides really
seriously.
3 Since this was written, the late Professor Norwood has dealt with
them himself, in a characteristically honest and forthright manner. In
his Essays on Euripidean Drama (1954) he recanted both the theses
I have criticized, and gave his reasons. He still held that the destruc-
tion of the palace can only be an illusion in the mind of the Chorus,
but he had come to believe that the illusion, and also the many
physical miracles reported in the play, are to be accepted as divinely
occasioned, and that the Stranger is none other than the god.
4 Some of their interpretations of individual passages are considered
in the Commentary. Most of them I am unable to accept, but it is only
fair to say that both writers have helped me in places to a better under-
standing.
 INTRODUCTION xlix
prisoner is not the god Dionysus but a human priest or
adept.
(a) These contentions ignore the conditions of the Greek
theatre‘ (and of all theatres), under which an audience must
inevitably accept stage personages and stage happenings
as being—for the purposes of the play—-what they profess
to be, unless someone on the stage knows better and says
so. Nothing would have been easier than to have Pentheus
expose the false miracles—denying the reality of the earth-
quake,‘ impugning the good sense or the good faith of
the Herdsman—had the poet so chosen. But the King,
so quick to scent licence and venality, is allowed on these
points no single word of doubt. Again, the prologue, whose
speaker is at pains to make it clear to the meanest intelli-
gence that he is a god preparing to masquerade as a man,
becomes either on Norwood’s early view or on Verrall’s a
gratuitous mystification. According to the former, he is in
fact a man masquerading as a god masquerading as a man.
Verrall, perceiving that this monstrous formula was too
complicated for any audience to grasp (even were it ex-
plained to them, as it is not), and that Dionysus prologizes
in virtue of the same convention as other gods in other
plays, admitted the Dionysus of prologue and epilogue as
a ‘theatrical deity’, distinct from the ‘adept’ who represents
him in the body of the play. But how should the cleverest
audience distinguish the man on the stage, who continually
hints that he is a god, and is seen by them to exercise divine
power, from the god-made-flesh who has been promised
them? That promise is on Verrall’s theory a plain lie,
whose only discernible effect is to befog the spectator. Was
Euripides really such a bungler?
I Verrall was in fact driven to maintain that Euripides’ plays were,
like the poetic dramas of his own time, written with an eye to the study
rather than the theatre: ‘to the ultimate purpose the stage-exhibition
at the Dionysia was indifferent’ (Introduction to the Ion, p. xlv). Yet
Aristotle a century later still thought exclusively in terms of the stage-
exhibition. _
1 On the supposed difiiculties of the earthquake scene see pp. 147 ff.
4002.0 d
l INTRODUCTION
(b) The supposition that Euripides thought it worth while
to write a play about the sham miracles of a sham god,
having already represented similar sham miracles in a whole
series of other plays, is intelligible only if we assume that
fifth-century Athens shared the burning interest in the
historicity of mythical miracles characteristic of late-
Victorian England. Such an assumption is highly improb-
able: myths were myths, not scripture, and no man was
required to profess belief in them--e.g. the devout Pindar
could write fimip 1-dv dhadij Plciyov | 3e5o.:.5o.r\p.e‘vo|. l,be1.i5eo':.
rroucihotg e’Ea-naréjvn jafifiot.‘ Verrall’s theories are in fact
a classic instance of that insularity in time which, blinding
men to the uniqueness both of their own and of past ages,
drives them to impose upon the past the fleeting image
of their own preoccupations.
(e) The final condemnation of these bleak ingenuities is,
for me at least, that they transform one of the greatest of
all tragedies into a species of esoteric and donnish witticism
(a witticism so ill contrived that it was twenty-three
centuries before anyone saw the point)? Did Earth, for
example, acknowledge her Master by yielding at the touch
of his holy wand ‘milk and wine and nectar of the bee‘
(704 ff.)? Doubtless, replied Norwood; but the clever
spectator will realize that they came there in the picnic
basket and were ‘planted’, as the police say, to give the
messenger a little surprise.’ The oixeia 1j80v1j of tragedy
can be enjoyed in more forms than Aristotle knew; but (as
Grube observes) it cannot be enjoyed by those who are
continuously occupied in sniggering up their sleeve.
I Ol. 1. 29. Cf. ]. Burnet, ‘The Religious and Moral Ideas of Euri-
pides’, reprinted in his Essays and Addresses, 46 ff.
2 Verrall claimed (Euripides the Ratiemalist, I06, 212) that his general
view of Euripidean gods was anticipated by Aristophanes (Thesm.
450 f.) and by Lucian (Iup. Tr. 41). But the claim rests on a wilful
mistranslation of the former passage and a wilful misunderstanding of
the latter.
3 Op. cit. 73, n. 1.
 INTRODUCTION li

IV. SOURCES OF THE TEXT

i. The Transmission‘
We possess two distinct groups of plays by Euripides,
which derive from two different ancient sources. One
group, the plays to which ancient commentaries (scholia)
are attached, appears to be descended from a school edition
of select plays of Euripides with notes, produced under the
Roman Empire.‘ It resembled the school editions from
which the extant plays of Aeschylus and Sophocles descend,
and was perhaps made by the same man. The majority of
our MSS., including the oldest and best (M A V B and the
Jerusalem palimpsest H), contain only plays of this group.
The other group, which has no scholia, evidently represents
a fragment of a comprehensive library edition of Euripides
in which the plays were arranged in alphabetic order; for
all the plays of this group have titles beginning with
E, H, I, or K. From this comprehensive edition two nests
(refixn) of papyrus rolls‘ survived by some accident longer
than the rest, and came into the hands of an unknown
scholar of early‘ Byzantine times, who copied the select
plays (without their scholia) and the additional plays from
his new find into a single codex, thus producing a combined
edition of the nineteen plays which we possess to-day.
This combined edition is represented for us by two rather
late MSS., L and P.
I For a general account of the transmission of the text of Euripides
see Mr. W. S. Barrett’s introduction to his forthcoming edition of the
Hippolytus, which corrects and replaces Wilamowitz’s description in
Einleitung in die griech. Tragiidie, Kap. iii.
2 The edition cannot be dated with any certainty, but such slender
indications as we have suggest the second century A.D.
3 See B. Snell, Hermes, lxx (1935), 119 f. -His ingenious theory is not,
however, free from difficulties.
4 We may infer this from the considerable divergence between
M A V B and L P in the tradition of the select plays which are common
to both. And I learn from Dr. Maas that Eustathius (1850. 35 ff.) speaks
of the Cyclops as extant in the twelfth century.
lii INTRODUCTION
The position of the Bacchae is peculiar. Like the ‘alpha-
betic’ plays, it survives only in the MSS. of the combined
edition—in P, and down to l. 755 in L. But it cannot be
part of the unknown Byzantine scholar’s papyrus find.
For (a) a roll with title-initial B (or H if the alternative
title Pentheus was used) would not be found in the same
nest with rolls having title-initials E to K, unless it had
strayed into the wrong pigeon-hole. (b) Like most of the
‘select’ plays, but unlike any of -the ‘alphabetic’ plays, it
has two omeeeetg, one of which is attributed by name (like
the second hypotheses of Med., Phoen., Or., which are ‘select’
plays) to Aristophanes of Byzantium. (0) It was known to
the author of the Christus Patiens (see below), who otherwise
shows acquaintance only with ‘select’ plays. (d) Although
it has been transmitted to us, like the ‘alphabetic’ plays,
without scholia,‘ it is quoted by the Euripidean scholiasts
far oftener than any ‘non-select’ play. '-
We must conclude that it formed part of the Roman
edition of select plays? If we accept the numerals attached
to the plays in L as representing the original order, it was
the last play in the select edition.‘ And if so, we can better
understand its absence from M A V B, its incomplete pre-
servation in L, and the mutilated state of its ending in P:
bored copyists are tempted to omit the last piece in their
I Apart from three glosses in L (on 151, 451, 611) and a few metrical
notes in the same MS.
1 This conclusion is now (1959) confirmed by the second Antinoe
papyrus (see below, p. lix), which shows that as early as the sixth
century the Bacchae was being copied along with annotated ‘select’
plays.
1 As L lacks the Troades, the Bacchae is numbered 9 (6'). These
marginal numerals in L have generally been attributed to the scribe,
but according to P. G. Mason (C .Q. xlviii (1954), 56) and Turyn (The
Byzantine Manuscript Tradition of the Tragedies of Euripides, 240)
they are in the hand of l. We n'eed not, however, assume with Turyn
(242-) that they represent merely Z’s private fancy; he may have
found them in an independent source, or even in the margins of L’s
exemplar--to which, according to Turyn himself (246), he must have
had access.
 INTRODUCTION liii
exemplar,‘ especially if it be defective or blurred; and the
last pages of a book are especially liable to injury.

ii. The Medieval Sources

Laurentianus xxxii. 2 (Murray‘s L, also known as C) is
a MS. of the early fourteenth century which was brought
to Italy by its owner, Simon Atumanus, Bishop of Gerace
in Calabria, in or before 1348; subsequently it passed into
the Laurentian collection at Florence, where it now is. It
contains all the extant plays of Euripides except the Troades
and the latter part of the Bacchae, together with 6 of
Sophocles, 3 of Aeschylus, and Hesiod’s Works and Days.
Of the Bacchae it never contained more than ll. 1-7 55, which
are followed by some pages left blank.’ The whole of the
work was checked with the exemplar by a contemporary
8:.0p6w-mjs, or, as Turyn thinks, by the scribe himself; he
corrected occasional errors and omissions in the copy and
added here and there variants or glosses (probably from the
margins of the exemplar) : e.g. it seems to have been he who
added ye in 401, the glOSS c-‘;.1.oi3 O11 4 51, and the note 1j;.u.x(dp:.ov)
at 590. Unfortunately correction did not rest there: an-
other hand, identified by Turyn as that of the well-known
Byzantine scholar Demetrius Triclinius, has introduced
numerous conjectural emendations, in some cases obliterat-
ing all trace of the original text. His readings (marked Z
in Murray‘s apparatus) have no more authority than the
conjectures of modern scholars, whereas those of the 8L0p—
Bw-njg (L2 in Murray) represent the tradition; but unluckily
I Most of these copyists omitted more: B lacks Rhes. and Tro.; A
lacks Alc., Rhes., Tro. ; M lacks Med., Alc., Rhes., Tro. V contains all
the plays which have scholia, and may once have contained Bacch.,
since it is mutilated at the end.
1 Wilamowitz thought the Bacchae was written in a different hand
from the rest, and concluded that it was copied from a different
exemplar (Analecta Euripidea, 4 f.). But it is now generally agreed
that although the ink is different the hand is the same which wrote
most of the other plays (Spranger, Studi Italiani, x (1932), 315 ff.;
Mason, loc. c'it.; Turyn, op. cit. 235 f.).
liv INTRODUCTION
there is often difficulty in deciding to which hand a parti-
cular correction is due. In the Bacchae l has been successful
in removing a number of small corruptions, e.g. in mending
lame syntax at 55 and lame trimeters at 227 and 503, and
in correcting the meaningless xhtieiv at 653. He knew that
strophe and antistrophe should correspond,‘ and tried to
restore responsion at 392-3 and 421-and I strongly suspect
at 115 also, though there Murray thinks 50'-ris may be a
genuine old reading preserved by L‘. An example of l’s
recklessness in emendation, and the harm caused by it,
may be seen at 102, where his feeble and unnecessary con-
jecture 6vpo0qS6p0i survives even in some twentieth-century
texts because it is ‘a manuscript reading’.
The Palatinus (P) was written at some time in the
fourteenth century; by about 1420 it was split into two
parts, one of which is preserved in the Vatican as Palatinus
287, the other at Florence as Laurentianus Conv. Suppr.
172.1 It contains all the extant plays of Euripides together
with 3 of Aeschylus, 6 of Sophocles, and 2 homilies of John
Chrysostom. Like L, it was checked by a contemporary
8t0p6arr1js- (P2). The Palatine part, which includes the
Bacchae and 12 other plays of Euripides, came into the
possession of Marcus Musurus (c. 1470-1517), who used it,
together with a copy of L, as the basis of the Aldine edition
(1503, the first printed edition which contains the Bacchae).
It may have been Musurus who introduced some or all of
the numerous later corrections (p) which appear in the
Palatine part. p was a rather better scholar than l, and
found the right correction for a good many small slips in
the B6lCCh6l6‘, e.g. at 737 wdpiv for rrdhtv, 929 mJ.91jpp.oo'o. fOI‘
Kafichpptoa, I277 rivos‘ for ‘Ti p.ov. There are other places
where he is less happy, e.g. 477, 747, 1227. At 314 he quotes
a (false) variant from Stobaeus, whose readings he has
‘ On Z as a metrician see Denniston’s introduction to the Electra,
pp. xli f.
1' That these are parts of the same MS. was first recognized by
C. Robert, Hermes, xiii (1878), 133.
 INTRODUCTION lv
introduced in other plays also; but apart from this instance
there is no evidence that he had MS. authority for any of
his readings in the Bacchae (he seems in this play not even
to have used L or a copy of L).
The relationship of P to L--which was long completely
obscured, and is still to some extent obscured, by the
ravages of p and l—appears to be different in different
plays. (a) In the 9 ‘alphabetic’ plays it now seems pretty
certain that P is a derivative of L, whose only value lies in
preserving readings of L which l erased.‘ (b) In some at least
of the ‘select’ plays P is at least partially independent of L,
since it not infrequently agrees with M A V against L. (c) In
the Troades, and in Bacch. 756-1392, both of which L lacks,
P is an independent witness. His source, which I will call [Q],
is probably the same for both ;2 and to judge by P's wide
divergence from V in Tro., [Q] is more likely to have been a
MS. of the combined edition than a MS. of the select plays.
In Bacch. 1-755 P may depend in part on L : in one place (568)
his text looks like the result of misreading L’s handwriting.
But he must have drawn also on [Q], since he preserves 1. 14
and the word rrapeirai in 635, both of which L omits. 1
Had the scribe of P taken his text of the Bacchae from
a MS. of the select plays, we should be much better off:
we should have a valuable dual tradition for ll. 1-755, and
probably also a more complete text of the last 100 lines.
We know from the adaptations in the Christus Patiens that
a more complete text existed in the twelfth century ;3 and

I See esp. Wecklein, Sits.-Ber. Bayer. Akad., 1899, ii. 297 ff., and
1922, Abh. 5. 61; P. Maas, Gnomon, 1926, 156 f. Turyn, who maintains
that P is throughout a twin of L, derived from the same exemplar
(op. cit. 264 ff.), does not seem to me to have disposed of their very
strong arguments for the dependence of P on L in the alphabetic
plays: cf. H. Lloyd-Jones, Gnomon, xxx (1958), 505 ff.
1 It can be plausibly argued from the distribution of lacunas that
both descend in P from an archetype which had on each page two
columns of 35 to 38 verses: see 755-7 n.
3 See Murray‘s note at end of text, and my Appendix. On the date
of the Chr. Pat., see Brambs’s preface to the Teubner edition, 18 ff.
lvi INTRODUCTION
we can be fairly certain that the MS. from which its author‘
quarried the material for his curious mosaic contained
select plays only, since he shows knowledge of no others.
It provided him with a text of the Bacchae which was not
only fuller but in some places at least more accurate than
P‘s: cf. 694, 1161, 1213, and especially 1084 and 1087, where
the text deducible from Chr. Pat. is now confirmed by a
papyrus.‘ The indirect evidence furnished by the Chr. Pat.
for several hundred lines of our play must, however, be
used with great caution ; for the author altered his originals
freely, not only adapting them to a new purpose but often
modernizing them in language and metre.

iii. Papyri
The text of the Bacchae thus rests on a more slender
foundation than the text of any other ‘select’ play of
Euripides. And apart from the Chr. Pat. and a few ancient
citations we have hitherto had no means of testing the
strength of this foundation. Line 1, it is true, occurs in
a schoolboy’s exercise book, P. Teb. iii. 901; line 642 in
a grammatical fragment, P. Lit. Lond. 183; and the tail-
piece (1388-92) in P. Hibeh i. 25. But none of these tells us
anything. Thanks, however, to the kindness ofthe Egypt
Exploration Society, the Delegates of the Oxford University
Press, and Mr. C. H. Roberts, I have been allowed to make
use of two unpublished papyri.‘ The more interesting of
their readings are quoted and discussed -individually in the
1 Possibly Constantine Manasses (K. Horna, Hermes, lxiv (1929)‘
429) ; anyhow not Gregory of Nazianzus.
1 As it is also at Rhes. 52. The opinion of Kirchhoff, that the author
of Chr. Pat. used a MS. similar to L P and no better, was refuted by
Doering, Philol. xxiii. 517 ff., xxv. 221 ff. In the plays with a dual tradi-
tion the Chr. Pat. supports now the one, now the other group of MSS.,
but is usually free from errors peculiar to one group: i.e. it seems to
represent a stage in the tradition prior to the bifurcation.
3 Since published as P. Oxy. 2223 and P. Ant. 24 respectively. To
these two I am now (1959) able to add another fragment from Antinoe :
see below, p. lix.
 INTRODUCTION lvii
commentary ; but a word may be said here about the general
bearing of the new evidence on the reliability of the text.
(a) An Oxyrhynchos fragment, written in a handsome
professional book-hand assigned by Mr. Roberts to the
second century A.D., contains ll. 1070-1136, but with begin-
nings of lines missing in the first column (1070-1104) and
ends of lines in the second (1105-36). It looks like a careless
copy made from an excellent text—a much better text
than P. Its faults are numerous but superficial: with one
possible exception (1131) its visibly false readings are such
as could be corrected at a glance even without the help
of P. Nowhere (apart from spellings like iepew.) does it
agree with P in a manifestly false reading; in the three
places where .it supports a text that has been seriously
doubted (1098, 1103, 1125) the grounds for doubt are,-I
think, inconclusive. On the other hand, it confirms no
fewer than thirteen modern corrections, most of them old‘
and extremely obvious. What is disturbing, however, is
that besides omitting (I suspect rightly) a line which has
never been doubted (1092), and adding a new line (after 1104)
whose absence has never been felt, it presents defensible
new readings in seven other places where the tradition of
P has not been questioned. One of these (Kdpa 1087) hap-
pens to be confirmed by the Chr. Pat. ; two others seem to
me definite improvements (Bp0',a0v 1085, 8’ dip’ 1113); the
remainder ('r(e)¢.ju.wpei'r’ e‘ju.oi I081, Uejuvdv I033, ti [069] III8,
rrhevpoicnv 1126) are more or less indifferent variants, such
as we encounter fairly often in the medieval tradition of
Euripides.
The general effect is not to strengthen one’s belief either
in the reliability of P or in the possibility of correcting it
outside rather narrow limits. It looks on this evidence as if
the text of the Bacchae had suffered considerable alteration
since Roman times, including the introduction not only of
1 The most recent critic of whose labours it takes any account is
Paley-—a distressing illustration of the law of diminishing retums to
which conjectural emendation is subject.
lviii INTRODUCTION
many superficial errors which the critics have been able
to put right but probably of a good many others which
remain unsuspected. This appearance conflicts with the
conclusion usually, and rightly, drawn from the study of
papyri in general and of Euripidean papyri in particular.‘
The difference is probably due to the exceptional manner
in which the Bacchae has been transmitted; if we could
read it as it stood in the edition with scholia, the relation
between the medieval and the Roman tradition might well
appear in a different light.
In the same hand as the Oxyrhynchos fragment are four
beginnings of unrecognized lines on a detached piece of
papyrus, which will be found in the Appendix ; they may or
may not be lost lines of the Bacchae.
(b) Mr. Roberts’s other contribution consists of three
scraps from a papyrus codex found at Antinoé and assigned
by him to the fifth century A.D. The largest scrap has on
the verso fragments of ll. 459-71, on the recto fragments of
ll. 496-508. The other two have on both sides fragments
of unrecognized lines; these are printed in the Appendix,
where I have given reasons for attributing the two longer
of them to the Bacchae and situating them in the lacuna
after 1329. The fragments of extant lines are too meagre
to justify any confident generalization about the character
of the text they represent. So far as they go, however,
they tend to support the conclusion that the L P tradition
of the Bacchae is decidedly inferior to that current in
Roman times. This papyrus, like the other, nowhere agrees
with the medieval tradition in manifest error. The scribe
has made one slip (omission of Sé in 465) ; on the other hand,
he avoids four blunders common to L and P, confirming in
one case (503) an ancient citation, in the other three the
conjectures of early editors. In the two remaining places
‘ e.g. Schubart, Einfiihrung i. d. Papyruskunde, 88, says that ‘in
general, papyri of the Roman period have the text which we read to-
day’ ; D. L. Page, Introd. to Medea, xl, that Euripidean papyri of post-
Alexandrian date ‘differ very little from our own manuscripts’.
 I INTRODUCTION lix
where the papyrus differs from L P, either text is possible,
with the balance of probability perhaps slightly in favour
Of the new reading (lluivvoog afirdg 7.1.’ 466, 0133’ eio'op¢:E5' 502).
At 469, where L and P differ from each other, the papyrus
confirms L.
(c) In the present (second) edition I have been enabled by
the kindness of Mr. J. W. B. Barns and the Delegates of
the Press to cite the readings of a further papyrus scrap, as
yet unpublished. It comes from Antinoe, but not from the
same text as .P. Ant. 24, described above. Mr. Barns tells
me that it is in the same fifth- or sixth-century hand as
P. Ant. 23 (Medea, with scholia), and almost certainly from
the same codex (or set of codices ).‘ It contains only frag-
ments of (recto) lines 1154-9 and (verso) lines 1183-6. But
scanty as it is, it confirms two modern corrections, .7‘lr.8c|.
for I4i8av at 1157, and -rA&p.0v for rhdpwv at 1184. Its evi-
dence thus points in the same direction as that of the other
Bacchae papyri.
1 The surviving scrap of the Bacchae includes no scholia ; but what
looks like an interlinear letter ‘p.’ added (perhaps by a second hand)
above 6 p.ciaxos' at 1185 is possibly a reference numeral applying to a
scholion which has not been preserved.
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passive : cf. Hec. 637 597 -r6v8e Z'ep.e'P\as Wilamowitz metri paeonici
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I. T. 253 663 3% Trofav POISOD 2 3’ 61rro£'av L P
 BAKXAI 29
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66'] Cf . 716 : Bavpcifwv 1' ' e1'ra§ia

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 BAKXAI 31
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A1. pa‘; cw’ ye 1'a Nvp<;5u3v Saohéayg E3p15p.a1'a
Kai Havfig §3pa9 3129’ gxer. 0'vp|f-yp.a-ra.
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8’ |'.'0'wg 011569, "F711 0'1) pr); A1;q$Q;r'jg rrcipos‘. 960

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941 8e§1q‘E p: Befzciv ut vld. P 944 afpew Musurus: afpec. P
946 <16-r§;.~‘aw e’Ad-rmg, quod e Bacchis citat E Phoen. 3, hic eum legisse
censebat Valckenaer 951 -rd Stephanus: -rfiv P 952 Huvds
Brodeauz nu-rrvdg P 953 K0./\cI§v primitus P 954 éiui-rmae
3’ P: fortasse €z\ci'rar.5‘ 3' <i,u.dv é-yxpdl/1w 955 xpv¢-fivm. P: corr.
Musurus
40 ETPIHIAOT
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1161/05‘ ‘yap a151'c?:v e§,u.' oivfip 1'0Ap.r.?Jv 1'c§8e.
A1. pcévos 01} 1r<§)Lew5* 11605’ 1§1reprccip.ve:.5*, y.6vo5"
1'00}/cip 0" ayciives: civapévovaav 0139 éxpfiv.
%'110v Se" 110111155‘ [8,] efp.’ e";/cl: 0'w1'1§p1.05‘, 965
rceifiev 5' <i1rc£<fer. or’ 6:/\/\05'. He. 1} 1'e:c0fi0-0': ye.
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A1. év Xepai ;.vq1p6s'. He. Kai 1'pv<;6&v 11.’ civayxciaezs.
A1. 1'pv¢>of5' ye 1-owf08e. He. cigicuv y.%v ¢i'1'r1'0p.al.. 970

A1. 5e|.v5g 0'1} Sewdg Kci-rrl Seiv’ gpxy 1111917,

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964 0139 ae xpfi Fix 965 5’ S6C111Si ei.'7u.’ MUSUIUS 0w1'1fp1.0$‘
omissum et postmodo additum in P 977 A6009; P 981 p.awd8wv
Ka'raaK0110v Avaau581;» P: trai. Bothe 982 vw 1rpu'1-ra Headlam
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solet P (bis) é'p.oAev é',u.oAev ¢B P: corr. Elmsley : cf. 1007
 BAKXAI 41
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989 sq. 58’ ante Eqbu habet P: ante -F‘; trai. Hermann 993 Am,u.6iv
Tyrwhitt: 8.-mfpwv P ' 996 -ydvovz cf. 1016: idem utrobique
legendum monuit Elmsley 998 ad suppl. Scaliger 6p-ym]
{pa Mekler: metro satisfaceret 11epi. ad, Bdxxe, 055' 1' 5p-yza p.a1e'pog
999 pavefaa P IOOI 1'civ{rca1'ov Wilamowitz: 1&1» civixa-rov P:
cf. 981 1002 yvuipav a<6qSpovq P 1002-4 locus paene con-
clamatus: fortasse hoc dicit: ‘qui iniuste &c. (v. 997), ei senten-
tiarum castigatrix in rebus divinis indeprecabilis Mors est’: de sub-
stantivo awqbpdvq vid. Stephanum s.v. 1003 sis P: fortasse -rrepi:
cf. stropham 1004 Bpo-reiws] Bpo-reZ¢_u P 1005 ¢>66vw P
1007 qfiavepd -r’- 65, vciew (‘ah, vitam fluere vel efipomv habere prec0r,'
cf. H 179) scripsi: qbavepa -r¢3v (id P: qi-uvép‘ df-yov-r’ da‘. Fix: tum -no-ri.
pro e'11i. Sandys 1008 efi 6-yovvr’ P: corr. Hermann
42 ETPIHIAOT
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-rre06v11. Scaliger: 11e06v1'a P I024 AITE/102*] QEPAHQN malit
Wecklein e13-rvxefs P dv’ ex év factum in P » 1025 6s p:
055- P 1026 61,610; P curn Greg. Cor. 402, Choerob. Cann. i. 194,
Theodos. in Bekk. Anecd. 981. 13: nomen proprium esse vidit
Wilamowitz 1028 del. Dobree: cf. Med. 54 1-81 Medeae
c0dd.: -r¢33v P 1029 1-1' 8’ ex 1-6 8’ factum in P -r1f;.1.qv1Je1g P
1031 claudicat metrum: 06 qbaivy Kirchhoff, cl. Chr. Pat. 2100, 2542
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tpaivy I032 1'7 P
 BAKXAI 43
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Aeévvoos‘ 6 8¢6-yovog I039 notam om., I040 ci-yy. praescr. P: corr.
Musurus 1041 1-iv; Chr. Pat. 653: -rive; P 1044 fioéis P: corr.
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e’,u.oi P I277 -rive; p ut videtur: 1-I p.ov P I279 sq. notam
Agavae ante Bpaxfis posuit, ante v. 1280 om. P: corr. Musurus
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Reiske
 BAKXAI 53
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ed. H. Rabe, N. Mus. Rhen. 47. p. 413: oipwypévov P: jpaypévov
Musgrave 1286 Em-avé P fihfiev Elmsley: fihfleg P: 1}A6’ 6’;-
Musurus I289 Kaai-yvqq-or P: corr. Musgrave 1290 5 K0-r’ P
1291 dmaiwva P: vid. ad 337 1295 épdvq -ré P 1297 y’ suppl.
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versum Cadrni deesse indicavit Victorius, sed nescio an melius hic
sileat Cadmus vv. 1298-300 hinc alieni ex iis quae post 1329 peri-
erunt superesse videntur Wilamowitzioz mavult Robert magnam post
1300 lacunam ponere in qua fuerint compositio membrorum Penthei
et Agavae in se ipsam accusatio: vide sub fine fabulae
54 ETPIHIAOT
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1-6v p.171-p59 a.fi3¢I3v wraxrépa. 1rpoo"rr'r15f'g, 're'r<vov,
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I308 Q5 P: 6v suprascr. p dvéfihewev P: corr. Elmsley 1312 éF\d£p.-
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I329 Post h. v. lacunam magnam statuit Tyrwhitt: vide sub fin.
fabulae I330 om. P: suppl. Bredow e Schol. Dion. Per. 391, qui
h. v. cum duobus sequentibus citat ,_
 BAKXAI 55
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d.’-yvwfi’ P 1343 ezJ8m,u.ovoi‘1-’ P: post Musgravium correxi
1344, I346, I348 Cadmo tribuit P: Agavae edd. post Elmsleium
I344 F\w'o'6p.c9a P I345 %;.Lci6c9' . . . ;r']'5e—re MUSUIUS2 %,u.e'9e1-' . . .
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p.oves' P I353 miv-reg om. P: suppl. Kirchhoff ex Chr. Pat. I701
(:5 qbikog, dag sis; 5e:.v&. Q6-F,-g %/Xfiefv Kaxci rrdvras, Kip’ afirdv auyyévoug 1"
<i'p5-qv %poz§5'): 0-25, 6<z5ya'r%p,> 1? rd/Xaava suppl. Marchant: 1ra.E's -re pOSt
1'ci}La.|.va. Hermann
56 ETPIHIAOT
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yepwv p.e'roucos' en e pol. 1'0 e'o'§ba.'r0v 1355

%$ ‘E/\)\a'.5’ ciyayefv p.vyci5a fldpfiapov 0'-rpa.'r6v.
Kai 1":‘;v Flpews‘ 1-ra.E‘5' Flppoviav, 5cip.ap'r’ %p,-rjv,
; I I sr a I '
5pa.Kwv 5paKaw'r)s‘ (gbvazv) exovaav aypzav
éifw "rr:‘. flwpoivg Kai 'roEr;'>ov5' 'E/\Pl'qvucov'g,
1?)/01§p.evos‘ )l6yXa:0w- 055% 1-ra13'0'0p.cu. 1360
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K0.. 1'5 p.’ ripgbzfici/\/\e:s‘ Xepazfv, 05 Tcilaava 1-rai“,
6'pv:.g 5'1-rwg Kqcfifiva 1-ro)u.6Xpwv rcfixvos‘; I365
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A Q ‘P I A Q Q I
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II if
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I355 E11 56' pofiari M. Hallpt : Eon -ycip T5 Chi‘. Pat. I670 I358 q5z5a:v
suppl. Musurus: om. P: axfip.’ supp]. Nauck, cl. Ion. 992, et in fine
ciypfag I 363 0-repefaa Barnes: 0-rep-qfiefaa P I365 1:-o)u6xpwv
Musgrave: 1r01\|.6xpws P Kfirqvov Heath I368, I371, I374 notas
om. P: add. Musurus 1368 Tm-rpia Elmsley: 1m-rpqfia P
post 1371 lacunam statuit Hermann 1372-92 spurios iudicat
Nauck I372 a-révopm Elmsley: O"Te'p0p,0.l. P as’ suppl. Barnes
1373 ma:-ywj-revs P: corr. Barnes I374 -y&p] -ydp Tor. Hermann:
5e|.v<Dg Brunck ( Musuro duce) aZm’a.v L P: vide Kiihner-Blass Gr.
Gr. I. p. 215: accentum Ionicum dubitanter servavi I376 Eqbepe P
1377 Ka. mi -ydp %'1raaxev post Bothium Hermann
»
 BAKXAI 57
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Bcixxacs 5’ GE/U\a:.cr:, p.e')Lo:.ev.
X0. 11'o)\)la:‘. popgfial 'rc'Dv 5a.qu.0v:f0Jv,
1ro)\/M}. 5’ cie')\1'r'rw9 Kpaivovao 9605'
Kai -rd 5om;Be'v'r’ ofirc c"re)\e'a91], I390
'rr13v 5’ ¢i5om§1-wv 1-rdpov -qiipe 9669.
'ror.61/5’ ci1're!;8'q T686‘ 'rrp&yp.a.
I378 mi-yelpa.-rov 5vop.' éxwv P: COIT. Musurus Barnes I379 rrci-rep
Musurus: <15 R’? P 1380 8’ add. Reiske 1382 A-q¢w5pe6’ P
1384 Ep’ E801. suppl. Schoenii monitu Kirchhoff 1387 ficikxaaoc P
1388-92 cf. fines Alc. Med. Andr. Hel. 1391 1:-6pwv €5p€ P
SI.1bSCI‘. -rim; ez§pcm.'5ov Bcucxév P

Quod ad lacunam post v. 1329 explendam attinet, cf. Apsinem in

Rhet. GI‘. ed. Walz iX. p. 587 rape}. -rq3 E1§'p:.1ri3'g T05 Hcvfiéws pxrf-r-qp
Hyafiq, ci1ra)h\a-yci'aa -r-ifs‘ pavfag Kai yvwprfaaaa -rdv 1:-a.i“5a T611 esav-1-fig
3:.ea1raap.€v0v, K0.-r1]'yope'? pév €a.v1--fig Efleov 5% Kwef: ib. p. 5'90 1'06-rov
'r6v 1-p61rov Kexfv-qxev Ez3p:.1ri31)s' ofrc-rov £1:-I. -rq3 Hevficf mv-ficraa Bovlépevos.
Exaarov ‘yelp a.1}-roi)“ 1-div p.e)\u')v 1§ pxrf-r-qp év Tafs‘ Xepo-E Kpu.1-0500. K116’ Exaarov
a.1}1'é3v oZ»<-nfZ,'e1-¢u.. Fragments. ex Bacchis citata quae hoc loco sedem
habere potuisse videntur haec sunt:
I. sf pi) -ycip |'.'3r.ov Ehaflov e35‘ x€pa.g pfio-og
Ex Eur. Bacchis citat Schol. Ar. Plut. 907.
2. Antiatticista in Bekk. Anecd. p. 87 'yavpa&v' Kai -rofiro p.ép.q$ov1'a.¢.
A1)p.oa9é'v-115' wepl T06 E-reqSciv0u. Ez}p|.1r{31]s‘ Bzixxcus‘: Cf. tamen V. II44,
I241.
3. Id. ib. p. I05 )kc)uiB1]p.c:.r.' cim-:‘. 1-06 ei')rq;u.p.a:. . . . Eripu-r:f5'qs Bcixxacst
cf. v. I102.
Cf. Lucian. PiSC8.'EO1‘ 2 xafidwcp five‘: Hevfiéa ‘F; 'Opq$éa.
)ka:cr.cr'r6v év wérpaeazv efipéo-Ga; pépov.
v. huc rettulit Musgrave, parum probabiliter.
58 ETPIIIIAOT
Praeterea integro codice Baccharum videntur usi esse et argumenti
primi scriptor, cf. vv. 16—18, et quod maioris momenti est Pseudo-
Gregorius, Christi Patientis scriptorz cuius vv. 1312 sq. Porson,
1466-8 Burges, alios alii et in primis Kirchhoff ex hoc loco repeti-
verunt: cf. Kirchhoff in Philol. viii. pp. 78 sqq., Hartung, Eur.
Restit. ii. 556, Bruhn, pp. I27 sq.: habes infra vv. qui maiore cum pro-
babilitate hinc fluxisse videri possunt: uncis inclusi quae certe non
Euripides. sunt.
Ex Agavae orationez
Chr. Pat. 1311 sqq.
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I315 Kai 1r&v (Ka.'ra01rciaa.¢ 1.1.6) aov p.e')\o5‘, -rércvov
ib. I256 sq.
5-rrw5- (xa-racr-rrciaar.p.c_) Kai cnip.-rrav p.éAO5‘,
Kvvofiaa. acipxas c'i'a-rrep -e'§e6pe|,lr6.y.17v.
ib. I466 sqq.
¢:e'p', <5 yepcu.c', .~cp&'ra. -roii (rpzaolfifov)
<5p3¢35- wpooappoawpcv, £17-rovov 3% 1rr6v
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1-ci. 3' a.fp.6gbvp1'a Kai KG.T1)AOKl.0p.£'VG
péih; . . .
ib. I122 sqq.
(e.g. -rrofoas 3% 1re'1r?\or.s- .~ca'ra:ca)\z§x,Zrw 00:. p.e')\-q ,-
nfves‘ 3% x-qsefiaovcnv, cf; -re'xv0v, xépes ;)
Euripides fortasse 'rp:.cra.BMov, et crov xpfi-rr1'w xcipa. Cf. etiam I504,
1825-9.
Hos vv. ut videtur Agavae, sequentes Dionysi suppeditavit oratio
(Cf. arg. primum ad finem éxciarq: 6.‘ 0-vy.B1§cre'ra.l. 3:60-ci¢n]o'ev) (16
Pentheo sic locuti:
ib. I664 6'; 3ea,u.ci 1" fi)\l9e Kai (Joyous e'p.1rrar.yp.ci'rwv)
I663 TOI:)/GP 1'e'9v'r;Kev cfiv €xp1'jv 1'}'.~cl.a5' ii-rro.
I667 Kai. rafifa pév 1-re’-rrov9cv 015'.-'05- (0131: éfrcwv)
Cf. etiam 1438, 1440.
(Euripides fortasse /\6ywv wifipiopa-ra et e’v8¢':cws.)
de Thebanis (Cf. Hdt. V. 61 e'§a.m.cr1'€a.'ra.:. Ka3p£€o¢ 2511" Hpyefwv Kai.
1'p€'1rov1'a.c 6'5‘ 1'01}; 'EyXc.\e'a.s')
I668 5. 3' (115 -rraaefv 363 Xaov 015 Kpril/1w Kcucci.
I669 AI-rr-g 1r6M0y.a, Bapficipocs‘ efxwv, (cixwv)
 BAKXAI 59
I678 woken; 3% -rroPl)\d.5‘ efoaqfirfxwvraz, §vyov
Sofihezov (ci.vé)\.-rov-reg) of 5vcr5a.Zp.ove5-.
I672 aixpais ci.Aw1-orig, 1-roll’ civa.1')\civ'ra.5' Kaxd.
Cf. et1am 1713-16, 1665 sq.
de Agave et sororibusz
I674 Sqq. M-zreiv -rrcL\:.v 'r'r§v3', civocriov y.¢cio'p.a.'ros
Sfmyv 'rfv(ov-rag) 'rq'35' 5v Err:-ewav (cfiflovqu),
Kai. 1.1.-r;:cc'1-'_ (§3eEv) -rra.'rpi5" ow} ydp efiaefiég
p.€vc:.v ¢ovev'rci5' (év rci¢oL5- vexpovpévwv.)
(fortasse nvoxiaas‘ Gt e’o':.3efv).
de Cadmo:
I689 05705‘ 5' 5 p.e')\)\e:. -:r1fp.a'r' éxwlvfoecv qSpéow' .
fortasse cu}-rds 3’ 6.‘ e'.\)Le¢g uem versum Bac. I 0 bI‘€V1 mtervallo
excep1sse cred1b1Ie est.
I U C p

Cf. etiam 1639-40 fortasse a vv. de Dionyso ipso dictis derivatos

cragficiis ycip afirov -rofcnv éfeapyaapevozg
6.5.5. vop.i'§w.
 COMMENTARY
Hypotheses
These are prefatory notes, originally prefixed to two different
ancient editions of the play. The first is a ti1rd9eo'l.$' in the original
sense, i.e. a synopsis of the subject-matter, and is presumably the
work of some ;w6o-ypciqbos of Alexandrine or Roman date. Its only
interest for us lies in the last sentence (unfortunately corrupt),
which summarizes the closing scene of the play; the writer evidently
had an unmutilated text of this scene (see 1329 n.). The second
hypothesis is an extract from the preface to the Bacchae composed
by the great Alexandrine scholar Aristophanes of Byzantium
(c. 257-180 B.c.) for his" edition of the plays. On the content of
Aristophanes’ prefaces, which were all built on the same formal
plan, see Page’s Medea, pp. liii ff. Here Aristophanes disposes of the
plot in a sentence, as he commonly does, and then notes that
the subject was treated by Aeschylus in his Pentheus (cf. Introd.,
p. xxxi), after which the extract breaks off.
[l. 6. Eihhws, if right, = ‘rashly’: the mission was not ‘in vain’.
But d-rréaa-ethev lacks an object, and oi Sé lacks a reference. Neither
Elmsley’s ciyyéhovs nor Wecklein’s 8,u65a.s is convincing: the former
does not suit persons charged to make an arrest, the latter is a
purely poetic word. Perhaps simply d’/Vino; (cf. oi Se’, v. 352), in
contrast with the agents implied in av/\AaB¢L»v é'81;aev.]
[l. 16. I suspect that some words have dropped out, an accident
to which these hypotheses are for some reason peculiarly liable.
P01116112 proposes Ep-yocs <3’ $:'<;'>'q T01}; niv yéver. vov9e'r'ijoa.:.>, i.'va. pa‘;
Adyotg, m-/\.: -r¢3v ém-6s then = ‘people outside the family’. But it
may perhaps be used in the Hellenistic sense of ‘people outside the
religious community’.]

Scane
Outside the Royal Castle on the Cadmeia or acropolis of Thebes.
On the stage is a tomb from whose neighbourhood smoke rises (6);
over the fence surrounding it vine-shoots may trail (11 f.). The facade
of the castle, which forms the back-scene, is in the Doric style,
with columns supporting an entablature (591, 1214).

Prologue (1-63)
Like the majority of Eur.’s plays, the Bacchae opens with a
soliloquy (whereas Sophocles prefers dialogue). Here as elsewhere
one purpose of the soliloquy is to situate the action in its context
of legendary tradition, by giving its time and place, a summary of
62 COMMENTARY
the events leading up to it, and the relationships of the principal
characters. This technique is not peculiar to Eur.; the opening
speeches of the Trachi1/ziae and the Philoetetes have a similar function.
But in Eur.’s hands it had hardened into something like a stage con-
vention (cf. Frogs 946), in which dramatic relevance is deliberately
subordinated to the need for rapid and lucid exposition of -rd. é'§w
-ro17"3pc£p.a-ros before the action begins.
Both in tone and in substance this prologue resembles Aphro-
dite’s in the Hippolytus: each opens with an emphatic assertion of
the speaker’s divinity (fixw Aids -rrais ~ Hipp. 1 -rroM'F; . . . Bed.
xéxhqpm), shows how that divinity is slighted, and announces a
design for obtaining vengeance. But Dion. differs from Aphrodite
and the other prologizing gods familiar to Eur.’s audiences in that
he will not vanish from the action when his sinister message has
been delivered, but will mingle unrecognized, in human form, with
the actors in the human drama. This point must be ‘put across’
to every member of the audience: hence it is made no-t once but
three times (4, 53, 54).
1 . "Hum: a favourite word with supernatural visitants: so Hec. 1 (the
ghost), Tro. 1 (Poseidon), Ion 5 (Hermes), PV. 284 (Oceanus).
Alb; 1-mi‘; . . . Atdvuoosi ‘the imperious aflirmation of the divine per-
sonality rings out like a challenge and a threat’ (Méridier). Cf. 27
Atdvvoov . . . 41:69, 466 Altdvvoos . . . oi T05 Attis, 5'50 f. (.3 Aids‘ 1'raE'Alr.o'vvo£,
859 f. -rdv Aids Zladvvoov. Eur. seems to connect the two names
etymologically, perhaps taking Atévvaos to mean ‘son of Zeus’,
as do many modems. [Several grammarians quote the line with
Qqflafav, and this is the form which Eur.- uses everywhere else: cf.
660, 961, 1.043, 1202, Phoen. 287, &c. But he may have preferred the
gen. here as stressing Dion.’s mission to daihe people of Thebes.]
3. ‘With the lightning flame for midwife.’ éa-rpo.-m|¢6pq» (a tirraf
Aeydpevov) may be either passive in sense, ‘lightning-borne’ (from
r.i.0'rpu.1'r1i¢>op09), or active, ‘lightning-carrying’ (from do-rpa-.-n;¢>6pos).
For the latter, cf. wavofixov qS.\6-ya, ‘the torch-holding flame’, i.e. the
torch-flame, Fr. trag. adesp. 160. .
5 1'rd.p£|.|.u (adsum) implies previous motion: hence it is regularly used
even in prose with sis, and occasionally by Eur. with a simple
accus. of the goal of motion (Cyel. 95, 106, El. 1278). Dirce and
Ismenus are the rivers of Thebes, the 3|.'rr6'ra,u.05' ~rr6.\¢s (Eur. Supp.
621, cf. Her. 572 f., Phoen. 825 ff.).
6--12. Any place (or person) struck by lightning was felt in antiquity
to be uncanny, a point where the natural world had been touched
by the supernatural. _]'ust as Capaneus became a Iepos vexpds when
the lightning slew him, and must be buried in a place apart (Eur.
Supp. 934 ff., quoted by Wilamowitz), so the spot of earth which
the lightning has marked as its own becomes in Greece an e'v'q)uicn"ov,
 LINES 1-12. 63
in Italy a bidmtal, and is kept taboo, d'Ba-rov (line 1o).1 Such places
were dedicated 120 Zeus‘ KG.TG.l.B(i1"‘7]5‘ (Etym. _Magn. s.v. e'v'rp\|5ou:|.), and
sacrifice was ofiered at them (Artemidorus 2. 9)? Such an c'iBo.'rov
existed at Thebes in Eur.’s day and for long after. [It is referred to
in a recently discovered Delphic inscription of the third century
B.C. (Delph. iii. 1, p. 195), where it is called, as here, Semele’s aqxdi
or ‘precinct’ (properly the precinct of a hero-tomb, Usener, Rh.
Mus. xxix. 49); and it was still preserved as an c'|.'Ba.'rov and shown to
tourists as a holy place in the second century A.D., when Pausanias
(9. 12. 3) and Aristides (Or. 25. 2, p. 72 Keil) visited Thebes. Both
these call it Semele’s Gdkapos; from Pausanias’ account it was
apparently part of ‘the old house of Cadmus’, of which some ruins
survived on the acropolis (Eur.’s Sépwv épe¢'-ma). The Z'e,u.éA-qs
p.vfi,u.a Paus. found elsewhere, in the Lower Town near the Proetid
Gate (9. 16. 7), whereas Eur. puts it close to the new palace of
Pentheus, and apparently within the o-qx6s—th'e fire is among the
épei-ma (7 f.) and ‘about the tomb of Semele’ (596 f.). This may be
for dramatic convenience; or the p.vfip.a in the Lower Town may be
an invention of later guides. In any case Eur. clearly has some
knowledge of the Theban cult and cult-places. (On his familiarity
with Thebes see J. Mesk, Wien. Stud. lv [I937], 54.)]
Semele figures as the Theban bride of Zeus and mother of Dion.
in the later stratum of epic tradition, IZ. 14. 3231"f., Hes. Theog.
940 ff. Hesiod says that she bore Dion. ci6a'.va-rov 6v-q-r1§- vfiv 8’
ci,u.¢61'epo:. Qeoi eicnv. This reverses the historical development. It
is probable that she was originally an Anatolian earth goddess
(Kretschmer, Aus der Anomia, 17 ff., derived her name from the
root ghem, meaning ‘earth’, which appears in xapai, humus, Nova
Zembla).3 When the legends of Dion. were grafted upon Theban
tradition she became a mortal princess; but traces of her original
exalted status survived both in saga and in cult, and the learned
guessed that she was Mother Earth (F. Gr. H. 244 F 131 Iacoby,
Diodorus 3. 62). It is as earth goddess that she became the Bride of
the Thunderbolt: in southern Europe the thunderstorm is beneficent
as well as terrible—-the lightning blasts, but the rain quickens the
seed in the earth, so that Semele perishes and Dion. is bom. But

1 Cf. the parasite who was nicknamed .K€pavv6S‘ because he made

dinner-parties unapproachable (ciflci-revs) by descending on them (Anax-
ippus, fr. 3 Kock).
9 For a full statement and discussion of the evidence see A. B. Cook,
Zeus, ii. 13 ff.
3 But her alleged appearance alongside Zeus in a Phrygian inscrip-
tion is apparently an error: see Calder, Monumenta Asiae Min0rz's
Antigua, vii, p. xxix.
64 COMMENTARY
Semele does not stay dead. As Pindar puts it (OZ. 2. 25), Leia.
dwodavofoai in legend, Dion. brings her back from Hades ([Apollod.]
3. 5. 3, &c.); in ritual, she has at Delphi and elsewhere a periodic
d"vo8os or dvaywyfi like that of Kore.‘ In the Bacchae, though she is
mortal, she has a place in her son’s cult: see 997—1oo1 n.
7-8. ‘And the ruins of her home that smoulder with the yet living flame
of the fire of Zeus.’ Murray, I think rightly, follows Hermann in
taking QSA6-ya as internal accus. with the intransitive middle participle
rvqfidpcva. There is no exact parallel, but such bold extensions of
the ‘cognate’ usage are characteristic of Eur.’s later stvle: e.g. Ion
I238 rive. cfivydv 1-r1-epcicocrav . . . 1-ropevdcfi ; P110611. 334 o-revciflmv dpoisi
ib. I431 1'e1ipcu;.:.e'vovs' . . . mupiovg aipa)/(is: O1‘. 479 Spcixmv a1-Ulfiet
voaa58er.s cia~rpa.1'rd.S‘- [Others follow Paley in putting a comma after
1-v<{>6;.tcvu. and taking ¢u\o'-ya in ‘partial’ apposition 110 ripefarta -rv¢6p.eva,
but the effect is awkward, as another appositional phrase of a differ-
ent type follows. The unmetricala -re which the MSS. have after Sim;
seems to have been inserted by a scribe to simplify the construction
(as at Aesch. Supp. 42, and often). Porson’s Siov 1-’ E-rt rrvpds‘ is open
to the objection that if the fire is actually visible at this point the
effect of its apparition at 596 is spoilt. The same applies to Elmsley’s
1-vqS6,u.ev’ ¢i8po6 -re: moreover ¢i8p6s is non-tragic (though Soph. has
d.3p|5ve|.v, fl‘. 979), and Lliov iS supported by 599 Zliov Bpov-His, Ale. 5
Afov rrvpds, and the antithesis with "Hpas in the next line. Plutarch’s
citation of the line, from which ¢i.§poi3 comes, has evidently been
adapted to its context either by a copyist or by Plutarch himself.]
9. c‘i06.va-rov . . . ii|3pw: ‘the undying outrage’, i.e. an undying token of
the outrage. Cf. Eur. El. 1261, where ;.t-fiviv similarly stands in
apposition to the sentence in the sense ‘an act of wrath’. The sense
Of dddvarov iS fixed by E-re. gciicrav above and 523 rrvpds ۤ ddavdrov.
When Semele’s chthonic character was forgotten, her blasting by
the lightning was explained by the story that Hera tempted her
to require Zeus to appear to her in his true form ([Apollod.] 3.
4- 3)-
11. Ouyu-rpbs ur|m:'w: family feeling is characteristic of Cadmus (cf. 181,
334 n.). The vine marks the spot as a Dionysiac holy place; in
another version of the story it is not a vine but a miraculously rapid
growth Of ivy (SCl1. Phoen. 651, Tcfiv Kaspcfmv Baoaleiwv xepa.vvcu9e'v-
-rmv moods mspi. 1-0135‘ 1-ciovas‘ ¢vci.s e'.=<ci)lv|,lrev ari-rciv [SC. Alidvvcrov], from
the Alexandrine geographer Mnaseas).
13. Mmbv regularly introduces the starting-point of a journey (cf. 661),

1 Cf. now Ieanmaire, Dionysos, 343 f.

2 Prato’s attempt (Maia, ix, 1957) to show that Euripides admitted
anapaests elsewhere than in the first foot of the trimeter does not carry
conviction.
 LINES 6-22 65
and Dion.’s starting-point was Phrygia and Lydia (55, 86, 234,
462 ff., cf. Introd., p. xx), so we must construe only -yous with
)u.m.5v and take the other accusatives with e’m:A0o5v: 6’ in 14 then
links -rrfiuixas with Tefxq, &c. [Christus Patiens 1588 (not 1583)
reproduces the line without this 9’, and its omission would, as Paley
says, ‘make the sense plainer to readers of Greek who are not Greeks’;
it appears, however, in Strabo’s two quotations of the passage.]
1-rokuxpéaoug refers to the proverbial wealth of Lydia, and especially
to the gold-dust found in the sands of the Pactolus, cf. 154 n., IA.
786 oi nohixpvooa /1v3cuf, Archilochus fl‘. 25 of)‘ pot -rd. 1'15)/ecu -roii 1'ror\v-
xpdoov péket. [Elmsley’s -rods for -rag is universally accepted. But
it is a little odd that the same mistake occurs Hel. 89, and odder
that Strabo twice quotes the present line with -rcis, as does Lydus also
(Mag. 3. 58). Eur. has a liking for unusual forms: did he here use
the by-form yfiq, attested by Hesychius and Etym. Magn. s.v.?]
14-. n-luinas: here upland plains, plateaux (cf. 307, 718 f., and Ion 1267
Hapvaooii whines); Persia is high country, as fifth-century Greeks
must have known.
15. 'reix'r| : walled towns. Soaxqiov : either ‘bleak’, in reference to the
climate, which Strabo says is cold (11. I3. 7); or, more generally,
‘grim’, ‘sinister’.
16. Apufilav efifiaipovat ‘rich Arabia’, presumably from its wealth of
spices (Hdt. 3. 107). The epithet, like the others, is decorative, not
distinguishing: there is no contrast with the Arabian desert such as
is implied in the later term Arabia Felix. Herodotus saw the G-reek
Dionysus in the Arabian god Orotalt (3. 8).
17. Aaiav, in the restricted sense of western Asia Minor, as the context
shows. Eur. represents it as already colonized by Greeks in the
days of Cadmus ; tragedy is generally indifferent to this sort of ana-
chronism.
19. nuhhlnupydafoug 2 neologism for xahhwfipyovs (infra I202). It is in
form a passive verbal adjective, though there is no verb :<a)\)\:.-
wrvpydwt Cf. xpvcrox6)U\'q1'os beside xpvodxohhos, efixfixhwros beside
e1'2':cvx)los‘, and other examples quoted by Wilamowitz on Her. 290.
20- 22. With this text we must, I think, translate ‘I came to this city of
Greeks first when (i.e. only when) I had set Asia dancing (xopefioas
causative, as at Her. 871) and established there my mysteries, that
I might be manifest to mankind as god’. (S0 Verrall, Baeehamts of
Eur. 32, n. 1, except that he somewhat awkwardly keeps Kdxct
[MSS.] as ‘even in Asia’.) Dion. explains why he comes so late to
his native Thebes: his mission is to all mankind, and he began it
among the Bcipfiapot, passing then to the mixed populations of the
Asiatic coast (18), and last of all to Greece. The common rendering
of 20, ‘I came to this city first in Greece’, (a) leaves the following
participles as a weak tail dangling from the sentence, (b) makes 23
4003 .9 F
66 COMMENTARY
a repetition of 20 ; we might also expect 'rrpa'rr17v (Cobet), though the
distinction between adj. and adv. is not invariably maintained.
[But even on the view suggested above the balance of the sentence is
poor (Kitto, C.R. lx [1946], 65), and there is good reason to doubt
whether Wilamowitz’s -rcixei‘ is the right way out of the difficulty.
Keeping xcixci, one might with Paley suppose a line lost after 22,
containing a statement of the god’s design for Greece; but I now
incline to prefer (with Campbell, C.Q. xlix [I956], 56) Pierson’s
remedy of putting 20 after 22. Paley objected that this brought two
tautologous lines together; but the tautology vanishes if at the end
of 20 we read x9o‘va. (Chr. Pat.) in place of -n'ci)\w (L P), which could
easily have come in by assimilation to the end of 19.1 The sequence
of thought is then natural: ‘I converted the eastern lands before
coming to Greek soil (-r-rjv3e . . . ‘E/Vtvjvwv xddva). And on Greek soil
my first convert was Thebes.’ If this is right, the corruption is an old
one; for the author of the Christus Patiens would seem to have
found the lines in the same order in which they stand in L P.]
23. [-r'F|0'§e should perhaps be -rdafie (Pierson), ‘Thebes here’. Murray
suggests altering to 1n'p(.61"qv 8% @'rjB17v 1--:jv8e (Thebe being the
eponymous nymph of Thebes), presumably to provide a personal
object for civtohdhv-fa: but cf. Eur. El. 691 6/\o)\d§c-rm. -rrfiv 8<I>,u.a,
Her. I085 ci.v' ab’ Baxxefioea. .Ko.3,uefcuv wrrihv. With xporis and xefpo.
the reader naturally, after dvwhdhvga, supplies 1'6'>v -yvvau<¢I:v.]
24-. &vu)\6)\u§c|.: ‘I stirred to women’s cries’, roused Thebes to the joy-
cry ‘ololu’ (for the causative force of tivcr cf. ci'va.Bc|.rcxe:ie:.v, Her. 1085,
Or. 338). The 6AOAU']/1) is the women’s ritual cry of triumph or
thanksgiving. [qbwvfi 7/vvaucdbv 1'iv 1ror.o6v1'cu. eiv -rofs icpois etixdpevar,
Etym. Magn. s.v., cf. Pollux 1. 28, Eust. on Od. 4. 767. 6AoAv-yfi
is first mentioned in connexion with the worship of Athena, IZ. 6.
301. For its use in orgiastic cults, cf. Menander fr. 326 Kock ; in cult of
Cybele, Lucian, Tragodopod. 30 ff., Antk. Pal. 6. 173; of Dionysus,
Lucian, Dion. 4 af ,uu.wd3€s' oriv dflohvyfi eive-rr'rj31)o'o.v aaivroifs, and the
ululatus of the Italian bacchanals, Livy 39. 10.] vefipifia : see 111 n.
25. On the thyrsus see 113 n., on the ritual use of ivy 81 n. |<i.o'o'l.vov
Béhog, ‘my ivied javelin’ (Murray). This is no mere metaphor: the
thyrsus is actually used as a missile (762, 1099). Cf. Ion 217 where
Dion. slays a giant ti-:ro)lé‘juo:0:. moafvotoa. Bcimrpocs. The thyrsus was
formed by inserting a bunch of ivy leaves in the hollow tip of a
fennel-rod (176 n., 1054*5 n.). [MSS. have ,ue‘/\0s', but B and ,u. are
notoriously similar in many minuscule hands.]
26. [I should keep -fima-r’ éxpfiv (I. P), since it seems pretty clear that

1 One must admit, however, that xddva could no less easily be the
result of adaptation to the context in the Chr. Pat. (V. Longo, Antiqui-
Ms. 1 [I946]. 43)-
 LINES 20-36 67
Eur. used éxp-Fjv as well as xpfiv. Cf. Platnauer, C .R. lvi (1942), 4 f.,
Harrison, ibid. 6 f., and infra, line 964.]
28. vupdaeufletauv: ‘made a woman’, a euphemism for seduced , cf.
Ion 1371.
29. ‘Fathered on Zeus her maidenhood’s mischance’ (Sandys). For
the (unusual) word-order cf. Eur. El. 368 ai qflfiaeas Bpo-rd‘>v, IA. 72
6 p.66os 2":lp'j/eciwv, and Denniston—Page on Aesch. Ag. 637.
30. l(6.8pou ooejaiopufl’ : accus. in apposition to the sentence Ee,u.e’/\-qv . . .
dvaqbépetv: Semele’s sisters uncharitably thought that the story of
her mating with Zeus was invented by Cadmus to screen her lapse
from virtue. [The words have sometimes actually been taken
as in apposition to §q$a.0'Kov, as if Cadmus were the author of the
idea that Semele was seduced by a mortal (so, most surprisingly,
Wilamowitz in his translation, followed by Deichgraber, Hermes
lxx. 327, and apparently by Kitto, Greek Tragedy, 375). This is
manifestly wrong, as appears from line 10, and still more from
333-6-1
31. é§e|<uuxG:v9’: ‘they published gloatingly’ (&'-rr. he-'y.): the term ex-
presses the malicious triumph of the sisters. K£I.Ux£i0p.O.l. and its cog-
nates occur in comedy, but are elsewhere avoided by the tragedians.
32-33. vw ab-rés : ‘those same sisters’ : their alle 8 ation that Semele was
punished brought punishment on themselves. iipos: Cithaeron
(62), which lies about 8 miles from Thebes. It is still thickly wooded
with silver firs (the e’/\ci'ru.:. of 38), whence its modern name ’.E)\o.'rf.
The summit is rocky.
34. alceufiv . . . épyiwv épév : ‘the livery of my service’. rip’)/I.a.,'fI'0II1 same
root as Ep-yov, are properly ‘things done’ in a religious sense (cf.
Epfietv, to sacrifice), the actions of a religious ritual: H. Dem. 473 if.
1) Se’ . . . 3ci.’§£ : . . 3p'r;op.oo':.iv17v 9' iepciiv Kai. £"rre‘qf>pa5ev dpyia rrfiot.
Custom restricted the application of the word mainly to the private
rites of the mystery cults (see L.S.° s.v.), more especially those of
Dion. (dpyta rd uvarripaa, Kvpicus 5e’ rd Ar.0vvo'r.a.Kci, Etym. Magn. 629).
The modern sense of ‘orgies’ derives from the Hellenistic and Roman
conception of the nature of Dionysiac religion: it must not be
imported into the Bacchae.
35-36. With this punctuation docu. 'yvvai'Kes fiaav is purely tautologous
after -adv -rd Bfihv o-rre‘p,u.a., like yvvaafii. 917)le[o.r.s 01'. I205. It cannot
limit the meaning of -rd Gfihv o'rre‘pp.0. by excluding the unmarried, for
-napfiévm. are included, 694; nor by excluding children (Musgrave,
&c.), for ‘J/UV?) does not mean a grown woman in contrast with a
girl. Tautology can be avoided by putting the comma after O"rre‘pp.a.
(H. VOn Arnim, Bruhn): Kadpeiwv 600.; 'yvva.E‘Ke5' fioav then limits the
meaning by excluding slaves. But the repetition may be designed
to emphasize the exclusion of men: this is a point of importance
in the drama—-—cf. Pentheus’ unjust suspicions, 223, 354, and their
68 COMMENTARY
refutation, 686. Eur.’s usage, however, favours Arnim: he dislikes
a strong pause before the last iambus (Wilamowitz on Her. 280).
37. ‘With the daughters of Cadmus amongst them’: in the Dionysiac
worship gentle and simple mix without distinction. Wilamowitz
took avapeperypévar. tomean ‘in disorder’, comparing Soph. El. 715
67.1.05’ 8% 1rci.v1'€$‘ dvapepezypévot, Wl'1iCh describes drivers. ‘bunched
together’ at the start of a chariot race. But 693 Baily.’ i3si.’v €1iK0crp.ia9
is against this, and the Sophocles passage strongly suggests that
67.1.03 coheres With ci.vap.eper.-yp.e'vat (Cf. I8 p.|.'ya'o-r.v 57406), instead Of
governing arawiv as on Wilamowitz’s view it must do.
38. £wop6¢|>org 11'é1'pq.I.92 in contrast with overhanging-rocks or caves
(Philoctetes’ cave is called a -nérpa, Soph. Phil. 16, 272: cf. also IZ.
4. 107). For the local dat. cf. Eur. El. 315 apdvtfip K(£61]T(I.l.Z it is quite
needless to alter to accusatives (Elmsley, Bruhn).
40. 6.1'£7\e01'0v ofiaav: best taken as equivalent toan object clause after
éKp.fl0€fv, ‘this town must learn its lesson to the end (éx-), that it
has still to gain the blessing of my worship’. Elmsley and Bruhn,
objecting that Thebes knows this already, would take the participle
as causal and understand -rd. Epci. ,3aKxe1ip.a'ra as Obj. Of |iK'p.a9e€v2
but this is less natural. The god implies that the Th.ebans must
learn to the full, suo eum malo, what it means to neglect something
profound and holy.
43-44. Kafipog pév prepares us for a Hevtkfis Se’, which is, however, re-
placed by 6s (45). oiiv, resumptive, bringing us back to the past
after lines 39-42 which hint at the future. 8i8m<n: ‘has given’, cf.
213 n. ~
45. Beopaxei -ra no-r’ épé : ‘opens war on deity in my person’. The rather
rare verb Heopaxefv is twice again used (325, 1255) of Pentheus’ hope-
less struggle against Dion. It has the same implication of a hopeless
resistance to overwhelming power at IA. 1408 -rd Oeoaaxeiv -yap
6.1-rohm-r0iJ'o‘, 5 oov Kpa-ref, I e'§er\0-yicrw rd. xpqora 'rciva'yKai."ci. -re, and
Menander fr. 187 Kock, while at Xen. Oee. 16. 3 it is used of a futile
struggle against nature. The author of Acts may have had echoes
of the Bacchae in his head when he wrote ci 8% e’K @606 écmv, 06
Svwjoeode Ka1-ailfioaa afi~r0:5s' ,u.1j»n-01': Kai. Heopdxot eliped-r'j're (5. 39): he
had probably read the play (see on 443-8 and 795)}
49. 1-&v0év8e, used by a sort of attraction for -rd €v6c£8e, under the influ-
ence of the associated idea of motion which is already implied in
e’; 4'/\.\1;v X961-'a. The idiom is common even in prose, e.g. Plato,
A1501. 40 C p.e'ra,3o)\1‘; Kai. ,u.e~r0fK'qcrl.s T06 T6-rrov rofi €vHe'v3e sis 6.‘/\Aov
-r61-rov (Kiihner-Gerth i, § 448, n. 1).——According to ‘Apollodorus’

1 The history of the word and the idea has been traced by ]. C.
Kamerbeek, ‘On the conception of 960p.d.xO5‘ in relation to Greek
Tragedy’, Mnemos.'1,948, 271 ff.
 LINES 35-54 69
(3. 5. 2), Dion. went on from Thebes to Argos, where he was again
opposed and again cursed the women with madness.
52. §uv&\|Jm, sc. pcixqv (as Hdt. 4. 80, Ar. Aeh. 686), ‘I shall engage them’.
patvaol. with o1'p<I.1'1'|Aa1'c'Bv(Cf. E111‘. El. 321, 917) 2 like 'rjr'yei.’o-Hat and other
verbs of leadership, cm-par1;)\a-reiv is used either with the gen. (stressing
the office) or with the dat. (stressing the physical act of leading).—
Pentheus does not in fact attempt to recover the women by force,
though he is on the point of doing so (784, 809, 845) ; so that the god’s
threat is never carried out. Bruhn saw evidence here that Eur.
left the play unrevised at his death, arguing that when he wrote
the prologue he intended to follow a version which involved a fight,
but later changed his mind. Such a version appears in fourth-
century vase-paintings, and may be older (see Introd., p. xxxv).
But Bruhn’s inference is unjustified. It is an old trick of Eur. to
reserve a surprise for his audience by using a little judicious suggestio
falsi in the prologue (Dalmeyda, R.E.G. xxviii [191 5], 43 ff. ; Zielinski,
Tragodoumena Lib. I). [Thus Ion 71 f. suggests a course of events
which is quite different from the course they take in the play but
may correspond to the version followed in the Creusa of Sophocles.
A similar device appears to be used in the prologues of the Hipp.
(where I believe line 42 to be sound) and the Medea (where again
line 42 is, I think, genuine in substance, though the passage seems
to have been garbled by actors). So too in the prologue to the
Suppliants (25 f.) Eur. carefully keeps open the question whether
the settlement with the Argives will be achieved by persuasion, as
in the Eleusinians of Aeschylus, or by force of arms. The point
is interesting, since it shows that the element of surprise had more
importance in Greek stage-craft than modern critics usually allow.]
53-54. Hermann found the tautology ‘putida’. Sandys offers the triple
defence that ,u.e-ré,8aAov sis‘ clears up the ambiguity of cikhdgag (which
can mean ‘change to’ or ‘change from’, like Lat. muto) ; that ci.v3p65‘
makes more precise the vague Hm;-rdv; and that this ‘parallelism of
sense’ at the end of the monologue has the same rhetorical effective-
ness as the ‘parallelism of sound’ at the end of Shakespeare’s
speeches, which often close with a rhyming couplet. But there is
also a good practical reason for the repetition, in the necessity of
making it quite clear to the audience that the speaker, whom they
accept as a god, will be accepted as a man by the people on the
stage. [This motive might of course have led an actor to interpolate
the lines, as Bernhardy thought; and the rather clumsy repetition
of div ofivex’ from 47, where it is more clearly appropriate, lends some
colour to his suspicion, though it is hardly decisive. Hermann tried
to palliate the tautology by reading e’-yof» for Exw and omitting -r’,
Bothe by reading Befov for 6w;-révz but these half-measures do not
convince. 9w;-rév is supported by Chr. Pat. 1512 rfiv o1ivcK’ ¢E8os
70 COMMENTARY
1rpocr)\a,3<iJv 9v171-(iv q5e'per.s.] dhitdfias Ext»: the so-called ‘schema
Sophocleum’, common also in Eur., originally developed from phrases
like Aafltbv Exw ‘I have taken and keep’, but in Herodotus and
tragedy often practically equivalent to an English perfect (Goodwin,
M. and T., § 47).
55-61. The god addresses himself to the Chorus. They give no sign of
having heard his words, and probably they are not meant to hear
them, for e’,aa1 (59) comes too near giving away his identity; but they
may nevertheless, as if in response to his will, begin at this point
to file into the orchestra through one of the side passages (1r¢f.p050:.).
The device of making the prologist introduce the Chorus to the
audience is characteristic Euripidean technique: cf. Cyel. 36 ff.,
Hipp. 54 ff., Supp. 8 ff., IT. 63 f., Or. 132. Eur. usually takes this
or some other opportunity to motive his Chorus’s presence: e.g. in
his Philoctetes he made the Chorus of Lemnians begin with an apology
for not having called on Philoctetes sooner, whereas in Aeschylus’
play on the same subject no explanations were offered (D'io Chrys.
52- 1)-
55. Tpfinlkov: Mount Tmolus (mod. Musa Dagh), the great ridge which
forms the backbone of Lydia and dominates Sardis (463) and the
basins of the Hermus and the Cayster. It is a holy mountain
(65, Aesch. Pers. 49), i.e. the Lydian bacchants practised their
dpuflaaia on its heights, as do the bacchants in Nonnus (40. 273);
it is in this sense that H. Orph. 49. 6 calls it Kaadv ./.lv3oi.‘o:. Bdaopa.
Its lower slopes were famous for their vineyards (Virg. Georg. 2. 98,
Ov. Met. 6. I5).
56-57. Oiaaos épés, yuvatnes: ‘my sisterhood of worshippers’. Giaaos
is a word of quite uncertain etymology, perhaps pre-Greek. It could
be applied to any religious confraternity which existed for the
purpose of private as distinct from civic worship (e.g. there were
0l.G.O'(I)T0.!. of Aphrodite at the Peiraeus); but it describes especially
the characteristic unit of organization of Dionysiac religion, cf.
680 n. 1-rapé8p0us nai. §uve|.|.1r6pous2 ‘comrades in rest and march’
(Sandys).
58. -rréker, here not in the literal but in the social sense, and so =
‘country’; Eur. applies the term to Euboea (Ion 294) and even to
the Peloponnese (fr. 730).
59. -nip-rrava: ‘tambourines’ or ‘kettledrums’. The 1-Jju.-rravov consisted of
a wooden hoop covered on one side with hide (124 flvpodrovov
miKAw,aa); sometimes it had pairs of small cymbals fastened round
the rim, like the ‘jingles’ on a modern tambourine. It is, with the
flute, the characteristic instrument of the orgiastic cults (on the
reason for this see A. E. Crawley, Dress, Drink and Drums, 248 ff.);
hence it is ‘the invention of Dionysus and Rhea (= Cybele)’: cf.
120-34 n. [Similarly in fr. 586 Eur. speaks of Dion. 6s 4.’ "I8av I
 LINES 53-61 71
're'p-:rr£1'a.:. adv pa.-rpi. qiffiq. I 1-v,u.1r¢i.vcu.v 5,11’, Zaxais‘. F01’ its L156 in the cult
Of the ‘Great Mother’ Cf. Pindar fl’. 61 o'e,u.v@ pév xarcipxea I p.o.-rip:
1rci.p p.e-yci/\q. fidpfioz 1'v1rci.vwv, Diog. Ath. Trag. fl’. I, Catull. 63. IO; in
the related Thracian cult of Cotyto, Aesch. fr. 57, where its music
is compared to the rumbling of an earthquake; in the cult of
Sabazius at A.thens, Dem. de cor. 284; in various orgiastic women’s
rites at Athens, Ar. Lys. I-3, 388. The tympanum seems to have
had no place in the oflicial Athenian worship of Dion., which was
not orgiastic. In Attic vase-paintings of maenads it becomes
common only with the vogue of oriental cults at Athens late in the
fifth century, and it is always associated with the wilder sort of
dances (Frickenhaus, Lendenvasen, I6; L. B. Lawler in Memoirs
Amer. Acad. Rome, vi [I927], 107 f.).]
[Where the metre requires it, a short final syllable is lengthened
in tragedy before initial 5 (which was originally a double sound),
e.g. Aesch. PV. 1023 pa’-ya fiéxos; and it is quite possible that here
Eur. wrote not 1-fipwévd 76- but 1-{in-dvé 5- (cf. Hel. I347 and Housman
in P. Oxy. vol. xiii, p. 43). There are, however, instances in ‘tragedy
of a vowel remaining short before initial ,6-, e.g. PV. 713 and 992,
Ba. I28 (lyr.) and I338 (where see note).]
61. (ins épq. final subjunctive, ‘that the people of Cadmus may come
and see’.

Parodos (64-169)
This falls into three parts. (1) 64-71 are a prelude (wpoofpiov),
which announces the following hymn and links it to the prologue
but is not itself part of the hymn: hence it is quite properly astrophic
(cf. Med. 131 ff., Hel. 164 ff.), and strophic correspondence should
not be forced upon it by altering the text. It is sung as the Chorus
enter the orchestra, and thus constitutes the -n-c£po8og in the narrower
sense of the term. Murray divides it between two solo voices, but
there is no proof of this. (2) 72-134, two pairs of strophes, forming
the body of the hymn. (3) 135—69, a long epode, so long that it may
almost be considered a second hymn without strophic correspon-
dence. As Kranz notes (Stasimon, 240), such lengthy epodes are
characteristic of Eur.’s last period (cf. e.g. IA. 277 ff., 773 ff.).
Both in form and in content the ode seems to be fairly closely
modelled on an actual cult hymn Deichgraber, Hermes, lxx.
323 ff.). This is a return to the oldest dramatic practice: cf. the
statement attributed to Aristotle (Them. Or. I6. 3161)) that T6 ,u.év
-zrpcfrrov d xopds‘ eicraciw 58¢» sis -rods 9:065‘, and Prof. E. Fraenkel in
Philologus, lxxxvi. 3 ff. The Chorus themselves emphasize the point :
they use a formula which must be designed to give the illusion of
a religious procession (68-70), and announce that they are about to
sing ‘the traditional things in honour of Dionysus’ (71). The hymn
72 COMMENTARY
is written mainly in a traditional cult metre (see below); it opens
with a traditional ‘beatitude’ (72-75 n.) ; it introduces ritual cries like
i"rc Bcixxcu, i."re Bcixxcu. (83, I52) and sis 5,009, sis 5,005‘ (II6, I65); and
there is a marked tendency to end on a nomen sacrum—7r Al.6VUO’OI-’
fipvfiaw, 82 Aluivuaov 9epa.1'rev'e:., 87 -rdv Bpcipaov, II9 Altovtiacy, I34
Aidvvaos. In content, it presents, as Zielinski has said (Neue jahrb.
1902, p. 646), the three essential elements of all religions—dogma
(a-rp. a’), myth (dv-r. a.’, ci.v'r. B’), and ritual (a-rp. B’, epode)- In keeping
with the eastern origin of the singers, the song has a vividly oriental
colouring. Asiatic associations are repeatedly stressed (64 f., 86,
127, I40, I44, 154, 159) ; the cult of Dion. is linked with those of Cybele
(78-79 n.) and the Cretan Zeus (120-34 n.); the myths are primitive
and barbarous; the ritual described is not Athenian, perhaps in
some of its details not Greek (Introd., p. xxii); and the singers
accompany their words with the wild eastern music of the kettle-
drum (58, I24). There is no reference to the Eleusinian Mysteries,
as Sandys and others have imagined.

Metre
flpooiplov and u-rp. +£w1-. a’: ionics a mifzore. This is the characteristic
metre of the Bacchae. Its use was doubtless traditional for Dionysiac
plays, since it is proper to Dionysiac cult-hymns: it appears in the
refrain of Philodamos’ Delphic hymn to Dion., and in the Iacchos-
hymn of the Frags (324 ff.). The standard line consists of two p.€"rpa
(65 and 69 have three), either
(a) ‘straight’ form, v u -- I v-»- - (Hor. Odes 3. I2 is composed
entirely in this form),

or (b) ‘anaclastic’ or broken form (anacreontics), u \J - kJ I - U - -- .

(b) yields a swifter and more emotional rhythm than (a). Both
forms are illustrated by Kipling’s line:
u —' — u ' \.2 —" -— \.2 u — \.2 — u — W
And the sunshine I and the palmtrees I and the tinkly I temple bells .
Variations include (1) ‘cataléxis’, suppressing the last syllable of
the second p.é-rpov and occasionally of the first (64 = v v — 7; I
v \-I — 7?); (2) ‘syncopation’, suppressing a short syllable within the
,u.£"rpov (71 = \-I v -— --I I —- - —- -—); (3) ‘resolution’ of either long into
two shorts (79 = -1 v -~ - I u v —— ——) ; (4) the reverse substitution
of a long for two shorts (81 = -- - I -.» -.» --).
[It is by no means certain that the opening lines of a-rp.—I—civ-r. a’ are
pure ionics. To make them scan as such Murray has to treat the
opening syllable :5 (= 6v) as extra metrum, and the final syllable of 74
(= 90) does not fit into the scheme. Schroeder and Wilamowitz.
arrange 72-77 = 88-93 like 105-Io, as choriambus—I—u -~ — or v - -- —
 PARODOS B
A. M. Dale (The Lyric Metres of Greek Drama, 121 f.) analyses them,
I think more naturally, as a mixture of ionic and aeolic lines.
0-rp. +6.v-r. I3’. In 105-10 = 120-5 the first element is a choriambus
- v U — (resolved in 107 = 122 into - v v vv) ; the second is either
an iambic p.éTpOv (109 = 124, with the last long resolved) or a
bacchius w—— (perhaps equivalent to a syncopated iambic p.é-rpov
v — - -). In the remainder, ionics (113-14) are mixed with glyconics
(see on stasimon 1, 402 ff., which for the beginner forms a better
introduction to this metre) and dactyls. The last-named describe
the rush of the dancers to the mountains (116-17); and in general
the excited and swiftly changing rhythms seem to reflect, as Deich—
graber observes, the Dionysiac unrest.

Scheme :
105, 120 - u -.» -- C - -- chor. +ba.
——-»\-1- C —— chor.—I—ba.
uuuuuu C -- chor.—I—ba.
-~ U \-I gag C - -—- Cl10I'. —I— ba.
—vv- C —- v - chor. +iamb.
110, 125 —- v u - C -- chor. +ba.
- — -— u u u glyC-
\- -1 - v v - u u —- P glyc. with trisyllabic close.
———- uu-— \.1\_:—— 31011.
uu--- \.:u-~—- \.1\.:----- 31Qn_
115, 130 \- --I - v -»- v u - P glyc. with trisyllabic close.
--uu --uu —\.:\.: ---7‘ 4d3,Ct,
—\-Iv —\-H-I 2 dact.
~..2- --ux./— u— glyg,
-- -wv—- — pher.

éwcgfifi. Metrically difficult. The rhythm of the opening lines is

so uncertain (see separate notes) that the beginner had better not
trouble with it. 144-53 are arranged by Murray as straight ionics
(catalexis 145, 151; syncopation 148-9; J» extra metrum, 152). Then
glyconic rhythms (154-6) lead over to the final breathless gallop of
paeons (—v uv) and dactyls in which the rush of the maenads is
described.

Scheme :
I35 --L1 uuuuuu —u\.:—\.1— Pgdochm,
-~»- v-»v— ? 2 cretics.
u\.:\.2-uuc.» —\_:\.:-—-—- Pgd()(;h[n_
-u uu --uu --uu --\.:\.: Sdact,
74 COMMENTARY
140 uuuu uuuu -uu —— —uu --7Q’ Pfidact,
—— P exclam. extra
metmm
--vv -vv -- '—- —-H.» ———- 6dact.
—vO P cretic (anceps).
vv——- vv-—- 21on._,
145 vv—-- vv-7: 2ion. >-
—-— vv—- 2ion.
—----- vv--- 2ion.
C —- -v—- 2ion.
C —~-- '-M-»—— 2ion.
C —— vv-—- 2ion.
I50 \.Ju--uu u\.1—- uu—- 3iQn,
u\.;—— uu--uu \.2\.2—-7Q 3i0n_
— v--»——~—- adoneus.
\-»v—- ion.
~—-— -\-»v- \-»- glyc.
155 —vv—- --U-—— chor.-I—ion. (or
pher.)
uvu --u\.:- \...1-- glyC_
-vvv --vvv —--v -vv 2pae.+2dact.
--uu -uu -uu --uu 4da_ct__
160 —-\J\.2\.2 -uuu Q1333,
\.J\..)\.)\.J\..)\.) —uuu—-uuv t1‘,-|—2p3_e_
I65 --uu —-uu --uu -—u\.: 4d3_Ct_
—uv —uu —\.:\.: —u\..: 4da,(;t,
—(.;u --uu --vu ---- --uv ---- fidact,

65-67. ‘I am swift in my sweet labours for the Roaring God, work that
is l0ve’s work, crying “euhoi” to the Lord of Bacchanals.' 1'r6vov
internal accus. with Qodfiw. That the humblest or most toilsome
work, when performed in God’s service, is transfigured by the
blessing which rests upon it, is a standing paradox of the religious
consciousness: so Ion sweeping the temple steps sings xheivds 8‘ 6
1-:61-09 1.1.0:. I 960301. 801i)lav Xép' exav I oil Gvaroig, dim’ ciaavci-r0r.g' I 615436-
,u.ov5- 3% 11-dvovs‘ I pzoxfilefv ofix cirrorcripvw (I011 I31 ff.), and Cf. the phrase
of the English Prayer-book, ‘whose service is perfect freedom‘
(Silenus, of course, feels otherwise, Cycl. 1.) But perhaps there is
in addition a hint here of the easy power which is the especial gift
of Dion. (cf. 194 n.). Bp6|.|.l.05, from .\/I8p€'7u.w, a very common title
of Dion. in poetry. Diod. (4. 5. 1) explains it 6.-.-1-6 1-06 Ka.-rd. -r1‘;v
yévcacv aziroii ycvopévov Bpcipou (thunder). But Dion. is himself B.
‘Roarer’, as bull-god, lion-god, earthquake-god (hence he is e'pi-
Bpopos H. Hymn 7. 56, etc., éptfidas Pind. fr. 63. 10); and his
kettledrums roar too (156. Anth. Pal. 6. 165. 5). Bdlcxtos, adj.
 LINES 65-75 I 75
of Bcixxos, and commoner in our play than Bdxxos as a title of
the god.
68-70. Those who are in the street (6843) are to make way for the pro-
cession (E.~<—ro-.-:-os E01-w); all, including those indoors (pekciflpoig), are
to ‘hush their tongues to reverence’, lit. ‘let every man make
himself completely (é§-) holy in respect of a mouth that speaks
no unlucky word (€tii¢11)p.0v predicative)’. This is the customary
prelude to a ritual act (religious procession, Eur. fr. 773. 66 ff., Aesch.
Eum. 1035; offering of xoai, Eur. IT. 123; sacrifice, Ar. Aeh. 239 ff.;
Dionysiac dance, Semos ap. Athen. 622 B—C) ; Aristophanes parodies
it, Frogs 354 ff., e1i¢17p.efv xpr) mi.§fo'1'aa9a|. 'r0i.‘5' fiperépotot xopofcnv, :<'r)\_.
[Elmsley suggested punctuating -rig 684') -rig 68:53; wig; irehéflpog
Em-01-ros~ Em-w (‘let him be withdrawn in his house’), and several edd.
adopt this. It no doubt makes the sequence of question and injunc-
tion more logical. But (a) the third -rig standing by itself seems to me
unlikely after the reduplicated ritual cry; (b) the citizens are not
prohibited from watching, as this reading would suggest--they are
meant to watch (6I).1—The proposal to write 1-lg is not, I think,
justified by the passages quoted in Murray’s critical note (cf. ]ebb
on Traeh. 865, Gildersleeve on Pyth. Io. 4).]
71. aiei with voptofiévra: Cf. 201. [A I6_vfi'o-6v tiirvifo-5 (two ionic ,ue'1-pa.
with anaclasis and syncopation) presents no metrical difficulty except
on the mistaken theory that it must correspond to 67 -xtov e:3a§0péva.]
7 2-7 5. ‘O blessed is he who, by happy favour knowing the sacraments
of the gods, leads the life of holy service and is inwardly a member
of God’s company.’ Such formulas of beatitude are traditional in
Greek poetry (cf. B. Snell, Hermes, lxvi [1931], 75), e.g. Alcman,
Maidensong, 2 6 8’ 6'/\BLo5' darts cfirfipwv I ¢ip.e'pav 31.0.-:1-)\e':<cr. I <i.'m\a.u1'os.
But they have a deeper meaning in the language of the mystery
cults: thus the Hymn to Demeter says of the Eleusinian Mysteries
dhfltog 65- 1-ci3' orrw-rrcv é-m.xt9oviwv civfipufi-rrwv (480); Pindar (fr. I21
Bowra.) dhfitos 50-res i8r.i.»v Kcfv’ eicr’ 611-6 x96v" I oifie pev Biov -relcv-rtiv, I
03561» 5% 51.6050-rov cipxciv: Sophocles (fr. 83'] Pearson) cos; -rpwdhflzoa I
xcfvot Bpordiiv oi‘. rafira. Bepxdévrcg -re’)-:7 I p.6)lw0' es 'Ar.50v' 'r0i'o'3e -yap
Pers.; éeet I Z;-ijv Earn. The present passage, like these, bases the
promise of happiness on a religious experience, but its promise,
unlike theirs, is for this world, not for the next—-the happiness
which Dion. gives is here and now. |.l.c'|.Kap describes this happiness
from the point of view of an observer; efifiaipuv (one of the key-
words of the play) gives it from the experient’s point of view, and
suggests the reason for it (‘having a good 8mf7.rwv’): cf. 910 f. 61-41
Bio-ros I efifiaipwv, ;.ta:<a_m.’§w. -reherfis, a word originally appli-
cable to many sorts of ritual (e.g. Pindar calls the Olympic games

1 Cf. now Festugiere, Mus. Helv. ix (1952), 244.

76 COMMENTARY
a -rails-r-vi), but from the later fifth century onwards used chiefly of
the rites practised in the mystery cults. It does not always mean
‘initiations’: initiation can happen only once, but the Setatsaipwv
of Theophrastus goes to the ’OpqSe01-e)\ea1-a.l every month 1-c/\eo'91)0'ci-
paves. Cf. Kern, Religion d. Grieehen, ii. 187 f., Nock, Conversion, 29,
and C. Zijderveld’s Te-he-nj. eifidas: the mystery cults offered their
adepts a supposedly potent kind of knowledge, from which the
profane were excluded; cf. 472-4, Rhea. 973 O'€pl.v(l§ 1'0fo'|.v eZ86cn.v Beds,
Bowra, Class. Phil. xxxii (I937), I09 f. BLOTCII-V c'|.Y|.0're6e|. refers to
outward ritual observance (cf. 1-as daiovg ci.'y|.01'eia.5‘ of the Eleusinian
initiates, ps.-Plat. Axioehus 371 D); Buaoefie-rat llluxdv to the inward
feeling of unity with the Qiaaos and through it with the god (Verrall’s
‘congregationalises his soul’ is the nearest English equivalent):
such merging of individual consciousness in group consciousness
is the attraction and the danger of all religion of the Dionysiac
type.1
76. ¢':ipeo'0'l2 this Homeric dative ending (required here by the metre) is
admitted by Eur. at least five times in lyrics and perhaps once in
dialogue (Ale. 756).
77. |<a6a.pp.0'i0w: ritual (not moral) ‘purifications’. This side of Diony-
siac religion was especially exploited by Orphism, but we need not
see a reference to Orphism here (or anywhere in the play): Plato
associated Dionysiac dances with xaaappofig 1': KG-l. ‘re/\e1'cig flvas
(Laws 815 C); Varro says that ‘Liberi patris sacra ad purgationem
animae pertinebant’ (Servius on Virg. Georg. 1. 166).
78-79. It is surprising to find the 6'pj/ta of Dion. so intimately asso-
ciated, if not identified, with those of the Asiatic Cybele, whose cult
was first introduced to Greece in the fifth century. [The explanation
seems to be that from very early times a Divine Mother and a Divine
Son were worshipped with dances and dpeifiaala under different
names on different Asiatic and Cretan mountains: the Mother was
in Asia Minor Kubele or Dindymene or Zemelo, in Crete Rhea (cf.
Farnell, Cults, iii, chap. vi); the son was Sabazios or Bakkos or
Diounsis or the Cretan ‘Zeus’. The Greeks early adopted the Cretan
Rhea (whom in cult they usually called 17 M171--qp rciiv Beéiv, or simply
1) M15-mp), and also the Phrygian Dionysus; but these two, being
of different local origin, were not regarded as a mother-and-son pair,
and their cults and myths remained unconnected. But in the fifth
century Asiatic immigrants brought the divine pair afresh to Greece
under the names of Cybele and Sabazius, and embraced them in
a COI1’1l'1'l0I'1 cult (Cf. Strabo IO. 3. I8 1'a.fi1'a. -ycip 6'01": crafidlgta. Kai ;.r'r]1'pq'Ja,
of the rites described in the de corona). Rhea’s essential identity

1 On the whole passage see now Festugiere’s detailed study, Eronos,

54 (I956). 12 ff-
 LINES 72-85 77
with the Asiatic Mother was then perceived (see on 120-34); and
Dionysus, if not identified until later with Sabazius, was yet felt
to be ‘in a sense the Son of the Mother’, as Strabo says of Sabazius
(10. 3. 15), and as the similarity of his ritual showed. It is as the Son
of the Mother that Eur. speaks of him in fr. 586, Awvdaov . . . 6: civ’
"I3a.v I 1'e'p-rre1'a.t cniv ,u.a'rpi. qiila I ‘rug/rra'.vwv érr’ iaxafs, and that old
relationship underlies the linking of his cult with hers both here and
at Hel. 1364 f. The cult of the Thracian Dionysus seems to have been
similarly linked with that of the Thracian goddess Cotyto in the
Edoni of Aesch. (fr. 57). But Greek myth, in making Semele a
Theban princess, had given him a human mother ; and Greek mytho-
graphers made shift to clear up the resulting confusion either by
distinguishing Dionysus son of Semele from Dionysus Sabazius
(Diod. 4. 4, Cic. N.D. 3. 23) or, as Eur. does here, 130 ff., by making
the Theban Dionysus borrow his rites and his music from Rhea-
Cybele ([Apollod.] Bibl. 3. 5. 1, Sch. Ven. on IZ. 6. 132).]
80. Tmesis for dvanvciaawv, purposely paralleled by a similar tmesis
at the same point in the antistrophe. The thyrsus was swung high
in the dance 2 Cf. 553, fr. trag. adesp. 406 Qtipoov rivaaeiet Qcdiv, and the
epithet Hvpaortvcixr-pg.
81. Cf. 177. Ivy-crowned maenads may be seen on many vases. The
ivy was used not merely, as Plutarch (Q. Conv. 3. 2) and Sandys sup-
pose, as a handy winter substitute for vine leaves or to cool the
fevered brow of the drinker, but because in its evergreen vitality
it typifies the victory of vegetation over its enemy the winter, as
do also the pi/\a§ (108) and the fir (110). That is why Chaeremon
(fr. 5) called it évmv-roii amfs. That it was thought of as a vehicle
of the god himself seems to be implied by the worship of Dion. as
‘Ivy-lord’ (Kwads) at Acharnae (Paus. 1. 31. 6) and by the rending
and chewing (0'1'rG.pa'yp6S‘ and ¢bp.0qSayi'a) of the ivy still practised
in Plutarch’s day Rom. 112, .291 A); cf. Soph. Track. 218 riva-
-mpciaaet £750: 7;’ 6 moods. In any ‘case its place in Dionysiac ritual is
primitive, perhaps older than the place of the vine: Pliny notes the
persistence of its use among the primitive Thracian tribes—‘hedera
. . . Liberi patris, cuius dei et nunc adornat thyrsos (cf. 25) galeasque
ac scuta in Thraciae populis in sollemnibus sacris’ (NH 16. 144)
[The line is metrically sound: niece?» 1-E = 97 as read by Z ;(pfJ0"€'cTicrIv.
Hermann’s Kcrrci. maaqfi derives only weak support from the omission
of 1'6 in a citation by Strabo (10. 3. 13).]
84-. ea... Oeofi : for the emphatic collocation, ‘son God of God’, cf. Soph.
OT. 660 1'61! ardvrwv 95:31» 9:61» 1-rp6p.ov.
85. |<c|.1'<i.'y0u0c|.|.: ‘bringing home’. [The expression is perhaps connected
with the ritual of the Kwrayufiym, a Dionysiac festival celebrated in
.Ionia and, in later times at least, at Athens, which is thought to
have taken its name from the ‘bringing back’ of Dionysus as the
8 COMMENTARY
god of annual vegetation. Cf. Wiegand, Mi'let, vi. 23, No. 262, line 21
rofs 3% Karaywyiois xarciyetv -rciv Altcivvoov -row); iepefs xai -rcis iepeias
‘rot? Awvzicrov: Inschr. Priene I74, -rois Karaymyiotg :<a917-7/170-61-at (SC.
6 icpeuig) rdiv av)/xarayovrwv -rov Altdvvoovi Nilsson in Pauly—Wissowa
S.V. Karayuiyta. l
87. eilpuxopous dyutfist ‘spacious streets’. The phrase is _.traditional
(Pind. Pyth. 8. 55, oracle in Dem. Meid. 52), and Hellas is tradition-
ally eliprixopos (Il. 9. 478). The application of the word to countries
seems to show that even if it meant originally ‘wide enough for
dancing’ it was early connected with xciipos‘, not Xopds. The associa-
tion of Dion. with ciryvtai appears both in the oracle mentioned above
and in Soph. Ant. II35_ Q-qflatag e'1-rr.o:<01-r0|'3v1" ciyuuig.
88-98. Myth of the Double Birth. On the thunder-birth from Semele
see 6-12 n. The second birth from the thigh of Zeus is mentioned
by Hdt. (2. 146. 2), and occasionally depicted on vases and in other
works of art (Philippart, Iconographie des Ba. Nos. 21-22, 24-27, 30;
Heydemann, Berl. Winckelmannsprogamm 10, pp. 12 ff.; A. B. Cook,
Zeus, iii, 80 ff.). Arrian localizes it in Bithynia (F.H .G. 3. 592);
Theocritus (26. 33) on Drakanon (in Cos P), which had an old cult of
Dionysus (cf. H. Hymn 1. 1) doubtless derived from the Asiatic main-
land. Its origin and significance are an unsolved puzzle. [There is a
parallel Indian myth about Soma, a Vedic god who is the animating
principle of the- fermented drink of the same name : one of the oldest
upanishads, the Taittiriya, states that the gods took Soma and
put him (or it) into the right thigh of the supreme sky-god Indra
(A. Kuhn, Zeitschr. f. Vergl. Sprachforschung,-1851, cf. Gladys M. N.
Davies, The Asiatic Dionysos, 167). It looks from this as if the tale
in any case belonged to the common stock of Indo-European myths:
if so, it is illegitimate to found on it, as Miss Harrison and others
have done, inferences about early Greek society. It has in fact
a fairly close parallel as far afield as Southern Nigeria, where the
natives tell of magicians who cause a child to be brayed in a mor-
tar and made into soup, and subsequently produce him alive from
the right thigh of the man who has swallowed the soup (Amaury
Talbot, Life in Southern Nigeria, 72). Other stories of miraculous
births-not, however, rebirths-—from thigh or knee are quoted by
Cook, l.c. They may rest, as Prof. Onians suggests (Origins of
European Thought, 182 f.) on the belief that the marrow in the thigh-
bones or the fluid in the knee-cap was the stuff of life.]
88--92. ‘Whilst his mother was carrying him, the lightning of Zeus
took wing, and in forced pangs of labour she dropped him from her
womb untimely.’ Exouoa, ‘pregnant’, as Hdt. 5. 41. iv . . . civciynutot
not (as Sandys) with éxouaa, but, as Aoxiats Shows, with E-rexev.
1-r-rapévas . . . Bpovrfis is better taken as genitive absolute than as
dependent on ci.vti'yKat0't, which already has a dependent genitive in
 LINES as-104 79
o58t’vwv. Exflokov in the sense of the prose word éxfiéhqiosz cf.
L.S.' s.vv. ixfléhhw VI, exflohri IV.
94--95. Aoxioig . . . Baképazs : ‘in secret recesses of birth’, explained by
pqpo. [MSS. 9c|.)lcip.o|.s ‘chambers’, which might express the same
thing metaphorically, whereas 9e.Ad;1eu. is a technical term for cavities
in physiology. The rendering ‘in Semele’s bedroom’ is not only
unpoetic but false to the tradition: for the child was first washed
in the waters of Dirce (521 f.), then, as the vase-paintings show
(Philippart, Nos. 14-18), brought to Zeus by Athena or Hermes.—If
9a/\d;1atg is right, Aoxtotg here is hardly consistent with Aoxtats 89.
The adj. has three terminations elsewhere in Eur. (Supp. 958,
Ion 452, IT. 1097).]
98. kpurrrov c'|.¢' 'Hpo.s, Cf. H. Hymn I. 7 xptirrrwv Rev:-ccohevov '1-Ipqv. The
motive sounds like a Greek attempt to make sense of the old myth.
99. For the M01-.‘pa.t as Birth-goddesses cf. IT. 206 f., Pind. Ol. 6. 41 ff.,
Nem. 7. I; for Moipat réheoav, Pind. Islhm. 6. 46 p.0tpi3:.ov rehéaat.
The supernatural pregnancy completes its term, in contrast (marked
by the repetition of ii-rexev) with the premature birth from Semele.
100. ruupoxeptov. so Dion. is called Botixcpws" by Sophocles (fr. 959
Pearson) and -mvpwn-6; by Ion of Chios (fr. 9 Bergk). Hellenistic
and Roman art often depicts him in this way, as a young man with
bull's horns; but this tradition seems not to go back to the fifth cen-
tury (E. Thraemer in Roscher, Lea: Myth. i. 1149 ff., cf. Sandys‘, pp.
cxl ff.). On the significance of Dion.’s bull-nature see Introd., p. xviii.
101-4. A miniature example of an ‘aetiological myth’, or story of how
a custom began. In such cases the custom is commonly the source
of the. story, and not vice versa. Snake-handling was once really
practised in certain forms of Dionysiac cult (Dem. ole cor. 259,
Plut. Alex. 2), as it is today in the American ‘Holiness Church’
(see my Greeks and the Irrational, 275 f., and Guthrie, The Greeks and
their Gods, 148, n. 2); and the ‘snaky snood’ survived as a conven-
tional attribute of the maenads of fiction (Hor. Odes 2. 19. 19 ‘nodo
coerces viperino Bistonidum sine fraude crines’). It is nicely seen in
the beautiful vase-painting by Brygos at Munich, No. 2645 (Beazley,
A.R.V., p. 247. 14, Furtwangler-Reichhold, Taf. 49). Cf. also 695-
8 n., and Naevius, Lucurgus fr. 2 ‘iubatos angues inlaesae gerunt’.
Zvflev, ‘from which cause’, like 465 -.-r66ev ‘from what cause’. To take
it as equivalent to a partitive gen. (Wecklein) is to miss the aetio-
logical point. Eiypuv 91-|p0-rp6¢|0v: ‘their beast-brood spoil‘, i.e.
the snakes they have caught: the adj. is hardly more than a poetic
variant for 61;:pto58-q. [Gripe-rpdqlot, the reading of P, which probably
stood originally in L also, would apply quite well to the maenads as
‘beast-keepers’ ; but d’-ypav needs an adj. much more than p.cu.vci3€s.
Bvpaoqldpot, which some modern edd. have revived, is the worthless
guess of Triclinius.]
80 CO MME N TA RY
1 07. Bpfie-re, |3p\ile1'e : ‘abound, abound’, a word belonging to the language
of poetry and religion; for its use here cf. Ar. Frogs 328 ff. -rr0A:3-
KO.p1TOV 71%» rtvdaawv I rrepi. xpa.-ri. crcii Bptiovra I 0'rc'q$a.iw0v pziprwv, of the
garland worn by the poo-rat: Eubulus fr. 56 Ktaaoii mipa Bpfiovaav, of
a wine-cup: Bacchyl. 6. 8 f. Repetition of words is especially
characteristic of Eur.’s later lyric style (cf. Aristophanes’ parody,
Frogs 1352 ff., and Breitenbach, Untersuchungen zur Sprache der
E. Lyrik, 214 ff.) ; but most of the instances in the Bacchae (68, 83,
101. 116. 152. I65. 310. 412. 5310). 511 f-. 582. 584. 595. 986. 1183. 1198)
seem to be either ritual cries or the natural expression of religious
exaltation.
108. |.|.U\u.|c|. : Sandys showed that this is the smilax aspera, an evergreen
(xllowjpet) creeper with clusters -of white flowers (cf. 703 pfllaxés -r’
dvfleaqbépov) and bright scarlet berries (xa.AAu<¢£p-nqu); he suggested
‘bryony’ (which gets its name from Bpoew) as the nearest English
equivalent. Pliny, NH 16. 155, disapproves its ritual use as a sub-
stitute for ivy.
109-10. ‘And consecrate yourselves with twigs of oak or fir.’ Sandys
took the xAci80i. to be branches carried in the hand (? identical with
the thyrsus), and is followed in this by Prof. Murray and Mr. Lucas.
His view gets some support from the scholiast on Ar. Knights 408,
who speaks of rolls Khcifiovs 055' oi pniarat ¢ép0vat and says that these
xAd30:. were called Bdxxor. (which would give special point to Icaru-
Baxxtofiafle). But the scholiast goes on to say that certain garlands
were also called peKxo., quoting a line of Nicander in illustration;
and on the whole it seems more likely that the reference here is still
to garlands: cf. 703 a're¢>civovS Spvds, and for wreaths made of K/\ci8ot
Alc. 759 0'-re'ql>er. Se’ xpfira pvpaivng m\a'.30|.g, Delphic Hymn to Apollo
24 f. dpqbi rrh6x[a7u.0v . . 3ciq5v0.s' Khcifiov rrleécipevos. [The hiatus in
110 is often mended by writing -F‘; ’v éA¢£-rag: but the same words with
the same hiatus occur Phoen. 1515, where the cure is not so easy;
Murray there compares H. Ven. 264 -F; c’.\¢£-rat at 8pII€$‘. The phrase
seems to be a fossilized epicism: in epic and Pindar a vowel after
1'7’ (‘or’) is apparently not felt as a hiatus (P. Maas, Griech. Metrik,
§ 141, cf. Wilamowitz, Sitzb. Berl. /lk., Phil.-hist. Kl. 1903, p. 598,
n. 1).—-For Dion. as Lord of Trees cf. his cult titles "Ev8ev3p0s (in
Boeotia, Hesych. s.v.), Zlevfipetis‘ (Studemund, Anecd. Varia, i. 268)‘,
Aevspirqs (Plut. Q. Conv. 5. 3. 1, 675 F), and jeanmaire, Dionysos,
12 if. There were in Hellenistic times 8ev8p0<;Sopt'¢1t in his honour
(Strabo 10. 3. 10, Artemidorus, p. 141. 13 Hercher), though these
may be due in part to the influence of the Attis-cult. Oak and fir are
the typical trees of Cithaeron (Sandys), as of many Greek forests;
but there may be ritual reasons for their frequent appearance in the
Bacchae (oak 685, 703, 1103; fir 684, 1061, 1098). A Btaaos of Dionysus
dpvozpdpos‘ existed at Philippi close to Mt. Pangaeum, one of the
 LINES 107-12 81
original homes of the cult (Bull. Corr. Hell. 1900, pp. 322 f.) ; on a
fifth-century coin of Abdera we see the god carrying a fir-tree in his
hand (Miinzer~Strack, Miinzen von Thrakien, I. i, pl. 2, No. 4); and
the fir-tree on which Pentheus sat was a holy tree (1058 n.).]
111. The fawnskin, the traditional cloak of the maenad both in poetry
and on vases, served no doubt as a necessary protection against
the cold of the winter cipeaflaaia; but it is also a iepciv e’v3v-rciv (I37),
originally worn because it communicated to the wearer the Dionysiac
virtue of the fawn" (cf. 866), as the lion-skin gives Heracles the virtue
of the lion. Cf. Hel. I358 ,u.é"ya "rot Saliva.-ra.t veflpcfiv I 1'ra.p.rr0iKu\0t cr-r0.\i3es‘.
It was apparently retained until fairly recently by the Viza mummers
(Dawkins, ].H.S. xxvi [1 906], 194). The skin of the o5,a0q$a'yt0v
has a like magical value among Arabs who practise the rite today
(Brunel, Aissriotia, 179).
112. 01-é¢e1-e is usually translated here ‘fringe’ or ‘trim’. But no satis-
factory parallel or explanation has been adduced: Tac. Germ. 17,
which edd. quote, refers to the furrier’s device of stitching together
furs of contrasting colours, and is not really relevant; the object of
the practice enjoined here cannot have been mere embellishment—
we are dealing with a series of ritual prescriptions. Dr. P. jacobsthal
has suggested to me that 0-réq‘>e-re means ‘deck with a"rc'p.p.a.'ra. (strands
of wool)’, and that these strands were wreathed round the girdle
which supported the vefip.-fs, in the same way as round the suppliant’s
9a'.z\1\os (Cf. Aesch. Eum. 43 ff. m\d.30v I Arjvet peyiarcp awqbpdvws‘
e'cr'rep.,u.e'v0v, I cipyfi-re. He points out that a vase figured by
Frickenhaus, Lenaenoasen, 72, pl. 2, 14 (= Beazley, A.R.V., p. 327.
15) shows the fawnskin girt by a belt which has the appearance of
being decorated by a series of tufts. If this view is right, as I believe
it is, Aeuxorpixuv nkoxcipuv pahltots will be a descriptive periphrasis
for G'Te‘p.p.G.Ul., as dpyfifl p.a¢\1\¢,'i3 is in Eum. 45. The word rpixcs is
applicable to wool (Hes. Op. 517), and though mldxapos is normally
a tress of human hair, the golden lamb is called by Eur. KGMl-
rrhdxapog, El. 705.1 With hcwco-rpixwv mloiccipmv, in which the second
part of the compound adj. simply repeats the idea ofthe noun,
cf. 169 Kanlov -raxzirrovvz this is a favourite stylistic trick, especially
with Eur. (Pearson on Hel. 154). [Musgrave, and subsequently
Housman, proposed nhoxcipots IuaAA¢I5v, ‘braids of white wool’; but
in a late Euripidean lyric the more artificial phrase is the more

1 El. 705 is, however, metrically faulty as it stands in the MSS.,

and it may be that xar\.\t'-.-roxov (Heath) should be read there metrz
gratia. Mr. W. S. Barrett suggests to me that we might similarly read
saw» at Ba. 112 and dipvytsv in the corresponding line 127, which would
yield a normal glyconic. But the recurrence of the identical rhythm
at 115 = 130 makes me hesitate to accept a double correction here.
4003 .9 G
82 COMMENTARY
probable.] The function of the orépuara, as of the garlands, is to
consecrate the worshipper to the service of her god (cf. G. Hock,
Griech. Weihegebrduehe, 111 ff.). Trans. ‘Gird for a consecration your
cloaks of dappled fawnskin with white curls of braided wool’.
113. Again a strange phrase. It seems to mean ‘Be reverent in your
handling of the violent wands’ (like dolor. 1-rcpt févovg, ‘scrupulous
in their dealings with guests’, Cycl. 125; 671.491 Aim-uvvav dviepos,
‘failing in your religious duty towards Dictynna’, Hipp. 145 f.).
Such versions as Mr. Lucas’s ‘Be purified by joining the haughty
bearers of the fennel wand’ give an impossible sense to dpgél. The
startling conjunction of cicn61"r]s' with iifipis expresses the dual aspect
of Dionysiac‘ ritual as an act of controlled violence in which dangerous
natural forces are subdued to a religious purpose (Introd., p. xvi).
The thyrsus is the vehicle of these forces; its touch can work benefi-
cent miracles (704 ff.), but it can also inflict injury (762), and, as the
adj. 9up00'm\17§ shows, it can cause'madness: hence Dion. is Blipoqi
5e|.v65' (Anth. Pal. 16. 185) and ‘gravi metuende thyrso’ (Hor. Odes 2. 19).
[In its original form, as we see it on sixth-century Attic vases, it
was literally a Bakxeiov »<?tc£3ov (308), a branch of the god’s holy tree
(96,000; = Lat. _fustis?): to carry it was to carry deity. In fifth-
century pictures this begins to be replaced by the vdp6~q§ or fennel
rod, which is in itself a profane object (used e.g. for caning boys,
schol. Or. 1492) but becomes a 66,000; by the addition of the magical
(81 n.) bunch of ivy leaves fastened to its tip. The vcipfirjf is thus
strictly apart of the thyrsus, but in the Bacchae the two words seem
to be often synonymous (251 vcip9'qm. = 254 96,0000, 704 Bfipoov = 706
vcipfirjka). In later art the bunch of leaves is more and more stylized
and simplified until it eventually looks like, and is mistaken for, a
pine-cone (fldpaov Kcuvogtadpov Anth. Pal. 6. 165). See F.-G. v. Papen,
Der Thyrsos i. d. gr. u. r6-rn. Literatur u. Kunst, Diss. Bonn, 1905; A.
Reinach in Rev. de l’Hist. des Religions, lxvi (1912), 1 ff.; Lorenz
in P.—W. s.v. ‘thyrsos’. A descendant of the primitive Thracian
915,000; is perhaps to be recognized in the ‘saplings some 10 or 12 feet
long’ carried by certain of the Viza mummers (Dawkins, ].H..S'.
xxvi [1906], 197). A curious indication of its original potency survives
in the Rules of the Iobacchi, a Dionysiac association at Athens in the
second century A.D.: if any member misbehaves, a steward is to
bring rciv Bdpaov 1-06 Gem‘; and set it beside the offender, whereupon
the latter must leave the banqueting hall.]
114-. vii -rrfiaa: ‘all (the people of) this land’, in contrast with the Baku-
'yev1’7s‘ 0'x.\0s‘. Cf. the Delphic Hymn to Dion. 19 f. rrdcra 8’ onvofipfiqs
x6pev|c[v Alehe‘>ci3]v lcpd udxatpa xcopa.
115. Whosoever leads the worshipping companies is Bromius’, i.e. the
leader of the dpetfiaaia is in the sacrament identified with the god:
cf. 141 6 8’ ééapxos Bpdptos. We know very little of the organization
 LINES 112-134 83
of actual dpctflaaiat, but such evidence as we have is consistent with
the view that it was originally a women’s rite with a single male
celebrant (cf. Nilsson, Studi e mat. di storia delle religioni, x [1934], 3;
Dodds, Harv. Theal. Rev. xxxiii [1940], 170).’ If the celebrant was
identified with the god, we can see why the god as well as the
worshipper is called 1'cwp0¢d."yO5‘ (Soph. fr. 668),; why Diodorus (4. 3)
speaks of an ‘epiphany’ of Dion. at the rpm-17pt's; and why in
descriptions of the latter the god himself is represented as carrying
the torch (Ion 714 ff., fr. 752, Ar. Clouds 603 ff., &c.). Some degree of
identification with the god seems to be implied in calling human
participants in Dionysiac rites Bcixxat and flcixxor. (Pentheus calls the
Stranger 6 Bcircxos‘, 491): cf. the proverb -.-roAA0£ 7.8 vapfl-q»<0¢6p0t,
amfipor. Be’ -re Bdrcxot, which appears to mean that many perform the
ritual but few experience identification. It is possible (though there
is no direct evidence of it outside this passage) that the supreme
degree of such identification, open only to the éfapxos, was expressed
by giving him the holy name Bromius (or if not, that Eur. thought
so). Conversely, the god sometimes received in cult the title Ka917ye-
,u.o5v (I.G. ii. 3067, 3068, &c.). The organization would be like that of
a witches’ coven, where the single male leader was known to his
congregation as ‘the devil’. [While adopting this provisionallyas
the most natural explanation of the MS. text of 135-41, I prefer
Elmsley’s generally accepted er‘;-r’ civ here. (a) If 60-rt; was introduced
into the Laurentian by the Siopflwrwjs (L2) it may be an old reading;
but the superfluous correction ti.‘-yer. which accompanies it does not
strengthen its claims, and if it is due, as Wecklein thought, to the
later corrector (l) it is (like all his readings) a mere guess, rnetri
gratia, and wholly devoid of authority. (b) As a guess, efi-r’ civ
is clearly better: the parenthetic statement is very abrupt, and the
rare ed-re, which is glossed 5-re in Hesych., would be more exposed
to corruption than the common 6011;. Prof. Murray told me in 1940
that he no longer thought CIUTLS right.]
120--34. Myth of the origin of the 1'1i;m-mvov (the fivpacirovov xtix/\cu,u.a
of 124, cf. Hel. 1347 flirrava Bvp0o1'€v1'7)I (a) it was invented in a Cretan
cave by the Curetes or Corybantes (to drown the cries of the infant
‘Zeus’, lest his father Kronos should find and devour him, cf.
Lucr. 2. 629 ff.); they then presented it, along with the Phrygian
flute, to Rhea (mother of the Zeus-child), to be used in her orgiastic
rites; (b) from her the Satyrs obtained it and introduced it into the
Dionysiac rite of the 1'pt€1'17pll$. This is ‘aetiology’ again: (a) explains
why the kettledrum was used in the Cretan cult of the Mother and
Son, (b) explains why it also appears in that of Dionysus. (a) may
be old ; (b) looks like a fifth-century invention to account for the

1 But see below, p. 86 n. 2.

 4 COMMENTARY
observed similarity (for the true explanation cf. 78-79 n.). [(b) is
related in a form so brief as to be for us obscure. ‘Apollodorus’
(Bibl. 3. 5. 1) tells a much fuller story: Atdvvaos . . . "Hpas uaviav
at}-raj’: e‘pB0.AOlIO"t7$ neptnhavdrat Aiyvnrdv -re Kai. Zupiav. . . . afifitg SE
sis Kfifieha rfjs Qppvyias ¢:i.d>tKve'f-r0.t, Kci.Kei.' Kaflapdeis find ‘Peas Kai. -rds
-rer\e-rds e’Kpta.9d:v Kai. Aafioiav Trap’ §Keiv17s 'r1’7v 0"roR1§v, ezrri. ’Iv5o1)s Sui.
-r-iis Opqimys vi-n-at-yea-0. Here the Indians at least are post-Euripidean;
but the madness sent by Hera (perhaps invented to explain the
Homeric epithet p.0.tvd,u€v0$‘, IZ. 6. 132, cf. schol. Ven. A ad Zoe.) was
known to Eur. (Cycl. 3) and presumably furnished the occasion on
which the satyrs, ‘mad’ like their master, borrowed the kettledrum
which was used in the corybantic rite for the cure of madness (cf.
Ar. Wasps 119 f. and schol. ad loc.). Eur., like the author of the
Bibliotheca and later antiquity generally, seems to identify Rhea
with Cybele (who is already for Pindar the Mother of the Gods,
fr. 77 Bowra), just as he appears to identify the Curetes, mythical
ministers of Rhea, with the Corybantes, mythical ministers of
Cybele; such ‘syncretism’ is characteristic of the late fifth century,
when people began trying to reduce to order the chaos of old and
new cults and myths. On the Cretan ‘Zeus’, who is a vegetation-god
with orgiastic cult, more akin to Dionysus than to the Hellenic
Zeus, see Farnell, Cults, i, pp. 36-38; Guthrie, The Greeks and their
Gods, 40 ff., 154 ff.]
120. ‘After the birth-place of the god’s mother they address the birth-
place of his father; and the moral is perhaps that Thebes should not
be less eager to celebrate the son than Crete the father’ (Winnington-
Ingram). 0u.J\c'|.|.teupu.: ‘secret chamber’, a poetic variation for
90267.17, which was a vox propria for a sacred cave (schol. Nicander,
Alexipharm. 8 Aoflpivrjs‘ fia./\cipa.t' -T61:-0:. iepoi, 15-rrdyetot, ci.va.Kei7.tev0|.
1-77 ‘Peg: cf. Hesych. 9a.)u£7i-q- 'rpa'ryz\*|7, and Eur. Ion 394 where the
oracle-cave of Trophonius is his 00./\ti.p.u.|.). Such sacred caves were
the earliest cult centres in Crete and Anatolia; they had a place also
in the Greek cult of Dion. (Delphic Hymn, 139; Macrob. Saturn,
1. 18. 3; Paus. 2. 23. 1; Cumont, A.].A. 1933, 250 f., &c.). In H.
Hymn 26, line 6, Dion. like the Cretan ‘Zeus’ is brought up in a cave.
123. -rpu<6pu0es, ‘with triple helmet’. It is not clear what is meant.
The scholiast on Or. 1480 Tptkcipuaos A£'a.s compares 'rpfrr-rvxos‘ (‘com-
posed of three layers of material’?), applied by Homer to Hector’s
helmet, Il. 11. 353; and offers the alternative guess that the word
means 'rpi)lo<,l>0$ ‘three-crested’. The three-crested helmet is“ worn,
e.g., by Athena in fifth-century sculpture; but the epithet should
suggest something alien and remote, not something perfectly
familiar. On the other hand, archaeological evidence does not
support Wilamowitz’s assertion that Eur. is describing ‘the old
Cretan helmet, resembling the papal tiara, which must have sur-
 LINES 120-.35 85
vived in ritual’. Perhaps he had nothing specific in mind, but merely
introduced a grand epical-sounding word which he had found in
older poetry. [In-stead of dropping év before 6.'v1-pots we should
perhaps read -rpmdpofies é-‘v6’ év ci.'v1_'pol.$' (Dobree), thus avoiding the
interlinear hiatus which in this song occurs nowhere else within the
strophic unit (save for 152-3 which is a special case). The words
may have been transposed into prose order, as often.]
126-9. ‘And in the tense ecstatic dance they mingled it (the kettle-
drum) with the sweetly calling breath of Phrygian flutes, and put it
into the hand of Mother Rhea to beat time for the joy—cries of her
worshipping women.’ d.vc'1 . . . |cépc|.o'c|.v, tmesis. 0'-uv'r0v(.9 can
be taken with nvctiptart in the sense of ‘shrill’ or ‘excited’, but with our
reading it is preferable to take it with Baxxcig. as rrvctipart already
has an adj. Bukxcig and Bulcxiiv h-ave troubled editors, since the
worship described is that of Rhea, not of Dion.; but the same
transference appears in fr. 472. 13 ff., p171-pt’ 1-’ dpetqs 8:380; dvaaxdsv I
Kai Kovprjrwv BdKx0s e’K)l-rjfi-qv cicnwfleis. It is justified by the similar-
ity, and in ultimate origin identity, of the two cults (78-79 n.). For
ctipvytwv ems» in the cult of the Mother cf. Catull. 63. 22, Lucr.
2. 620. The flute is dpytaortkdv (Arist. Pol. 1341321); Menander's
Theophoroumene, who is possessed by the Mother, or by the Cory-
bantes, dances to its music (Theoph. 27 f., p. 101 f. Koertea).
[Dobree’s transposition, adopted in the text, is not indispensable.
It makes the metrical correspondence with 111 exact; but Eur. does
not insist on strict correspondence in the glyconic base (cf. 404-5 n.).
Nor can decisive weight be given to Hermann’s objection that
Bdxxta is nowhere else used for ‘Bacchic rites’ (I8aKXeEa, which the
metre excludes): the adjs. Béiqtos and Baxxefos‘ are hardly distin-
guishable in meaning; and if Eur. could call the Dionysiac dance
Bdxxzov xcipevpta. (Phoen. 655, where MSS. have BaKxe£‘0v as here),
why should he not use for it the vaguer term Bcixxta? If we write
civci 3:’ Bdxxta, Bcixxta. is not governed by ci.v£Ke‘pa.oa.v—for the Bdxxta
cannot be described as a K-row-os~—-but by dvd (with extended local
sense, like as gladvov IZ. 10. 298). Clvakepcivvvptl. is not used elsewhere of
musical composition (whereas Kepcivvvpl. is), nor does it occur in
tragedy at all, an objection which has led Campbell to propose
IBaKXeiqr. 3’ cipta (C.Q. xlix (I956), 56).] , ‘ ,
133. -rp|.e-n-|pi8uv: ‘the feast of the second year (third by the Greek
method of inclusive reckoning). This is the biennial orgiastic festival:
see Introd., pp. xiii f.
135. 1186;: probably ‘welcome’ (if 5'ro.v is sound), expressing the wor-
shippers’ joy in the god’s epiphany; the word is several times so
used by Sophocles of someone newly arrived, OT. 82 (cf. Jebb ad loc.),
El. 929, Phil. 530. As the text stands, the person referred to can only
be Dion. Hermann objected that the god would then be contrasted
86 COMMENTARY
with himself (by the 5:1‘ in I41, ci 5' Efiapxos Bpcip.r.0s).1 To avoid
that conclusion, many edd. alter 0'-rav to 6s dv: they then either
emend 178159 as well (1‘I8os Musgrave, which is non-Attic, 1781.7 y’
Dobree) or take it to mean ‘joyful’-—a rendering which is hardly
sufficiently supported by Hipp. 289 1§8t'wv yevoii (= ‘cheer upl’)
and similar colloquial uses in prose, apparehtly always of the
comparative. But it may be the god in the person of his Efapxos or
celebrant priest who takes part in the dpetfiaota. and o'17.10q5a-yla: see
115 n., 136 n. The words 6 3’ é'§apx0sBp6,a1.0s are then explanatory
of what precedes; Se’ has often in tragedy something of the force
of 7.1,. (Denniston, Particles, 169). On this hypothesis there is no
need either to alter the sense of 135 or to adopt Wilamowitz’s bold
remedy of transferring 6 8’ ¢'=‘§apx0$‘ Bpdptos‘, .110: to the beginning of
the epode, But I feel no certainty about the passage.“
[The metre is also obscure. The lines can be read in several'ways,
but as the text stands no analysis is very convincing. With Murray’s
colometry 135 and 137 must, I think, be taken as dochmiac; but
dochmii are somewhat surprising in this metrical context. Paeons
seem far more likely (cf. 160-2) : by writing dpeootv (Schoene, cf. 76)
we get a paeonic opening, and as Denniston pointed out to me
v€Bp1’80s . . . cl.-ypedwv makes a paeonic tetrameter catalectic. As to
the intervening words, £1-c Buiowv dpouafwv echoes the rhythms of the
preceding stanza (105 ff. = 120 ff.); but the isolated iambic metron
1.-14077 712860: is a little unexpected. At a guess, Eur. may have written
175135‘ (iv dpcocrw, 0'-rav 2 paeons
e’K dtciawv fipopaiwv chor.+ba.
_ \.) u — rr£‘077 rreddoc, chor. -I-iamb. }cf' IOST9
veBpi30s dxwv iepdv e'v5v-rciv, cirypetiwv 4 paeons (catal.)

1 Kamerbeek, Mnemos. 1953, 192, has proposed to remove the

difficulty by the elementary expedient of writing 68’ Efapxos Bpcl,u,l.0$,
but the deictic pronoun is hardly intelligible in this context.
1' Since the above was written, Prof. K. _]'. Dover has suggested to me
that 1586; can be applied to the worshipper as ‘well pleasing’ to the
god: Cf. Soph. fr. 959 P. Niioav, 1'iv 0 Bouxépws I "'IaKx0s arirrfi p.a.i."a.v 1735-
0-rqv véuet, and Xen. Hiero 4. I -rrofos dcpd.‘-n-wv 1750s cirncr-r0|5,ucv0s; I am
now inclined to take it so, and to read 6; <11». Murray’s objection to that
reading, ‘unus tantum vir’, is true of the situation on Cithaeron at the
moment; but if it is intended generally, it does not fit the assumptions
of the play : ya 7.-sea xopefiaei (114) must include the men (the women are
dancing already) ; and Teiresias says (206 if.) explicitly that all must join
in the worship. At Delphi the rravvvxis appears to have been attended
by women only, but that elsewhere men were admitted to the dpyta, at
least in the fifth century, is implied by Hdt. 4. 79, and by the inscription
from Cumae referring to -rs.» Befiaxxevuévov (Not. degli scavi 1906, 378).
 LINES 135-so s7
The missing choriambus (?) might be e.g. (évfieos 0'51»). But no
approach to certainty is attainable. 1.-éa77 . . . ciypefiwv can also be
read as 2 iamb.+glyc. (scanning vé')8p- and ayp-).]
136. -n-éan 11-2860s: ‘falls. to the ground’ (not ‘to the plain’, cf. 600 and
Soph. Trach. 786 e’a-rra-r0 7/tip 11-é80v8e). Why does he fall? Paley says
‘through fatigue’, comparing 683; but gods are not fatigued, nor
are Dion.’s votaries while the god is within them (cf. 187). Possibly
to tear the dying goat (Murray in lectures); but it seems to happen
during the hunt, not at the moment of the kill (ci.7/petiwv, not ci.7/peli-
oas). I suspect that the words describe a moment when the celebrant
falls unconscious and the god enters into him. This happens in
other orgiastic dances, e.g. with the Siberian shamans. In the
dancing mania of A.D. 1374 ‘those affected fell to the ground sense-
less, panting and labouring for breath. They foamed at the mouth,
and suddenly springing up began their dance amidst strange con-
tortions’ (_]'. F. K. Hecker, Die Tanzwuth, trans. Babington, p. 107).
In the Ghost Dance of the North American Indians ‘the dancers,
one after the other, fell rigid, prostrate on the ground. During their
seizure they had visions . . . and meanwhile the dance continued and
others fell’ (R. Benedict, Patterns of Culture, 92). Cf. also T. K.
Oesterreich, Possession, 241, 251, 362, 371 (Eng. trans.). The falling
maenad is occasionally recognizable in vase-paintings, e.g. Berlin
2471 (Beazley, A.R.V. 724. 1; Pfuhl, fig. 560).
138. ‘Blood of the goat that is slain, joy of the living flesh devoured.’
For the first phrase cf. Or. 833 ptarpoxrdvov aipa, Aesch. fr. 327
aluaros xotpox-rcivov; for the second, Her. 384 xappovafotv ci.v5p0,BpcI5ot,
fr. 537 civ3poBpcIrr_a.s -rjfiovcis. This is the supreme rite of the -rpte-r-qpis:
for evidence about it, and a discussion of its meaning, cf. Introd.,
pp. xvi ii.
141. Efiapxost a cult title in the kindred worship of Sabazius (Dem.
de cor. 260), and probably in that of Dion. also, though it has not
yet turned up in an inscription. If the view taken above is right,
the Chorus here speak more truth than they know (‘tragic irony’):
their Leader is in fact Bromius in the literal and not merely in the
religious sense. [The whole passage léaevos . . . ve‘K'ra.pt is again
metrically odd, particularly the resolved dactyls (vvvv) in 140
and the isolated vt-K-rapt (should eliol be transposed to follow
vdxrapt? )1
.
1412-3. ‘A beautiful dreamlike effect after the horror of the o3,a0qSa-yta’
(Murray). Cf. 704-11 n. The same Dionysiac miracles were described
in similar terms by the Chorus of Eur.’s Hypsipyle, as appears from
the mutilated papyrus scraps Atdvuaog . . . 75¢.-E 5% 7/cl . . . were . . .
vein-rap . . . /\|.,8civ0v . . . ,u.|ipvo.s Karrv . . . (frs. 57, 58 Arnim).
14-4-50. ‘The Bacchic One (i.e. the god temporarily incarnate in the
celebrant), lifting high the blazing flame of the pine torch, sweet as
88 COMMENTARY
the smoke of Syrian frankincense, lets it stream from his wand
(i.e. the flame trails behind him as he runs), with racing and with
dances spurring the stragglers and rousing them with his call, his
long curls rippling in the wind.’ I take civéxwv and dlcmet as governing
176,16-ya, e’pe0l§wv and ci.va.1'rd/\/\wv as governing -rrllavcirras. For cilaoetv
transitive cf. 01'. I427 ff. afipav . . . rrpci 1rap'ql30s ciioawv, ‘making the
breeze stream across my cheek’. If it ‘is taken intrans. here, éx
vcipfi-qxos has to go with d.ve‘xwv—-a less natural word-order and a less
natural use of éx. For the sense of épetilttwv cf. Ar. Clouds, 312
efixe/\ci.§wv re xoprfiv e’p_e9i0,u.a’ra (of Dionysiac dances); for that of
6.vam:i)u\wv cf. 1190'. On the long hair see 455-6 n., and on 11'AdKa,u.ov
fiinr wv 862-5 n. ; cf. also Lucian’s picture of a sham ecstatic creiwv ~r-E71»
Kcip.-qv civerov rfiarrep oi . . . e'v9ea§6,u.ev0:. (Alex. I3). The _Pcip9'q.f seems
to be used here not as a component part of the Hfipoos but as a torch-
holder; the maenads in vase-paintings often carry both thyrsus
and torch, though the latter is usually a simple bundle of pine-twigs
(rreziroq), not attached to a vdpdqlf.
145. [The MS. reading can hardly be right : the second ionic pé-rpov is
a syllable short, and Evptas 3’ o‘.-s htflcivov K(11|'Pd5' is not a sentence-
to make it one we have to supply not ‘is’, which would be easy, but
(since Icarrvds‘ has no article) ‘there is’, which is difficult. The cor-
rection in the text (Wilamowitz’s) is convincing: if the first N was
accidentally omitted from rivéxmv, A would be read as A, and
Karrvdv, having then no construction, would be altered to Karrvds‘.
Cf. E111’. Ion 716 Bclxxtos ci,u.<;5r.'rr1ip0vs cive'xwv rrenixas, in a description
of the same rite.]
148. [apdpqs Kai. xopofs (MSS.) is unsatisfactory metrically (a dochmius
is not in place here). By writing xopotaw and adopting Wilamowitz’s
transposition in the next line (to lengthen the last syllable of
xopotaw) Murray obtains ionics.]
150. [To make the ionics right we must either insert re as in text or
(With Earle) alter rr/\0xa,u0v to flciarpvxov, which is glossed 11'/\6Ka,u.ov
schol. Phoen. 787.]
151. ‘Among the maenad cries his voice rings deep.’ [Murray’s trans-
position in conjunction with Elmsley’s deletion of é-:1’ (on which L
has the interlinear note rreptaodv, ‘superfluous’), makes this line for
the first time plausible metrically: the ionics continue (-1:18’ 811- = a
resolved long syllable). Hiatus before and after exclamations, as
here before and after :5, is not unusual.] It is not clear how much of
what follows is spoken by the Barcxctis‘. Wilamowitz, arguing (I do
not know why) that the god could not refer to himself in the third
person (1-55 -rdv Atcivvaov), attributes to him only the ritual cry J1
Ere Bcixxat, which is then taken up by the Chorus ; and so apparently
Murray in his translation. But would a ritual cry be introduced
by -r01.c£3e? I believe (with Bruhn and Mr. Lucas) that it introduces
 LINES 144--S9 89
all the imperatives, and that the.Ba1<xe15s ends, as he began, with
a repeated ritual formula (165 elg 6p0g, sis 5p0s), after which the
Chorus describes the maenads’ response.
152-69. ““On, my Dancers! On, my Dancers! With the glitter of
Tmolus that runs with gold sing praise of Dionysus to the beat
of the rumbling drums, in joy glorifying the Lord of Joy with
Phrygian crying and calling, when the sweet and holy music of the
pipe peals its holy gaiety, climbing with you as you climb—to the
Mountain, to the Mountain!” Oh happily then as a filly beside its
dam in the pasture, with limbs drawn and swift feet the Dancer
leaps!’
152-4. T|.|.cbl\0u xpuclopéou, because the river Pactolus, as Hdt. says
(5. I01), I,bij'y,u.a xpvcroii xaradoopéct six T00 Tjaaihov. For the gold mines
of Tmolus cf. Strabo 13. 1. 23. [Wecklein’s Haxrwhofi for Tpamev is
pedantic and metrically unconvincing.] I do not see how )_;7u.8ii can
refer to gold ornaments (Wecklein, Dalmeyda): it must be instru-
mental with ,u.e‘A1'r€T€. The instruments referred to can hardly be
gilded nip-rrava (Bruhn): you cannot ‘play on the kettledrum to the
beat of (15-.-16) the kettledrum’. (This difficulty might be evaded by
taking flapvflpdpwv 151-rd 1'v,u.1rcivwv with ci'ya)l/\6,u.eva|., but see next note.)
Possibly they are gilded Kpdra/\a (castanets): the use of these in
Dionysiac dances is attested by Cycl. 205 (where they are associated
with -nip.-rmva), Hel. 1308, and the vase-paintings ; but they are not
mentioned in the Bacchae. [It seems on the whole safer to return,
with Wilamowitz, to xAt3<£ (Victorius, and "most edd. before Weck-
lein)—‘O pride of Tmolus’ (abstract for concrete). The word sug-
gests the showy trappings of the oriental woman: cf. Aesch. Supp.
234 ff., where the Danaids are called 6paA0v ~r6v8’ a1».AA7,.ae7.Ao» I
rreirrllotcn Bapflclpotcrr. KCi.[.L1TUK(.0[.LG.O't. I x)ll0v'ra.]
155-6. [Wilamowitz’s transposition of these two lines might well have
been adopted: it greatly improves the rhythm (by getting the
two glyconic lines together), and also results in a more natural and
effective word-order.’]
157-9. efita: internal accus. with ci-yaJl)l6pe_vcu., equivalent to an adv.
iv floats: cf. Soph. Phil. I 393 €v )l6y0ts' 1-rciacw, Ant. 961, Aesch. Sept.
280. In such phrases év seems to mark the sphere in which an
activity takes place (VVilamowitz on Her. 932) ; but we may see in
them the starting-point of the development towards the Hellenistic
use with an instrumental dat. (cf. 277, 1165-7 n.). évo-.-mt are always
loud or excited cries (cf. Denniston on Eur. El. 1302). [One rather
expects two purely dactylic lines here, balancing 165-7. This. could
be obtained by altering efita rdv eiitov to efitov @151.’ (suggested to me
by D.r. P. Maas).]
Sc ene i (170-369): Teiresias, Cadmus, then Pentheus. '
There are violent differences of opinion about the meaning of
go COMMENTARY
this scene. Its function in the structure of the play is or should
be clear enough :__ before we see Dionysus and Pentheus in collision
we must be introduced to each of them separately, so that we
may understand the strength and obstinacy of the colliding forces.
That is the careful, logical technique of the ancient dramatist: we
find it in other conflict plays, e.g. Antigone and Hippolytus. And
the two old men provide, as Winnington-Ingram says, ‘a prosaic
background to the lyrical exaltation’ of the Chorus. But there is
no agreement about the emotional tone of the scene or about its
character-drawing.
Murray and Nihard (Probléme des Bacchantes, 44 f.) think that the
point of the opening dialogue between the two old men is to exhibit
a Dionysiac miracle of rejuvenation: by the magic of the god they
are filled for a time with ‘a mysterious strength and exaltation’
(Murray’s stage direction at 187). Certainly both claim to have
forgotten their age ;'and it is probably not accidental that there is
no mention of the attendant who in other plays leads the blind
Teiresias on to the stage (Phoen. 834, Soph. Ant. 989, OT. 297).
Nihard cites as a parallel the rejuvenation of Iolaos in the Hera-
clidae, 796, 851 ff. (this is, however, 015Sév rrpds rdv Atcivvoov, and the
messenger who reports it is in any case made to present it expressly
as a second-hand story). One might quote also Medea’s rejuvenation
of ‘the nurses of Dionysus’, which Aeschylus is said to have related
in his Altovfiaou -rp0q‘>0t (fr. 50). But the most relevant parallels are the
Iacchos dance in the Frogs, in which ycivv 1-rd/\/\e-.-at ycpdv-rcuv' I em.-
aclovrar. 5% Pltirras I xpoviovs -r’ e'1'o'Jv rrahatdiv eivtavrotls I lepas 1511-6 reads
(345 11.); and Plato, Laws 666 B 6‘-rrixovpov rfis‘ 1'09 ywjpws‘ aiior-qp61'r,v
-ros e'3wp1jcra-.-0 (sc. ci Atcivvcros) 1'01-' olvov qicippaxov, (Bore (iv-qfifiv 177269.
In the light of these passages we may take it that ll. 187-90 describe
a traditional Dionysiac effect (cf. Introd. p. xv). Yet Eur. seems
to treat this ‘miracle’ with a certain irony. If the old men are filled
with power, it should be because they are filled with faith. But
Cadmus at least is not filled with faith, only with a timid world-
liness. His real creed is, as Dalmeyda puts it, ‘the solidarity of the
family’: Dion. is after all his daughter’s son (181), and must be
accepted for family reasons, ‘that Semele may be thought to have
given birth to a god, and the whole family may share in the credit’
(335 f.). As for his mysterious strength, he shows little confidence in
it: he suggests taking a cab to Cithaeron (191), and is nervous of
finding himself in a minority (195). Altogether, not the right kind
of old man to be the subject of a miracle. ‘
That the slight portrait of Cadmus is touched with humour seems
to me evident. But many interpreters, from Walter Pater (Greek
Studies, 62) down to Prof. Grube (Trans. Amer. Phil. Ass. lxvi.
39 f.), go much farther than this. Taking literally the bitter remark
 SCENE 1 91
of Pentheus that the old gentleman in his fancy dress is ‘a great joke’
(»11o)u)v yéhwv, 250), they hold that the scene should be played frankly
to get laughs. I doubt if this interpretation is justified by the text,
and I do not think it stands up to the test of production-—at any
rate when the scene was produced on these lines at Cambridge in 1930
it appeared to me to jar, and to injure the effect of what followed.
What is hardest to assess is the significance of Teiresias. One
thing is clear: he stands for a different notion of Dionysiac religion
from that presented in the preceding choral ode. For him Dion. is
not the mystical beast-god, the spirit of the a‘),u.o<,t‘>a'yia, but an abs-
traction-—a personification of wine as Demeter is of bread (274-85).
And he explains away the central mystery of the Double Birth
by an etymological fantasy about a ‘hostage’ (285-97), which the
Chorus subsequently ignore (523 ff.). He appears to be a man of the
fifth century, an intellectual of sorts who has read his Protagoras
and his Prodicus (see on 201-3 and 274-85) ; and it is probable that
to understand his part fully we should have to know much more
than we do of fifth-century controversies about religion—his
speeches are, as Nihard says, ‘des documents pour l’histoire de la
mentalité religieuse de l’époque’. We need not take his opinions to
be those of the poet, as do Nestle and others. Euripides had been
poking fun at soothsayers all his life (Decharme, Eur. et l’esprit
de son theatre, 96ff.; Radermacher, Rh. Mus. liii. 501 ff.), and he
was about to have a last whack at them in the IA. (520 f., 956 ff.):
it seems unlikely that he should here have chosen such a man as
his mouthpiece. What Teiresias does perhaps represent is the
ecclesiastical politics of Delphi (with which Eur. elsewhere shows
little sympathy): he predicts the acceptance of Dion. by Delphi
(306 ff.), and the Chorus-leader congratulates him on becoming
Dionysiac without ceasing to be Apolline (328 f.). That is to say,
his is the type of mind which would harness to the cause of doc-
trinal conservatism the spontaneous emotional forces generated by
a religious revival: he would not reject the new foreign cults which
were disturbing Athens in Eur.’s day (Introd., pp. xxiii ff.), but he
would Hellenize and rationalize them, as Delphi once Hellenized
and rationalized the foreigner Dion. ‘A regulated ecstasy has lost
its germ of danger’ (Nilsson, History of Greek Religion, 208). Tyrrell
was not, I think, far from the mark when he compared Teiresias to
a Broad Church dean. -
On the character of Pentheus see 214 n., and Introd., p. xliii.
170. Like Phoen. I067 f. dnj, -ris‘ eiv -rnillatcn. Swpdrwv Kvpef; I dvoiyere.
‘The cue is “Bacchanal”-—foal-like and nimble; the entry is that of
a figure, wearing Bacchic costume indeed, but male and old and blind’
(Winnington-Ingram).
171-2. In accordance with the usual practice of the Greek stage (cf.
92 COMMENTARY
Wilamowitz, Analecta Eur. 199 ff.), Cadmus is formally introduced-
presumably for the benefit of the less literate members of the
audience. Eur. had described him in almost the same words in the
opening lines of an earlier play, the Phrixus (fr. 819).
176. iiva-n1-cw: lit. ‘to tie’, i.e. make a thyrsus by tying a bunch of ivy
leaves to a narthex (cf. 113 n., 1054-5 n.). Vase-paintings often show
the ivy leaves lashed on to the tip of the narthex. [The rendering
‘kindle’ will not do, unless we read -n-vpaoos (Housman): the torch
is called vdpfi-175 (147, Nonn. Dion. 7. 340), but never Bdpoos. And
the parallel passage 248-54 confirms Gdpaovg. Wecklein explained
'civci1'r1'6tv as ‘attach to yourself’, i.e. carry ceremoniously, quoting
fr. 752 Atcivvoos . .~ . 6tip0'OLO'I. Kai vefipcfiv Sopais I K(I.9G.1'TT(I$I but there
615p0ow1. can be taken with xa6a1r-rds only by a zeugma.] On the
fawnskins see 111 n., on the ivy wreaths 81 n. Exew: ‘to wear’.
178. ‘Dear friend—for I heard and recognized your voice. (.15-is causal:
‘rationem reddit cur carissimum appellaverit Tiresiam, priusquam
viderit. Dicit enim haec, dum aperiuntur fores’ (Hermann). [Cobet
approved Portus’s 1786p.-17v (with 05; exclamatory), but 7f,-066p.17v is
confirmed by the closely parallel passage Hec. 1114 f., J1 <,>S1.')l-ra-r’-
3j06clpw'7v yelp, I4-ydp.ep.vov, cré‘6ev I ¢wv-fig cixotlaas, as well as .by Chr.
Pat. 1148.]
179. 00cI>'r|v 004100: croqiia, true or false, is a recurrent motif in the play,
and especially in this scene (186, 200, 203, 266 ff., 311 f., 332).
182. This line is often rejected on the grounds of its resemblance
to 860 and its superfluity here. [Certainly the unconscious humour
of the sentence emerges more obviously if it be omitted. And lines
were sometimes interpolated in order to bring in proper names, for
the sake of greater clearness, e.g. 1092, Phoen. 428, Soph. Tr. 362-4
(cf. G. Jachmann, Nachr. Go'tt. Ges., Phil.-hist. KL, 1936, 194 ff.).
But the objections are hardly conclusive. It is natural that Cadmus,
having hinted at the real reason for his devotion (6'v-ra -.-.-aE8a 90-yarpds
e’§ épfis), should enlarge on the oflicial one—there has been a revela-
tion (for -.-re’¢17vev cf. 22, 42, 1031). And we may say with P. W.
Harsh (Hermes, lxxii [I937], 443) that here and at 860 Eur. ‘is
deliberately varying a formula’.]
183. afifiecflat péyav: ‘be magnified to greatness’ (not ‘grow up’ as L.S.
surprisingly translates). a0'§er.v often of honouring a god: for the
passive in this sense cf. 209. ‘To increase the power of a deity by
appropriate ritual seems to be the aim and object of ancient sacrifice
in its earliest form, before it was thought of as a present to win his
favour’, Skutsch and Rose, C.Q. xxxii (1938), 223 (who interpret
‘macte esto’ in this way).
184. -not Set xopetiew : not ‘Whither must I dance?’ (as 191 shows, he does
not propose to dance from Thebes to Cithaeron), but ‘where must I
(go and) dance?’ The use of not for -.-.-06 in both questions is due to
 LINES 171-94 93
an implied verb of motion, as in Alc. 863 11-0? arc?) ; Her. 74 1101‘ -rm-r1)p
drrecrrt yfis‘ ; A1‘. Eccl. 837 cirrot Setnvvfoere.
185. |-cpfirru. actual: see on 862-5. i§r|y00: ‘expound’. The word is
probably meant, as Verrall suggested, to recall the e’§17y17-rat H096-
xp'r]0'1'0l. appointed by the Delphic Oracle to act as consultants on
questions of religious law and custom: cf. Aesch. Eum. 609. Teiresias
is conceived as the prototype of such personages, and it is in this
sense that Cadmus here calls him 0036;, ‘expert’.
188-9. div-r1.)\aB1§ (division of a line between speakers) is very sparingly
used in this play. It usually suggests excitement—here perhaps
Teiresias’ excited pleasure in comparing symptoms. yépovreg
3w-es: Eur. not infrequently admits such jangling assonances, to
which Greek ears may have been less sensitive than ours (cf. Den-
niston on El. 606). [The correction 1§8éws for 1j3e’wv was first made by
the poet Milton, who noted it with other conjectures in the margin
of his copy of Euripides, now in the Bodleian Library at Oxford.
These emendations were not published in full until 1814, when they
were printed in the Museum Criticum.]
192. [This line violates in its third foot (-cos‘ dv 6) the rule which
prohibits ‘trochaic caesura of a dactyl’, i.e. the distribution between
two independent words of the two short syllables (which should
cohere closely because they represent the resolution of a single long
syllable). There is no such cohesion between civ and 6 as there is
between preposition and noun in 816 01. 7/7'7 -y’ 1511’ é|)ui-raas or between
article and noun in 206 8l.7jIp‘qX’ 6 9eI6s. It is easy to ‘correct’ the
rhythm here by writing 6 dads div, but it is not logical to do so unless
we are prepared also to emend lines like 285 030-re 81.Ié, 807 K01.vI77
-rci8’, l'|va, Or. 2 088% -m£I60s, Or. 632 adv 1168’ e’I-111.’. Descroix, Le
trimétre iamlvique, 187 ff., carrying further the work of Hermann
and C. F. Mueller, has traced the progressive relaxation of the
rigour of the rule; he shows that unqualified violations of it appear
in the latest plays of Eur. (Or., Bai, IA., Hypsipyle), but not else-
where in tragedy. For the penthemimeral caesura separating do
from dpoiws Cf. Heraclid. 743 'roro0-ros" oiav dv 'rpo1r1)v Efipvodeiwsz]
193. As Dobree, and more recently Earle and Zielinski, have pointed
out, this ought to be printed as a question, to which 194 is the answer.
It seems to be, like 195, an -expression of doubt: ‘shall one old man
be nursemaid to another?’ Cf. the servant’s doubts about old Iolaus,
Heraclid. 729 if rratfiaymyeiv ydp 1'01-' -dnllirqv Xpcaiv; According to
Gellius (N.A. 13. 19. 3 = Soph. fr. 695 P.) the present line occurred
also in the Phthiotides of Soph.
194. apoxfll: the Dionysiac effortlessness of which we had a hint at 66 ;
we shall meet it again later. Cf. Ar. Frogs 402, where the 721501011
pray to Iacchos 8ei.‘§ov a'.‘:s dvev -rrdvov I 1r0)l)n)v 080v rrcpaivets‘. This
is something different from the commonplace that all things are
94 COMMENTARY
easy to a god (Aesch. Supp. roo, &c.): it is a power communicated
by this god to his worshippers. [The spelling ci.,u.ox9e{ (L P) may be
right: cf. ¢iavAe£ from dfavhos, LG. i2. 58. 14 (5th cent.).]
198. The blind man stretches out his hand . There, take it in yours
and make a pair of them.’
200. Saipoaw used to be explained either as a dat. of hostile direction,
‘we (Cadmus and I) do not argue against the gods’, or as a dat. of
relation, ‘we do not rationalize with respect to the gods’. But
ao¢£§ea9a.t is not a verb of hostile intention, and the so-called dat.
of relation seems always to be used of things and to have a local or
instrumental sense (see 683 n.). If the text is right it appears neces-
sary to take 80‘.|ip.0o'|.v, with Wilamowitz and Murray, as dat. of the
person judging, ‘we (men) have no cleverness in the eyes of the gods’,
the thought being then like Heraclitus’ dv-|‘7p vrj-mo; fixovae frpdg
Saipovog. [This sense, however, seems to me less relevant in the
present context. Moreover aoqSt'Cea0<u, except in the perfect, is in
classical Greek to use cleverness rather than to be clever. I should
prefer to write 0138’ évao<;b=§6,uea6u. with Musgrave, &c.: ‘nor do we
use cleverness on the gods’. In Teiresias’ mouth, however, the con-
nective is hardly in place at this point, where he breaks off th_e sticho-
mythia and turns to the audience. Unless we change Musgrave’s
0158’ into mix (suggested to me by Prof. Fraenkel), I think we must
on this view give the line to Cadmus (D. S. Robertson, Proc. Camb.
Philol. Soc. no. 178 [I945], 29).; for the shift from singular to plural
cf. 669 n. The verb e'vo'oqSI§ea9a|. does not occur elsewhere, but cf.
é-yyvpvdfieaflai 'r|.v|. to practise on a person, é-ym.)\u<Z§e|.v -rm to play the
Cilician on a person (i.e. cheat him), and Denniston, C.R. l (I936), 117,
on the taste for 1!-’v— compounds. An alternative possibility is that
after zoo a line or more has fallen out (Kirchhoff) containing a verb
to which Saipoarv belonged and a verb which governed 1'ra.p0.30xd$
(see note on mi-ré, 202).]
201-3. ‘The traditions which we have received from our fathers, old
as time itself, no argument shall overthrow them, whatever subtleties
have been invented by deep wits.’ The opening phrase was correctly
understood by Plutarch (Erot. 756 B) as meaning 13 n-a.»rp.-fa Kai. mi/\¢t&
1-rc'o"rcs'2 E1 prose writer WOL1ld have said 59 :ceK1'1fp.e9a rrapasoxdg,
11-a.'rp{ovs' ofiaas‘ 5,u1§)k|.:ccis‘ 're Xpdvcp. opfihlxag xpévcpi 11012 C06V8.l in
time (with us), but coeval with time. A dateless antiquity is their
S8.I'1Cti0I'1, as it is the sanction Of the ti‘)/parr-ra Qecfiv v6p.ap.a. t0 WhiCh
Antigone appeals: 013 ycip -rt. vfiv -ye xdxfiég ci.¢\r\' clef -rro-re I 'ra.fi'ra.,
xofiseis ofsev df 5'rov ’¢civ17 (Ant. 456 f.). SO the Chorus Of the OT.
speak Of vdpol. . . . div 'O)lv,u.-nos‘ | 1'ra'r1‘]p pdvos‘, 01536’ vw I fivcrrci. ¢1icn5‘
dvépwv | E1-uc'rev (865 ff.), and Lysias Of unwritten laws 0135‘ ozlficfg rrw
xfipzos e'y£'ve'ro Kaadlefv 055% c"r6)kp.1}0cv civretwefv, 063% afirdv -row 9e'v1'a.
|'.'o'a.0|.v (Andoc. Io). But this language is surprising here: for in the
 LINES 184-203 95
play Dion. is a new god (219, 272, 467), and it is Pentheus, not
Dion., who is entitled to appeal to tradition. Verrall held that
the A6-yos was the. Dionysiac doctrine of the Chorus and the napa-
Soxai the Apolline religion of Delphi; but the context makes it
perfectly evident that Teiresias’ sneer is directed against the scep-
tics, not against the enthusiasts. And it is hardly sufficient to say
that his appeal is to the tradition of respect for deity as such:
Dionysus’ opponents are no atheists (as lines 45-46 show); they
merely refuse to recognise the newcomer’s claim to godhead. The
explanation seems to be that Eur. has made Teiresias speak as a
man of the fifth century, I think deliberately: the glaring anachron-
ism is a warning to the audience that the debate which follows will
represent a fifth-century controversy transposed into the mythical
past (cf. Nihard, Probléme des Bacchantes, 46 fi., P. Corssen, Rh.
Mus. lxviii [I913], 306). nu-rafiaket: Hdt. (8. 77) uses this word
in the same way, of ‘upsetting’ the belief in oracles (cf. Ar. Clouds
I229 row cixa1'c:i.,B1\'r}1'0v A6-yov, and Democritus B I25 Diels). It is a
metaphor from wrestling, like I A. I013 6M’ of A6-yor. ye xaxra.-n'a)la|fovcnv
Aéyovs. Protagoras wrote a work entitled Ka.~ra.fldAAowes (sc. /16310:),
‘Destructive Essays’, which began with his famous Essay on Truth
and may also have contained (E. Meyer, Gesch. d. Altertums, iv.
265) the Essay on the Gods, of which the opening words were ~.-repi
pév 56131» ofirc éxcu e:i8e'va.¢, 059' 059 ciaiv 059' (fig ofix efoiv 059' 6-n'oE'of
-rwes E8e'a.v (B 4 Diels). It is possible (as Bernays, Rh. Mus. vii
[I850], 464 ff., was the first to suggest), though it is hardly certain,
that the choice of the word 1.-a-rafiahei.‘ was meant to remind an
Athenian audience of this book: cf. another possible allusion to it,
Her. 757- ff., 'r:'.'5' 6 Heads civopig. Xpafvwv, Bu-qrdg div, [ d'¢p0va A6}/ov [
ofipavfwv pamipwv :ca're';Ba)\', 035' dip’ 0:3 I crHe'vovcnv Qeof; However this
may be, 203 certainly seems to carry a reference to fifth-century
agnosticism of the Protagorean type (cf. 890-2 n.). c|.G'r6.: such
redundant pronouns are common in the colloquial style of Hdt. and
Plato; and cf. the redundant vw at Soph. OT. 248, Tr. 287. For the
neuter plural Sandys quotes Thuc. 6. I0. 2 a-nov8a.E ¢'="0'ov1'cu.' 05-rw
‘yelp . . . Errpafav ail-rd (SC. rd. -rrcpi. 'rci.s‘ 0'1rov5cis'). [But the text is open
to question: the redundant pronoun comes surprisingly soon after
the noun which it resumes. Proposed corrections for 0.6-rd are -rciafie,
Herwerden (transcriptionally very improbable), and Sfi-ra, Dalmeyda
(unidiomatic). I should prefer to suppose with Kirchhoff that the
beginning of the sentence is lost. M. Croiset (joum. des Savants,
I909, p. 250) proposed to insert before 20I 9:0}. 8’ 60’ €8oaav, sf-re
:ca.:.vcl.s‘ €i"r£ Kat’, claiming that thus ‘le sens est rétabli et la grammaire
est satisfaite’ (but Porson’s law is not, nor is Eur.’s usage in the
matter of enjambement). qfipm-at might be middle (with the
personal subject implied in A6-yes); but this form is usually passive.
 6 COMMENTARY
Hermann preferred to keep efip-q-rat and take it as a subjunctive,
‘ut in re incerta’; but fifth-century agnosticism is a ‘res certa’.
Ka.1'afici)b\e:. (L : rca-mBciAAy P) is perhaps defensible on the same ground.]
205. [Wecklein wrote xopeziaew, on the ground that where y.é'/\)\w
implies intention the tragedians use the future infinitive if metre
allows. But Cf. A16. 5I3 Qciarretv '2-av’ Ev 1173' 1§p.e'pc_r. ,u.e'z\Rw vclcpcim]
206-7. ydp: ‘Not so‘: for . . .’. Similarly Aeschylus says of Dionysiac
dancing :cov5e:.s 1rcu\a.:.63v 01:5: ‘raw vew-répwv exrbv arrears -r(3v8e 8:01-01‘:-
xw[v xopzfiv], fr. 276 Lloyd-]ones (= P. Oxy. 2162), lines 73 f. [With
cf-re . . . cf-re (MSS.), the ei is redundant. Of a number of possible
corrections the best is perhaps xpeiq for ei xpvj Wolff, H. A. J.
Munro), despite the irregular tense sequence. ‘The corruption would
arise from xpfi being written for xpeiv; and then ca added in the
margin or above. This opt. is common enough, and yet it is con-
stantly corrupted’ (Munro).]
209. 8u1pi6|.|63v 8 oufiev : separating no one in his count, ‘putting none
in a class apart’. Cf. the Delphic oracle quoted by Demosthenes,
Maid. 52, ordering the Athenians to give thanks to Dion. ci.'p.,u.:.'ya.
-rrév-rag. [The MS. tradition can equally represent 8:’ ci.p|.9,u.(Bv 8’
01336;» (adopted in the first edition of Murray’s text) or 3Lc1p|.6p.63v
8’ 0:38e'v’: the word-division in our Byzantine MSS. has no ancient
authority. F01‘ 5:.a.p|.6p.63v Cf. Plato, Gorg. 50I A ofifiév 3a.a.pr.6;.u70'a,u.c'v1;,
‘classifying nothing’; also Aeschines, Ctes. 207 5n;pt6y.-qp.év0u;,
‘sorted out’; A1‘. A2). I622, where 5:.apc.9p.a'5v cipyvpffitov is probably
‘sorting small money’ and not merely ‘counting change’; and IT.
965 f., where the Std in 8¢.1;pt’9p.qae- seems to refer to the sorting of the
votes into two heaps. But St’ 6.pr6,u.<I>v is also, I believe, defensible-—
and preferable, as giving a more pointed antithesis to £5 Zimiv-rwv . . .
xowcig. Wilamowitz (Berl. Sitzb. I909, 831, n. 2) argued from an
obscure phrase Of Pindar, wpeafivrépav cipL9p.oi3 1rp€§:.v (fr. II2 Bowra,
I27 Snell), that riptfinds could be used in the technical sense of ‘age-
group’. But Festugiere, Cl. Phil. xlviii (I953), 237, has persuaded me
that interpretation should start from the well-attested usage of
<ipr6,u.6s (L.S.° s.v. I. 4) as ‘item’ or ‘unit’, a member of a collection
considered in isolation from the rest. Euripides was fond of this
usage: he has 6 §€fi'rcpog épt6,u6§.-, ‘the second item’ (Ion I014);
&p¢6,u.o:}s vcwa-yiwv, ‘separate pieces of wreckage’ (Hel. 410),; mix
ciptapdv ci¢\)t’ £1"-q1'IJ',u.cus c':'v3pa (Heraclid. 997, Cf. T119. 476). It would be
no great extension of this to use cipr9p.<.3v, ‘isolated units’, here to
denote individuals in contrast with the collection (rim-iv-rwv) to which
they belong. Dionysiac worship was essentially collective: see note
on 75 Qcaoefieraz rpuxév. In any case I see no need to alter the text
t0 5:.a.:.pcIlv 5' 015515» (Brady) OI‘ 3zaypd¢wv 3’ 015561’ (Denniston), OI‘ t0
delete the line with Bernhardy.]
211. 11904411,, trot Aéyuv is certainly not ‘a prophet to you of the coming
 LINES 201-23 97
conversation with Pentheus’, as some of the older edd. took it:
-.-rpoqbvi-r-qs is not normally ‘prophet’ (cf. Wackernagel, Vorl. iib.
Syntax, ii. 239 f.). Paley, &c., make it ‘a speaker for you of words
you would have spoken had you not been blind’—because ‘it would
have been in accordance with the usage of Eur. to make Teiresias
end his speech by announcing the approach of Pentheus’ (Tyrrell).
But probably the phrase means merely ‘an interpreter in words to
you (of what is happening)’. Cadmus perhaps jests on the point
that he, not Teiresias, is the ‘seer’ on this occasion.
213. 8i8co|.u, ‘I have given’ : the present is used because the effect of the
action ersists. SO 44 §i5wot 2 II “rid77 at 2 4 2 rircret.
214. tbs u’a1-r-r61-|-rm: ‘how excited he is!’—a hint to the producer. Pentheus
is characterized throughout by lack of self-control, in contrast with
the supernatural fiavxia of Dion. His behaviour in this scene is, as
Murray says, that of a typical tragedy-tyrant: those who are tempted
to whitewash him, as Norwood does, should compare it closely with
the behaviour of Creon in the Antigone—both show the same
suspiciousness, the same prickly egotism, the same blind faith in
physical force as a means of settling spiritual problems. vetirrepov,
‘fresh’, perhaps with the implication ‘untoward’, like véov in 362.
21 5-4-7. Greek stage convention allows Pentheus to ignore the presence
of the old gentlemen for over thirty lines, after which he observes
them with a start of horror (the break is marked by ti-nip, as often,
cf. Denniston, Particles, 52). His monologue serves an expository
purpose: it is a sort of second prologue (Schadewaldt, Monoiog u.
Selbstgesprtich, 241), a counter-manifesto to the first——having heard
the god’s programme of action, we now listen to the man’s. Similar
expository monologues, Hel. 386 ff., Or. 356 ff. ; in the latter passage
Menelaus, like Pentheus here, fails to notice the persons on the
stage.
219. Boéfiew: ‘gad about’. So Cassandra is called a ,u.a.wci.§ 9oaf§0vaa.,
Troad. 349. -row vemcrriz more contemptuous than -rdv véov, almost
‘this parvenu god’: cf. Med. 366, 514.
222-3. ‘They slink off one by one to lonely places to serve the lust of
males.’ Similar accusations were apparently levelled at the new
mystery-cults at Athens in Eur.’s day: Aristophanes in his Home
attacked ‘novos deos et in his colendis nocturnas pervigilationes’, and
cf. Lucian, adv. induct. 27 on the Baptae of Eupolis. This may be
one reason why Pentheus is made to harp on the charge (237 f.,
260 f., 353 f., 487) and return to it (957 f.) even after it has been dis-
proved by the evidence of an eyewitness (686 f.). But this insistence
on the theme of sex is also significant, as Wilamowitz and Zielenski
have seen, for Pentheus’ psychology. His attitude to the Baccha-
nal women is not one of simple repulsion: unlike Hippolytus, he
is the dark puritan whose passion is compounded of horror and
4003 .9 H
 98 COMMENTARY
unconscious desire, and it is this which leads him to his ruin (cf.
introductory note to Scene 3 (c)).1
225. éiyew: ‘rank’. Strict logic would demand dyozioast but anger is
not logical, and the final jeer gains in force by being thrown into the
same construction as éa-rcivat and :5-mjpe-retv.
226. xépag, accus. of relation with 3e'a;.u'0vs, lit. ‘bound as to their
hands’.
227. 1'I'ClV8‘I‘||.l.0l-0| . . . 0-réycus: ‘in the common gaol’-—a stylized version
of the prose euphemism by which the prison is called 1-6 Sqnéaiov
(Thuc. 5. 18) and the executioner 6 3-ripeos. [P’s uneuphonious
36y.ol-5‘ may have been introduced into the text by an unconscious
echoing of the middle syllables of 1-ro.v51jp.owr.. But such synonymous
variants are common in the tradition of Eur., and are often very old
(Wecklein, Sitzb. Akad. Miinchen, I896, pp. 471 ff.) :~ cf. 1118 n.]
229-30. A possible but not, I think, certain instance of the interpola-
tion of proper names (I82 n.). [Collmann rejected the lines on the
pedantic ground that 6am dwetatv includes other women besides the
daughters of Cadmus. A stronger objection is the form Hxraiovost
elsewhere in the play (337, I227, I291) the oblique cases have w as
they have in Aesch. (fr. 241) and in Nonnus. But Callimachus has
Ax-raiova (Lav. Pall. I09) and Ovid ‘Actae‘6na’ (Metam. 3. 243, &c.).
Choeroboscus (Grammatici Gr. IV. i. 273) quotes 230, and says the
0 form is used metri gratia: cf. ’H)\em-pdovos, which should probably
be read at Ala. 839, and ‘HM.-c-rpufwva (Her. 17).” Though unpleasing
to a modern taste, the lines are appropriate enough dramatically:
Pentheus feeds his rage on the thought that the women of his own
family are among the culprits (cf. Grube, Drama of Eur. p. 403 n. 1).
And the mention of Actaeon as his cousin prepares for the parallel
which Cadmus draws (337 ff.) between Pentheus’ impiety and his.
Moreover, Cadmus’ family is an artificial creation (presumably of
some Theban poet, Wilamowitz, Pindaros, 46), and the family
relationships might well be unfamiliar to some members of Eur.’s
audience. Ino, Actaeon, Aristaeus (1371) seem to be old gods or
3ai;.tove'5‘ who have been worked into the genealogy.]
234-. 76119 1’:-rrc986s: ‘a wizard conjuror’. So Theseus taunts Hippolytus
with being in-qifidg KC!-i. yd-qs (Hzpp. I038). This was doubtless, as

1 Some scholars, like Pohlenz and Diller, have found this psychologi-
cal interpretation too subtle, or too ‘modern’. But it is not easy to
account on any other view for such lines as 812 and 957-8. Euripides,
as the ancients knew, was an acute observer of aavlat 1'6 Kai Epw-res:
it is hardly an exaggeration to say with Jaeger (Paideia i. 350, Eng.
trans.) that ‘he created the pathology of the mind’.
“ See now G. Bj6rck, Das Alpha Impurum, 111, who is prepared to
accept 24.-<1-a¢'ovos-.
 LINES 222-41 99
Prof. Tierney has observed, a current charge against propagators of
mystery-cults at Athens: cf. Plato, Rep. 364 B, c.
235. On the long hair and feminine beauty of Dion. see 453-9 nn.;
fOI' his golden curls Cf. Cycl. 74 f. (.3 qfiille Baxxeie . . . rrof §a.v9ci.v
xafrav oeieas; To scent the hair was a fashion of Lydian origin
(Xenophanes, fr. 3, where it is condemned as a cifipomiv-q civw¢e')l1js').
[efioanéiv (Tyrrell) for efioapov (MSS.) is recommended by the fre-
quency of the confusion between cu and 0 (cf. 233, 279, 622, 802).
But with this text the dat. B001-pdxotatv is somewhat awkward; and
efioanetv occurs only in Theophrastus. I should prefer to write efioanov
(internal accus.) xopcfiv (ptcp.) : cf. fr. 203 x0p.cBv1'a. iaaaqs, Pherecrates
fl’. I89 K. cf: §av9o1'ci1'ors B01-ptixotai. xopuiiv. Badham p1'OpOSCd efidapotg
xopcfiv: but this rather spoils the balance of the line, and it is hard
to see why it should be corrupted to efioopov xci;.:.'qv.]
236. ‘With the charm of Aphrodite winedark in his eyes.’ [But the
reading is, I think, false. The physiognomists described an oivwrrdg
6¢>6aA;.t6s as like a goat’s and indicative of lunacy ([Arist.] Phgn.
8I2‘°6). 438 oivwwdv yévvv strongly suggests that the reference here is
to the Stranger’s flushed cheeks (cf. also Nonn. Dion. I8. 343 oivar
rrfiol. 'rra.p1]io't, Anlh. Pal. II. 36. I 1ra.pew.i's' oivwrraig, and Page, G.L.P.,
i. I1. 14 f., from Eur. Cretans, where Wilamowitz rightly took
oivamdv with yévvv): and there is no authority for understanding
60am; as ‘face’. Also the second-declension form oivoyrrdg occurs half
a dozen times in Eur., ot’vu5¢ never (though Soph. has oiwfi-rra. Bcixxov,
OT. 211). I prefer Barnes’s oivw-rrds, as do almost all modern edd.]
237-8. ‘Who day and night keeps company with young girls, dangling
before them his mysteries of joy’. cu-yyiyve-rat is purposely sug-
gestive, as when the jealous Aphrodite describes Hippolytus -napfiévqi
fvvrlvv dei I7).
239. [01-éyqs is a little odd : Pentheus objects to the Stranger’s activities
not merely in the Castle but in the country at large, and orders his
men to arrest him civd. -:r6)\w (352); on the other hand, the words can
hardly mean ‘If I catch and bring him to my house’, or ‘to yonder
prison’. Norwood’s )l'qz/1ci;.:.e'a9a yfis (C.R. xix, I905) is attractive: the
shift from plural to sing., though not in fact uncommon (cf. 669 n.),
might lead to corruption.]
24-0. n1-urrofiwa Bopoov: ‘making his thyrsus ring’ against the ground.
This was apparently a movement of the Dionysiac dance, cf. 188
Gfipaqi Kporcilv -yijv: Stat. Ach. 2. 155 ‘Thyrsos pariterque levant
pariterque reponunt.’ [Bfipaav (R. B. Cross, C.R. xvi [I902]) is at
first sight tempting, in view of 513 f. xcipa . . . Bfipo-qs x-run-ov -n-aafaas.
But it is the women" who carry kettledrums ; the Stranger carries a
thyrsus (495)-1
24-1. 1'pc'|.x'r|Rov: ‘his head’. On this use of Tpdxq/\0g, 40,715», Sép-q for ‘head’
see ]. E. Powell, C.R. liii (1939), 58. To the examples he quotes
100 COMMENTARY
may be added Aesch. Ch-0. 883 f. Eome vfiv afirfis . . . afixijv rreoeiodaz,
and in Latin Suet. Caligula 33 ‘cervix demetur’. The phrase is
brutal: a ‘sympathetic’ character would not be made to speak thus
(cf. Murray, Rise cf the Gk. Epic‘, I28) ; decapitation was felt to be
tbndv Kai 06;; ‘E/UL-qvurév (schol. B on Iliad 13. 203). In the end it is
Pentheus who suffers the mutilation he would have inflicted on the
Stranger.
242-3. The repeated éxefvos is very emphatic—this is the disreputable
charlatan on whose word the story of Dion.’s divinity depends.
lpp6.¢0cu, sc. Auivvaov. Under the influence of e‘xe'i.'vo$- the word was
transcribed e’ppci¢rq by someone who forgot that for Pentheus the
Stranger and the god are two, not one. [Other views of this passage :
(1) Verrall suggested that éxeivos . . . e'ppci¢-q could stand, ‘this is the
man who was (metaphorically) “sewn into the thigh of Zeus” ’,
i.e. this is the man who claims to have shared in a mystical sense the
experience of his god. But, apart from other objections, 65' could
not then refer to Dion., as it must do. (2) Failing to see the point
of the emphatic reference to the Stranger’s character, some would
remove it by making the pronouns refer to Dion.: Elmsley wrote
c'xei'v0v rival. . . . eixcivos . . . rippcigbrj (understanding With 243 (fig
45-qolv 6 févos); Robert (Hermes, xlix [I9I4]) proposed €xei.‘vo_v eivcu. . . .
émstvov . . . éppdqiflat. This line of attack was adequately answered
by Hermann. The second éxeifvos has been thought an accidental
repetition of the first: P. Corssen (Rh. Mus. lxviii [19I3]) proposed
irreiarep iv p.'r)pq'5 2-ro-r’ éppdqlrr). But Cf. 07‘. 595 f. éxeivov 'rj'yei’09' civciowov
Kai. :c1'eive'rc' | eixeivos 1']'p.ap'r', otix Eytfi. (4) Dindorf struck out 243,
Wecklein and Tyrrell the whole passage 242-7. But 242-5 make
a point essential to Pentheus’ case, and the removal of 243 involves
removing also Teiresias’ answer to it, 286-97. On 246-7 see below.
(5) A more plausible proposal is to transpose 239-41 to follow
247 (Kirchhoff). This clarifies the train of thought by making
the scornful éxeivos follow immediately on the description of the
Stranger; but angry men are sometimes less than perfectly lucid,
and 239-41 can be regarded as a parenthetic outburst (Bruhn).]
244-. 8: izlcfrupofi-rat! ‘(Dionysus) who was (in fact) destroyed by fire.’
[Tyrrell’s objection to ‘the wrong use of e‘m1'vpo§'ra.|.' rests on a con-
fusion.]
245. ‘Because she lied that she was loved by Zeus.’ An echo, probably
intended by Eur., of 31: Pentheus makes it clear that he accepts
his mother’s naturalistic explanation of Semele’s baby; and the
audience guesses that he will be punished for it no less than she.
24-6-7. ‘Does not this call for the hideous noose, to commit siich acts
of insolence, be the Stranger who he may?’ Since dyxciv-q is almost
always used with reference to suicide, several scholars take ci-yx6v17$
dfta to mean ‘enough to make one hang oneself’, comparing OT.
 LINES 241-57 I01
I374 Epya . . . xpet'0o0v' ti.-yx6W7s‘, Heraclid. 246 1'65’ ciyxdvfls 11610.5",
Ar. Ach. 125 -rafi-ra 31'7"r' 013:: ciyxcivwj; That dffita can mean ‘sufficient
to cause’ is shown by Alc. 229 ci.'§to. aqSa-yfis -rd5e. But though this
rendering is possible, it seems to suit Pentheus’ character and
situation less well than the threat of hanging. That the latter is
inconsistent with 241 matters little: 356 is inconsistent with both,
but Pentheus is in a temper. Eur. uses Bpaxiovos ci-yxdvai of Heracles
strangling the Nemean lion (Her. 154). [247 was at one time con-
demned by Wilamowitz ; both lines were rejected by Wecklein and
Tyrrell. In 246 Tyrrell objected to Sewfis, as ‘ludicrously feeble’, and
to the violation of Porson’s law (:’01"|[df|.a). The point of the former
may perhaps be that hanging is a particularly dirty death (cf.
Hel. 299 f., Odyssey 22. 462 ff., Servius ad Aen. 12. 603); but Mau’s
Semi mi-yxdvns is very plausible (K misread as IC, and the resulting
5e|.vo.r.s' emended to 3ew17s'). The latter is if anything evidence of
authenticity: the use of a long monosyllable, or elided trochaic
word, at the beginning of the fifth foot is characteristic of Eur.,
and especially of his latest style (Descroix, Trimétre iambique,
328 f.); Cf. 252 vofiv olive Exov, 271 vofiv 013:: Exwv, IT. 501 565' 1'-ff -rtixy,
01'. I035 5451'.’ 5' ij Bpcixovs, IA. 507 006 1" cifiws, 975 006 1" dfaa, I026
xp-ti u’ cililllav, &c. ; and for this particular word, Or. 615 éa-r’ ci.fia.,-
Bellerophon fr. 299 Ear’ daflevfi. 247 looks a little weak: but fiflpets
:5fipl§cw is an especially Euripidean phrase (Her. 741, cf. Her. 708,
Hel. 785, IA. 961, and infra 1297); and Pentheus’ doubt about the
identity of the Stranger nicely balances his doubt about the identity
of Dion. (220). The forgery, if such it be, is as painstaking as it is
motiveless.]
251. Bcucxdiov-r’ may be dual, but is I think more probably singular.
év -noudllatat veflplat will then apply to Teiresias only, as its position
suggests it should (for the plural cf. Nonn. 45. 86 xptioeu. -rre‘1n\a. qS¢‘pwv,
06 veflpisas), and it _Will be balanced by vdpflnxr flc1.xxeI.iov1" applying
to Cadmus. This -is supported by 322, which seems to show that
Teiresias understands -rrohlv ye‘/\wv as referring only to Cadmus.
fivaivopcu : best taken closely with claopcsv, ‘I shrink from seeing’, like
IA. 1503 Bavoiiaa 5’ mix dvaivouat, ‘I do not shrink from dying’. P. is
shocked because rt}? -y-tipa qhllet I 6 1-06‘; ciuap-refv (Soph. fr. 260) : cf. the
similar reproach at Soph. OC. 930, and Cornford, C.Q. vi (1912), 203 f.
-mi-rep : ‘sir’ (denoting respect, not relationship) : cf. 1322. Pentheus is
fond of his grandfather (1318 ff.), and lays the blame for his conduct
on the priest. [Tyrrell through some misunderstanding asserted that
-mi-rep was not in the MSS.; he also, like earlier edd., attributed to
the first hand in C (= L) the worthless conjecture Baxxeliovras.
Murray’s text is that of the MSS., and there are no valid reasons for
doubting it.]
255-7. ‘By introducing one more (-r6»-8' (15) god as a novelty to
102 COMMENTARY
mankind, you hope to have fresh occasion to watch the birds and take
more pay for reading the signs in the burnt offering.’ The sentence is
perhaps better written as a question, with Dindorf, &c.: Pentheus
turns to Teiresias, the younger man and the stronger character, and
says: ‘This is your doing--what was your motive?’ Venality is a
traditional charge against seers from the Odyssey (2. 186) onwards:
both Creon and Oedipus throw it at Teiresias (Ant. 1050, OT. 388).
258-60. This again is like Oedipus’ ei at pa?) ’56rce:.s' yefpwv | elvaa, iraddav
Eyvws (iv old rrep cfapovets (0 T. 402 f.). eicéyuv is casual.
261. yavog: ‘the liquid gleam’. The root meaning of the word seems to
be ‘brightness’ (1-6 llajuirpdv, SChOl. A1‘. Plut. I66, Cf. yavciw); it is used
especially to describe the sheen or sparkle of liquids. [The genuine-
ness of the line has sometimes been groundlessly suspected: see
384-5 11-]
262. ‘I say that then there is nothing wholesome in their mysteries.’
Pentheus’ speech ends as it began, on the theme of impropriety.
o:J8év :5-ytés is one of the colloquialisms introduced into tragic diction
by Eur. (Soph. has it once in a late play, Phil. 1006). Cf. Ar. Thesm.
393 f. ids oivo-:rci'rl.5a.5‘ . . . rcis o=J8év zlyuis, and for the construction
with dependent gen. Eur. Hel. 746 0:38’ fiv 6p’ 15-ytég 0|}8év éu-mipov
qlhoyds.
263. 1"F|s Suaaefieias is taken as exclamatory gen., like Ar. Ach. 87
-nfiv ¢iAa2,'oveu,u.d-miv. Elsewhere in tragedy such genitives are always
preceded by an interjection (e.g. Soph. El. 920 4&6, 'rijs' dvolas) or
invocation (IA. 327 (.3 Heoi, oijs civataxdvrov cfipevcis, 01'. I666 65 /10§ia.
uav-refs, 063v Heamaad-rwv), or else by ans (when an exclamatory
infinitive follows, as Ale. 832 ¢i)\)l& am? rd jun) qbpdaat). The naked
genitive is a colloquialism possible in the mouth of Dicaeopolis, or
of the lower-middle-class housewives in Theocr. 15, but alien so
far as we can tell to any dignified or formal speech, and certainly
ill suited to the highly stylized utterance of a Chorus-leader. [I
therefore agree with Hermann that Svaaefieias is a false emendation
(despite the similar corruption at Hel. 1021). Still less, of course,
can rfis efiaefieias (MSS.) be defended as an ironical exclamatory
gen. (Chorus-leaders do not indulge in irony); nor can it depend on
aZ8;T7‘ or on Beads (‘the gods of piety’ would be a phrase without
parallel in Greek). But the corrupt words may be Beods, for which
Musgrave proposed aflévos, Camper aéflas, Hartung Kpciros‘. The most
plausible of these is atlévos (cf. 883 rd Beiov aflévos). I doubt, however,
if ofiévos is a possible object of alfiais, which is the feeling of respect
for a moral claim. I suggest in preference 1--iis Efiaeficias . . . Gpévovs,
‘the majesty of Religion’ : cf. Aesch. Sept. 409 f. -rdv Aiaxfivns Bpdvov
'r:.p.rInrra.. Efiaéflcta is similarly half personified by Empedocles, fr.
4. 5, 'rre'p.-ire rrap‘ Eliaefiirjs e')ldova' eiirjvtov d.'p,u.a.: by Critias 2. 21 f.
Bergk -rrpcig 1'17!) 'rep1rvo1'ci*r17v re Herfiv 9v-ryroig '1/yietav | real. 'r1’7v Efiaeflins
 LINES 255-69 I03
yeirova Zwqipoafivrjvi and H. Ofph. P7006171. I4 f. (in a liSt Of divinities)
.-cal. rd Lltxazoofivns ‘re Kai. Efiaefiins pm?-y’ dvetap I xuchrjovcwt Cf. the
goddess ‘Oaia (370) and my note there. An alternative possibility
is that something has fallen out. It may be significant that in the
Chr. Pat. this line is represented by two (191-2): rfis cicrefleias"
:5 rdh’, oily qioflfi @eciv; I 0|} 9eo,u.civ a.i5fi rtilv Bponiiv Tijg olloias I Hfidp
-re 1-6v oireipawa m-A. Eur. may possibly have written something
like
'r1'j'5' Efioefleiag, <3 feiv’, (oil qboflfi .-cpdrog
Hequciv Te ‘TOP wahatdv ;) 0131: a.i3'_r'}’ 915065‘

(Cf. 201 and fr. 360 l. 45 rrpoycivwv rrallatci. 3e'cr;.u.a).]

264-5. On P.’s ancestry see 537-41 n. [Musgrave’s transposition of
these two lines gives rather more point to rclv arreipavfa y-qycvfi
a-rdxvv by making it explanatory of -yévos, but the argument is
hardly decisive.]
266-71. Teiresias’ speech has a more formal structure than the angry
tirade of Pentheus. In accordance with Greek oratorical practice it
includes a wpoolutov (266—7I), a series of 1'rio"'rer.s or pleas, and an
e‘1ri¢\o'y0s or peror-ation (319-27). The npooiutov is of a type much
favoured by the orators--a denunciation of the opposing speaker's
abuse of professional skill. But it is not, I think, purely conventional:
reflections on the harm done by the art of suggestion (mafiai), when
it is exercised by men without principle, appear repeatedly in Eur.,
and seem to represent a lesson which he wished to bring home to
his audience-—cf. Med. 580 ff., Hipp. 486 ff., Hec. 1187 ff., Phoen.
526 f., Or. 907 ff., Antiope fr. I89. This was in fact the greatest
danger of ancient as of modern democracies. That Eur. had it in
mind here is suggested by the yvc-in-4 about the KGKOS 1roM1'17g
(270 f.), which is barely appropriate in the mouth of a subject
addressing a king (and seems designed, as Sandys pointed out, for
Athenian rather than Macedonian ears).
266--9. 1-6v Aéycov . . . Kara; acbopués : ‘an honest case to argue’. dcfiopuwf
(-ai), ‘what one starts from’, developed a number of technical
senses : in military language it is the base of operations, in commercial
language capital, in the language of the courts the lawyer's ‘case’
or ‘brief’. Eur. is fond of using it in the last of these senses: Hec.
1238f. 1'6. xprjorti. wpdyuara I Xp'qo1'a'Jv cigfiopuds €v3i3wo" ciei. Xdywv,
Her. 236 aaopuag rois‘ A6-yototv (cf. Wilamowitz ad loc.), Phoen. 199
dqlopudg 1-63v Adywv. In all these passages dqiopuaf refers to the
factual basis, A63./or to the verbal presentation. It is one of those
prose words by means of which Eur. tried to give actuality to the
speech of tragedy. uéf Epyov, ‘a big undertaking’, is again a
colloquial expression (Plato, S3/mp. 187 E uéya Epyov ‘raft; . . . én-tfivulats
.-ca.\<.i3s xpfiofiat, AI‘. Frogs IIO0 xcu\e'm5v oiiv Epyov 5ia.r.pei.’v). tbpivts
104- COMMENTARY
here denotes an abstract quality, ‘good sense’; all connexion with
its original meaning as the name of a bodily organ has vanished,
so that it can be ‘in’ a man’s words. [Cf. B. Meissner, Mythisches und
Rationales in der Psychologie der euripideischen Tragadie, 96.]
Teiresias says in effect ‘It is easy to make a good speech, given two
things—dexterity (croqfaia) and a sound case. You have the nimble
tongue of the 00956;, but the content of your pleas is foolish.’
270--1. ‘The ready speaker who owes his influence (only) to his self-
assurance (tlpriaei, the emphatic word) proves a bad citizen; for he
lacks good sense.’ Not ‘becomes a bad citizen if he lacks good sense’,
which, as Sandys says, would require p.-rj. vofiv mix Exwv is virtually a
tit quoque to Pentheus’ taunt, 252 : that is why Teiresias puts it cate-
gorically. [The MS. reading in 270 is barely defensible as equivalent
t0 Qpacnis‘ SE (iv-ijp, 3vva1'dg div Ka ioids 1'6 div lie‘)/etv. Svvarcis‘ may be
a gloss on ofdg -re (Cf. Hesych. ofciv -re" 5vva.'rciv Xéyovotv), which has
supplanted some other word (Bpamis 8é'(-y1\<.50e-;q) Wecklein, Bpamis -r’
(év do-r0i.‘s) Badham). Madvig’s correction is, however, supported by
01'. 903 ciwjp -rag tidvpci-yhwooog, ioxtiwv dpcioei. These tWO lines should
not in my judgement be rejected: see note on 266-71.]
274-85. What underlies this passage is (1) the traditional opposition
of the Dry and the Wet (1-6. éqpév and -rci ii-ypév) as elements of
the world’s body and of man’s body, which goes back to Ionian
thought; and (2) the fifth-century identification of Demeter and
Dion. with the most valuable forms of the Dry and the Wet, bread
and wine respectively. For the latter cf. the opinion of the sophist
Prodicus that wcivra rd. aidae/\o1'3v1'a -rdv Blov 1§;.|.cIiv oi 'rra1\a.r.oi 6606:
civdutoav Stir 'r1’)v ti-11' mi-rrliv uid>e')lei.av . . . Kai. 51.6. 1'oi31'o rdv uev ciprov
A1§_u.17'rpav vo,u.|.o'91‘jvar., rciv 5E olvov Aedvvoov (Sext. Emp. adv. math.
9. 18 = Diels Vors. 84 (77) B 5). Though Eur. was probably a good
many years senior to Prodicus, the biographical tradition made him
P.’s pupil (Gell. 15. 20. 4, Vit. Eur. 2, Suidas s.v. Erip.), and he would
certainly in any case be acquainted with P.’s views (we have no
warrant for assuming, with Bruhn and Nestle, that he shared them).
[It has been thought surprising that he should put words which recall
this ‘atheistic’ doctrine into the mouth of the pious Teiresias,
especially after the priest's profession 06K e’va0<;'>i'2;w6ai -rots 8at’p.0m.v-—
and it would be, were the doctrine really atheistic. But though
Prodicus sometimes figures in.ancient lists of 56cm, it was possible to
claim that he had ‘put piety on a sound foundation’ (Themistius 30,
349 B = Diels Vors. 84 (77) B 5). His was apparently the ambiguous
position of the ‘modernist’ (cf. H. Gomperz, Sophistik u. Rhetorik,
113-17)-—that is why he is quoted by the modernist Teiresias. (At
a later date the Stoics similarly materialized and depersonalized
the gods without ceasing to regard them as proper objects of wor-
ship. And the Irishman who being asked ‘How can bread be God?’
 _ LINES 266-85‘ 105
replied ‘What else would it be?’ was not a man devoid of religious
feeling.) Nor is the theory, thus understood, entirely anachronistic.
Demeter and Dion. had not always been anthropomorphic per-
sonages. Whether Zlrj-,u.'rj1"r)p means the Earth Mother, as some
Greeks believed (Diod. 1. 12. 4, Sext. Emp. adv. math. 9. 189, Cic.
ND 2. 67) or, as seems more probable, the Corn Mother (Mann-
hardt, cf. Cretan 517a.i, ‘barley’), Teiresias is right about her essential
nature. And although Dion. is more than the Giver of Wine,
the feeling that wine is his substance is as primitive as the com-
plete identification in Indian thought of the god Soma with the
drink Soma (284-5 n.). For the association of Demeter and Dion. cf.
Pindar, ISllZm. 7. 4 1'rd,0e5p0v At1p.d1'6pO$ . . . Altcivvoov: Moschion, fl‘. 6,
23 ff. (T.G.F. p. 814) 1-66’ wiped-:7 new Kapirds‘ 1j,u.e'p0v rporfifis I Zl1j,u.17'rp0$‘
ci.-yv-:'7‘g, 1;:i,0e'91; at Baxxiov I 'y}\vKeE'a 1'r17'y1jI schol. Aratus, Diosem.
I068 oi 1TG.A(J.l.Oi. -rdv Auivvoov -rfi £l17,u.1j1'pg. 0-v'yKa9i.e'pwo'av, aivi.-r'r6,u.evo:.
-rd -ydviuov 1--fig :5-ypd-n;-res: and the inscriptional evidence cited by
Vollgraff, Mém. Acad. Inscr. xiv (1951), 344 ff.]
276. yfi 8’ £01-iv: the same identification in the Phoenissae, 685 ff.
Zlap.ci'r-qp Bed, I 1-rciv-.rwv civaaoa, wcivrwv Se yd -rpodaris. In cult Demeter
and Ge were always distinct, though in many respects parallel.
For the indifference as to names cf. Aesch. PV. 209 f. @§,u.l.g I KCI.i.
Fain, WOMQP dv0_u.d1-wv uopqfiaj pin.
277. Ev §'qp0'£aw, where prose would use a simple instrumental dat.:
cf; 157-9 n.
278. c’1v1-[1-raixov, adj. with mI5p.a., ‘the liquor of the grape to match
Demeter’s bread’. [It is possible to retain what is practically the
reading Of L, ci 5’ ifldev eirri -rdv-rirrahov, ci Zlepe‘/\17g ydvog" translating
either ‘But the other came to render the complementary service‘
(cf. 967 é-ni 1-68’ Epxouat) or ‘But the other entered into rivalry with
her’. The resulting asyndeton is, however, a little harsh; and if we
avoid it by writing 6; 5’ we should also accept Housman’s neat
correction of the following words, which is very close to the reading
of P and yields much more natural Greek.]
282-3. Wine was the usual sleeping-draught of antiquity: cf. 385,
Cycl. 574 sis firrvov flallei, Ar. WGSPS 9 iiirvog ,u.' Exec TL$ €K Zlaflagiov,
Hor. Odes 3. 21. 4. [P was formerly supposed to have J-.-rvov, and
this reading was adopted by some of the older edd. (as a subjective
gen.); but later collations showed that both MSS. had ii-rrvov.]
¢'i)\)\0: most naturally understood as ‘other than wine’. Cf. fr. 1079,
where someone attacks this use of wine as a M5-.1--qg d>d.'pp.a.Kov, and
421-3 n.
284--5. ‘He, being god, is poured out in offering to the gods, so'that
to him men owe all their blessings’ (because the libation of wine
was a part of prayer). a1'rév5e'ra|. is quite certainly passive (no-t
middle as L.S.8), nor is there any play on the middle sense (as
106 COMMENTARY
Paley, &c., fancied)—the statement that Dionysus ‘makes a truce
with the gods’ would have no meaning in the context. The thought
is curious, recalling Paul's mystical e’-ydi yap 1781; o-rrév80;.w.i (2 Tim.
4. 6), ‘I- am poured out as an offering’. A closer parallel is the Indian
belief in the identity of the god Soma with the soma-libation (an
intoxicating drink made from a wild plant and offered to the
gods): ‘some of the finest and most spiritual of the Vedic hymns
are addressed to Soma, and yet it is hard to say whether they are
addressed to a person or a beverage’ (Sir Charles Eliot, Hinduism
and Buddhism, i. 58). It is tempting to see here not merely the
rediscovery but the survival of an ancient religious idea (cf. Farnell,
Cults, v. 97, 121, on the Thracian cult of AL6vUO'0$ B61-pug, ‘Dionysus
the Vine-cluster’). In any case I see no reason for regarding the
thought either as a sophism put into Teiresias’ mouth in order to
discredit him (Bruhn) or as ‘the last word of scientific rationalism’
(Norwood). The elementary jokes cracked by the Cyclops about a
god choosing to live in a bottle (Cycl. 525-7) tell us that the god-wine
equation was current in some sense at Athens; they do not tell us
what the sense was, still less what Eur. thought about it. [On the
trochaic caesura J30-re II Si-, which Porson wished to avoid by writing
Sid -rofi-rov tfla-re, see 192 n.]
286-97. [Dindorf, Tyrrell, and Wecklein, following a suggestion of
Boeckh’s, dismissed this passage as spurious (though they failed
to discover any plausible motive for its interpolation); and even
Sandys thought its genuineness ‘open to serious doubt’. But more
recent scholars have rightly retained the lines. The main grounds
of objection were (1) the absurdity of the explanation (uqpds a
mistake for 5p.'qp05‘) ; (2) the feebleness and obscurity of the éuqpog
story; (3) the inconsistency of that story with the Chorus’s accep-
tance of the doctrine of the Double Birth (94 ff.) and subsequent
reiteration of it (523 ff.) ; (4) the inappropriateness of this ‘sophistry’
in the mouth of Teiresias. These objections lose a good deal of
their force upon closer consideration. (1) Teiresias is not alone in
attempting to explain the origin of a rejected myth (an early
example is Pindar, Ol. 1. 46 ff.), or in basing his explanation on a
supposed confusion of words--Nihard well compares Hdt. I. I22,
where the myth that Cyrus was suckled by a bitch is explained by
the story that his foster-mother’s name was Spako, Mag being the
Median word for a dog. (2) It is probable on other grounds that our
text has been injured (see 292-4 n.), and the injury may well be
responsible for the obscurity of the narrative. Paley, a good judge
of such questions, found nothing un-Euripidean in the style. (3)
The difference of opinion between Teiresias and the Chorus has a
close parallel in the Helena, where Helen as an educated woman
cannot commit herself to the belief that she came out of an egg
 ‘LINES 284--94 107
(17 ff., 257 ff.), whereas her friends the Washerwomen continue in
the simple faith that she did (214 ff., I144 ff.). As Sandys mildly
expresses it, ‘it is not necessary to have a perfect consistency of
opinion between all the characters of the play’. (4) The passage is
not out of character: Teiresias is trying to bring a barbarous myth,
whose meaning had long been lost, into harmony with modern
‘science’——for, as Winnington-Ingram says, ‘ether, then as now, was
a word to conjure with’. The thigh-birth lent itself too easily to
ribald humour, as Lucian saw (Dial. Dear. 9), and as the Old
Comedy poet Polyzelus, author of a Aiovdaov Fovai, doubtless saw
before him.]
286. mu-u.ye)\<';Lg: not elsewhere with the accus., but Aeschylus uses the
passive (Ag. 1271), and the tendency to make similar compounds
transitive is strong in the later fifth century (cf. i<a-rad-povetv 503 and
Thuc. 6. 34, Ka1'aaK-ijifiai Med. 94, Karra.-n-vei3o'a.¢ Med. 839, Karraflofiv
Ar. Adi. 7II, Ko.'ra.Kpci§ew Ar. Eq. 287).
289. Beév, with predicative force—-‘as a god’. [Emendation is not, I
think, necessary: for the thought cf. Theognis 1347 f. ci.p1rci.§O.S 8’ és
"OAv,u.1r0v civijyaye, Kai ;.u.v €917Kev I Saiuovai as regards the repetition
- Beév . . . Geés see 647 n.]
291. oiu 861 Bees: ‘in a manner worthy of a god’, cf. Plato, Critias 113 E
-njv vfioov oia. 31’; 3665' e1ip.apu'J5' 3i.eK6o',u.-qoev.
292-4-. ‘He broke off a portion of the ether which surrounds the earth,
and handing this over (to Hera) made it a hostage (for his future
good behaviour); (but the real child he gave to the nymphs to rear,
and thus saved) Dionysus from the jealousy of Hera.’ -révfie is
attracted (from -rééie) to the gender of the secondary predicate
6p.'qp0v in accordance with an established Greek idiom.-——Ether is not
the air but the stuff of which the sky is made (mipavmfi Kai do-rpwv
mialav awépa xaAoi3;.tev, [Arist.] de mundo 392“5). For its use as a raw
material in the manufacture of dummies cf. the false Helen, who was
made of mipavdg (Hel. 34) or alfiijp (ibid. 584). [The view of Corssen
and Pohlenz, that what Zeus surrendered to Hera was not an e£'8w/\0v
of Dion. but (a) a portion of his realm and (b) the real Dion. (-r6v8e)
as security for her undisturbed possession of it, must I think be
rejected: it gives a strange meaning to 751759;, and makes 291 point-
less—-there would be nothing clever about such a policy of appease-
ment.] We are not told what Hera did with the dummy Dion., but
presumably she threw it out of Heaven: I have a suspicion that it
may be identical with the mysterious ‘log’ which fell from Heaven
into Semele’s Qdhauos at the time of her death and was preserved
at Thebes under the name Dionysus Cadmeius (Paus. 9. I2. 4, cf.
Fouilles de Delphes, III. i. 195, I98)--where else should the bastard
go but back to his mother? If a piece of Theban aetiology underlies
the story, Eur. had a good reason for putting it into the mouth of
I08 COMMENTARY
the Theban seer. As for the true Dion., Zeus sent him away to be
brought up by the nymphs of Nysa (H. Hymn 26. 3 ff., [Apollodorus]
3. 4. 3) : hence Murray’s supplement. It may well be that more than
one line is missing, and that the function and fate of the p.e‘pOS‘
0..-iflépos were made clearer than they are in our text. [Attempts to
construe the text without the assumption of a lacuna shipwreck
on the impossibility of finding a construction for veméwv: neither
éi-<8t5mig ver.Ké'wv, ‘putting Dion. out of the way of Hera’s jealousy’,
nor 6p.1]p0v veméwv, ‘a hostage to Hera’s jealousy’, has any parallel
in Greek. We might read vetneaiv (Usener), and translate either ‘he
made this into a Dion., surrendering it as a hostage to Hera’s
jealousy’, or ‘he made this a hostage to Hera’s jealousy, putting
Dion. out to nurse’ ; but on the former view the word-order is hope-
lessly contorted, and on the latter ér<8i8mis is an oddly ambiguous
verb to describe what Zeus did with the true Dion. The best at-
tempts to mend the construction on the assumption that nothing
is missing are Wilamowitz’s Eawae for E0-qxe (governing Au-ivvaov),
and Dalmeyda’s Sui./\vo'tv for Atdvvaov, but neither is quite convincing:
the former postulates a rather improbable corruption, and the latter
leaves the following PLV rather obscure.]
295. [Most edd. retain 1-pc.-.<{>fivm., which in itself is certainly defensible
(Cf. Aesch. Eum. 665 iv crmi-rotor. vrjdiiog 1'e5pa.p.,u.€v'q). But fiaqbfivat
is perhaps to be preferred as answering more exactly to uis éveppddn;
in 286 and to Pentheus’ e’ppd<,l>0m. (243).]
296-7. ‘By the change of a word they made the story, because he was
once a hostage to Hera, god to goddess.’ tiJ|.|.1‘Ipeucre2 this verb
means either ‘to be a hostage’ or (Rhes. 434) ‘to make into a hostage’.
If we give it the latter sense, 9665' = Zeus, and we must supply viv
as object from 294. But 6665" in emphatic conjunction with Qefii looks
like an assertion of Dion.’s divinity (cf. 84, 289). On either view
the language is a little odd: Dion. and the dummy seem to be
identified. But if I am right in suspecting that the dummy was
identical with the revered fetish called Dionysus Cadmeius, it is
easier to understand its being styled Geds.
298-301 . In Thrace Dion. was a god of trance-mediumship : Herodotus
(7. 111) describes his oracle on a mountain-top in the country of
the Thracian Satrae, where he spoke through the lips of a priestess
Kurd. rrep év Aehdvoiat (i.e. she went into trance) ; hence Eur. elsewhere
calls him 6 ®p;q§l ,u.Civ1'|'.§ (Hec. 1267: cf. Paus. 9. 30. 9, and the
mysterious Bcixxov 1rp0§f)1j1'1}5‘ in a cave on Mount Pangaeum, Rhes.
972). When Dion. came to Greece he found there an established
mantic god, Apollo, with whom it was difficult to compete; yet at
least one Dionysiac oracle on Greek soil lasted down to Roman
times, that of Amphikleia in Phocis, where the god prophesied
through an entranced priest (':1'p6,LLcl.v1'|-S‘ 8% 6 Eepeiis e’a-rt, xpa as e'K
 LINES 292-304 I09
-rm? 6em‘3 Kdroxos, Paus. 10. 33. II). Teiresias’ claim is thus based on
more than the etymological connexion between uavia and uav-rimfi
which is hinted at in 299 and asserted in Plato’s Phaedrus (244 C,
where the 1- is said to have been introduced into ,u.GV1'l.K1j ‘by a vulgar
error’, cl-.-1-etpmrci/\ws). On the dramatic significance of his claim
see next note.-—I do not think that 1. 300 means merely ‘when a
man has drunk a great deal of wine’ (Welcker, Bruhn), though
Plutarch perhaps understood it so (def. orac. 40. 432 E ofvog ci.va6v-
utaaeig E1-spa -rro/IRE. Kivrjuara Kai. Adyovs ti.-n-oKe:.p.€v0vg Kai. ilavddvovras
ci.1-roKaA|i'rr1'e:.' 1-ci ydp flqxxeiiatuov Kai. 1-cl p.a.vi.¢'53es ;.Lo.v1-ev1-i.K1’;v 1ro4\A1’)v
Exet Kan" E|ipmt'8-qv). Teiresias has disposed earlier of Dion.’s function
as a wine-god (278—85); here he is presented as the cause of two
unaccountable modes of behaviour, second-sight and panic, two
uaviat (305) whose common characteristic is that in both of them
human will and reason are submerged by a mysterious impulse
coming from outside the individual consciousness, and therefore, in
the belief of antiquity, from a higher power. All such psychological
states, which could ‘be neither explained nor controlled, were attri-
buted to an external psychic interference : cf. the language which Eur.
uses to describe the uncontrollable impulse of desire breaking down
the agent’s Will, 443 Klinpts ‘yap ofi daop-rj-rds‘, ijv 11-0/\Afi
302-4. The assertion that Dion. ‘shares in a certain portion of Ares
province’ is explained by the two following 1ines——he is capable of
injecting panic into armed and disciplined troops. There is not
much to support the view that he was primitively a war-god. [In
the first of the two passages quoted by Sandys in this connexion,
,8p6;.u.e, 3opa1-oq'>cip', e'vvci)u.e, 11-o)lep.oKe'4\a.3e, some at least Of -the
epithets belong not to Dion. but to Ares: it continues with 'n'd.1'ep
‘AP-4 (Fragm. Mel. Chor. Adesp. 22 Diehl). The second, Macrobius,
Sat. 1. 19. 1, is a dubious piece of very late syncretism which proves,
at most, that Dion. was somewhere called e'vvd/\r.os (as he is tipetos
in an inscription from S. Russia, IPE. iv. I99, fourth century B.C.,
and ¢i.p'1j|.O5‘ in H. Orph. 30. 4). Except in representations of the
Battle of the Gods and Giants he seldom or never appears in
sculpture or painting as an armed god, at any rate before Hellenistic
times, when he was imagined as a divine prototype of Alexander the
Great.] But Teiresias does not claim that he is a war-god. Nor is it
implied that the infection of terror which turns an army into a mob
is always the work of Dion. Such terror was commonly attributed to
Pan, as our name for it testifies. [I see no reason to suppose with
Wilamowitz (Glaube d. Hellenen, i. 248, n. 2) that Pan merely bor-
rowed a power which belonged primitively to Dion. : cf. Deichgraber,
Hermes, lxx. 335.] What is meant is a special kind of panic—
the moral and physical collapse of those who attempt to resist by
normal means the fury of the possessed worshippers. These lines are
110 COMMENTARY
a preparation for the description of such an incident in 761-4 (where
see note), just as 298-301 may be taken as a preparation for Dion.’s
concluding prophecy. The lines are also in character for Teiresias:
he perceives, as Winnington-Ingram says, ‘that he can relate
Dionysus’ functions to those of Phoebus and of Ares, and so build
yet another bridge for the new god peaceably to enter the Hellenic
pantheon’. Phoebus is Teiresias’ patron; the reason for the slightly
artificial introduction of Ares is perhaps the special position which
he held in Theban legend (cf. Aesch. Sept. 104 npofiuiaets, naiiaixdwv
"Ap-qg, rciv -reciv; and 135 f., Eur. Phoen. 1006 ff.).
306-9. Teiresias predicts the acceptance of Dion. ‘one day’ (Era) at
Delphi, which shall make him p.£‘ya.v dv’ 'E}\)\d3a. And it is probable
that this was in historical fact the decisive step which led to the
final Hellenization of the dangerous Thracian god who had already
established his orgiastic ritual at Orchomenos and Thebes (cf.
Farnell, Cults, v. I12 f. , Nilsson, History of Greek Religion, 208 f.). The
curious division of powers which existed in classical times at Delphi
looks like the result of a deliberate compromise between two rival
cults; the divine brothers played Box and Cox, Apollo being undis-
puted master for nine months of the year, while Dion. had a free
field for his dpyw. during the three winter months when Apollo was
‘absent’ and the oracle closed. Provided the Apolline priesthood
retained complete control of the oracle and of the political power
which the oracle wielded, they were willing not only to make room
for the younger god but actively to propagate his cult elsewhere,
as they did at Athens, Corinth, Sicyon, Methymna, Magnesia, and
other places (cf. Parke and Wormell, The Delphic Oracle i. 330 ff.), and
as the Apolline priest Teiresias does here. 11'r|56’w-ru. . . . 1r1\&|<a: for
this accus. of space traversed cf. Soph. Aj. 30 m;8¢3v-ra -rre8:'a, and
infra 749, 873. The ‘upland between the two peaks’ is probably the
plateau of Livadi, the stretch of wild but fairly level country which
lies behind the two summits of the Phaedriades, immediately above
Delphi. For the pine-torch carried by the priest, the god’s represen-
tative, cf. 144 ff. The reference is surely to the actual nocturnal
mountain dancing in which the god himself was believed to take
part (I15 n.), not to optical illusions produced "by ‘cloud-effects at
sunset’ (Sandys). 1'r6JO\0v-ra, ‘brandishing’ :cf. 553, and Soph. Ichn.
220 91ipo[0]v eiirrallfi. [,8ci)\hov'ro. (MSS.) is perhaps defensible: Cf. 762
and 1099 where the thyrsus is used as a missile, and 25 where it is
called a fléitog. We should expect, however, oeiov-ro. Kai. ,Bci/\.\ov'r0..I]
310-12. ‘Be not over-sure that force is what dominates human affairs;

I Hermann made ,8dA/‘tov-ra govern -m\ci.Kc|., ‘striking the upland (with

light)‘, Cf. 650 f. ci.Kri.$ 17/llou . . . 5,80./\1\e yaiav. But this seems im-
possible without a word meaning ‘light’.
 LINES 302-18 111
nor, if you have a thought and your thought is sick, mistake that
thought for wisdom.’ For the danger of stubborn reliance upon an
unproved 3ci§o. Cf. SOph. Ant. 323 if Sewdv, iii 5oKfj ye, Kai. ylrcvdij 3oKei'v
(which shows that gbpoveiv need not be supplied with §oKfi5‘). For
gbpovetv rt. ‘to be clever’ (rt in ironical deprecation, like the American
use of ‘some’) cf. Thuc. 5. 7. 3, where we are told that Cleon e’m'a—i-eve-eI
11. ippovcrv, thought himself ‘some’ general. [The older English edd.
retain voaet, explaining that 17 8:’ . . . vac.-ct is parenthetical and not
part of the condition, despite the ,ue‘v and Se’. But the sense thus
obtained is as poor as the syntax is odd, and the confusion of er
and 17¢ is frequent.]
314--1 8. The answer to 221-5 : ‘It is not Dionysus’ part to force chastity
on women: you must look for that (the moral factor) in humian
character; for even in the ecstatic rite the pure will not lose her
purity.’ Dion. is not immoral; he is non-moral-—-morality is ir-
relevant to religion of the Dionysiac type (cf. Farnell, Cults, v.
238 f.). For the thought that it is dniats‘, not v6;.tos-as we should
say, character and not circumstance--that determines conduct, cf.
fr. 810 uéyia-rov rip’ fiv -:7 qbiiats, Hipp. 79 f. (quoted below), and other
passages which I have discussed, C.R. xliii (1929), 99. Here once more
Teiresias speaks the language of the fifth century and thinks in terms
popularized by the Sophistic movement. [314 has suffered from the
attentions of persons who did not perceive that the lines present a
perfectly good, and typically Euripidean, answer to Pentheus. In
the MSS. of Stobaeus, or (less probably) in those used by him, u-if
was inserted (unmetrically) before awdapoveivi and the same ‘correc-
tion’ was introduced into P by a late hand, almost certainly from
Stobaeus, whose readings the same hand has introduced elsewhere,
e.g. Supp. 238, 324, 486. Later pedants have read cirppovefv or in)
dapoveilvt but the former verb does not occur in Attic Greek; and
apart from the awkwardness of qbpoveiv (312) followed two lines later
by 711) <;6p0veE‘v in a different sense, pa) qbpoveiv ég 1-1):» Kzirrpiv is a very
odd way of describing unchastity. On the other hand, the sentence
beginning dbl’ e’v 1--jj qmiaei presents a genuine difficulty. Stobaeus
quotes the passage twice—presumably from two different earlier
anthologies, whose editors used different recensions of the Eur. text,
since in one place (3. 5. 1 Hense = 5. 15 Meineke) he calls the play
Bcixxai, in the other (4. 23. H. = 74. 8 Hevdefis. His Bcixxaz
text agrees in 315-16 with LP; his Hevfleiis text has cis 1-1‘;v ace.»
and omits 316. The main question is whether 316 is genuine. (a) If
it is, we must either put a stop at dei’ and make Even-riv mean ‘depends
on’ (unexampled, though Thuc. uses yiyveodal. év in this sense,
I. 74. 1) ; or else read ei 1--5‘ area, with comma at dei’ (Porson). The
latter proposal is supported by Menander, fr. 89 Kock, 6./\1\’ ei
'm\eiova. I -rd. o'vp.¢é'pov'r' Eveort, -roiiro xpi) o'Korrei.’v, which might be an
112 COMMENTARY
unconscious echo of the present passage. Prof. Murray told me in
1940 that he was now inclined to accept it. It makes excellent sense,
and also accounts neatly for the variants : if ei was miswritten sis by
assimilation t0 eis 1'1’7v Kiirrptv, sis rfi dnioer. would inevitably become
either év -rfi qbiiaer. or eis -r1‘7v qhiatv, and those who adopted the latter
reading would have to drop 316 as meaningless. (b) Alternatively--
but I think less probably-—we may say that, not seeing the con-
struction of év 1-if qiiiaet, one ancient editor emended the words to
make them parallel with sis‘ 1-1‘7v K152-piv, while another ‘postulated
a lacuna’ and filled it up with a line which he concocted out of
a vague recollection of Hipp. 79 ff. 6001.9 3|.8aK'rciv p.-r78év, dh/\’ év 1-7'7‘
qlniaei. I -rd awqipoveifv ei'.\17xev 6'9 rd. 11-dud’ duriis (or 1-r<iv'r' dei), I rori-rots‘
Spérreodat, 1035' Kaxotai 3’ mi Bépis. Cf. G. jachmann in Nachr.
Ges. Wiss. G0'tt., Phil.-hist. Kl. 1936, p. 210. The construction
e’v 1'77 dniirei. roiiro 0'Ko-rrcfv xp1j is in fact diflicult: I have found no
example in tragedy of oKo1reiv rt Ev rwt. Therefore, if we cut out
316, it is, I think, preferable to punctuate, with Kirchhoff and
Wecklein, ci)u\’ e'v rfj qizioer. roiJro' 0-K01-rciv xp1j' ‘But that depends on
character: look at the facts-—even in the ecstatic rite . . .’ Cf.
El. 388 ff. 01338 ycip Sdpv I p.a‘PlPiov Bpaxicuv adcvapds‘ cicrdevofig Iue've&' Ie'v rfj
qirioet 3% rofiro : and for 'crKo1-refv xp-ij, Tro. 729 f. Execs -yap (.i.AK'f]V oii3a,ufi.
o'Ko'n'eEv 8% xp1j' I 1-rdilig 1" 0'/\u.u\e Kai. rrdcris.-——VariOus late authors relate
an anecdote about Plato and the hedonist Aristippus in which the
latter is made to quote Kai. yap-Stmpfiapwjae-rat. In one version of the
anecdote (Suidas, s.v. Zlptarm--n-0;) 318 appears in the form 6 voiis
6 at-iqbpmv mi 5r.aqt>9ap1jo'e1'al., which Boeckh and Nestle were inclined
to introduce into our text of the Bacchae: but the line has clearly
been adapted to suit the position of a male philosopher.]
319-21. _Gods, like kings, demand to be treated with respect: cf.
Aphrodite in the Hippolytus (7 f.), Evea-rt yap 317 Kciv Qediv yével. T636’ I
1'|.p.a':p.ev0: xaipovow civ3pa'm-wv 511-0: and Death in the Alcestis (53),
rtpafg Ktiue wiprreadar. 8ciKei.. The argument is one which Pentheus,
himself a stickler for 1-qui (1310 ff.), may be expected to appreciate.
326-7. ‘For you are mad, cruelly mad : no drug can cure your sickness,
but some drug has caused it.’ 1-mi-ruv must refer to. qf>ap,uci.K0tS‘, not
to dmyz for mire <}‘>O.pp.ti.KOl.$‘ and 051" civev -rmirwv are clearly antithetic.
As the snake feeds his rage on evil drugs (Befipwmbs Kaxci. ¢>dppa.i<’-
E80 Se’ re‘ pw xdilos atvds Il. 22. 94), so homicidal rage or other folly
in men is conventionally ascribed to a like cause: cf. Aesch. Ag.
I407 ff. 1'i KaK0'v . . . dsavdv ij rro'rciv -rraaap.e'va. . . . 1'63’ e"rre'9ov 31505;
Ar. Th. 534 ij rreqicipuaxdi ij Karcdv 1'1. p.e"ya 1-re-rr6v9a1" d'1\)l0, Eur.
318 p.6.iv if e'1raKroi'5 rrquovfis dxdpriw 1-was ; with scholion pnj ris oe oiiv
-rébv éxdpéiv éqédppafie ; Banquo speaks in the same convention when
he asks, after the meeting with the witches, ‘Have we eaten on the
insane root that takes the reason prisoner? (Macbeth, 1. 3. 83). [The
 LINES 314-30 113
text has been much suspected, but Prof. Fraenkel has convinced
me that it is probably sound. Of the suggested corrections, the most
plausible are Dobree’s vcicrov (dep. ci.'i<-:7) for vmrets and Headlam's
vfiv re for the second mi’-re. The former makes a sentence of the same
type as Ar. L3/S. I038 f. e’o-riv . . . oii Kaxciis‘ eip17,ue'vov I mire cniv rravw-
Ae'6pmm.v mi'1-’ civev rravw/\e‘9pwv, and others quoted by Wilamowitz
on Her. 1106. But vdoov is a weakish supplement to a sense already
complete.]
332. ‘For now you are all in the air, and your wit is without wisdom’,
Winnington-Ingram. For 11-é-|-11 cf. Theogn. 1053 -réiv yap paweaévwv
-.rre're-rat. 907165‘ re mics re, Ar. Av. I69 civdpwwog dpvig ciorcidimyros
-n-e1-éaevos, and the English word ‘flighty’. The vdum in question
are the prescriptions of religious tradition, the rrci.'rp!.0:. rrapasoxai
of 201.
324. Km-rm.I;e680u nukes: ‘lie for credit’s sake’. A Kakdv |,6ei38os is not a
‘noble lie’, but one which makes a good impression (cf. Thuc. 6. 12. 1
rd ylrefioaodai. KGAQS xp-:jo'tp.ov). Cadmus is partly the timid Old man
anxious to keep on the right side of -r6 6e-tow (341, cf. 199), partly
the shrewd ‘Hauspolitiker’. Winnington-Ingram calls attention to
the repeated pet?’ ~r'7u<.3v (331, 342): the family must hang together.
Ion suspects Creusa of taking a similar line about his parentage,
Ion I523 ff.
335. [I doubt if Tyrwhitt’s widely accepted emendation is any improve-
ment on the MS. reading <6; Ear; Z'eIu.e‘/\175', i.'va . . . . The vdum. require
Pentheus to profess that ‘this god’, Dionysus, exists (rrapd. croi
Ac-ye'a6w, sc. etvai) ; family honour requires him to profess that the
god is Semele’s baby (05; Em-i Eeuéihjs), and not simply the latest
importation from the orient (cf. 467-8). These are two distinct
pleas—Pentheus might accept the first while rejecting the second-
whereas with Tyrwhitt’s text Kara|,lrei58ov 03: Ecm merely repeats the
sense Of rrapci. croi. Aeye'o9w. ]
336. rrav-ri. 1-Q: -yévet: in apposition to ijutv and defining its meaning:
cf. 619.
337-4-0. The old man, who lives for his family, recalls the fate of his
other grandson, Pentheus’ cousin Actaeon, who was torn to pieces
by his own dogs on Cithaeron (1291) because like Pentheus he had
scorned a deity. The parallel is closer than Cadmus knows: Pentheus
too will suffer a-.-rape-yuds in the same place. That seems to be the
reason why Actaeon crops up so often in the Bacchae (230, 1227,
1291). [Varying accounts of his offence are given. Our oldest
authorities (Stesichorus fr. 68, Acusilaos fr. 33 jacoby) make him
compete with Zeus for the hand of Semele: this version probably
derives from a Hesiodic Eoe (L. Malten, Kyrene, 18 ff.). When
Semele becafne Actaeon’s aunt this was no longer suitable, and he
transferred his attentions to Artemis (Diod. 4. 81. 4), or was turned
4003.9 I
 I14 COMMENTARY
into a punished boaster like Eurytus (Od. 8. 224 ff.) or Agamemnon
in Sophocles’ El. (564 ff.): Eur. is the oldest authority for this.
The story which finally established itself, that he surprised Artemis
bathing, appears first in Callimachus (Lav. Pall. 110 ff.). For modern
theories (all highly speculative) about the original nature of Actaeon
and the meaning of his -story see Malten, op. cit., 85 ff.]
337. épiis : introducing the warning example, cf. Or. 588, Soph. Ant. 712,
Antiphanes fr. 231. 3 Kock, Plato, Gorg. 470D: we say ‘You have
seen’, ‘You have before you’.
338. [l’s 5v for -rdv is probably right: see 712 n.]
84.-0. awe...» : apparently something like ‘mountain glades’ (rather than
‘meadow-lands’, L‘.S.°). Harpocration tells us that tip)/ris‘ Kaheirat rd.
hoxuaisrj Kai. cipetvd. xwpia Kai. oirx iarep-ya§ci,u.eva, and this agrees With
Eur.’s usage of the word: cf. El. 1163 dp-yd8wv Spzioxa, Rhes. 282
"I8~qs 6p-yc-1805-, and infra, 445. [See further E. Norden, Aus alt-
rfimischen Priesterbiichern, 22 ff. N. equates cipytis with Lat. tescum,
and shows that like tescum it was used especially of loca religiosa,
places filled with a supernatural presence, cf. L.S.° s.v. 2. Such an
implication would give additional point here and at 445: Actaeon
was a trespasser on holy ground;1 it was to holy ground that the
liberated maenads fled.]
341. pfi 1'rt'18'|'|§ : jussive. Many edd. make it a final clause depending on
are‘:/mu. But it is a stock formula, as Prof. Fraenkel points out to
me, to round off a warning (‘don’t let that happen to you’); cf. Soph.
OC. I538 5 ,u.1’7 015, re'Kv0v Aiyews, Bolihov rradefv: Dem. Lept. 50'
6 pt-P; rr<i917re vfiv iipetg. 0-réqimz aor. subj., ‘come here and let me
crown you’: cf. Theopompus comicus fr. 32, Sefipo 81‘; -yeptow o’ é-yoi.
343-4. 06 belongs to all three verbs: it is a stronger way of saying
pi) -rrpcioqiepe, a’.i\r\ci. Bcircxeve ,u.175e" eiifopdpyvvooi ‘Hands Off! Take
yourself to your mummeries, and do not smear your folly upon
me!’ On the origin of the construction see Goodwin, Moods and
Tenses, Appendix II, Pearson on Hel. 437 (appendix). For the
contemptuous iciw Cf. Soph. Ant. 768 qipoveirw p.ei‘{ov 1'7 Ka-r’ ci.'v5p'
ioiv.-—Pentheus speaks of Bacchism as if it were a physical infection
transmissible by contact (as all forms of pollution were long held
to be). His violent horror of such contact is a fine psychological
stroke: something in him knows already the fascination and the
mortal peril which the new rites hold for him. [The mt before
Baxxeiiaets in L arose, I think, through Ba. being read as Ka (B and K
are barely distinguishable in some minuscule hands) ; having written
KC! the copyist recognized his mistake but did not erase the letters.]
34-5-6. Gilcrjv internal, 8t3doKa)l0v external accus. with péretpr. : Cf. 516 f.

1 The word order favours taking e:v tip-ydaw with Kopwdoavr’ rather
than (as Murray’s punctuation requires) with Steomioav-ro.
 LINES 337-59 115
and Aesch. Eum. 230 f. 3iKa5 p.e're:.,u.i 1-0'v8e qtuiira. [MSS. 3iK1]2 either
Stmjv or 8iK7] is possible; for the latter cf. 712 f. -rdv 6e6v . . . eiixatmv
dv p.err'j)l6es and Thuc. 4. 62. 3 rtuwpiais pertdvres rozis ci.8u~c0i3vra5'.]
vreixérw ‘ris: the attendants in Greek tragedy cannot be addressed by
name, as they would be on the modern stage, for convention requires
that they shall be anonymous.
34-7. Teiresias’ Seat, like Semele’s Bedchamber, was one of the ‘sights’
shown to tourists at Thebes (Paus. 9. 16. I). Hence perhaps the
mention of it here and Soph. Ant. 999 —-unless it was these passages
which stimulated the Theban guides to ‘discover’ it. The blind
seer could read omens in the birds’ cries (Ant. 1001 ff.), and would
have their movements described to him by an acolyte (cf. ibid.
1012). [MSS. -rm5o8e: but Paley’s defence of this as deictic will
hardly do—the language of 346-7 clearly implies that the oiwvo-
oK0rrei'ov was (as we should expect) in some fairly remote spot, not
visible from the Cadmeia.]
350. a1-é|.|.pu1-0.: infulae, ‘holy ribbands’. The hanging up of these wool-
len bands consecrated the seat as a place of divination (G. Hock,
Griech. T/Veihegebrauche, 25) : cf. the 0-répuara hung on the 6_aq5aJ\6s at
Delphi (Eur. Ion 224), and Philostr. Imag. 2. 33. I o're‘y.p.ara 8’ dvfirrrat
r1'j5' Spvcis (at Dodona), e'1ret31j . . . xprjouozis éxqiépee. P.’s order is thus
a command formally to desecrate the place.
352. 1'r6l\w2 probably ‘state’ (cf. 58 n.). The stranger is most likely to be
found on Cithaeron (217 ff., 237).
356. Cf. Eurystheus’ threat, Heraclid. 60, 05 oe hefiotuog ptefvez 3iK17.
Stoning was an exceptional mode of execution, which seems to have
had the character of a ritual atonement, since it was used especially
in cases of (a) e’-y-yev-F); 9561105‘ (Or. 50, Heliod. I. 13. 4), (b) as here,
sacrilege (Kinkel, Ep. Fragm. i, p. 49, offence against Cassandra;
Eur. Ion 1237, against Apollo ’s servant ; Hdt. 9. 120, against a hero-
shrine; Paus. 8. 5. 12, against a priestess). See R. Hirzel, Die Strafe
der Steinigung, Abh. Sachs. Ges. der Wiss., Phil.-hist. Kl. xxvii (1909),
225 ff., and Fraenkel on Agam. I616. On (:35 1'iv see 1240 n.
357. 1-mcpav predicative : ‘having seen a bitter end to his rites in Thebes’.
SO 634 and Med. I388 m.Kpci.g rez\evrd.5‘ rrfiv aiutfiv 'yci.,u.wv i8u§v.
359. ‘Your earlier folly has turned to a settled madness now.’ Teiresias
clearly means that Pentheus’ state of mind as revealed by his last
speech is worse than before. The contrast between égéo-my oipevcfiv
and ;.:.e‘p.1;vas‘ is not, I think, between two degrees of folly (for even
before Pentheus’ last speech T. has said patvg oi; &')l-yw-re), but
between the temporary loss of control described by patvy (‘you are
behaving madly’) or §§e‘01'1)S qipevéiv (‘you lost your head’) and the
permanent state of derangement expressed by the perfect ptép-qvas.
Cf. the climax in Men. Epil. 494 (558 Koertea) 1i'n'0p.aive6' oliros, vr) rciv
Hndhlw, uaiverat, I ,u.epdvrjr' ¢i.z\'r79r.ii$‘. [Text and punctuation are
I16 COMMENTARY ‘
thus sound: we should not write ,u.e';.l.'r)vas" 17817 Ktli. -rrptv (Musgrave,
&c.), or éfieo-rois for é§e'a-r-qs (Badham), since either of these would
blur the contrast; while .-.’|-ca-r-ijvm. (Weil) would imply the sort of
foreknowledge which Teir. disclaims at 368.]
360-3. Wilamowitz, who disliked priests, found it ‘hypocritical’ that
the priest should propose to pray for Pentheus and in the next
breath (367) threaten him with his approaching doom. This seems
perverse: Teiresias’ intention to pray and his fear for Pentheus—-
based not on ].LG.v1'l.K‘lj but on the conviction that ‘God is not mocked’
-—are surely alike genuine. The situation is like that at the end of
the first scene in the ‘Hippolytus, where the old servant prays to
Aphrodite on his master’s behalf. In both cases, having heard the
prologue, the audience kno.ws that the prayer will not be answered;
in both there is the same effect of pathos-—the old and humble
praying for the young and arrogant to unpitying gods, or rather, to
unpitying natural forces. u-q8év véov: ‘nothing strange’, i.e.
nothing sinister, a common. euphemism: cf. Aesch. Supp. 1016
deoifs‘ yap ei.' rs 71.1’; Beflotihevrai. veov.
363-5. This sort of thing is part of the conventional stage characteriza-
tion of old men (cf. Ion 738 ff., Wilamowitz, Herakle-s1, p. 237.) But
it has also a particular psychological significance here: the old men
are deeply discouraged, and in their discouragement the Dionysiac
illusion of youth (187 ff.) has abandoned them. E-rrou |.|.ol.2 ‘come with
me’ (not ‘follow me’). 1-reiptb: second ‘person imperative middle.
‘t-no 8’ sums: ‘still, let come what may’ (sc. ‘even though we fall’),
dismissing a disagreeable thought, as Medea responds with E’-rm to the
suggestion that the murder of her children will ruin her life (Med.
819, cf. ibid. 798, Heraclid. 455): i’-rw is the Greek for a shrug of the
shoulders.
367. ‘O Pentheus, named of sorrow! Shall he claim From all thy
house fulfilment of his name?’ (Murray). etamfoei is perhaps an
ironic echo of Pentheus’ e’o¢e'per. (353). The same play on the signi-
ficant name Pentheus, Chaeremon fr. 4 (Nauck, T.G.F. p. 783)
Her.-Bezis eaouévqg avpiqiopas e’-rmivvuos. The king’s name may have
been unconsciously altered to match his fate (cf. Wilamowitz on
Her. 56), if Photius is right in saying that Hecataeus (fr. 31 _]'ac.)
knew him as Tentheus. -
Examples of such tragic ‘punning’ (eirvuo/loyefv) are many,
especially in Aesch. and Eur. (cf. Kranz, Stasimon 287 ff., Platnauer
on IT. 32). Elmsley, who collected and discussed them (on Bacch.
508), found the practice 1/wxpdv. The Greeks did not, because they
kept something of the primitive feeling that the connexion between
a person and his name is significant, not accidental, q'>z5aei not v6p.r.p-
names are for them, in Norden’s words, ‘visible pictures of invisible
realities’. To us a pun is trivial and comic because it calls attention
 LINES 359--69 I17
to the irrelevant; but the Greek felt that it pointed to something
deeply relevant. "
389. rois 1'rpc'|.Y|.l.acr|.v2 ‘by the facts’ (Cf. Eur. Supp. 747 qii/\ot.5' ;.ul'v ori
rrei9eo'9e, roifs‘ 88' -:rpciy,u.ao'iv). The art Of piavr|.K1j is treated With little
respect in Eur.’s plays (see introductory note to this scene); but
Teiresias is more than a soothsaying charlatan—he is a man who
knows that, in the words of the next chorus, exntvav oroudrwv 1-6
re‘/\0s‘ Svcrrvxia. Cf. Hel. 757 yva':p.'r) 8' cipiarrj udvris rj r’ eziflovhia, and
fr. 973 ,u.civr|.g 8' cipwros darts eiKci{,'e:. Ko)l¢.Tas‘.

Stasimon 1 (370-433)
A lyrical comment on the preceding scene, in two pairs of strophic
stanzas. The strophes are directly related to the dramatic situation:
0"‘rp. a‘ denounces the zifipts which Pentheus has just shown, and
appeals from it to the spirit of Reverence ('Om’a); orp. B’ expresses
the Chorus’s longing to escape to lands where their rite is not
proscribed as it is in Thebes. The antistrophes look away from the
immediate situation to state the underlying conflict in wider terms,
by means of a series of yvcsuaiz the struggle between Pentheus and
the new god becomes a type of all struggles between the arrogant
‘cleverness’ of the godless intellectuals and the “instinctive religious
feeling of the people. The same structure—strophe dramatic, anti-
strophe ‘universalizing’—-appears in the third stasimon, 862 ff.,
and in the fourth, 977 ff., though in other Euripidean lyrics the
movement of thought is more often from universal to particular, e.g.
Alc. 962 ff., Med. 410 ff., 627 ff. (C. Moeller, von: Chorlied bei Eur. 78).
The leading ideas of the Cadmus—Teiresias scene are taken up in
this song and given emotional expression. Taking their cue from the
75-iioig of Teiresias and forgetting their character as orientals, the
Chorus celebrate this time not the mysterious god of ecstasy but
the Dion. whomthe Athenian 8-Fines knew, the genial wine-god
of the Attic festivals (see Introd., p. xxii, and Ieanmaire, Diony-
sos, 27 ff.): lines 376-85 express lyrically what Teiresias in lines 272-
85 has already expressed theologically, and the concluding stanza
returns to this theme, presenting the religious life as the life of piety,
gaiety, and humility. As Deichgraber has observed, the keyword is
€Ii¢pO0'tiVI7 (377), the gladness which is also good sense (cf. mi qipovoiipev
196); it is contrasted with the dqbpomivq of men like Pentheus
(387), and the thought is resumed in eiiaiwva (426). Opposed to this
‘eudaemonist’ attitude is that Of the uaevduevot Kai. KaK6Bov)lo| qirfireg
(399 ff.), who are denounced in much the same terms which the old
men had applied to Pentheus: he had a eiirpoxos y?lo'3o'o'a (268), they
have cixcihtva orciuara (386); he was dripage rtfiv vciuwv (331), they are
dvopm. (387) ; he was filled with false wisdom (311, 332), and so are
they (394): It is tempting to try to go deeper, and detect in certain
I18 COMMENTARY
phrases of this lyric the personal voice of Eur. himself : see on 389-90,
402-I6, 424-6, 430-3. But while there are themes here which seem to
have had a special significance for the poet in his later years, there is
little or nothing which by its dramatic irrelevance compels us to
regard it as his personal utterance. And it should be remembered
that, in Burnet’s words (Essays and Addresses, 55), Euripidean
choruses usually ‘express a mood rather than a conviction’.

Metre
This is in the main an easy song metrically. The first pair of
stanzas are written in ‘straight’ ionics (O O - - I O O - -, see metrical
note on -mi'p08os). The second pap.» is often catalectic (v v -~ I).
In the middle and at the end are lines of 3 ae’-rpa (378, 385). Other-
wise the only variations are the resolution of a long syllable in 372
(O O— OO I O O — 1‘) and 398, and the last line (clausula) which has
the peculiar abbreviation form O O -- I O O——- X I - O -— or (more
probably) OO--~» I OO—O I — — — 7; (anaclastic): cf. 536. Inter-
linear hiatus is admitted twice, after 380 and 388.
The second pair of stanzas are glyconic throughout, except
lines 412 and 414 ( = 428 and 430), which are iambicwith resolutions.
The glyconic and its variations are the commonest type of lyric
metre in Soph. and Eur., and are not diflicult for the beginner to
master. The glyconic line is normally built round a central choria1n-
bus (—OO-) which is preceded by a disyllabic (occasionally, by
resolution, trisyllabic) ‘base’ of indeterminate quantity (O O), and
followed by O — (rarely — —). This is the ‘(second) glyconic’. When
the ending is shortened to —, as in 402, 403, 405, &c., the line is called
a pherecratean. Sometimes the choriambus is transferred to the
beginning of the line (415, ‘first pherecratean’) or to the end (409,
410, ‘third glyconic’: in 410 the base has become trisyllabic by
resolution). These ‘first’ and ‘third’ glyconics are now often called
‘choriambic dimeters’, though they have only one choriambus.

Scheme Of arp.-I-civr. B:
O — - O O -- - pher.‘
- -- - O O — - pher.”
u -— — u u — u -- glyc_3
405, 420 - -- - O O — — pher.”
u - -- u u -- u — g1yC,3
. . u — u \.1 if u =-— gly(_‘,,3
-- -OO— —- I pher.:
-- -— -OO- glyc.3
410, 425 O OO — - — O O — glyc.3
-- -OO- - pher.”
O - O OO O OO O OO 2 iamb. (427 is corrupt)
 STASIMON 1 119
-/~— --vO— — pher.=
0- \.J\.A.J iamb.
v— O-~ OO_O'O- 2iamb.
-—OO- O- - pher.!

370-2. ‘Holiness, queen in Heaven! Holiness, passing on golden wing

across the -face of Earth!’ -n61-va Beéiv is an archaic religious
formula borrowed from the language of epic: rré-rva seems to be in
origin a voc. form corresponding to the nom. 'J'l'Ci1'Pl.CI. (W. Schulze,
Kleine Schriften, 325 ff.) : the gen. is probably partitive both here and
in H. Dem. 118, where Demeter is called -rrcirva 9edw_v (cf. Alc. 460
(.6 qitka yuvatKcBv, and the common Homeric Sta Hedwv). The peculiar
use of 8e’ with the repeated voc. perhaps marks a certain contrast
between the two aspects of ‘Oata (Hermann), as a Power accepted
in the world of the gods and watchful also in man’s world: cf.,
however, Soph. Phil. 827 'Y1rv' d81iva5' 6.5a-ijg, 'Y-rrve 8' ci./\ye'wv, where
there is no sharp antithesis. xara yfiv: probably ‘across the
earth’ rather than ‘earthward’ (despite occasional uses like Batrachom.
267 Efiav . . . Karci 4\i,u.v17v, ‘down into the p001‘). xpucéav 1'r1'1‘epu'ya
cbépeu; : lit. ‘thou carryest thy golden wing’, an artificial variation on
the more natural phrase xpvaéa wrépuyt qiépei. (which W. H. Thomp-
son unnecessarily proposed to restore here).---éata or 6m.6-r-qg may
be defined as the quality of scrupulousness, especially in religious
matters (Plato, Gorg. 507 B), which makes a man keep within the
limits of what is permitted (Jawv): in this sense it is opposed to the
mix aata iiflpis of 375. But the word and its cognates seem to have
been often in the mouths of the devotees of mystery cults, and to
have acquired in this context a deeper and more positive significance :
Cf. 70, 77, II4, Ar. Frogs 327 dcriovs Qtaoairas, 336 doiots uziarats, H.
Orph. 84. 3 dcriovs ,u.1icrra5‘, Plato, Rep. 363 C cwpmimov -réiv datwv, and
espec. Eur. fr. 472. I5 Bdxxog éx/\1j9~qv 6mm6Ie£'s—-—where the participle
appears to mean something like ‘consecrated’, as it certainly does in
a later passage referring to mystery cults, Lucian, Lexiph. I0. I sus-
pect that this has something to do with the introduction here of ' Oata
as a quasi-personal Power or ‘goddess’: elsewhere she appears
explicitly as such only in an anonymous tragic line (fr. trag.
adesp. 501), ‘Ocria 5’ }‘:i.PGi‘)/K'1] -:ro1\e,u.i.wrcir17 9ecis'. [Greek poets from
Homer downwards have this way of personalizing and objectifying
abstractions, but Eur. has an especial fondness for it: cf. H660: in
this song, the sword-bearing Aim; of 991, and (P) Efioéfieia in 263.
as well as the ‘goddesses’ .Etil\dB€LCl. (Phoen. 782), A1761; (Or. 213), A61:-q
(ibid. 399)—that is one reason why Aristophanes makes him pray
to a ‘private goddess’ |ELiv€O'l.5‘ (Frogs 893). ‘Gods’ of this kind
were not in any formal sense objects of worship; yet the ascription
of divinity to them was more than a mere facon deparler or ‘figure
I20 COMMENTARY
of speech’—-a word like ‘Oats. or Atx-q stood not only for a human
quality but for a force controlling man’s life, something which man
has not made but finds given and must therefore bow to. This sort
of feeling about ciaia. comes out very clearly in a sentence of Demos-
thenes, Maid. I26 5 966$ (SC. Zlccivvcros) xopryyds e‘)/Li: xaaecorfixeav,
xai. 1'6 rfis ciaias 61-|.31f'rro1" 6'01-iv, 1'6 crepmciv Kai. 1'6 5ae,u.6vr.ov, o'vv1;'5Zx-q1-at.
Such forces move swiftly and invisibly about their purposes: that
is why '0cn'a has wings here, as Love and Death and Victory are
winged beings. Cf. Farnell, Cults, v. 443 ff.; A. C. Pearson, Verbal
Scholarship and the Growth of Some Abstract Terms, 23 ff.; Wila-
mowitz on Her. 557‘, and on Hesiod, Op. et Di. 218-24. Johanna C.
Bolkestein, " 001.05" en Efiaefirjs (Amsterdam, 1936), offers a valuable
collection of material, but does not seem to me to make good her
contention that éata. is primarily a moral and not a religious idea.']
373. I'l¢v0é<-as is disyllabic (synizesis).
378--81. ‘This is his kingdom: to make men one in the dance; to be gay
with the music of the pipes; to set an end to cares.’ For the implica-
tions of Hzaoetiav cf. on 75 Gtaaefie-rm I/Jvxciv. It seems best to take it
3.5 transitive here (8.5 I011 552, 55' ,u.e Achrfifatv Kdpazg I e‘9ui0'evcre), and
to understand Dion. as the subject of all three infinitives. For
Dion. as the smiling god cf. 439 7,/e)l63v, 1021 yehcfivrt 1rpocra'nr¢_v2 for
Dion. as the liberator from care, 280 ff. and Plut. dc adul. amic.
2'], 68 D, (Zltovfiuqu) hfiovrt 1'6 1-div Svoqbépwv axowliov p.e'p|.,u.wI6v, mz-rd.
Hfvfiapov.
383. yin-os: see 261 n. San.-rj Oeiiw: an epic phrase (Od. 3. 336, &c.)
for the sacrificial meal which men share with the gods. It seems
possible that its use here was meant to remind a Greek audience of
something specifically Dionysiac—the Theodaisia, a festival which
many Greek towns observed in honour of Dion.
384--5. tiv5p6cn2 primarily in contrast with Hedfivz but in addition
the Chorus here answer by implication Pentheus’ charge that the
women’s rites were accompanied by drunkenness. The echo of 261,
B6-rpvos e’v Saw-E -ydvos, is thus intentional, and should not be made
a ground for suspecting the authenticity of that line.
389-92. 6 7&9 ficruxiag Bioros : Dion. is repeatedly represented as fiavxos
(435 ff., 622, 636) 1n contrast with Pentheus, the excitable man of
action (2r4, 647, 670 f., 789 f,). But although -rjavxta. is proper to a
god as such (Introd., p. xliv), orgiastic religion is not, to our thinking,
particularly fiovxov, and one is tempted to discover here a secondary
reference to the contemporary war-time controversy about quietism
or the ‘ivory tower’ attitude, -fiovxta or ci.11'pfl.'y,u0crt5v1], which has been
discussed by Nestle, Philologus, lxxxi (1925), 129 ff., and more
‘ Cf. the criticisms of M. H. van der Valk, Mnemos. 1942, 113 ff. -'
also Jeanmaire, ‘Le substantif Hosia , Rev. Et. Gr. 1945, 66 ff. u H‘
 LINES 370-99 121
briefly by Prof. Wade-Gery, ].H.S. lii (1932), 224 f.1 Eur. seems to
make veiled allusions to this controversy as early as the Medea
(217, 296, 807 f.), and we know that it was elaborately debated in
a later play of his, the Antiope (cf. also Ion 598 ff.). That in the
present passage he is moving, consciously or unconsciously, in the
same circle of ideas, or in one closely related to it, is suggested not
only by the reference to Eipfiv-q (419) but by comparison with the
lines in Aristophanes’ Birds, 1320 ff., which enumerate the presiding
Powers of Cloud-Cuckoo-Land-—2Z'o¢>t<1 H660; Apfipoata Xépt-res | 1'6
re 'r-fig ci.'ya.v6q5povos 'Havx{as | efirfpepov arpdcrarrrov. These are the gods
of the war-weary ‘escapist’, and it is hardly accidental that four
out of the five recur in the present lyric. But I do not suggest that
this is more than a secondary theme or context of feeling. cruvéxel.
Sdmpo.-ro.: the Chorus are presumably thinking of the rift between
Pentheus and his family produced by the young man’s lack of
¢p6v'qm5~.
392--4. Cf. Aesch. Eum. 287 and Eur. fr. 255, from the contemporary
Archelaus, 3oKer'.‘s . . . -r'P;v Arfrcqv 1-rov ,u.ciKp’ ci1rquxio'9at Bpor¢3v' 1'} 3'
éyylis e'cr'rLv, mix 6pwp.e'v'q 5' cipfi.
395. 1-6 co bv _oi: 0'0 Ia: ‘cleverness is not wisdom’ 1 ‘the world’s Wise
are not wise (Murray). Here again the Chorus take up a thought
3

expressed in the preceding scene: 1-6 o'oq5civ has the same implication
as in 203; it is the false wisdom of men like Pentheus, who qhpovciiav
ofi8év.qSpovet (332, cf. 266 ff., 311 f.), in contrast with the true wisdom
of devout acceptance (179, 186). [These parallels, and the whole
trend of the lyiic are surely quite decisive against the view of
Verrall (Bacchemts I51) and Deichgraber (Hermes lxx [I93 5], 340)
that the Chorus are here criticizing Tez'resz'as.] For the ‘wisdom’ of
Dion. Cf. Diphilus fr. 86 KOCl( (.5 11-é.‘cn 'roi.'s‘ gfipovoiicn. wpoaifiehéararc I
Auivvo-e Kai ao¢a’rra-re: for the paradoxical form, IA. 1139 6 vofis 58’
alirds voiiv Exwv ofi -rvyxcivee, 0?‘. 819 1'6 xarlclv 01} xahdv. Sl.1Cl1 paradoxes
are the characteristic product of an age when traditional valuations
are rapidly shifting in the way described in the famous passage of
Thucydides on the transvaluation of values, 3. 82. They should be
distinguished from purely verbal witticisms of the type illustrated
by Denniston on El. 1230 and parodied by Aristophanes, Ach.‘397
mix Evfiov Evsov e'cr'r{v, ei 'yva5,u.1}v Execs.
397-9. ‘Life is short : he that on such a tenure pursues great things will
miss what lies at hand.’ irrl. 1'oL'|1'q: = sin-i ref: Bpaxfiv efvar. rciv airfiva,
marking the limitation to which the pursuit of ambitious ends is
subject—the same use of e‘-.-rt as in é».-rt ,61;'r0F5', ‘on stated terms’.
FOI the thought Cf. fr. I076 rcfiv ciprqxcivwv 3' Fpws | 11-03301); Eaqxe 1'05

I See now V. Ehrenberg, ‘Polypragmosyne', ],H.S. lxvi i (1947), 46 ff.,

and in particular pp. 53 f. on Euripides.
122 COMMENTARY
1rra.p6v'ro$' ci.p.'m\a.KeEv, Democritus fr. I9I Diels eivri. -rofs 5vva.-rofg olliv
563 Exetv rrjv -'yvu§,u.17v xai. 1'03; 'rra.peoi3crw dpxéeadat, and Browning,
Grammarz'arz’s Funeral, ‘This high man, aiming at a million, misses
a unit’ (quoted by Sandys); but the, accent here is religious as in
Psalm 131. 1 ‘Lord, my heart is not haughty, nor mine eyes lofty:
neither do I exercise myself in great matters, or in things too high
for me.’ [Many edd. follow the Aldine in reading 1-6 -re tn} Hm;-rd
qbpovctv flpaxlis aieév (sc. e’a-rt’), ‘to have thoughts too proud for mor
tality is (i.e. spells, results in) shortness of life’. This is linguisti-
cally bold, but may be defended as an extension of the normal usage
Seen in I004 flporefws 1-’ Exew ci.')lv11-os flies or IT. I121 f. -r6 5% per’
eliruxiias Ka.:<0l'.iIcr9a.t 9va.'r0Z's' flaplis aiuiv. It iS hardly bolder than
Pindar’s 1ro'ri. xévrpov 56' -rot I rlaxrflzepev 're'r\e‘|9et I cir\Lo'5'qpd5' ofpog
(Pyth. 2. 94 ff.). With this punctuation e'1"ri. -rod-rq.> = e’-rrt 1-q’) flpaxfiv
efvat airfiva 1-6 aw) 9P1']TCl. qbpovetv. The argument in its favour is that in
place of a generality which applies no more to Pentheus’ case than
to any other man’s we get a further allusion to the preceding scene—
a reinforcement of Teiresias’ final warning (367 ff.) that Pentheus’
Jflpts will bring him to a bad end. Cf. Homer’s words about another
opponent Of Dion., 065$‘ -ycip 068% Llptiavros vfcig xpa.-repcis ./luxdopyos I
51711 1'iv, 59 I60. Hcoifatv e"rroupa.v£‘o:.crcv Zpttzev (H. 6. 13of.).-—--There iS n0
need to alter peydha to panpci. For the pejorative sense of uéyas cf.
7.1.5’-ya. qfipovefv, ,ué"ya. Fleiyetv, p.€'ya. Epyov (Pind. Nem. I0. 64) ; fOI' two short
syllables answering to one long cf. 372 rr-répv-y- = 388 Sucr-r-.] claépot,
in the sense Of =;‘>e‘p€cr3a.t, as SOpl'1. OT. I189 1'59 ti.v1‘7p -rrhéov I 1'55
e|i3a.q.tow.'ag qbépct I ii -rocrofi-rov Eicrov 3oxeEv; [But it seems better t0
write with Tyrwhitt and Headlam Phil. xxvi. 234) 1-is . . . <;'>épot,~
‘who would pursue ambitious aims and not put up with things as
they are?’ This is the natural meaning of qfiépew 1-<1 'rra.p6v'ra., for
which Headlam compared Lucian, Cyn. 17 -rd ;.uiv rrapév-ra q$£'p€|.v mix
éfiéhe-re, 1-65v 5% eirrdvrmv éq'>£ea9e. And the word-order suggests a
question rather than an indefinite clause (in which one would expect
eiv 119).]
399-401. The Chorus still have Pentheus in mind: p.a.tvop.e‘vcuv picks
up 326 patvy, 359 pépnjvas. But the words are of course capable of
a wider application: cf. the very similar phrase -—-Km-¢oqSp6vwv &v5p6Jv
rrapdvota, Or. 824--which Eur. used a few years earlier to describe
the philosophy of violence, the ‘realism’ whose motto is £6 xc|.xovp-
yetv. -nap’ Epmye: ‘in my verdict’, as Med. 762 f. yevvafos dvvjp, I
Atyefi, amp’ époi §e56x17cra.l. and often even in prose, the person being
regarded as a court of judgement (cf. Hdt. 3. 160. 1 qrapzi. Aapetqs
xptrfi = iudice Dario).
402-16. The ‘escape—prayer’ is frequent in Euripidean lyrics (e.g.
H1}->p. 732—5r, Hel. 1478—86)——partly, perhaps, because they are war-
time lyrics. Sometimes such prayers have little dramatic relevance
 LINES 397—403 123
and read like personal utterances of the poet (Wilamowitz, Happo-
lytos, p. 217 f.); and the present one has been taken to mean that
Eur. himself hoped to find ‘the peace of Dionysus in the cool shadow
of a princely court, Evagoras’ (in Cyprus or Archelaos’ (in Mace-
donia)’ (Zielinski, N. fahrb. 1902, 647 f.). That is quite possible,
but we are not compelled to assume it: it is perfectly natural that
the Chorus should long to flee from the persecutor to a peaceful
place where fldxxatg Béptg dp-yicifiew. And their choice of Pieria is
equally natural (see on 409-11). But why Cyprus? Verrall asked
this question, and finding no answer, was led to frame fantastic
hypotheses. We need not follow these; nor need we imagine, with
Norwood, that Eur. has deliberately made the Chorus give away
the sensual character of their cult by dragging in Cyprus and
Aphrodite. (a) Cyprus represents the eastern limit of the Greek
world, as Olympus the northern limit: since Dion. is a god of the
East and the North, it is natural that his worshippers should look
eastward and northward for a place of refuge. Perhaps there is also
a vague reminiscence of the Homeric Hymn, 7. 28, where the pirates
propose to carry Dion. to Egypt, Cyprus, or the Hyperboreans.
(b) In an ‘escapist’ poem there is nothing incongruous in giving
Aphrodit-e a place beside H690; and the Xdptres, 'HavXia. and
Eipajv-qt Cf. Ar. Ach. 989 =25 Kufarptfit rfj xahfi Kai. Xdpzaa 1-ais‘ Q51?/\a:.g
§l.iv'rpoq$e A.~.aMa-ya-I (= .Eip1j1-'17): Peace 455, where in celebration of
the peace Trygaeus prays 'Epp.fi Xdptatv '.Qpa.:.0r.v idqiposirgj Hdflqa.
In the present context she is a symbol not of sensuality but of the
happiness and liberation which comes from the gay and reverent
acceptance of natural impulse. Her association with Dion., the other
great Nature-power, is rooted both in popular thought and in the
imagination of poets and artists. [For the former, cf. infra, 773, and
the tradition by which the first round of drinks was dedicated to
Dion., the Xépt-res, and the '.Qpm., the second to Dion. and Aphrodite
(Panyasis fr. 13 Kinkel). For the latter, Anacreon fr. 2 Diehl,
addressing Dion. as cZava.§, Q5 3ap.ci.'»\'qs "Epws I Kai. Nfijiqiat xva.va5m.5es I
'rropqSvpe'17 1-’ .’4¢po3f1-17 I av;.m-a.i§ovcrr.v: Cycl. 69 fl‘. i'a..-cxov iaxxov
q"i5ci.v I p.e’)l1'rcu rrprig -rciv .'4q'>po3Z-rav I (iv 917pe|.imv 11-:1-6p.a.v I Bdxxaas
afiv Aevxéwoawz and the vase-paintings which show Aphrodite
among the Maenads, e.g. the B.M. hydria F 2o (Cat. iv, pl. 2)
or the Louvre lecythos L 59 (Pfuhl, Malerez', iii, fig. 592). The
association is in some measure reflected even in cult: the two
deities shared a temple at Argos (Paus. 2. 23. 8), and at Bura
in Achaea (Paus. 7. 25. 9); and Aphrodite figures in the Zex
Iobacchorum, apparently as a character in a Dionysiac masque
or mystery-play.]
403. [Petersen's véaov rdv 2.1q'>po8t-ras may well be right. The un-
metrical -rciv before Kfiarpov in our MSS. looks like a remnant of this
114 COMMENTARY
reading:1 -rtiv survived as a marginal variant and was eventually
inserted in the wrong place.]
4-04--5. ‘Where the Loves haunt, enchanters of the mortal heart.’
Bvaroiatv, with 9e)l§Z¢-poves. bi, which was inserted metri gratitl
by Heath, is understood by Paley as the article, by Bruhn as the
pronoun (= Aepofitrg, ethic dat.): the former view is preferable,
as two datives would make the sentence a little clumsy, and Eur.
elsewhere avoids the demonstrative of. [It is doubtful if the insertion
is really necessary (Wilamowitz, Griech. Verskzmst, 258 f.) : Eur. does
not always attempt strict correspondence in the glyconic base, e.g.
Hipp. 737—9 = 747—9; and if the MSS. are right the same Corre-
spondence of v v to v — occurs just below in 406 = 421.]
4-06-8. ‘And Paphos which the waters of the alien river, with its hundred
mouths, make fruitful without rain.’ This passage is a standing
puzzle. That ‘the alien river’ must be the Nile would seem indis-
putable if it had not been disputed: the combination of the many
mouths (éica-iév is the language of poetry, not of arithmetic), the
fertilizing waters, the adj. Bapfioipov (proper to Egypt, but hardly
to Cyprus under the rule of Athens’ friend Evagoras), and the adj .
évopflpor, is surely decisive: for the last, cf. Hdt. 2. 22. 3 civopfipos‘ vi
xuipq, of the country about the sources of the Nile; 2. 25. 5 6 Net/\og
aiciw ¢i.‘vo,u.Bpo5'2 Eur. Hel. I ii. Nsf/\ov . . . float, I 55- a'.v"ri. 350.5" qllaxdfiog
AZ-yrin-1'00 1-re'8ov I hevxfis 'rc|'.Ke£'0"r)s' xtdvog ti)/pailvet. -ytiast fr. 228 (from
the Archelaos, contemporary with the Bacchae) Net/\ov . . . 6s ex
Iws/\ap.Bp6roto 11'/\17po1'J"ra.:. fiocis I Aifitorrffiog -yfig, 1)vfx' dv raxfi xcuiv.
But Paphos is a town on the SW. coast of Cyprus, 3,6oo stades from
Alexandria according to Strabo (14. 6. 3): in what sense can the Nile
‘make it fruitful’? (a) Hermann’s idea that the reference is to the
profits of the Cypriot trade with Egypt clearly will not do: even if
1-cap-ntfiav could bear this meaning, évopfipot is left quite pointless.
(b) Much more plausible is Pa1ey’s suggestion that Eur. supposed
the Nile current to be strong enough to ‘fertilize’ Paphos by deposit-
ing the rich Nile mud on its shores; it does in fact make the sea
turbid for a considerable distance from the Egyptian coast, as later
antiquity knew (Stat. Theb. 8. 361 f.). In support of this Murray
adduces Hel. 151, where Teucer, anxious for a favourable wind to
take him from Egypt to Cyprus, is reassured by Helen with the
words -.-r/lofis, 05 gar, afirds‘ 0'1)p.0.veE', ‘the voyage of itself will set your
course’—which may refer to the Nile current! But would the silting

1 Dr. Maas suggests, as did Matthiae earlier, the possibility of re-

taining Ta... in 402 and writing in 417 'n'ci.i.'S‘ (epic and lyric, but not
elsewhere in tragedy).
1 For a later period we have (as John Jackson pointed out) more
explicit testimony in Manilius’ line (Astr. 4. 635) ‘Aegyptique Cypros
 LINES 4-03-8 125
up of a coast be called ‘rainless fertilization’? Cf. Hesych. Ka.prri-
{ovals woritfovaiv, eiixaprra rroioiiar. (6) Alternatively, I am tempted
to guess that Eur. is alluding to the belief, held today by Cypriot
peasants and reported as far back as 1816 by the Turkish traveller
Ali Bey, that the island’s numerous, rather brackish springs are
fed not by local rainfall but by water which has passed under the
sea (Unger-Kotschy, Cypem, 7o; Hill, Hist. of Cyprus, i. 6). If
antiquity believed it to be Nile water--—as for instance it believed
the river Inopus in Delos to be fed by Nile water (Call. Dian. 171,
Lycophr. 576 and schol., Paus. 2. 5. 3)—the puzzle would be explained
and the adjs. Bapfidpov (‘foreign’) and évopflpot would have special
point. But direct ancient evidence is lacking. [Three types of
emendation have been attempted. (1) Eliminate Paphos. dftcipov
Reiske. But he did not explain why the Chorus should wish to visit
this small island 7 stades from Alexandria. Proteus, it is true, lived
there (Hel. 4 f.), and later tradition made Proteus welcome Dionysus
when he visited Egypt ([Apollod.] 3. 5. 1, cf. K. O’Nolan, C.R. lxxii
[I958], 204); but the connection is a slender one- 'EI1rd¢»ov (mythical
king of Egypt) Petersen, making 405 and 42o glyconics (Bedv disyll.).
But the mythological allusion is frigid and the rhythm impossible.
Hdzpov a gloss on 404-5, which has ousted X661-ta ( Meineke) or the like P
Possible but not very probable. (2) Eliminate the Nile. 'BwKdpov for
Bapfiépov Meursius. This is alleged to be the name of a river in
Cyprus. The evidence for the allegation is very weak: see M. R.
James, ].H..S'. ix (1888), 182 f., and Hill, l.c. And that the Bocarus
was éxwrdaropos there is no evidence whatever: ‘the rivers in Cyprus
are little more than mountain torrents’ (Storrs and O'Brien, Hand-
book of Cyprus, 4); we are driven to explain the ‘hundred mouths’
(feebly) as artificial irrigation runlets, or to read épardaropor with
Musgrave. The further difiicultyof dvopfipor is not met by reading civ-
opfipov and referring to the superstition about the open-air altar of
Aphrodite at Paphos on which the rain always avoided falling (Tac.
Hist. 2. 3, Plin. NH. 2 .210): that it never rains at all in Paphos no
one thought or could think (the place has an average rainfall of
18 inches). (3) Separate Paphos from the Nile. Héqlov 6’ év (6')
Schoene, sc. yaw (cf. Tread. 825). Simple, but leaves Paphos bare
of the expected adjectival compliment, and makes an odd, illogical
enumeration, ‘Cyprus . . . and Paphos and Egypt’. At first sight
it is tempting to read Hdqbov, div 6’ (apparently first proposed

pulsatur fluctibus amnis’, on which Housman remarked ‘idem Euri-

pides si non dixit at dixisse videri potest in obscurissimis versibus.’
Manilius’ authority, or his source’s authority, may in fact be our
passage; if so, his text was the same as ours, and he understood it as
Paley did.
126 COMMENTARY
by Shilleto). Hdgbov then becomes object of vénow-at (which is
transitive, so far as I know, everywhere else in tragedy); and we
get exact metrical correspondence with 421 as read in L P. Cf.
Nonn. I3. 456 Kai. Hdrpov, ¢i.Bp0:<6p.wv 01-e¢'>av17<;l>6p0v 5pp.0v 'Epu§-rcuv.
The longing of the Chorus to be in Egypt could be explained by the
theory that Dionysus is Osiris and Egypt is an earlier home of his
cult (Hdt. 2. 42. 2, 49. 2) : H. Hymn 1. 9_already associates him with
that country. But even with this reading Hégbov is bare and abrupt;
and to put the pause after II<£qS0v upsets the rhythm and balance
of the composition (cf. antistrophe).]
4-09--11. Pieria, the exquisite hill-country on the northern side of the
massif of Olympus, is the traditional birth-place of the Muses (Hes.
Theog. 53, Op. et Di. 1). It was at Dion in this region that according
to Diodorus (17. 16. 3) Archelaos, Euripides’ host in Macedonia,
established dramatic competitions dedicated to Zeus and the Muses.
Hence, on the assumption that the Bacchae was written for produc-
tion at this festival, these lovely lines have generally been taken
as a graceful compliment from the great Athenian poet to his last
audience (see, however, Introd., p. xl). But be " that as it may,
Pieria was in fact Dionysiac country: the Delphic paean (54 f.)
records the god’s visit to it; and it was there, according to ‘several
authors’, that Orpheus was torn to pieces by the Maenads for
refusing recognition to Dion. (Hygin. Astron. 2. 7, Kern, Orph.
Fragm. test. 117, cf. test. 114, 115, 125, 129, 144). The association of
Dion. with the Muses appears also in the Antigone (965), and is
attested by the curious ritual of the Boeotian Agrionia, where the
women search for Dion. and, failing to find him, declare that ‘he
has taken refuge with the Muses’ (Plut. Q. Conv. 8 prooem., 717 A,
cf. the tradition preserved by Eustathius, on Od. 17. 205, that ‘the
nurses of Dionysus’ are the Muses). Aeschylus seems to have called
him 6 p.0v0'6p.a.v-rt; (fr. 60).
4-13. ‘Spirit who leadest my worship, master of my joy.’ lflpoflaxxfite
MSS., with Ionic ending as in ci.v9pcu'1r1j:.os. This seems not adequately
supported by the use in tragedy of a few words like -yétos, Sétos,
vci.i.‘0s', normally if not always with Doric spelling. Perhaps wpdfiaxx’
fire, though fires occurs elsewhere only as an epithet of Apollo.
Neither wpofiaxxwjros nor 1'rp6B0.Kx0$‘ is found elsewhere.] ‘
4-14-. For H690: and the Xdpt-res cf. Ar. Birds 1320 (quoted on 389-92)
and Peace 455 (quoted on 402-16). H660; appears also Aesch. Supp.
1039, where he is the child of Aphrodite. Vase-paintings show him
in Dionysiac scenes: e.g. on the Pothos painter’s bell-krater in
Providence (C.V.A. Providence, i, pl. 23; Beazley, A.R.V. 801. 1),
painted in the early years of the last quarter of the fifth century B.C.,
a boyish winged Pothos accompanies with the flute the dance of
satyrs and maenads. On a pelike after the Meidias painter (Beazley,
 LINES 406-23 I27
l.c. 835. 9) , painted in the very last years of the century, Pothos has
a tympanon. The Xdptres, before they became the ‘Graces’ familiar
to us from Latin poetry and Botticelli’s picture, were ancient Minyan
goddesses (Pind. OZ. I4. 4 .Xaip|.-res 'Epx0p.cvofi', 1'ra.r\a.z.'y6vwv Mivviv
e’m'ax0-nor), and their cult was early associated with that of Dion.: in
the very old prayer of the women of Elis (Plut. Q. Graec. 36. 299 B)
he is besought to come in his bull-shape adv Xapt-reamv, and at
Olympia he and they shared a common altar (Paus. 5. 14. 10, schol.
Pind. OZ. 5. 10); Servius on Aen. 1. 720 makes them his daughters.
4-15. ‘And there thy Chosen have licence to serve thee.’
4-1 9-20. 6AI30861-e|.pu.v Eipfivav, ncoupo-rp61I>0v Beév. Neither epithet needs
explanation in our time. The second is as old as Hesiod (Op. et Di.
228); for the first cf. Bacchyl. fr. 4.61 Snell’ rixret Sc’ -re Hvaroifarv
eipfiva p.c-yafloivopa 11/\0i3-rov, and for both, Eur. 490 f. 're'p1rc1'cu.
5' etirraififqr (SC. Eiprfv-q), I xaiper. Se’ 1r}\01.i'rqJ. A well-known statue at
Munich, after Cephisodotus, shows Eirene with the child Ploutos in
her arms. The longing for peace often finds expression in Eur.’s plays,
e.g. C1'6Sj>h0nI€S fr. 453 Eipfiva Badzirrzlovrc Kai. I xa.¢\Xi‘o"ra. P-axoipwv Qecfiv, I
§'i7’]\6s 7.1.0:. aedev, 0'15‘ xp0vt'§c|.s, K-r}\., and 01'. I682 f. rijv xahhiarqv I
6c6Jv Eiprjvrjv. But the introduction of Etpfiv-q is not irrelevant here:
Dion. too gives increase and enrichment of life, and for that reason
the vase-paintings sometimes show her as a member of his thiasos
(C. Fraenkel, .S'atyr- u. Bakchennamen, 53); war is Bpontov napa-
p.0va0s' e'0p-rais (Phoen. 785).
421--3. ‘In equal measure to rich and humble he gives the griefless joy
of wine.’ 6AB:.0s and xsipwv in the social sense, as often. 5:.56vcu. sis,
instead of the dat., occurs also Hel. 1425, Phoen. 1757; but in all
three places its use seems to be due to the presence of another word
to which sis is more closely attached—£'m1v here, efivoiav in Hel. 1425
ijv o1i)v sis En’ efivotav Stficiis, cixziprrov in P/10611. I757 xcipw dxcipcrov is
Hem); 5:.3o6aa.. c'iAu-rrov: either ‘assuaging grief’ or more probably
‘causing no grief’, ‘innocent’. [It seems to have the former sense in
Soph. fr. 172 P., where wine is called dzlvvrov &'v6os (M4605) uivtas,
on which Phrynich. Soph. p. 153. 23 observes ei Be’/\o:s £i1'rci.'v ém.I
rwos wpciyparos 5 1611175‘ ci.1ra.Xz\ci-r're:., 05-rws iiv xpwjocuo. Cf. 280 f.,
381, 172 -ri7v rravaiiluarov ci'p.1re}\ov, and Astydamas fr. 6 (T.G.F. p. 780)
-r-r';v ¢i.:<eo'd>6p0v Minn: . . . c'|.'p.1'rch0v. But the latter is the usual and
natural meaning (cf. M. N. Tod, _B..S'.A. xlvi [1951], 187), and is
supported by fr. 897 where Eur. speaks of Eros as <i'Av-.-rov 'r£'pI,lu.v -rw’
Exwv and the passages quoted in next. note. When the comic poet
Hermippus calls Chian wine saw»; he presumably means that ‘there
isn't a headache in a hogshead’ (fr. 82. 5 Kock).] Dion. is a demo-
cratic god: he is accessible to all, not like Pythian Apollo through
priestly intermediaries, but directly in his gift of wine and through
membership of his Giaaos. His worship probably made its original
128 COMMENTARY
appeal mainly to people who had no citizen rights in the aristocratic
‘gentile state’ and were excluded from the older cults associated
with the great families (Gemet-Boulanger, Le génie grec dans la
religion, 124 f.). And in the classical age it seems to have retained
a good deal of this popular character (cf. Frogs 405 ff., Plut. cupid.
div. 8. 527D, 1) 1rti.1'pr.o$‘ rdiv Lliovvaiwv e'0p1"i7 1'6 rrahaeciv €1're',u.rr£'r0
317p.01'|.K¢I5s Kai E/\ap<.T:s'). [At the Hifioiyia (part Of the Anthesteria)
01')‘-re oiKe"r17v oiire ptafiwrdv eipyetv rijs dvrohaliaews rofi oivov Heprrdv
fiv, ci.1\hci. 91io'av1-as rr&’o1. ,u.c'ra3r.36va.:. roii Suipov ‘rob’ Alrovziaou (SCh0l.
Hes. Op. et Di. 368, from Plutarch) : the same idea perhaps underlies
the cult-title ’Ioo8at-r-qs. For later periods we have inscriptional
evidence that even slaves might be admitted to membership of
Dionysiac Biacrol. (C .1.L. iii. 704, dedication by a serous actor, member
of a thiasus Liberi patris Tasibasteni in Macedonia; iii. 7437, slaves
admitted to a Ba.Kxefov alongside freedmen in the age of the Severi).
-—i.'0'0. L P, which should perhaps be retained even if Hdcpov 6’ is read
in 406: see on 404-5.]
424-6. ‘But he abhors the man whose thought is not this—-by day and
happy darkness to l1ve to the end the life of blessedness.’ <I>O\as.
because the Dionysiac Iepci take place vtiK'r¢up as 1-ro)\/\c£ (486). abutm-
va: cf. efiatwvi. ofiv 6464: in the refrain of the Delphic hymn to Dion.
It is a strong word, implying permanent happiness such as man
attributes to the gods: Eur. Ion 126 f. eziaicuv efqg, J; /la-rofis mt,
Aesch. P875‘. 711 filo‘-rov eziaiwva. Hépaazs ces 0e6s Scfiyayes. The
‘hedonism’—it would be more exact to call it religious eudaemonism
—-of this and other passages in the Bacchae (cf. 910-11 n. and 1004)
has surprised some critics. But (a) it is dramatically appropriate:
Dion. is the dispenser of natural joys, Pentheus the joy-hating Puri-
tan. The same spirit breathes in the prayer to Dion. written by Ion of
Chios (Athen. 10. 447D = fr. 26 Blumenthal) xa.ip€' 8680:: 8’ aiciiva,
Kailcfiv e'm.1ip0.vc Ep-ycuv, I vrivetv Kai. -rraiflerv Kai. 1-ti. Sixaca. cfapoveiv. A
Ruvo amphora shows Efi8ar,uovta as a member of his thiasos (Beazley,
A.R.V., pp. 803-4; Furtwangler—Reichhold, ii, Abb. 107, p. 329).
(b) The longing for security and an anodyne, natural to a war-weary
world, is often expressed by Eur. Cf. especially Her. 503 ff. pmpci pév
‘rd. ‘rot? fliov, I rofirov 5" Srrws 1'7'3w1'a Starrcpcioerc, I £5 ripépas es v1iK'ra 7.1.1’)
Rv1r06,u.ev0|.: Antiope fr. I96 ri 3-ijr’ e'v 6/lflcu 7.1.1) carpet flefl-r7K6'rcsr I oil
§r.ii,u.ev aims fi3c.o'1-a pi) hvnozipcvor; Telephus fr. 714 0-p.iKp' iiv 9e')\0tp.:. Kai.
Kai?’ ripépav exwv I 6.‘/\v':r0s' 0ZKeEv: Hipp. IIII ff.; Supp. 953 f. ‘The
contemplation of that mindless ease may have brought him an
enhanced sense of his own agonies and his deprivation of modes of
escape that were open to others but not to him’ (Winnington-
Ingram). When Eur.’s contemporary Antiphon invented and
advertised a 're'xv17 ci./lvrrias (87 A 6 Diels), he was supplying a felt
want.
 LINES 421-33 129
4-27--9. ‘And to withhold the mind and understanding in true wisdom
(aoqkiv predicative) from men who reject the common rule.’ The
1'repio'ooi. <;‘>cTr:'cs‘__ are those ‘superior persons’ who, like Pentheus,
refuse to recognize the limitations imposed by 9v-17'rci. qipovcivi
cf. the Nurse's warning to Phaedra that Cypris punishes 6v av
rrcpicrcniv Kai. ¢pov0i3v9' eiipgy ,u.e’-ya (Hipp. 445), and Theseus’ taunt
against Hippolytus as claiming to be rrcptaads civrjp, one exempt from
the common frailty of humanity (Hipp. 948). 1-rapa is a little
odd: after dwéxav we expect cirrd (which Reiske wished to restore)
or the simple gen. But the variation may be deliberately sought,
as in II8 dd‘ itrrcfiv -rrapti. KepKi3wv 1". The difficulty is at any rate
less than that of the other view (Hermann, Blass), which makes
the words mean ‘keep at arm’s length the clever wit and subtlety
that proceed from men who reject the common rule’: as Tyrrell
pointed out, rrpm-ris and qipfiv, both originally names of physical
organs, signify not the product of thought, which can ‘proceed
from’ the thinker, but the seat of thought; and we should anyhow
expect 1-av rrapci. [The words wee» 8’ ewéxav seem to be metrically
faulty: the intrusion of an anapaest here, thought not quite un-
paralleled (Denniston, ‘Lyric Iambics’, in Greek Poetry and Life, 138),
is improbable, especially as 412 has no anapaest (for we must scan
pé’ not p€, cf. 545—6 n.). See Blass, Rh. Mus. lxii. 265. aoqbdv 8’
cirrcxe (Hermann) makes exact metrical correspondence; but the
second sing. imperative addressed to the world at large is unusual in
a chorus (Paley), and certainly rather abrupt here. cro¢6v emtxav,
‘it is wise to withhold’, Wilamowitz. Perhaps the easiest correction
is cro¢ci. 8’ dwéxctv, which Dindorf once proposed: the idiomatic
neuter plural (like 3iKc|.t.a yd-.p -r6v8’ etirvxciv, Soph. Aj. 1126) would be
peculiarly exposed to corruption.]
4-30-3. ‘Whatever the simple many have taken as their rule and usage,
that would I accept.’ The mpafiilot are the ‘simple’ people both in
the social and in the intellectual sense: Eur. frequently contrasts
them with the crodaoi (e.g. Andi’. 379 ¢a.i3.\6s sip; Kori 009565‘, and 48I f.;
Phoen. 495 f ; fr. 635), and not always to their disadvantage: cf.
I071 834 f. dual?/\0v xprjcn-civ Ev Aafleiv qiihov I 9é\0|.,u.:. ,u.6’..\A0v -ii KaKc’w
croqicfircpovi fr. 473 ziaafihov ci.'Ko7.u,6ov, rci. j.|.e"y|.o'r' ciyafiziv, I rrdcrav c'v
ipycp 1reprrep.v6p.cv0v I aoqiiav, /\e‘0x17s d-rpiflwvai fr. 289 rfis 3' 6.)-:79eia.s
686: I q!>a:5A-q' 1-is ém-r. In the light of these passages it seems a mistake
to suppose with Bruhn (Einl. 22) and Lindskog (Stud. 2. antiken
Drama, 30) that ¢ovA6-repov is a ‘depreciatory’ epithet which gives
away the Chorus’s case. The antithesis in the present passage is
substantially the same which Teiresias drew between -rd 0-0:;'>6v and
the rrdrptot -rra.pa8oxaE (201—3). To those critics who are surprised to
find a pupil of the sophists writing in this vein we may reply (a) that
it is dramatically appropriate, since Dion. is peculiarly a god of the
4003.9 K
I30 COMMENTARY
¢av.\6-rcpov -ml-560; (see 421—3 n.): cf. the ‘olim iussa deo simplicitas
facilis’ which is praised on the gravestone of a Thracian worshipper
of Dion., Heuzey, Mission arch. de Macédoine, 128' (b) that like
many poets Eur. may well have felt at times a deepe‘r kinship with
the intuitive wisdom of the people than with the arid cleverness of
the intellectuals: this feeling seems to be expressed in some of the
passages quoted above, and especially in the Electra, Where the
A6-roupycis is a type Of the qfiafiilos‘ ci.'Kop.|,l10s. ‘Faith in the “simple
man” is characteristic of most idealists and most reformers. It
implies the doctrine of Equality--a doctrine essentially religious
and mystical, continually disproved in every fresh sense in which
it can be formulated, and yet remaining one of the living faiths of
men’ (Murray, Essays and Addresses, 84). [The text is uncertain,
though the general sense is not in doubt. Originally both MSS. had
Aeyotaqv (iv ()l€y0:.,u.' av L2 or l). For this, Musgrave’s Sexoiuav is
convincing (A for A). But it may be an optative of wish: re 1-68¢
10:. Sexoiuav Bernhardy, -re T63’ dei. Sexoipav Adrian, Wilamowitz,
Analecta, 49 (keeping Btixxatow in 415). These readings are closer
than Kirchhoff’s to L as it now stands; they yield, -however, a much
less probable rhythm (iambic), and L has traces of two erased
letters (Pév) between -re and -r68e, while 1'0: is added above the
line—suggesting that it had originally év 1-q'38c, like P. xp'FjI1'ai 1-’ iv
1-438:, Scxoipav is good sense-—év 1-q'3Se, ‘in this matter’, limiting their
faith in the common man to the field of religion-._and not impossible
metrically: as a second glyconic may answer to a third glyconic or
‘éhoriambic dimeter’ ‘(e.g. Eur. .S'upp.)1o00 rrpds‘ 3' e;-[Bar Spouds
e €,U.(BV = 1023 oi 1-(iv avdv-r’ 061-m-.-’ éna so a secon p erecratean
(2 u -~ W — —) is an admissible substitute,for a first pherecratean or
‘ ch or1am
' b'1c d’imeter cata l ect1c
' ’ (—v-»—v——), e.g. E ur. El . 192
-rrqvi qhdpca 8fJ’vat = I68 adv ti.)/p6-recIpav a1i.\civ.]

Scene 2 (434-518): a soldier, Pentheus, the Stranger.

The soldier and one or more companions (wee 1'Tpd0'w'n'£l.) enter
from the audience’s right (as coming éx -ir6Aews-, 352, cf. Pollux 4. 126) ;
with them the Stranger, held by his arms. Pentheus may perhaps
have remained on the stage throughout the preceding song, as e.g.
Medea seems to do at Med. 410-45 and 627-62.
This is the first of the three scenes between man and god, Pentheus
and the Stranger. They form a sort of triptych, beautifully built
with the balanced antithetical symmetry in which classical art
delights. At this short first meeting the strong plays at being the
weak, while the weak mistakes himself for the strong: it ends in
the seemingly complete victory of the man over the supernatural
being. The long, carefully constructed ‘central scene (642-861)
exhibits the process by which the relation is slowly reversed. The
 LINES 430—4O 131
third scene (912—76), again short, shows the reversal completed.
This conflict in its three stages is the dramatic kernel of the play:
everything else leads up to it or flows from it.—In the calm and
patient courage which the Stranger here exhibits in face of Pentheus’
jeers and threats Horace perceived a symbol of the superiority of
moral to physical strength: he put an adaptation of certain of the
Stranger’s lines (492, 498) into the mouth of a Stoic sage, ‘vir bonus
et sapiens’ (Ep. 1. 16. 73 ff.). Two centuries later we find Clement of
Alexandria putting others of his lines (470, 472, 474, 476) into Christ's
mouth. We may conclude that the sympathies of ancient, as of
modern, audiences were in this scene with the prisoner. As for the
soldier, he is a specimen of the »n-)\1’§60s- ql>avA6-.-cpov in whose intuitive
good sense the Chorus have just expressed their confidence. His
account of the Stranger’s arrest shows that he possesses the 0.38055-
or moral sensitiveness (441) which his master lacks (263).
»-
436. 6 Bfip 8’ 38’ -fiptv 11'puos. , s but we found this wild beast tame. s

Sc. fiv: a relatively rare ellipse, but not unexampled (e.g. Plato,
Rep. 503 B). 1jp.i."v ethic dat. as in 217. In calling the Stranger a Grip
the soldier merely continues the metaphor of 434; but there is tragic
irony in his words. Before the end Pentheus will perceive the beast-
nature of his adversary visibly manifested (922). After that Pentheus
himself will be hunted and caught like a wild animal (1107 f.), so
that when the action is over the two opponents will be seen to have
exchanged places, as the two women change places in the course of
the Andromache, or the two men in Thomas Hardy’s Mayor of
Casterbridge.
4-38. Murray’s punctuation seems to imply that he takes daxpés as
parallel to dxwv, ‘not unwilling or pale’. But the adverbial use of
citxpds is not so natural as that of ¢i.'Kwv, and it appears preferable to
supply fiv again, putting a comma at the end of 437. The Stranger
showed his tameness (1) by not running away but surrendering, (2)
by not even turning pale. [063 cbxpds is possible but hardly neces-
sary.]
4-39. yelkiév : the actor who played the Stranger no doubt wore a smiling
mask throughout. Cf. 380, and H. Hymn. 7. 14 6 Sé uerfitdwv éi.-c‘£61;-ro
(of Dion. captured by the pirates). It is an ambiguous smile—here
the smile of the martyr, afterwards the smile of the destroyer (1021).
It appeared again in the Bacchae of Accius, fr. 11 (18) ‘praesens
praesto irridens (irridetis codd.) . . . nobis stupe(factis sese) ultro
ostentum obtulit.’
4-40. rofipov efirperrizs notofipevos 2 lit. ‘making my (task) ready,’i.e. help-
ing me in my duty of tying his hands and arresting him. The use of
the middle, which has troubled some edd., seems merely to stress
the Stranger’s personal participation in the action, as in 1r6)usp.ov
1ro|.¢i'o'9at. and similar periphrases (Kiihner—Gerth, i. § 374. 5): cf.,
132 COMMENTARY
Hdt. I. II9. 3 s6'rvKa 1-ro:.'qa6.p.ev0s (1-6. Kpéa), ‘(Astyages) having made
the meat ready (for Harpagus)‘. [MSS. ellrrpcrrds‘, ‘turning for himself
my task to seemliness’ (Tyrrellz). But this hardly accounts so well
for the at8u5s felt by the soldier (441); and €61'pc11'e‘s is strongly
supported by 844, where ‘r6 y’ 67.1.61-' ed-rpewés is a quite certain correc-
tion for r6 -y’ e’,u.6v ea}-.-rpewc’;-. L has the same confusion at Her. 497
and Hec. 565. Nauck’s e61r61'€'$ has less transcriptional probability.
e6'rpe1re‘s (or -ij) rrotefadai occurs also El. 689, IT. 245.]
442. &1r|.a-rolxatsi ‘by the commission’ of P.--the oldest meaning of the
word.
443-8. 8’ afi marks the transition to a different arrest (L.S.° s.v. a6 II. 2).
The liberation of the imprisoned women (those referred to at 226 f.)
serves no obvious purpose in the economy of the play beyond giving
Pentheus the unheeded warning that the supernatural cannot be
controlled by lock and key. It is introduced primarily because it
is a traditional Dionysiac miracle: see Introd., p. xxxii. Dion. has
power to bind and to loose: he binds with the magic vine (Lucian,
Dial. Deor. 18, Nonnus 21. 30 ff.) ; he looses already in H. Hymn.
7. I3 f. 'r6v 8‘ 06K iaxave 3e¢r;.z.ci., .\6'y0r. 3‘ 6.116 117460‘ Errwrrov I xctpiiiv
1}8é 1ro8¢3v, and cf. 498 n. Memories of the present passage may have
helped to shape the story of the miraculous freeing of Peter in Acts
I2: With 447-8 Cf. Acts I2. 7 e‘§c‘1recrov a6'r0:? ai cihaiaeis c‘K réiv xetpciiv,
and IO 116417) a61'op.6.1'-r7 1‘]v0ix917 a6'r0i.‘s, also I6. 26. See 45 n.,
795 n., and O. Weinreich, ‘Gebet und Wunder’, in Genethliakon
W. Schmid (Tiibinger Beitr. z. Alt. v), 284 ff., 326 ff.--—Observe the
effective use of resolved feet in 445-8 (six in four lines): the verses
which describe the liberation are themselves liberated and swift.
The harsh lack of euphony in 443, where the syllable as occurs six
times, is perhaps also a deliberate or instinctive adaptation of sound
to sense. On épyafias see 340 n. [1-r08£.‘w (447) is sometimes
altered to rrefidw (Meineke) because Pentheus at 226 mentions the
chaining of the women’s hands, not of their feet; but the objection
is a little pedantic.]
449-50. The soldier half confesses his faith in the Stranger, then breaks
off in fear of offending his master--‘but what shall happen next
is your concern, not mine’.
4-51-2. ‘Let go his hands: now that he is in my net, he is not so nimble
that he shall get away from me.’ Cf. the similar though differently
motived command, IT. 468 uéfle-re -rav §c'vwv xépag, and for the
middle, H86. 400 71708‘ ixoiicra rra|.36s 06 ,u.c91jcr0p.ai. iv iipxuolv takes
up the metaphor of 434-6. [The corruption of ,u.e'6ea0e to natveafie
would be helped by the common confusion of e and ac, which were
pronounced alike from Hellenistic times onward. Other views:
(1) the reading of L P is defended by Tyrrell and Dalmeyda, who
punctuate p.ai1/sods‘ xeipcfiv 1:063‘ iv 6.‘pKucnv 'yci.p div, take Xe.-.p63v
 LINES 44-0-59 133
6.'pKvcn.v together (like Ale‘. 984 6v cipdxrotcn xcpriiv . . . Scapois), and
suppose r068: to be Pentheus (it is glossed éuofi in L). But (a) the
postponement of yep goes much beyond normal tragic practice
(cf. Denniston, Particles, 96): the only comparable example is Soph.
Phil. I451 Ka|.p6s' Kai rrhoiis 63‘ Errciyel. 'yci.p (where I should be tempted
t0 read with Burg-es 63‘ dneiyct -yap Ka:.p6s' Kai. rrhoiis). (ll) As Sandys
says, we should expect xcipciiv -r<.i3v8e', and also paivg (whereas the
plur. ,u.é0ea0c is natural since the Stranger is‘ presumably held by
two men). (c) An order to unhand the captive is required here in
view of the order to seize him at 503. (2) The la.st two objections
apply also to Bothe’s paiveade xcipov 1-0133‘ (revived by G. Rudberg,
Symb. Oslo. iv [I926], 29), Moreover, this would not mean ‘You are
madder than the Stranger’ (which is a possible exaggeration for an
angry man), but ‘You are mad in a more sinister manner’ (which
is merely absurd). (3) Adljvafle, whether due to p or (Wilamowitz)
to P1, is not more than a bad guess, inconsistent with 437 and 503.
(4) qhdeipeade xctpcfiv T053‘ U. Powell), ‘Let go his hands, damn
you 1’, is not impossible (cf. Androm. 715), but seems an unnecessarily
violent form Of command. ,u.a.i‘ve0'6e ( . . . . . . I 71.696095) xctpcfiv
1-063’, Verrall, Bacchants, 61, on the ground that ‘to drop paivedde
makes P. pass in silence the escape of the bacchanals and the man’s
miraculous explanation’. This is plausible; but having laid hands
on the principal, P. may perhaps be allowed to neglect the sub-
ordinates.]
453-9. P. turns from the soldiers to study the prisoner (ti-rap, ‘Welll’,
marking the change of attention, cf. 248). These lines give one of
those relatively detailed descriptions of stage personages which are
characteristic of late-fifth-century tragedy (Webster, Greek Art and
Literature, 530-400 B.C., 187); they belong to a time when mask
and costume were being made more individual and realistic, and
may be partly designed as stage directions. Winnington-Ingram
observes acutely that ‘the sensual appearance of the Stranger
is precisely the form in which Dionysus should and could reveal
himself to the suppressed sensuality of Pentheus’. The girlishness
of Dion. (04/hiuopdov 353) is not, however, Eur.’s own invention.
Aristophanes quotes from the Edoni of Aesch. (Ar. Thesm. 134 ff. =
Aesch. fr. 61) the question 1r03a1'r6s 6 -yovvts ; addressed to the captive
Dion. (cf. infra, 460). [In comedy he wears the feminine Kp0KwTdS
(Ar. Frogs 46, cf. Cratinus fr. 38), and is mocked for his effeminacy.
Cf. also Hesych. Atoviis" 6 yvvaixias Kai. napdflqhvs. In painting and
sculpture the dignified bearded god of archaic and early classical
art begins to be replaced in the late fifth century by a graceful
beardless youth whose features and contours already show some-
thing of the feminine character which is so marked in Hellenistic
representations (see Farnell, Cults, v, chap. 7, E. Thraemer in Roscher
 I34 COMMENTARY
s.v. ‘Dionysos’). The ephebic type is as old in literature as the
Homeric hymn, where Dion. appears we-qwL';q ¢iv8pi. éomdlg |- wpwfivffiyy
rcahai 31} rrcptaaciovro 4':'9c¢pcu. (7. 3 f.). But there he has o'11Ba.poi. cfipoti
the effemination seems to begin in the fifth century. The change in
the art type results in part from a general change in the representa-
tion of gods and heroes; but the conception of the womanish god
may have deeper roots in eastern and northern religious ideas. Cf.
the use of women’s guise in Dionysiac ritual (854-5 n.) ; the effemina-
tion of the priests of Cybele, of Scythian p.¢iv'r:.cs‘ (Hdt. 4. 67. 2), and
of Siberian shamans; and for possible explanations, Frazer, Golden
Bough, IV. ii. 253 ff., van Gennep, Rites de passage, 246, R. H. Lowie,
Primitive Religion, 243 ff.]
454. tbs E; yuvaficasi ‘to a woman’s taste, at least’ (‘considering that it
is with a view to women’: tbs limitative, cf. L.S. s.v. Ab. II 2).
4-55. om’: 11-é7\11s 511-o: ‘proving you no wrestler 3 , lit. C by not wrestling I .
ofi negatives the single word 1'rci:\'r)$‘, like our ‘non-’ in compound
nouns: S0 458, I287, I95’ f. 3:.’ cinczpoafivqv 6.‘/Ulov Bad-rov | rcotix
ci.'rrci3c:.§w (‘non-revelation’) -ribv 151:6 yaias, and often in Thuc.,
e.g. 3. 95. 2 -r-Pp» oz} fleptreixtatv. This turn of speech is an invention
of the late fifth century, and was afterwards found convenient
by the philosophers, e.g. Plato, Theaet. 201 E ,u.1§ olicria. ‘non-being’,
Lucr. 2. 930 ‘ex non sensibus’ (Wackernagel, Vorl. iib. Syntax,
ii. 263 ff.).——Close-cropped hair was affected by athletes, no doubt
for convenience, and perhaps also as a mark of manliness (Lucian,
Dial. Mar. 5'. 3 iv xpqi . . . rcafitiircp of a<;6.63pa. ci.v3p:.68cas rdiv 6.6/\-q'r¢Bv
dwoxenappév-q, of an Eton-cropped girl): cf. Eur. El. 528, which
seems to refer to the bristliness induced in the wrestler’s hair by
frequent cutting. The long side-curls, ‘rippling right down the
cheek’, are seen in many representations of Dion., e.g. the Wemyss
head (Farnell, Cults, v. 271, pl. li) or the Capitoline head (Sandys,
p. 26).
4-57. Aeumiv describes a fair, not a pale, complexion (cf. 438). On 86
answering to -re see -Denniston, Particles, 513. The shift to the
adversative mode of expression is probably to be explained here by
the intrusion in the second clause of the idea of purpose (nix -.-ra.pa.-
axcvfis) which is not applicable to the first (Wecklein). in
1'rapao'|-ceufis : ‘by deliberate contrivance’ (explained in the next line).
Cf. Antiphon 6. I9 par’) éx rqpovoias #113’ ix wapaaxcvfis yevéaflaa 1-dv
Btivaxrov, ‘not premeditated or planned’, Lys. I3. 22 éx vrapaoxcvfis‘
e'p.1)v15e1-0. [sis 'rra.pa.a:¢ev-rfv (MSS.) could hardly mean ‘to the extent
of using cosmetics’ (Paley, Tyrrell) : this would be inconsistent with
the next line, and would require a verb like 6'1)pcI5€I-S instead of
Exas. It might just possibly mean ‘with a view to preparation’ for
seducing women, explained by 459, But confusion of EK and EIC
is easy and frequent.]
 LINES 4-53-—-66 135
458. This seems to be like 455: ofax in efiect negatives B0r\aFcr|.v, despite
the following 6.A)u:£—‘by avoiding the sun’s rays and by (keeping in)
the shade’. To be éama-rpogfiqmég was a mark of effeminacy (Plato,
Rep. 556 D, cf. Phdr. 239 C, Ar. Vesp. I413); to be sunburnt, a mark
of manliness (Rep. 474E). And ama-rpo¢e£‘aBca was thought to be
especially characteristic of Lydians (Clearchus fr. 43a Wehrli, apud
Athen. 515 E).
461. 06 |<6|.|.*rrog 0686;: these words are not an answer to the question
-ris at -yévos; the implied antithesis to ;iqi.3:.ov civrciv is a false one;
and the construction is not very clear. It is not quite easy to supply
ianf not (on the analogy of stock phrases like o:38eis' ¢B6vos, Aesch.
PV. 628, Plato Tim. 23 D, &c.), still less to supply ciprfacfat (Elmsley).
If we put a comma at o:J3e{s and construe 1-68¢ (the answer to your
question) mix Ea-rt m§,u.11-05' 0534;, pieificov 3' ciarcfv, we get a C0nSt1'uC-
tion at the cost of stressing the false antithesis. Cf. Thuc. 2. 41. 2
0|} Adywv c'v 'r<,B-1rap6'v'r:. rcépmog rcific. But Thuc. continues with
the natural antithesis ;a&AAov -P; Epymv éa-riv ci./\'rj9er.a. [The text has
been suspected by earlier scholars, fro1n Musgrave onwards. The
papyrus fragment from Antinoé (Introd., p. lviii), which begins
at 459, unfortunately preserves only the letters ]aov8[. By writ-
ing KO[.L71'6S‘ (cf. Pkoen. 600 and schol. ad loc.) and understanding
cipi, we should remove the syntactical difficulty; but could one
be a braggart by birth? mipa-ros, suggested to me by Mr. C. H.
Roberts, is not impossible (cf. fr. trag. adesp. 350 0686.; Kdparog
efiaefiefv Heads), but seems rather too strong a word. I believe the
true reading is Wakefield’s ofiw cixvog, revived by Mr. E. L. B.
Meurig-Davies, C.R. lvii (1943), 69, who quotes a convincing parallel
from the Peirithous (Arnim, Suppl. Eur. p. 41, line 5 = Page,
Literary Papyri, i, no. 15, line 2o), where to a question about his
identity and intentions Heracles replies odfieis 5Kvog -r.-civ-r’ e’m<a)\6-
|,6cr.a9a|. ¢\6'yov. I c',u.o,i. 1-ra.1-pis‘ ,u.€v Flpyos . . .
462-3. On Tmolus as a centre of Dionysiac religion see 55 n. It seems
to have been really 6.v6qa¢63-qs: saffron was made from its crocuses
(Virg. Georg. 1. 56). And it ‘had Sardis in its arms’ in the sense
that the city was overlooked on the south by the main range, on
the west by one of its spurs. olefin . . . oI8a: this way of opening
a stichomythia is a stock convention in Eur. (E. Fraenkel, de media
et nova comoedia quaestt. sel. 55 f.): cf. Supp. 116, Ion 936, 987, IT.
517, 812, Or. 1183. Fraenkel points out that Sophocles imitated it
in the Trachiniae (1191, 1219) and that comedy later took it over
(Anaxandrides 9 Kock, and often in Terence, e.g. Phormio 62).
465. n-éflevz not ‘whence’ but ‘how comes it that’, as the answer shows:
cf. 648 Aesch. Cho. 515.
466. eiou‘aB11c’: it is not clear whether we should supply do 'E1\/\ci.5a. or
as‘ 1-as 'rcz\e1'0.s‘. The first would make the sentence a more direct
136 COMMENTARY
answer to Pentheus’ question. But the second is perhaps linguistic-
ally the more probable: cf. e’p.fla-re:5ew ‘to be initiated’ (inscript. in
jahresh. Ost. Arch. xv. 46, Ep. Col. 2. 18), and ciaflaots used of an
initial magical operation (P. Mag. Par. 1. 397). [P. Ant. has ]vv0o-
aau-roq'y.¢|.]. This confirms the emendation eiaéfl-qa’ (adopted by
almost all edd. since Hermann), but offers a new reading 0.15-rd; 711’
for fipfis. This may well be right: cu}-rd; adds something—the
Stranger’s mission was given by no human priest, but by the god
in person—and it helps to motive Pentheus’ question at 469. If
a.:3'r6s‘ fell out through homoeoteleuton it would be natural to fill the
metrical gap by substituting -r§p.&s for pa‘ on the model of 825.]
467-8. For Pentheus’ ironical suggestion that the new god’s father is
not Zeus (since the age of miracles is past in Greece) but some more
vigorous eastern namesake cf. Hel. 489 ff. With the corrections
adopted in the next line by Murray, the retort is ‘No, we have the
same Zeus who wedded Semele herein Thebes’. [P. Ant., however,
has ]¢_1.1\.\a0'e,u.€R'r)vev6[, which confirms Canter’s less violent correction,
051:, cihlzi. Zepehrjv £11668’ €(','cv§cv ydpocs. Elmsley accepted thiS as
‘certissima’ ; most subsequent edd. have been misled into rejecting
it by the over-subtle criticisms of Hermann. L may once have had
dMd, not 6.4.)’ 6: 6 is in an erasure.]
469--70. P. ‘And was it in a dream or in your waking sight that he
laid compulsion on you P’ D. ‘It was face to face, and he gave me
rites (or symbols).’ The divine call visits some men in sleep, as it
did Lucius in the Metamorphoses of Apuleius ; others, like St. Paul,
in a waking vision. The latter mode is naturally the more authorita-
tive. fivéynaaev: God’s will is a compulsion (cf. 34, Phoen. Iooo,
I A. 760 f. 6:06 ,u.a.v1-dovvoc . . . civtiyxac, and A. D. Nock, Conversion,
154). But in Pentheus’ mouth the word is ironic: he believes that
the Stranger has come to Thebes not in obedience to a religious ‘call’
but to gratify his lusts (454). I see no reason for doubting the text.
[P. Ant. supports L against P in omitting 0’, which is not indis-
pensable.] 8i5wo'|.v Bpyia: this belongs to the technical language of
the cult: the Delphic Oracle, issuing instructions for the institution
of a cult of Dion. at Magnesia by ‘maenads’ imported from Thebes,
says ai’ 3' fipfv 511600001. Kai. 5p'y|.a xai. vd;up' §a6r\d (Kern, Inschr. U.
Magnesia, no. 215 = 338.Parke-Wormell). Are the 5p-ym verbal
prescriptions for the conduct of the rites (as in H. Ce-r. 273 dpyca 8'
ruiri; eiyciav airrofl-rjoop.a.|. (iis 5.11 Ewrerra. . . . illaioxowflc), OI‘ (Paley, Murray)
secret cult objects, the contents of a ‘cista mystica’ (on Dionysiac
ma-rogbdper see Cumont, A.j.A. 1933, 246 f.)P The latter sense of the
word is not recognized by L.S. ; but it seems to be applied to things,
not actions, at Theocr. 26. I3 cniv 5' ei-raipafc noaiv ,u.av:.c63cos‘ 5p'y|.o.
Bcixxov, where the 5p-yta are apparently iepd six xia-ras‘ 1r01rave1f7u.a.-ra.
laid on improvised altars; the singular, iipytov, is certainly so used
 LINES 466—79 137
by Clem. Alex. Protrept. 2. 22 (p. 17. 7 Stahlin) ; an inscription (Berl.
Sitzb. 1905, 547) speaks of a priestess of Dionysus who 6p-ym miv-m Kili-
Epd ijvetxcv, and when Latin poets speak of ‘orgia ferre’ (Prop. 3. 1. 4,
Stat. Ash. 1. 812, Sen. H.O. 594) it is natural to give the word the
concrete sense. If we could assume that sense here, the line would
gain in point, since the bestowal of physical objects would be proof
of the god’s physical presence. On the other hand, the instances
I have quoted are Hellenistic or Roman, and at 482, as elsewhere in
the play, 6‘p'y|.a is certainly ‘rites’ (471 and 476 are indecisive). The
question must, I think, remain open.
471. -riv’ i8écw Exov-ru: ‘of what kind’, if the 6pym are rites; ‘of what
appearance’, if they are physical objects. Fifth-century writers use
£8éa in both senses (cf. Wilamowitz, Platon, ii. 248 fi'.). With Excw
the second might seem the more natural; but cf. Plato, Euthypk.
5D (rriiv 1-ci civdatov) Exov piav -rtvd. i8e‘av. It iS mainly a prose word,
found in tragedy here only; its synonym J80; is used freely by the
tragedians, but always, so far as I know, of physical appearance.
Notice the word-order: P. picks up D.’s word 5p'yI.c|., which is con-
sequently put in the emphatic position at the expense of post-
poning the interrogative. Cf. 661-3 fixm . . . fixccs 8% 1-miav . . .,-
828-3o o-ro/\1§v . . . arch-r‘;v 8% -rive. . . . ; and the many exx. quoted by
G. Thomson, C.Q. xxxiii (1939), 148. In 473 Exec 6v-qmv is put first
because this is the fresh point, the next step in the interrogation:
cf. 832 and Thomson, ibid., p. 149. In the following lines the Stranger
skilfully excites, without satisfying it, Pentheus’ curiosity about the
rites (as P. himself observes, 475). This prepares the ground for the
temptation scene.
475. ‘You faked that answer cleverly, to make me want to hear’ (bad
money is K4981;/\os, from mffifios ‘dross’). [This line violates in its fourth
foot the rule which prohibits a break between the second and the
third syllable of a tribrach. We may perhaps say that Iva is treated
as a proclitic, like -riva. in 471, Or. 266, Ion 931; and that the elision
helps to bind it to the succeeding word (Descroix, Trimétre iambique,
166 f.). Such relative laxity is typical of late tragedy (cf. 192 n.,
826 n.).—6é/lw (l) for 6e'.\wv (L P) is a necessary correction, and tech-
nically easy since v at the end of a line was often represented merely
by a horizontal stroke. Verrall’s overworked notion of aposiopesis
is particularly unconvincing here.]
477. yap: ‘since’, introducing the reason for the question which fol-
lows. For its postponed position cf. Denniston, Particles, 96; the
MSS. have the prose order, contra metrum.
479. ‘Skilfully side-tracked again-——with an empty phrase!’ flap-
axe-rctiew, properly to divert a watercourse——an operation often
necessary in Greek farming--metaph. to ‘turn off’ a verbal or
physical assault (so Eur. Supp. 1111 11'cl.p€K1'pe‘1rov're'$‘ cixnrciv). Plato
I38 COMMENTARY
plays on the two meanings, Laws 844 A. In |<m’:8év Aéyuv Wecklein
took the Kat’ as copulative, ‘cleverly and emptily’ (cf. 490 n.) ; but
it may be concessive, ‘though there is nothing in what you say’
(like e.g. Kai. daafipevov ll. 13. 787). Not ‘telling me nothing’: for
0138121» Aéywv is the antithesis of aoqbd Aéywv in the next line. This
idiom, common in Aristophanes and Plato, does not appear in this
form elsewhere in tragedy; but cf. Her. 279 1'iv -rt’ 0'01. 501(6) Aéyetv,
‘if you think there is anything in what I say’; Soph. OT. 1475 Aéyw
"rt; ‘am I right P’ "
480. For the thought cf. Med. 298 f. The Stranger ¢i,u.a6c€ 0-0456. Ekcyev
in saying that Dion. appeared 6-rroios -fi9eAe: it was a hint of the
god’s penchant for disguise, whose significance Pentheus missed.
[Stobaeus’ Aéyew for qbpoveiv is accounted for by assimilation: the
reverse corruption would be hard to explain.]
482. was . . . Bapfiépuv, ‘every one of the foreigners’, is more emphatic
than 1-rciv-res Bdpflapotz Cf. Soph. O.C. 59'] 116.’; 1-0676 'y' 'Er\1\-rfvwv Hpoei’.
5pY|.0.: internal accusative ; the sacral dance is the 6p'ym..
483-4. P. ‘Because foreigners are much sillier than Greeks.’ D. ‘Wise,
rather, in this case, though their customs are different.’ pfikkov
may be magis, sc. 1-65v ‘Ehhfivwvz but since we should then expect
6.‘p.e:.vov it is perhaps better to take it as potius (Bruhn), correcting
Pentheus’ statement. P. is here the typical arrogant Greek. We
must not take him as being the mouthpiece of his author: cf. Andr.
243 f. , where the Greek princess’s arrogant claim, ofi Bapfioipwv
vdpoaatv oixofipev 1-r6.\tv, is answered by the Trojan slave with the
quiet retort Kcixef -raf -y’ aioxpci. Kciv-6ci5' aiaxzivqv Exam. The recognition
that different cultures have different codes of behaviour (IA. 558 f.
Stciqiopoc 8% npuacts Bpofliiv, Swinpopor. 8% rpdrrot), and that the Greek
code is not necessarily in all points the best, is one of the advances
in thought due to the sophistic movement: cf. Hdt.’s view that we
ought not to laugh at the religious customs of any people, however
repugnant to our own notions (3. 38).
4585-6. p.26’ 1‘|p.épo.v2 ‘by day’, Cf. ,u.e-rci. viix1'o.g(Pin(l. Nem. 6. 6), p.el9r7,u.cp:.-
vdg. vfilcrmp 1'6. 1r0l\l\1.‘|.2 Cf. 425, 862, Frogs 342 vvxrépov 'rer\c-r-fig
qiwacpdpos tiafljp, OV. M61. 6. 588 ff., and the god’s cult title vmc-rc')lr.os
(Paus. 1. 40. 6, Plut. de EI ap. Delph. 9, 389 A, Ov. Met. 4. 15).
487-9. Pentheus excitedly smells immorality again, and when the
Stranger explains that morals don’t depend on the time of day, he
loses his temper—-observe the explosive 8- 8- 8- in 489 (so Jason
in hi5 rage cries 5u§7u.a.aw 806061. 8t‘K17v, Med. I298). Hippolytus has
a like objection to nocturnal rites, Hipp. 106 o:38ci's ,u.’ dpéaxei. vvx-ri
6o.v,aaa-rds Bcdiv. Their moral dangers seem to have been a topic
of controversy in Eur.’s day: cf. 222-3 n., also Eu-r. fr. 524, Ion
550 ff. (and the many stories in New Comedy of girls seduced at
3. rravvvxis).
 LINES 4-79——502 I39
490. The causal ptcp. ci0q806v1-0 is parallel to the causal gen. ti.p.a9i0.S‘,
and linked with it by Kat: ‘for your blindness and as a bIasphemer.'
491. 6 Bimxog: the bacchant (not the god), ‘this mystery-priest’
(Murray): see 115 n.
492. -rt . . . 1-0 Sewdv because 489 implies an intention to do something
Sm»-6v. Cf. 758-60 n. The phrase belongs to the language of everyday
life: at Ar. Lys. 366 the old men respond to the women’s implied
threat by asking 1'i p.’ (ip'}I(iO'€l. 1-0 Sewdv ;
493-7. Stage business with the Stranger’s side curls and with his
thyrsus. Murray thinks that Pentheus carries out his threats there
and then--a symbolic act of 6,8pts, like the carpet-walking in the
Agamemnon. But if this were the poet’s intention we should
expect more explicit indications in the text. As it is, it looks rather
as if the mortal recoiled at 497 from the challenge of his divine
adversary, and fell back on threatening future action. fifipbv
|36cr1'pUx0V2 ‘your love-locks’, implying a taunt of effeminacy (cf.
966-70 n.) ; fldafpvxos and 1r4\ciK0.p.OS probably in the collective sense,
as Hipp. 202, Aesch. fr. 313. 1-Q: Ber‘; 6’ 061-bv -rpéqau : there is of course
irony here, as also in 496, 500, 502-—irony which is lost if with
Verrall we refuse to identify the Stranger and the god. Throughout
the latter part of this scene ‘le dieu se laisse entrevoir partout et ne
se découvre jamais’ (M. Croiset). [For the custom of growing one’s
hair to be cut off and dedicated cf. Aesch. Cho. 6 and Tucker ad loc. :
Diphilus fr. 66. 5 ff., describing a runaway slave who grows his hair
long to hide the brand on his forehead, K6p.17v 1-péqlwv . . . iepciv 1-06
6:06, | 0'3; qbqawz Virg. Aen. 7. 391 ‘sacrum tibi (sc. Dionyso) pascere
crinem’: W. H. D. Rouse, Greek Votive Qflerings, 240 Ff. The hair
was felt as a detachable, and therefore conveniently dedicable,
extension of its 0wner’s personality.] Aiovécrou: possessive gen.,
with predicative force—‘this wand I carry is the god’s’ (and there-
fore not mine to give). The Rules of the Iobacchi speak similarly
of -rév 6z5p00v -r06 6:06 (see 113 n., ad fin.).
498. A Greek audience would be reminded of Dionysus /1:50:09, a cult
title which was explained in the Theban temple-legend as referring
to an occasion when the god liberated (E/Xvaev) certain prisoners
(Paus. 9. 16. 6, cf. Heraclides Ponticus, fr. 101 Voss = 155 Wehrli).
See O. Weinreich in Genethliakon W. Schmid, 285 f.
499. ‘Sensus horum verborum est Nimguam’, Elmsley. It seems to be
implied that the god cannot be summoned save by the collective
ritual—-of which indeed he is in one aspect the ‘projection’.
501. Kai rrofi 'cr1'w; ‘And where is he, eh?’ Cf. Soph. El. 928 x02 1:06
'0-rw 06-r0s; and on K05 in contemptuous questions generally Dennis-
ton, Particles, 309 ff.
502. 1-rap’ époiz ‘Where I am’ (Murray). The irony vanishes if we
translate ‘Beside me’ (1r)h70'iov in 500 is 1'n\170'iov aov). [065' eioopfis
140 COMMENTARY
P. Ant., perhaps rightly—‘You cannot even see him’ (much less
understand him). Elmsley’s 061-6v for 061-69 (the pronoun trajected
as in Ion 293 gem 0’ div éaxev) is a needless change. Vision demands
not only an objective condition--the god’s presence-——but a sub-
jective one—the percipient must himself be in a state of grace. Cf.
Callimachus, H. A79. 9 '.Qrrd)Qwv 06 rravri cpaeiverat, ci./\.\' 5-rig e’a9r\cis:
Plotinus 6. 5. I2. 28 Bréhier oi Qeoi. rrcihhwv rrapciv-rwv civi. q5a.iv0v1'a.t
-rrohhcixtg, En ci sis oixeivog ,u.civog 31iva.1-at Bheinetv: Ev. Luc. 24. I6 oi
86' ciq59a)l,u.oi 0.1.71-div eiacpcrroiiv-ro 1-06 pi] eiwtyvefivat 0.6-r6v.]
503. See 286 n. Thuc. has Karatppovciv twice with the accus. (6. 34, 8. 82).
Schol. Ar. Frogs 103 calls such substitution of transitive for intransi-
tive construction ‘Attic’, and quotes the present line as an illustra-
tion, thus confirming l’s doubtless conjectural emendation of the
Byzantine text. It is rash to tamper further with the line. [P. Ant.
also has ye K02 Qvjflas, though the verb is not preserved. The
genitives in L P must be due to a Byzantine copyist who knew
a little grammar but no metric.]
506. ‘You know not what your life is (P), nor the thing you do, nor
what you are. If 0 1'|. {,1-|g is sound, the sense must, I think, be, as
Prof. Fraenkel suggests to me, ‘You do not realize your status as
a mere mortal’. 0’ 1'1. is taken as an internal accus. with £379. The
closest parallel is Persius’ ‘quidnam victuri gignimur’ (3. 67); but
Dem. often has a neut. pl. relative as internal accus. with {1'iv
or B|.c'iiva.|. (Meid. I96 ¢66v0v e'§ cfiv [=- -rotifcuv ii] Q75‘, ‘unpopularity
arising from your manner of life’, cf. ibid. 134, de cor. 130). By
80-rig cl Dion. means ‘what your position is (in relation to me)’: the
man mistakes himself for the god’s master. Cf. M. Ant. 8. 52 06x
033:» 6011.5‘ £01-iv (‘what sort of being he is’): Men. Samia 175 f.
eiv rfi ndhct 51,6151. 0-cam-r’7v vfiv cixptfldlg ‘fifty cf : and Plato, Gorg. 447 D,
where Chaerephon is momentarily puzzled by the question 6071.5‘
e’0—rEv 6 Fopyiag until Socrates explains that it means ‘what is G.’s
profession?’ Pentheus too is puzzled, and answers as if the Stranger
had accused him of forgetting his own name. Kitto compares the
literalness of the Chorus-leader at Aesch. Ag. 1088: in each case the
prosaic response symbolizes the lack of contact between the normal
mind and a mind gifted with supernormal insight. I doubt if
Pentheus speaks 507 in mockery (Murray): I think with Dennis-
ton that he is bewildered, and a little frightened. [The text has
been much disputed. One question is settled by P. Ant., which
has] _903pa.crov9oo"_r[, confirming Reiske’s 6 3,065‘ for cipés. As to the
negatives, 06:: . . . 0138’ . . . 060’ (MSS.) is impossible. We expect
mix . . . 0153’ . . . 063': but (orix) . . . 050' . . . 069' (P. Ant.) is possibly
defensible (Denniston, Particles, 509): cf. Soph. Tr. 1058 ff., Eur.
Med. 1354 ff., Bacchyl. fr. 21 Snell. There remains considerable
doubt about the first clause, which is unfortunately not preserved
 LINES 502-13 141
in the papyrus. Though defensible in point of syntax (see above),
the words are decidedly obscure. And could an actor distinguish
by his intonation 6 1'1. Q7; from the much commoner, but here non-
sensical, 61'; §7'js? Many corrections have been proposed. Perhaps P.
does not know what he wants (Wilamowitz compared Hippocrates,
67!). I7 013'-re 6' 11. Belles 033:" 015'-re 5 -rs. €p3c|.): 5 1-1. xpfjs Madvig, but
the lengthened final syllable before xp- is hardly possible; 6 xpflets
Wilamowitz, with little transcriptional probability. Or what he is
saying: 0‘ sagas Cobet, improbably. Or with whom he is dealing:
6-rov lfifis A. Y. Campbell olim, cf. Soph. Ant. 960 ff. (but can lficiw =
gbariw :7); 6'-rov qlqjs L. Solomon (SC. Kvptciirepos elvat, but the ellipse
is too harsh). Less bad, I think, than any of these is 0‘ rcioets (6 rivets
Schoene), giving an effect of climax—‘you do not know the penalty
or the offence or even the agent’. Written ortcetc in a Hellenistic
copy, this might be corrupted through false word division.‘]
508. ‘You bear a name apt for calamity’, lit. ‘You are suitable as to
your name to be unfortunate in (under) it’. This use of epexegetic
infinitives compounded with év is a late-fifth-century mannerism.
Developing from phrases in which e’v- has a simple local sense, e.g.
Hdt. 9. 7. 2 eirn-r-r73eci-ra-rciv earn e‘p.p.a.xe‘o-a.a6a|. 1'6 1r€3i0v, the usage
is extended to expressions like Hipp. 1096 tbs eiy|ca617B&v m5M' Exeig
€1i8ai,u.ova. and Thuc. 2. 44. I e‘vev3a.|.,u.ov1'ij0ai re ti Bios dpoiws Kai
eivre/\ev1'1'7oai §vve,u.e'rp1§317. For eiv3vo'-ruxijaat so used Cf. Phoen. 727,
and for further examples, Cope on Arist. Rhet. 2. 4. 12, Wackernagel,
Vorl. iiber Syntax, ii. 177 f., Denniston, C.R. l (1936), 117. On the
significant name see 367 n.: the priest’s warning is now reinforced
by the god’s-—a deliberate cumulative effect.
509-10. Pentheus can stand it no longer, and is impatient to be rid
' of the Stranger’s presence. i-rr-n-mat; -rrélkag ¢c'i1-vmaw: not ‘near to
the stables’ (too vague a direction), but ‘in the neighbouring stables’
(cf. 618). Stables as improvised prison also Or. 1449.
513. Sofinou 1-068: is explained by Bifpo-qs Krfiwov: for Kat connecting
words in apposition cf. 919 (Denniston, Particles, 291). [P’s K1'1.i1'rOUS
yields a grammatically possible but much less tidy construction.]
Pentheus here notices the Chorus for the first time: have they called
attention to themselves by thumping their kettledrums (as T0686
suggests) to emphasize the Stranger’s warning at 508? The proposal
to enslave them is drastic, and could hardly be put in the mouth of

1 I once thought of (é'6') 6 1'1. ¢;ig, which Campbell has since com-
mended (C.Q. xlix, 1956), and I am now inclined to revert to it. It
matches the simplicity of Spés and ct‘, makes the obvious comment on
Pentheus’ claim to be xvptcb-repog aéfkv, and is fairly plausible transcrip-
tionally: if E 6 fell out after C 9, 2,37; would be a natural makeshift metri
gratia.
142 COMMENTARY
a character intended to be sympathetic: cf. IT. 1431 ff. Stage
necessity of course prevents its execution: the Chorus must remain
in the orchestra.
515-16. ‘I am ready to go : for what is not to be I have not to suffer’-
the negative counterpart of Her. 311 6 xp'i7 yap 068eis p.1‘7 xpeciw
91700:. -no-ré. The next words are spoken as he is led out by his guards;
they are unheard by Pentheus, who has probably already left the
stage. 6-rap -rm: ‘Be sure, however’, changing the subject as at
248. For the construction of in-own cf. 345-6 n.
518. Irony again: the words are literally true, but for the people on
the stage they express the same religious truth as ‘Inasmuch as
ye have done it unto one of the least of these my brethren, ye have
done it unto me’.
Stasimon 2 (519-75)
A song in time of tribulation, comparable in tone and temper
to some of the Psalms. The Chorus make a last appeal to Thebes ;
they reafiirm their faith in the mystery of the Twice-born, and
denounce the persecutor; the song culminates in a solemn 6',av0s
ms,-.-...c., an appeal to their god to save them and a picture of his
coming as the heavenly dancer, the Prince of ]oy. It thus reinforces,
like Stasimon 1, the emotional effect of the preceding scene; it also
leads up to the following one, in which their prayer receives instant
and surprising answer. The Chorus here auvaywvifiov-rat in the full
sense: they are personally affected by the action of the play, and
what they do in turn affects the action.
Metre. A single pair of strophes followed by a long epode, the
whole written in ionics a minore (often anaclastic) save for the end
of the epode (571—5) which is here reconstructed as glyconic. Cata-
lexis, 519, 522, &c.; resolutions, 522, 525, 571; — for v -», 537, but see
note ; 536 (clausula) like 385, see metrical note on stasimon 1.
Scheme of the glyconics:
571 —\-J —u\..:u-..: - pher.’
is ~ \-I v \-I - glyc.=
-~..:\..:r-- u—- uu glyc}
-- ~ - vv- glyc.’
—— --1-»- —- pher.’
519-20. Either the opening line of the strophe is lost or the words
oiav oiav dpyciv at the beginning of the antistrophe are spurious:
see on 537-41. The Achelous (mod. Aspropotamo) is Dirce’s ‘father’
because he is in Mure’s words ‘the patriarch and eponyme hero of
the whole fresh-water creation of Hellas’: schol. T Hom. Il. 21. 195
6 Hxchcfios 'rr17y-P7 1-div dhhwv 11-cilrrwv. According to Wilamowitz
(Glaube d. Hellenen, i. 93, 219) he is the old water-god of the mainland
who was ousted by Oceanus and sank to the status of a river. Cf.
 LINES 513--32 143
625-6 n. 061-rdpflevez ‘Blessed maiden.’ We might expect the word
to mean ‘blessed with maidens’ on the analogy of e6'a.v8pos &c. But
cf. £I.I1ral.$‘ ‘blessed child’ Her. 689, IT. 1234 (elsewhere ‘blessed with
children’), .-<a.\/\t'-n-ats ‘fair child’ Or. 964 (elsewhere ‘having fair
children’), povdrrats ‘only child’ Alc. 906; and for this type of com-
pound in general, ]ebb on OT. 846, Wilamowitz on Her. 689.
521-2. The ycip sentence explains why they invoke Dirce, and intro-
duces a digression which leaves the vocatives ‘hanging’, to be picked
up at 530. Cf. Pind. OZ. 4. 1 ff., and the many examples quoted by
Fraenkel, commentary on Agam., p. 698. For the washing of the
infant Dion. by the nymphs cf. Anth. Pal. 9. 331, and Plut. Lys.
28. 7, who associates it with the spring Kissoussa near Haliartus.
Eur. is the sole authority for Dirce’s connexion with the story.
523--5. pqpq} . . . fipn-ace : ‘snatched . . . (and hid) in his thigh.’ [Kayser’s
fippoae is no improvement without the further (and very improbable)
change of 0' -rel-<05v to civehofivz otherwise fippooe is at least as difficult
With ex rrvpcis as ijpwaoe With the local dative ,u17p¢I>. 525 is metrically
sound: for the correspondence of 1-58’ (iv to 544 civ-r cf. 372 = 388,
522 = 541-]
526. Stfihfpapflog is the name of (1) a Dionysiac choral performance;
(2) a member of the Dionysiac thiasos, who is perhaps a ‘projection’
of the choral song, as Linus of the Linus-song (the name appears
on vases); (3) Dionysus himself (first here, also in the Delphic hymn
and Athen. 30 B, 465A: Cf. 49;:-ta,1.t,5’o51.9r.ipc:.;.c78e [read Qpiapfie Andal-
pa,u.B€ P] Pratinas, fr. lyr. 1). Ancient scholars explained it as 6 8t;
Hdpafie flefiqxais, ‘he who came twice to the gates of birth’ (Et.
Magn. s.v., &c.); and doubtless in using the title here and here only
Eur. had this derivation in mind, as had Plato when he spoke of
Atovfioov yéveots, oipat, 8t9Jpa,u.Bog lleyopevos (Laws 700 B). [It will
not in fact do: AE- cannot represent 8fs. Many moderns incline to
interpret the word as ‘divine-three-step’, comparing 6pt0.,aB0g,
triumphus, perhaps Zapfios. On this view, (1) is the original meaning,
out of which first (2) and then (3) developed, the last with the help
of false etymology. Calder, however, regards it as an old Asiatic
cult title meaning ‘Lord of the tomb’ (Phryg. dithrera, ‘tomb’).
See on the whole subject Pickard-Cambridge, Dithyramb, Tragedy,
and Comedy, 14 fl°.]
528-9. ‘I reveal thee to Thebes, O Bacchic One that she call thee
(6v0,a<i§ew epexegetic) by this name.’ For d.vcr.q$a.|.ve:.v used of religious
revelation cf. IG. iii. 713 6s rcllcrds ri.ve'<,f>-qve. The content of the
revelation is the nomen sacrum, Atfidpapflos. [Hermann’s dvaqlvaivw
for dvadvavcfi is required for the sake of the metre.]
582. iv cot: ‘on thy banks’ (Dalmeyda): cf. L.S.° s.v. ev A. I. 4. We
need not resort to the explanation that Dirce, a river in 521, has here
become a symbol of Thebes; still less emend Aipxa. in 530 to 6560.
14.4 COMMENTARY
537-41. ‘What rage, what rage he shows, the earth-child, the old
dragon’s breed, Pentheus whose father was earthborn Echion!’
Echion (‘Snake-man’) was one of the .2'.‘1ra,0-r0t (‘sown men’) who
sprang from the dragon’s teeth which Cadmus sowed. References
to P.’s curious ancestry are strikingly frequent in the play (cf. 265,
507, 995 f., 1025 f., 1155, 1274 ff.). Winnington-Ingram thinks that
we are meant to see in it a symbol of the Dionysiac element in
this man, which makes him, like the snake, a potential vehicle of
the god. The Chorus, however, draw here and at 995 the simpler
conclusion that like the earthborn giants who fought against the
gods he comes of a monstrous, inhuman stock and is therefore the
natural enemy of what is divine. Cf. Nonnus 44. 211, where he is
called 6:/a'y0v0v -rvrijva, and ibid. 46. 74 if. The giants are traditional
types of fiflptg (Bacchyl. 15 [14]. 59 ff., &c.). [The words 0i'av oi.'c|.v
epyév, which correspond to nothing in the strophe, were struck out
by Bothe and Hermann as an addition made by someone who
wrongly thought that the sense required them (l had already written,
above the first 0i.'av, -rreptoociv, ‘superfluous’). Their omission leaves
in fact a good idiomatic sentence—‘P. reveals his earthborn origin,
that he is descended from the dragon’ (-re epexegetic). For av..-
¢a.ive:. yévos Cf. Soph. OT. I059 qiavcfi -ro1i,u.6v yévost for the participial
construction, Plato, Crit. I08 C 1-065 rrohirag ci.'ya.9o1l5- 5v-rag‘ civatflaivetv,
Soph. El. I359 §vvuiv ,u.' ¢'="»\179€5' 0158' ilfiatves. The two ‘revelations’-—
of Dionysus’ birth and of Pentheus’—are then contrasted, as the
recurrence of the same verb ci.va.¢aive|.v suggests they should be.
One may add that the repeated 0E'av occurs in another passage which
is suspect of being interpolated, Hec. 175; while there is no indication
that anything is lacking at the beginning of the strophe.‘ It is per-
haps a little strange (Winnington-Ingram) that an interpolator who
was indifferent to strophic correspondence should yet know enough
about metre to produce these metrically correct but not very ob-
vious molossi (———- for —v-1-, cf. 81). Nevertheless, my feeling
is that Bothe’s solution is probably the right one.]
542-4. -répas &c., are in apposition to 8v: they might have been nomi-
natives, but by-throwing them into the relative clause the Chorus
imply that these characteristics are in Pentheus’ heredity. ¢'|'.1cr|'e =
diorrep. Oeois, monosyllable.
545-6. [For cruvda-r-r_e:.v e’v Bpéxots cf. 615. The more obvious correction
of [.1-G Bpéxowi (which is a syllable short) to épai‘ flpdxotcn is open to
question. Lengthening of a final vowel before mute and liquid
certainly occurs in the lyrics of Sophocles and Euripides, e.g. Soph.
Ant. 6I2 1'5 -n-plv, Eur. Alt‘. I01 ei-rr't1'rpo9|.ip0|.g, Tro. 833 crdf Spocrciev-ra

1 The slightly loose structure of the strophe belongs to this type of

poetry (Norden, Agnostos Theos 157) and is surely natural.
 LINES 537-ss 145
A00-rpci. Usually, however, the words are closely linked in sense, as in
the above examples. Cf. Fraenkel, Agam., Appendix E.]
549. [Here and here only in the play a ‘straight’ Ionic dimeter corre-
sponds to an ‘anaclastic’ (530). The irregularity can be corrected
by reading oxoriatat Kpvrr-rciv eipxrais (prepositions are sometimes
interpolated for clarity). But the intention may be to link 549 in
metre, as in sense, with what precedes, whereas 530 is linked by
both metre and sense to what follows. The same irregularity occurs
at Ar. Frogs 327-44 and 336-52, in a hieratic passage.]
550--2. éaopfis, like Hec. 1115 elaopqis e -néaxopev; (Sandys’s iqiopds is
thus needless). 006; 1wp0<|>r'|-rag: ‘thy preachers’ (not ‘prophets’).
Ev 1i|.|.u'.l\l\u.tu|.v fivfiylcusi I think ‘at grips with oppression’ (cf. 643),
rather than ‘torn between two compulsions’.
553-5. ‘Come, Lord, down from (P) Olympus, shaking thy golden
staff of magic: restrain the violence of this man of blood.’ Eva
may be (1) an old voc. of eves which survived in formulas of prayer
(Hom., Pind., and Soph. OC. 1485: elsewhere in tragedy the voc. is
eves); or (2) an exclamation, ‘Up!’ (but its position is decidedly
against this); or (3) in ‘anastrophic tmesis’ with -nvciaawv (seeming
examples of such tmesis, the preposition following the verb, are
Aesch. Pers. 871, Soph. Phil. 343, Eur. Hec. 504). The first is, I think,
likeliest: an old sacral form is in place in this context; for Dion. as
civaf cf. 601, 1192. xpuaén-a = xpvaofiv, as x0:..\w-rrds (IT. 263) =
x0£')l0s: Eur. has a liking for such formations. [Most edd. repeat
Hermann’s weak explanation that the word refers to the incon-
spicuous yellowish flowers of the ivy with which the wand is tipped
(surely rather, if to ivy at all, to the yellow berries of the variety
called xpvcrcixaprros, Diosc. Mat. Med. 2. 210, Pliny, NH. 16. 147).
But this botanical fancy seems far less likely than Sandys’s view that
the wand is ‘golden’ because it is the sceptre of Atcivvcros Evaf. Cf.
Eleg. in. Maece-natem, i. 63 (Vollmer, Poet. Lat. min. i. 148) ‘et tibi
thyrsus erat gemmis ornatus et auro’, addressed to Dion.; and
the wand wielded by a figure usually taken for Dion. on a Yale
bell-krater discussed by Beazley, who calls it ‘a narthex scep-
terised for greater splendour by twining a gold band round it’
(A.].A. xliii [1939], 629). Dion. is similarly xpv00p.l-rpas, Soph. OT.
209. Dr. Jacobsthal writes: ‘That gods have everything of gold is
common from Homer onwards. Golden or gilded accessories in
statuary, not only in chryselephantine technique, are the rule. An
example from vase-painting is the gold sceptre of Hera on the
Munich cup, Furtw:'ingler—Reichhold, pl. 65. 1 (Beazley, A.R.V.,
p. 556. 14), about 460 B.C.’ Cf. H. L. Loriiner in Greek Poetry and
Life, 24 f. Usener’s Xpvo'a.rrr£' is no improvement: Dion. is olvomds,
236, 438.] |u:|.1" "OAu|.m0v as ‘down from O.’ is not adequately
defended by Homer’s exceptional use of xa-raflatvm with an accusative
4003 .9 L
146 COMMENTARY
expressing the place whence (Od. 18. 206, 23. 85), nor by Aristar-
chus’ reading xcrr’ ofipavdv at Il. 6. 128. But ‘down from O.’ is
surely the sense required. We must write xo.'r' ’O1\v',u-nov (Kirch-
hoff).
556-9. ‘O where then on Nysa, nursing mother of beasts,or on Corycian
heights, does thy wand wave over the worship?’ Novas, partitive
gen. fipa implies ‘if only one knew’ (Denniston, Particles, 39).
Bsacous, obj. of the transitive action implied though not expressed
in 6vp00qS0pe€s, as equivalent to ‘lead with the thyrsus’. Cf. 80pv-
géopetv 'rwo., to ‘spear-carry’ a person, i.e. guard him, and xeipa-rovetv /
-nva, ‘to hand-stretch’ a person, i.e. elect him by show of hands
(Kfihner—Gerth, i, p. 301 f.).—The list of places where the god may
be found is traditional in Greek prayers : ‘cf. e.g. Il. 16. 514 f., Aesch.
Eum. 292 ff., Ar. Clouds 269 ff., Theocr. 1. 123 ff., and L. Weniger,
Arch. f. Rel. xxii‘ (1923/4), 16,ff. Dion., the god of the dpafiaata,
is naturally to be found on mountain"s—Nysa, Parnassus, Olympus.
[For Olympus as a Dionysiac mountain see 409-11 n. The KOpU¢l'1i-
Kmp-IIKLGL are surely the heights near the Corycian cave in the massif
of Parnassus, not its Cilician namesakezcf. Soph. Ant. 1126 ff.,
where the Kwpvfiaai Nv',a¢m. of Parnassus are associated with Dion.,
and Aesch. Eum. 22 ff. That the god’s acceptance by Delphi is still
in the future_accordi-ng to Teiresias (306 ff.) matters little. Nysa is
less easy to locate. The Iliad (6. 133) seems to place it in Thrace;
H. Hymn. 1. 9 puts it ‘near the streams of Nile’; and others else-
where-Hesychius calls it ‘a mountain not confined to any one
place’, and proceeds to enumerate fifteen local Nysas. But it is
always the mountain of Dion. It looks as if it were, in Leaf ’s words,
‘a mystic, not a geographical name’-—as if any mountain where
dpetfiaala was practised might receive the cult-title Nysa, a title
which is perhaps linked with the second element in the god’s name.
But Eur. seems to think- of it as an individual place—possibly the
Thracian Pangaeum, a famous Dionysiac mountain which might be
expected to figure in the play.]
560-4. -raxa, ‘perhaps’, sc. Bvpcroqbopets. Bakapaus, ‘coverts’ (Hesych.
Hc|.Aci.‘,u.17' _*rpa§')/1117, xardavotg). For 11'oRu8év8pecro|.v Cf.~ Virg. Georg.
1. 282 ‘frondosum Olympum’; for the magical music (pofiaaus) of
Orpheus, IA. 1211 ff., Aesch. Ag. 1629 ff., Simonides fr. 27 Diehl,
Hor. Od. 1. 12. 6 ff., 3. 11. 1'3 ff. He is a figure closely related to
Dion., though the original character of their relationship is not
clear; here it seems to be thought of as a friendly one.
565. [p.£u<ap, rare as a feminine adj., is required by metre here; in
the MSS. it has been corrupted to the common p.ciKo.l.po.. Cf. 991-
5 11-]
567. xopeucruv, perhaps transitive (Wilamowitz), ‘to set thee dancing’:
cf; 2[O
 LINES sss-75 147
568-75. The Axios (Vardar) and Lu dias (Mavronero) are Macedonian
rivers which the god must cross on his way (apparently from Thrace)
to Pieria. The latter stream flowed beneath the walls of Aegae,
Archelaos’ capital; it may be in compliment to his Macedonian
hosts that Eur. transfers to it the praise which in an earlier play
he had given to a Thessalian river--Hec. 451 ff. xaM£'0-rmv 1586-rmv
rra-re'pa I qiaaiv H.-:rt5avciv 1rc3i0. Atrraivctv. Similarly the choice of the
epithet efivrm-0v may possibly have been guided by a recollection of
Archelaus’ special interest in the Macedonian cavalry (Thuc. 2.
100. 2); a horse is figured on his coinage. Bpo-r0i‘s, governed by
the verbal force in 51,3056-rav, like Aesch. PV. 6I2 -rrvpds Bpo-rois‘
80'r1'jp0.: the whole phrase = -rov 3r.3civ1'a flpo-roig -rov 5z\flov 1-175' 61530.1.-
,a0vtas. The 1-6v before émlvov is a relative. [In 571-3 text and metre
are uncertain. L P have /.lv3ia.v -re -rdv 1'69 (-rcis P) efisatpovias
Bporois cl/\,8086-rav 1-rarrépa -re rdv ix/\v0v x-r/\. But (cl) this is unmetrical,
(b) it seems to introduce a third river which is (improbably) left
nameless. It is easy to eliminate the third river by removing the
second -re (Bothe); and if in addition we strike out 1-as (Hermann)
we get a choriambic rhythm (scanning Exilvov, like Her. 150 é-‘xA1j61;s,
Or. I2 e'11'5x/\cuoev)~-v-~-»v- uv |v—--*-/v-|\---/v--vv.
The more elaborate correction in the text (Wilamowitz’s) yields
glyconics like 574-5: it is based on the assumption that -rra-répa was
accidentally omitted and replaced in front of the wrong -re 1-6v.
But the abnormal position thus given to Tc in 571 (instead of
Av8tav -re rraflipa) may make us hesitate, though parallels exist
(Denniston, Particles, 517).]
Scene 3 (576-861).
This long e’-rrcr.0'63t0v falls into three parts: (a) the palace miracles,
576-656; (b) the first messenger-scene, 657-786; (c) the tempting of
Pentheus, 787-861. The first of these subdivides in turn into (i) the
earthquake scene, 576-603 (lyrical dialogue); (ii) the Stranger’s
narrative, 604-41 (trochaic tetrameters)-; (iii) Pentheus’ second
meeting with the Stranger, 642-56 (iambic trimeters).
Scene 3 (a). The earthquake scene. This comes as an answer to the
Chorus’s prayer. At 576 a voice is heard ‘off’: it is Dion. crying out
to his 1-rp0¢n'j-ra.-., not in his assumed person as the Stranger, but in his
true person as the god. Once more the Chorus invoke his presence
(582 ff.), and now the voice is heard calling upon 'Evv0cns, the destruc-
tive potency in Nature. Thereupon a chorister predicts that the
palace will be shaken, and in a moment another points to the physical
results of the shock (591 f.). The voice speaks again, calling now
upon the lightning: the Chorus claim to see the flames leap up
‘about the holy tomb of Semele‘, and in fear and awe they fling
themselves upon their faces. Their god has manifested himself-—
148 COMMENTARY
but as the master of dangerous magic, the Son of the Lightning.
[585 and 594-5 certainly belong (pace Grube) to the divine voice: to
command the earthquake and the lightning is not for the Chorus
but for their Master. It is clear that 591 and 596 are addressed by
a part of the Chorus to the rest; also 590, unless créfle-re‘ gcv is spoken
by the Voice. The MSS. attribute 590 aéflopcv 0'5 to 1jp.r.x(6p:.0v), but
in this scene of confusion and excitement a formal distribution
between semi-choruses seems out of place. Murray’s horizontal
lines (-rrapciypagboc) indicate his conjectural distribution among a \

number of solo voices. The change from the plural in 591 to sing.
in 596 perhaps means that 591-3 are sung by a solo voice (cory-
phaeus P) and 596-9 by the rest of the Chorus.]
The stage, meanwhile, is empty of mortal presences. What
happens on it? According to some rationalizing critics (Norwood,
Verrall, Rose) nothing at all happens: the Chorus are victims of
mass suggestion, as the intelligent spectator will at once perceive.
‘By a master stroke of his art’, says Norwood, ‘Euripides has shown
us the thing not happening.’ There is, however, one way, and one
way only, to show a thing not-happening on the stage--you must
introduce a character to point out that it has not happened. This
could easily have been done: Pentheus was at hand to do it. But
Pentheus denies nothing. And in the absence of such a denial the
audience is bound to accept what it is told: cf. PV. 1080 ff., Her.
904 ff., Tro. 1295 ff., Hec. 823, in all of which the Chorus or an actor
describes what is happening, and the audience imagines it happening,
with or without a little help from the stage manager. °
The dilficulties which have been invoked against the common
view of the scene are largely imaginary (cf. Wilamowitz, Gr. V. 581 f.).
(a) We do not know exactly how an earthquake was represented on
the Greek stage; but we know that it could be represented, or
adequately symbolized, for there are earthquakes in the PV. and
the Heracles. The modern producer will take 591 f. and 596 ff. as
stage directions, as in the Cambridge performance of 1930, when the
miracle was indicated by the partial collapse of an architrave of
the castle and a burst of flame from the smouldering fire (cf. 8)
within Semele’s precinct. Whether the ancient producer could
achieve this modest degree of realism is uncertain (see on 591-3),
but unimportant: he could at- any rate show the occurrence of the
earthquake by noises ‘off’ (cf. Haigh, Attic Theat:-e3, 218). (b) It is
true that Pentheus does not comment on the damage, and that the
messengers from Cithaeron do not interrupt their business to remark
‘Dear me, there has been an earthquake here’. Theseus in the
Heracles shows the same lack of interest in the material damage.
This is ‘unnatural’, by the standards of modern realism. But people
in Greek plays do not waste time in saying what is natural unless it
 THE EARTHQUAKE SCENE 149
is dramatically relevant; and after the scene is over comments and
explanations would be irrelevant dramatically, so they are simply
dropped (cf. Kitto, Greek Tragedy, 379 f.). Probably there was little
or nothing on the stage to provoke comment: the facade of the
castle is still standing (639, 645), as it must be since it forms the
backscene; the 30$p.a1'cr. which have collapsed (633) must be some-
where at the back, and need not be identical with the ‘house of
Pentheus’, which was merely ‘shaken’ (606, 623)—a Greek palace
consisted of a number of buildings grouped round a central court-
yard (@014, 630).
It may be added that the earthquake is probably not Eur.’s
invention, but a traditional feature of Dionysiac plays (see Introd.,
p. xxxii) ;' and that Horace at least did not take it for a conjuring
trick (Od. 2. 19. 14 ‘tectaque Penthei I disiecta non leni ruina’).
Metre. 576, 580, 581 are best read (Wilamowitz, Gr. V. 580) as
pherecrateans with resolved base (-~ -1), echoing the final rhythm
of the preceding stasimon (Z03 £05 in 580 and 582 seems to be v v v -,
the first 01 shortened before hiatus, cf. Aesch. Ag. 1136, Soph.
Phil. 759). 577 is perhaps two syncopated dochmii. 585 as restored
in the text is dactylic like the remaining utterance of the Voice,
594-5. The Chorus sing in lyric trochees (leading up to the regular
trochaic tetrameters of 604 ff.), with much resolution (W v for - 0)
and syncopation (|_ for - U), interspersed with dactylic »<¢6.\a (582,
591). 596 should probably be read not as 4 spondees but as a tro-
chaic tetrameter (8 syncopated trochees, cf. Aesch. Eum. 925): the
rhythm seems to express the Chorus’s stupefaction at the miracle.
At the beginning of 597 we should, I think, insert -r6v8e (Wilamo-
witz), giving a run of ‘paeons’ (- v v v), i.e. trochaic pf-rpa in which
the first trochee is syncopated and the second resolved. In 600-1
the MSS. (and Murray) present an impossible jumble of trochees
and dactyls: the word-order preserved by a citation in the Ety-
mologicum Magnum must be the true one [to the references in
Murray’s app. crit. add Etym. gen. B (Miller, Melanges, 33) s.v.
civsirc-r175" 513:6-re 'rp0p.e'pd'. 0'a’ip.a-ra Efiptnisns]. In the scheme below
I follow Hermann’s arrangement of 600-3,
f I I \
Sucere -rre800e Sure-re -rp0,u.epa.
I I
0wp.a'ra, Matva5€s°
I \ U Q F \ I
0 -yap avafi avw nca-rw 1'l.9€tS‘ e"-rretcrl.
I I \ I
,u.cr\u.9pcr. 'ra8e Altos yovos.
v— exclam. extra metrum
5'76 uuu -\.:u— - pher.!
v—-—-- --—--— ?2dochm.
\J\J\.I \.)\.)\..J \J\..)\J \.)kJkJ

uuu uuu —u 0
-,, 4'51’-
150 COMMENTARY
580 vvv —\-M-1- — pher.‘
uuu -uu-— - pllEI'.2
vvu L —vv --vv tr.+2dact. i
uuu L uuu L
uuu L \./uu uuu tr.
-uu —u\_; --uu —uu 4daCt_
'— —- exclam. extra metrum
uuu
__, _U _U _,
--- uuu uuu
}....
uuu —u uuu —\.2 '
59(1) uuu L uuu -Y }4tr'
-—uu —uu —uu —uu 4da(jt,
uuu uuu uuu uuu
___U _U _U ___ Y j4tr.
-uu ---uu —uu —uu 4dact_
—u\./ —\./u ---uu --uu 4d3_ct_
—~ — exclam. extra metrum
l l l I l l. l. l. 4tr.

uuu L uvu uv\.1uu‘7f j tr’

L_L_L_L_ 2tr.
600 uuu uuu \./uu uuu 21:1‘,
-00 -we zdact.
uuu -flu ;u 0 u O O 3'[;1'_
uuu uuu --u £1
--A gt1'_

585. ‘Shake the floor of the world, sovereign Spirit of Earthquake!’

[Wilamowitz’s supplement oeie restores sense and metre for the
first time. Cf. in the parallel Heracles scene Her. 905 66e)u\a 0-eicc
8o3,aa. Earlier scholars explained 1ré80v, unconvincingly, either as
an exclamation or as governed by the verbal force in Ev00c: others
read -rre'5ov, with a weak sense. 'Ev00't -rro"rv0.a. is metrically possible,
as a resolved trochaic ac’-rp0v: but trochees seem to belong to the
Chorus, not to the Voice. "Evv0m. 1r6'~rvra makes a dactylic line: for
the spelling Cf. ’Evv0aiyatos and Hesych. Ev-v00r.5'-' Kiv'r70'|.$.]
587-8. 8:0-ravage-ran: probably passive in meaning, like.many C future
middle’ forms. 1'|'ecr1i||.|.c|.cnv, modal dat., though in English we say
‘shall be shaken to its fall’. Flevfléug, dissyll.
591-3. ‘You saw how yonder stone lintels upon the columns gaped
apart? It is the Lord of Thunder who lifts the cry within those walls.’
The Ep|302\a are the long cross-pieces which rest upon the columns of
the facade and compose the architrave (e’m-.0-r6A¢0v). The earthquake
shock has loosened them and cracks have suddenly appeared
between them. (We need not suppose that the cracks are visible
to the audience, still less that any part of the backscene falls down
 LINES 585-603 151
at this point—it is doubtful if built-up sets were in use even at the
end of the fifth century.) lciocrw is construed with Ep.B0)la as the
equivalent of e’p.,8c,8A17,ae'va. aiaieg.-H... in reference to the ritual
Cry id: Bdxxat (577) 2 17 ‘yap dhahayi) . . . /Is‘-ye-rat Kai 6'-rri. "rciiv e'xBar<xcvp.d-
rwv, schol. Pind. Ol. 7. 68. For the middle cf. Soph. fr. 534 P; [The
text is uncertain in some details. i.'8e're (L) is unmetrical; and
58¢-re -rd: (P) is very doubtfully defensible as a resolved dactyl (cf.
E. Fraenkel in Rh. Mus. lxxii [I918], 178). 68’ is inserted to make
up the metre.]
594_—5. For Dion. as Master of the Lightning cf. Introd., p. xxxii; also
Pindar fr. 6I. I2 (70 b. I5 Snell) e'v 8’ ci wayxparfis xepauvcis ci.,u.-rrvéwv |
.-.-r6p Kexivnrat, describing the god’s thiasos; and the cry of the
worshippers in Oppian, id: peixap cf: Altdvvo-e | ti.‘-rrre ac‘/\as‘ ¢z\0'ye,oriv
rra-rpo.'u.ov, av 8' eihézltfov I 7/aiav (Cyn. 4. 3OI ff.).
596--9. 068' 4:44;“ may seem tautologous after 06 Aefiaaas, and the
middle, though used by Homer, does not occur elsewhere in tragedy
(afiyétecs Nauck). Murray and L.S.° take as passive, ‘and are you not
shone upon (i.e. dazzled)?’ But this sense is hardly guaranteed by
Hec. 637 -rav . . . F1/\:.0s ad-ydljec, which may mean merely ‘whom the
sun sees’. I think the second question is more precise than the first:
‘Do you not see fire? do you not perceive, about the holy tomb of
Semele, the flame of the bolt of Zeus which she left behind long ago
when she was thunder-stricken ?’
601-3. ‘For, making high things low, our Lord assails this house, the
son of Zeus.’ For the stanza ending on a nomen sacrum cf. above,
p. 72. Pat on the word the son of Zeus walks on to the stage,
though the Chorus do not know it.

The Stranger-’s Narrative (604-41). After the Chorus has been

reassured, we learn from the disguised god himself what happened‘
behind the castle wall during the scene .we have just witnessed.
The physical occurrences described are those which the Chorus
observed---the shaking of the castle and the blazing up of the fire
on Semele’s tomb, 623-followed by the collapse of a building
(3r.6p.a'ra 633), apparently the stable in which the Stranger was
imprisoned: this last was invisible to Chorus and audience, but the
crash was perhaps heard at line 600 when the Chorus were moved
to declare that their god was ‘bringing things down’. Dionysus has
proved his power over material things. He has also played tricks
with Pentheus’ mind, setting him to bind the Dionysiac principle
not in its human but in its bestial shape (618—21 n.), and sending
him in pursuit of a hallucination (629—31). Dion. is here the whim-
sical magician, the master of fantasies—a traditional role which he
already exercises in H. Hymn. 7. 34 ff. (cf. G. Méautis, L’xIm-e
hellénique d’apres les vases grecs, 101 ff.). The tone of the narrative
152 COMMENTARY
is correspondingly light, almost humorous (a fact which Verrall
noticed but misinterpreted). ‘To the god all this is child’s play, and
his calm and contemptuous amusement makes us realise his power
far more than any anger could’ (Grube, T.A.P.A. lxvi [1935], 46).
Too grave a tone would, in fact, have injured the balance of the
dramatic composition: this scene is only preparation for the clash
of wills which lies ahead--—the audience must not take it for a climax.
The lightness of tone is matched by the use of the light and lively
trochaic tetrameter, the oldest tragic metre, revived by Eur. in his
later plays after some forty years’ neglect. He employs it most
often as a vehicle for swift repartee, usually in the familiar style
(conversations with servants, Hel. 1627 ff., Ion 1250 ff., Or. 1506 ff.,
IA. 855 ff.; comedy, Ion 510 fi'., IT. 1203 ff.); formally, its use here
resembles that in Her. 855 ff., where it is employed as here for a
;.iij0'l.S' descriptive of swift and violent action, introduced by a brief
dialogue. Cf. W. Krieg, Philol. xci (1936), 42 ff.
604. pappepc. yuvnines, ‘Women of Asia’. The word does not imply
contempt as Norwood imagines: Aeschylus’ Persians regularly
speak of themselves as flépflapat (Pers. 255, 337, &c.), and so do the
Chorus in our play (1034) and in the Phoenissae (1301). But its use
here is doubtless suggested by the fact that prostration is an oriental
posture (cf. Or. 1507 and Plut. Superstit. 3. 166 A, where fiigbets £1:-i
rrpdocorrov are listed among the flcipflapa xaxd due to 3e|.cn.3a:.,u.0via).
606. Corrupt, as the metre shows, though the sense is not in doubt.
[The Musgrave—Wilamowitz correction (see app. crit.) assumes a
complex corruption which is not easy to account for; and the sub-
stitution of 36' for the hortative we is not an improvement. I am
inclined to suspect, with Wecklein, that 8:67.10 ITe'v9e'ws is an intrusive
gloss. Perhaps -rd. ITev6c'ws' en’ (43/) eifaviorare (-rci. Elmsley, ciy’
Reiske): -ra Hevfiléwg = ‘P.’s place’ seems to be colloquial (Ar.
Wasps 1432, Dem. 43. 62, Theocr. 2. 76, &c.), but need not on that
account be excluded from a passage like this. Or nipavva 3tiap.a-r" 64/\’
[e§]civi0-*ra're: Cf. Andf. 303 where rvpdvvwv 36p.ouv §3pav is glossed
oixriaets -r05 Neo-rr-r0¢\e',u.0v, and Med. 58 where in L P and the papyrus
8w-n-otvqs has been supplanted by M-q8etas. The intrusion of eg-
may be due to the scribe’s eye catching e’§a,u.e:'|,l|aaat in the next line.]
607. [adpxas (MSS.) appears defensible either on the analogy of the
double accusative after verbs like ci¢aipei‘06at, or as object of the
transitive action implied in the complex e’§a,aei~,ba0a¢-rpdnov, equiva-
lent to ‘obfirmantes’ (Hermann): cf. 1288 n.]
608. ‘O light supreme for us in the joyful worship.’ For ¢éos- (<,6<I>s)
applied metaphorically to a person cf.'Il. 18. 102, Hec. 841 c5 8é'0-no-r’,
65 1.u="yc0-rov "EM-qatv <,6cios-, Ion 1439, Her. 531 with Wilamowitz ad loc.
It is used especially for ‘the ‘light’ of deliverance, as in the first and
last of these passages and at Aesch. Cho. 809, &c.
 LINES 604-21 153
611. opnavast either literal, ‘dungeons’ (e,...ev.,- eipx-r-rj, 5e0p.w1'1ipt0v
Hesych.) or metaphorical, ‘snares’ (xvpiws vi Ii-'yp€v'rLK‘I) Atvog, scholion
here in L; so also schol. Aesch. Sept. 346). The former sense suits
axorecvds better. Etymologically the word = ‘means of shutting
off’, standing to efpyw as xcevq, ‘means of pouring’, i.e. ‘funnel’, to
Xian: Cf. schol. Theocr. 4. 61 1'1)? 'r¢.'6v -n-poflci-rwv cipxciv-17v.
612. This is simply the past form of a general supposition in present
time, -ris ,u.0i qS1.i/laf c'0-ri,v, iav 0-1) 0'v,u.¢0p&g -rv'x77s; ‘What protector
have I if at any time you meet with trouble?’ This is now reported
as a past thought. Cf. Hdt. 9. I3. 3 eifrjrllauve Se -rcfivfie eivexev, 5-rt . . .
ci vtxcfrro ovpfla/\c6v, ci.11-ci¢\Aa§ts' 015:: fiv, where the thought reported is
eidv vcxcfipac, ti-.rrciAAa§r.g mix E0--rcv.
613. Editors construe evspcg with 'rvxe6v: ‘But how were you liberated
after chancing upon a man of sin?’ Cf. Alc. 10 ciaiov -yap av8p6g
501.05‘ div eifliyxavov, | 11-ar.5dg (l5ép'r)'r0$‘. But the effect here is oddish
and weakish: we expect ‘after falling into the power of a man of sin’.
]'. Rappold has proposed to take ci.v5p6s‘ with -r}/\ev6epc601;s (cf. Hdt.
5. 62. I rvpcivvwv e'¢\ev9ep059170'av), and understand 1)/levficpaidrjs rvxoiv
as = £1-vxeg e’A¢u0epw6ets—-‘how did you succeed in getting free from
the man of sin?’ This is tempting; but although -4216:; )la0¢6v is
as good Greek as EAa0es e’.\605v, and Goodwin and Kiihner-Gerth
recognize a similar construction with -rvxofiv, I can find no real
example of the latter (at IA. 958 'rvx<.6v is conditional, ‘if he is lucky’;
at IT. 252 the emendation xdvrvxtivfcg for Kai. -rvxciv-res has been
confirmed by the Hibeh papyrus). [-rvxoiv may have been introduced
by assimilation to nixozs at the end of 612. puxcfiv ci. Murray (but
puxoi. civfipds are not pwxoi §ci,u.wv); Bpdxwv Wecklein (does not suit
615) ; -rexvcsv Sybel (does not suit the facts); xepcfav F. W. Schmidt;
perhaps <,6v-y05v.]
614. The literal fulfilment of the prediction at 498. am 1-rovou, cf.
194 n.
615. [The MSS. have xetpa, which looks like a mistake for xefpe. But
for some reason tragedy appears to avoid the nom. and accus.
dual of xetp and -n-06s. According to E. Hasse, Der Dualis im
Attischen, 47, there are no tragic examples of -.-r68e and only one
of xeipe (Andr. 115 -rrepi xeipe flaA060a in a hexameter, like 0d. 11.
2II rrepl. xeipe flarkiv-re——but at Ag. I559 MSS. have -rrepl. xcipa
Bah050a).]
616-17. -raii-ra (internal accus. = 'ra:.i'r1;v -r1‘;v fiflpw), is explained by the
5-rt. clause: ‘That was just (Kai) the laugh I had against him, that . . .’.
051' Eeiyev 060’ fivliafl’: not quite synonymous, ‘he did not touch or
grasp’. For e’A-mfac fldaxeaaar. cf. Phoen. 396, fr. 826, Soph. Ant. 1246,
fr. 948 P.
618-21. The bull is a Dionysiac beast, a potential vehicle of the
god (Introd., p. xviii). Winnington-Ingram sees here a piece of
:54 -COMMENTARY I
symbolism: ‘in binding the bull with effort and strain Pentheus is
performing .the futile task of constraining the animal Dionysus within
himself’; but this is, as I now think, over-subtle. In a late hexameter
poem on the Lycurgus story (Page, Literary Papyri i, no. 129), the
god imposes a converse error upon his adversary: Lycurgus mistakes
human beings for snakes (Dionysiac creatures again). 11-epi . . .
€|3a)\)\e: tmesis, to avoid the form -.-repa-’,BaA)1e which seems to be
non-tragic. [The only tragic examples I find of augmented tenses of
rrepi compounds are 1'rep1.1=‘G'r'r70'e'v in a corrupt line of Critias (fr. 1. 37)
and the disputable forms with apocope, Aesch. Ag. 1147 ~11-epeB1i)\0v-1-0,
Eum. 634 rrepeaxrjvwoev. 1'|'6p1.€"rp6lI1€v occurs in adesp. 547. 4, but this
may be from a comedy (Hense, Stobaeus, vol. v, p. 942). In aug-
mented tenses Eur. replaces -.-1-eptflciahm by 1i,a<p1,B1i)\A<0, Andr. 799, Her.
465.] yovam nai xqhais defines -rq'58e more closely (‘whole and
part apposition’, oxfipa 'I1.ov1.1c0'v), as in cl‘-11-1-eofiai -rwog xepds, Barleiv
-r1.va 1011 1I;,u.ov, 0-oi. répzfitv e’p1.Bar\1I; qipcvi 1'0.
635); Cf. Wilamowitz on
Her. 162. Bupov émrvéuv, ‘panting his rage’, rather more vivid
than Rhes. 786 9v7u.1iv -1rve'ov0'a1., Phoen. 454 Hvpofi 1-rvods, Aesch. Sept.
52 60,116; é’-1-rva. The model is the Homeric p.£'v€a 1rvci0v’r€5‘ (Iliad
3. 8, &c.). On such phrases, which originate in the belief that the air
in the lungs is the material vehicle of the emotion, see Prof. Onians’
Origins of European Thought, 50 ff. xeihl-:cnv 818013; o86v1-as,
‘biting his lips’. As Wilamowitz pointed out, Eur. often uses 8.-.86va1.
where we expect a more precise verb, e.g. Tro. 1175 f. Bdorpvxov
cpthrjpaotv 1'="§w.-1-ev, ‘she kissed your hair’; Her. I402 Sifiov Sépy 01)::
xeipa, ‘put your arm about my neck’; IA. I221 -ydvaac 0'0E‘0-1. 1ro'3p.a Soils‘
e‘p.dv, ‘sitting on your knee’; and infra 715. Here he might as well or
better have said 6301301. 81.801); xeihq (Cf. Hel. I383 I-\0v-rpois Xpda 1'="5w1ca
with Or. 42 013 R015-rp’ é'3m1<e xpw-ri).
621-2. -1r)\-qaiov 8’ £71}: -rrapdw: the Stranger uses about himself the
language he used earlier (500) about the god—-a plain hint of their
identity. ficuxos, cf. 636, 640: amid the physical turmoil of the
earthquake and the moral turmoil of the baffled Pentheus, the
Stranger’s calm marks him as something supernatural; it is like
the sinister calm at the heart of a typhoon.
625--6. Axeluiaov, siniply ‘water’, as in Andr. 167, Hypsipyle fr. 753,
Ar. Lys. 381 and fr. 351. This ‘metonymy’ may go back to a time
when Achelous was the supreme water-god (cf. 519-20 n.): Ephorus
ap. Macrob. Sat. 5. 18 (F. Gr. Hist. 70 F 20 jacoby) says that the
expression belongs to the language of ritual, being used in oaths,
prayers, and formulae of sacrifice. But here the magniloquent
phrase carries if anything a suggestion of ridicule, while in Virgil’s
pocula Acheloia (Georg. 1. 9) it has become a stylistic trick: Sandys
compared Shakespeare's ‘A cup of hot wine with not a drop of
allaying Tiber in ’t’ (Coriolanus ii. 1. 53), and its echo in Lovelace,
 LINES 618-34 155
‘When flowing cups run swiftly round With no allaying Thames’.
|i1i1-qv 11-0v1’i':v, since the house was not on fire.
628. The epithet ..o\=..ve.v is also applied by Soph. to a sword (Aj.
231), and to a spear (Trach. 856); Eur. has néhav 155460; Hel. 1656,
Or. 1472. The primary reference is presumably to the colour of the
metal (péhag o'i3'17p0$, Hes. Op. et Di. 151), but both words have also
the sinister associations of Lat. ‘ater’, Eng. ‘dark’, which may have
been felt in all these passages (cf. Wilamowitz on Her. 780 1.-ehawdv
a'pp.a). [Verrall’s 1.-ehawosv is not an improvement, and does not
justify retaining 11:65; in 630.——It is not very clear why P. rushes
indoors to look for his escaped prisoner. Does he suppose the
Stranger to be hiding in another part of the castle? Wilamowitz
provided him with a different but still not wholly satisfactory
motive by reading dp-.-16001. (infinitive of purpose ?).]
629-31. ‘And then the Lord of Thunder made, or so I think--I give
you guesswork here—a phantom in the courtyard. And the King
rushed at it in passion and tried to stab bright vapour, thinking
that he spilled my blood.’ 86§av in contrast with é-ma-r1jp.1;v (cf.
IT. II64 -ri -r01i1r81.31i.§av "r01'.T-‘rd 0’; ij 81§§av Ike‘;/e1.s;): the Stranger
pretends, as he must, that he knows the god’s act only by inference
from Pentheus’ behaviour. a67\-1'|v is, I think, used in its proper
sense (as Ion 185) rather than in the vaguer sense of ‘dwelling’ (as
Hipp. 68): Pentheus was in the courtyard when the 8o5p1a-ra col-
lapsed, which accounts for his escaping injury. [In 630 4663s (MSS.)
seems too vague (despite 1083) : why should the King mistake ‘a light’
for his prisoner? But if the ,1: of <paf0p.a were accidentally omitted,
<paevv0v in the next line might easily suggest ea; to a puzzled copyist.
11:63-r’ (Tyrrell) will not do: it would mean a real man, not a phan-
tasm.—In 631 the noun to which daaewdv belongs has dropped out.
(a1’6e'p’) is perhaps the most probable supplement,. this being the
customary stuff of such ghostly duplicates (cf. 292-4 n.) ; with Ver-
rall’s (01J8e'v) the natural meaning would be ‘nothing bright’ rather
than ‘the bright nothing’.1]
633-4. ‘All is shattered: he has seen a bitter end to my imprisonment.’
This is the god’s retort to Pentheus’ boast at 357. 0uv1-eepawp-1-a1.
(ea. he-y.) is glossed 0'v7u.1'r£‘1r'rw1ce by Hesychius, evidently with
reference to this passage. 0uv- implies that the building has ‘fallen
together’, i.e. collapsed upon itself. The word is probably connected
not with 6p&v0g but with dpafiwz cf. 9pav1.i0'cre1.v, ‘to smash’, Lycophr.
664. [So Siitterlin, Z. Gesch. d. Verba denominativa, 107 , and Solmsen,
Unters. z. griech. Laut- u. Verslehre, 88. Some explain ‘the beam-ends

I M. Gigante, Dioniso, xviii (1955), 174, would keep 603: in 630 and
supply (£13805-) here, comparing Sappho fr. 34 Lobel-Page. where ¢...wa.
et80s is used of the stars.
156 COMMENTARY
have been brought together (by buckling)’. But 6p6v01 are beams,
not beam-ends (L.S.3 was wrong in citing Pollux 10. 49 as evidence
for the latter meaning). Verrall’s rendering of the line, ‘Bacchus
dashed the buildings to the ground, though (now, by magic) its
beams have all been put together (again)’, hardly needs formal
refutation: the Bacchae is not a Christmas pantomime.]
635. 1'rc|.pei'1'u|., pf. mid. of 1'r0.pi-q,u.1., ‘he is exhausted’.
636. [e‘x Bcixxas 1i’-ywv (MSS.) makes neither metre nor sense (there were
no bacchants in the palace). eves. e’-ycé is the accepted correction,
and may be right: if for Bag a copyist absently wrote the familiar
Bdxxas, the further corruption might follow in an attempt to make
sense. But Hermann’s éx Ba.»<x1£810v, ‘from that god-infested house’,
is attractive, enhancing by the antithesis the force of fiavxos,
and may well represent the original sense: cf. infra 726, IT. 1243
Baxxefiovoav Zltovriocp ITapvcf0'1.0v xopvqfidv, and esp. Aesch. fr. 58
1=’v60v0'1.<';i. 31) 8¢Ii,u.a' 780.1-cxezict 0'-1-1=‘-y-17. The form Ba:-cx1i.3wv is, however,
nowhere attested, and if it existed would hardly be glossed (as
Hermann postulated) by the rare verb ,8a1<xa0'civ'r1.uv. It would be
better to write éx Baxxiwv, with the same meaning: in a MS. without
accents or division of words this might be read as éxflaxxtcsv (cf.
109 1ca-raBaxx1.0606e), which an unintelligent reader might gloss
fldxxag 1i‘-yaw. For flcixxiog (-6109) = ,8a1-cxcliwv Cf. I230 Barcxciop -rr03i.
Tyrrell’s efixos és sc.-qc; 8’ a’-ywv, though technically neat, involves
taking 8wp.0f-1-c0v with ¢p0v-1-1'0as, which is both awkward and feeble ;
moreover fiavxos is important for the characterization (621—2 n.).]
638-9. \|10<[>e'i yofiv 1ip|313Ar|: ‘there is certainly a tramp of feet.’ -y06v
introduces the certain fact on which the uncertain inference -55:1. is
based (Denniston, Particles, 451) ; 0'5; p.01. Sons? qualifies the latter. So
Ar. P1196 232 f. 1§§1.e‘va1. -yvcfiy.-17v 13,11.-1’7v | p1.e‘hIlc1.' dopvfici yofiv E1-80v. For the
noisiness of the dpfluhn Cf. Of. I40 f. 0E'y0., 0'1Tya, .\e1-r1'1:'1v ixvog 1i.p,81.i/\-175' I
-ride-re, ,u.-1) Krvrreire and Theocr. 7. 26 -rraoa M605 rr1'a1'o1.0a 1107’ ap-
,BuAi8eo'0'1.v 1:i.ei8c1.. 1'rp0v1.i)1'rl.c2 rd. E,u.-rrpoo-Ucv rcfiv rrvhciiv (Hesych.).
The indication of place is repeated in -rrpovcé-mos, 645, as if Eur.
wished to stress the fact that the antagonists are now to emerge
from the fantasy-haunted castle and meet again in the daylight
on the plane of normal experience. :1. 1-01.’:-1-mv, ‘after this’. The
Stranger affects a mild curiosity about the King’s reactions.
640. ‘(No matter), for I shall take him placidly, though he come with
tempest in his lungs.’ |5a8l1.-mg . . . 01010, like Andr. 744 -1-015s 0069
8% ,u.1l6ovs' ,1iq18iws- e’-yd: cpépw. On nvéuv péya Cf. 618-21 n. So -rrvéov-res
}l.€‘)/Ci.1\G., Andf. I89, and 7006118’ Errvevoas, ibid. 327.

Pentheus’ second meeting with the Stranger (642-56). This short

passage of dialogue makes the transition from the Palace Scene to
the Messenger Scene, being linked to the former by its subject, to
 LINES 633-53 I57
the latter by its metre. It does not directly advance the action: its
function (as 639 suggests) is to show the dawning of a new relation-
ship between the antagonists, brought about by the strange happen-
ings behind the scenes. Pentheus’ bluster cannot wholly conceal
his bewilderment and inner dread: in face of the uncanny he is
beginning to lose his nerve. And the Stranger for his part speaks now
for the first time with a hint of supernatural authority (647). The
consequences of this changed relationship are to be developed later.
64-4-. in, a gasp of astonishment, perhaps representing the sound of
a sharp intake of breath : being a noise, not a word, it is often doubled
and placed extra versum, as here, and is naturally confined to excited
dialogue or monologue; Eur. uses it very freely (cf. 1280), Ar. and
Aesch. fairly freely, Soph. once; Plato gives it, with comic efiect, to
the shocked janitor at Prat. 314 D, St. Luke to the startled demoniac,
4. 34. Cf. Page on Med. 1004, Denniston on El. 341.
64-6. frpbs o'|T|co|.5 ‘rolls ipoist an escaped prisoner Strolling outside his
prison adds insult to injury.
647. ‘Halt there! and halt your anger to quietness!’ To ‘put a quiet
foot under one’s anger’ is to ‘go easy’ with it. [To avoid the repeti-
tion it has been proposed to substitute Bziow or 1-pdrrov or dapéva for
the second -rr63a. But (a) the Greek ear, and Eur.’s ear in particular,
was less sensitive to such things than ours: cf. 1060-2, Tucker on
Cho. 51, ]ebb on OC. 554, Pearson on Hel. 674, A. B. Cook, C.R.
xvi (1902), 263 ff. ; and for recurrence of a word in the same line,
Eur. El. I005 €xB£BA1]p.e'v'q I 5d,u,r.uv rrarpqimv Svorvxefs oiled} 56;1,ovs, I011 2
Hccfiv -rrahauslv ofxov e'x1'pz',Bwv, Herfiv | p.|.&s Eqfiuac Mafav, Hel. 775 1rpds
'roi‘aw e'v Tpoig. 3€|<a I Erect Safihfiov ¢§1r'r& -n-cp¢3po,u.d.s' e'~r¢Bv. (b) The
repetition is made tolerable by an implied antithesis: the first -m58a
is literal, the second metaphorical. (c) fiauxov -:r68a is confirmed by
the new line referred to in the app. crit., 1'i ,uéAAc-r’,- 06 xpfiv fiovxov
Kciafiaa -rr[6]8a (Hunt, Fr. trag. pap. iii, l. 13), which is now known to
come not from Sophocles but from the Telephus of Euripides :' cf. also
Med. 217 of 8’ dgé’ wjmfxov 1:086; (metaphorical, ‘easy-going folk’),
Or. 136 f. fiofixqo -rro3l. | xwpcfrs (literal). Despite the criticisms of
Campbell, C.Q. xlix (1956), 57, I still see nothing amiss with this line.]
64-8--50. 1'r69ev, ‘how comes it that . . .’ (cf. 465 n.). ~F| oim, scanned as
one syllable (synizesis). For the parenthetic alternative cf. Tro. 299
'rr|.p.1rp6.‘ow-—1'§ 1'5 Spcfiaa Tpqlcificg ,u.vxozis‘; Cycl. I21, Rhes. 565 f. The
reference is to 498. 1-obs Aoyous .~<1-A. ": ‘This is queer talk that you
keep introducing’ (xawoafs predicative). [Cf. Ion 1340 -n’ cbyjs ; 6 p.§809
eiaevvfvcmm véos, which disposes of Wecklein’s doubts about éaqSépas.]
651-3. Both the formal continuity of the stichomythia and the logical

I See Handley and Rea, ‘The Telephus of Euripides’, Bull. Inst.

Class. Stud. (London), Supplement 5, 1957.
I58 COMMENTARY
continuity of the debate are interrupted here. The double breach
makes it pretty certain that one or more lines have fallen out. If
652 is given to the Stranger, as in text, it must have been preceded
by a line in which Pentheus said something rude about the effects
of wine: to this the Stranger replies ‘The thing you make a reproach
to Dionysus is in fact his glory’ (‘In thy scorn his glory lies’, Murray) ;
KaA6v is predicative. Cf. IA. 304 f., where the old servant is told
that he is too loyal to his master, and replies xa/\6v -yé pol. 1'o15vc|.§0S
éfwveifiwas, also Phoen. 821. [But this arrangement is open to doubt
on more than one ground. (a) The word-order in 652 suggests, as
does the 81?], that the emphasis should fall on uiveffiwas rather than on
xahdv (Kitto, C.R. lx [I946], 65). This could be met by reading 1-066’
6 for 'roi3'ro (Campbell, C .Q. xlix [I956], 58). (b) Pentheus’ words in
653 are left unmotived. 654 shows that the order to ‘lock the towers’
(i.e. the gates in the city wall, surmounted by towers as in medieval
cities) must be an attempt to prevent the god (who in Pentheus’ eyes
is but a human accomplice) from leaving Thebes. How does P.
know that the god is in Thebes? He might infer it from the fact that
he has so recently liberated the Stranger ; but we should expect the
inference to be explicitly drawn and the purpose of the order indi-
cated. Greek dialogue is seldom as elliptical as this. I incline on the
whole to Hermann’s view that 652 is spoken by P. and is followed, not
preceded, by a lacuna. K0./\6v is then ironical, as in Med. 514 Kcu\civ
-y’ 6ve|.8os 1-4'3 vewa-r2 vvy.q${qs, and the line means ‘Your words are a
reproach to your god,‘ a pretty reproach’ (P. associates the behaviour
of the Theban women with their use of wine, 221f., 260 The
missing link between this and 653 may be (a) a single line in which
the Stranger indicates_that the god is in Thebes, e.g. xahéiv pév ofiv
1-1jv8' 1‘;/\8e -Hp» 116/\w 1r/\¢‘¢us (Wecklein) ; or (b) more probably a longer
passage of stichomythia, in which P. asks where Dion. is now (cf. 501)
and announces his intention to lay hands on him (Robert, Hermes,
xiii [I878], I 37) _:_ or (c) P. may have continued with something like
(K/lafwv 5' Hp’ ofvq) 'rc'r.g yvvafxas e‘x,u.a.vciT
I P \ Y Q I I
qvwcp vw euros 1're'_pr.Bo)iwv /laficu 11-ohccus")

making, as Paley suggested, a 4-lineaspeech to balance 656-9.]

654-5. -ri Sé; ‘and what of that?’ (Denniston, Particles, 175 f.). P. s
reply is like the impatient retort of Hermione when she is worsted
in argument by Andromache, 00951) 00951) 0'15‘ xa1-Qaveiv 5' 5,u.wg cre Se?
(Andr. 245). Cf. 179 n.

1 Strictly speaking, Pentheus believes that ‘Dionysus’, Semele’s

child, is dead (242 ff., 517); but hiia may perhaps be allowed to use here
the language of his adversary.
 LINES 651-62 I59
Scene 3 (b). This first Messenger Scene is essential to the psycho-
logical dynamics of the play, since its effect is to divert Pentheus’
rage from the god and his priest on to his own subjects. It also depicts
for the audience what could not be shown on the stage, the strange
working of the Dionysiac madness upon the Theban women, as it
appeared in all its beauty and horror to a simple‘-minded observer.
It should be remembered that what is described here is not the
organized and controlled maenadism of Dionysiac cult, as sketched
e.g. in the mipofios, but a ‘black maenadism’ which has been sent as
a punishment upon the too respectable and has swept them away
against their will: critics of the play have too often ignored this
distinction. Yet even these ‘black’ maenads do no harm to man or
beast until they are ‘attacked. The description is probably in its
main lines traditional (see on 699-702, 7o4—II, 734-47, 748-64). And
there is some -ground for guessing that the group of herdsmen who
at first pursue the maenads but are eventually converted is itself
a traditional feature. [Cf. the Thracian ‘Boutes’ and his men who
attacked the maenads of Phthiotis (Diod. 5. 50). In later Dionysiac
associations certain members bore the cult title Bovxéhoa or Bovxohxof
and took part in that capacity in a mimetic dance or sacred drama:
Z636 Iobacchorum I2I ff.; xopcfiaavres Bpmc6)\o:. at Pergamum (Aih. Mill.
xxiv [I899], I79); Lucian, de saltat. 79; cf. Dieterich, Kl. Schrzften,
7o ff., Cumont, /1.]./1. I933, 247 f. These dances are probably, though
not certainly, a survival or revival of an old ritual feature, and may
well have had their a£'-new inisuch stories as the herdsman tells here,
though the true meaning of the title was doubtless ‘worshipper of the
bull-god’ (cf. Ar. Vesp. Io Bovxoheifg Eaflcifiaov and Eur. fr. 203).]
657-9. éfi Gpous: this could be inferred from the side (L. of audience)
on which the Messenger entered. col pevofipev: not ‘I will wait for
you’ (which would require ac’), but ‘You will -still have me there’
(dativus commodi) or ‘You will find me waiting’ (ethic dat.). [mp
(nom. pl. of adis) ]. U. Powell, C.R. xxviii (I914), 48; but the sense
(‘unharmed’, ‘safe and sound’) is not very appropriate.]
661-2. ‘Where the white snow s glistening falls never loose their grip.’
If this means, as some suppose, that it never stops snowing on
Cithaeron, the exaggeration is monstrous; it is still considerable
if we take it to mean that the snow lies in places all the year round
(I found none when I climbed the mountain in April). We may have
here nothing more than a conventional poetic commonplace (Meurig-
Davies, Rev. Er. Gr. lxi [I948],. 366); but I suspect that Eur. insisted
on the snow because it was the right setting for a strange tale of
maenadism: on Parnassus, and probably on Cithaeron too, the
épaflaaia was a mid-winter rite. Like most southern peoples, ~the
Greeks felt (and still feel) snow to be a little uncanny: to early
poets the snowflakes were, like the lightning, xfi/la Aids, ‘shafts of
160 COMMENTARY
God’, a threatening visitation from the skies (II. 12. 280, cf. Wilamo-
witz, Die Ilias u. Homer, 216). So Sophocles, describing the horror
of Niobe's eternal vigil upon Sipylus, says xwiav o1l3ap.d. Aer’-Ire: (Ant.
830). Bokai, usually ‘acts of throwing’, can also mean ‘things
thrown’, just as Baqbai can mean ‘things dipped’ (e.g.. poisoned
arrows, Her. 1190). The translation ‘radiance’ (L.S.°) is quite
unjustified. For eoiyeis, ‘bright’, cf. Parm. 10. 2 efia-yéog 1}cAr'oro and
other passages quoted in L.S.° The original spelling may have been
czlavycfs, as in Slavyrjs, -rrjlav-y-rig, dfav-yrjs (rm?/lwv . . . xuivog e'§a.v'ye-
arépwv, Rhes. 304).‘ [Verrall’s notion that 662 is interpolated, the
messenger having broken off his sentence at Ev’ oi-'-no-re, is surely
incredible. And the line seems to have been known to Seneca, who
was misled by it into citing the absence of snow on Cithaeron as
a symptom of extreme drought, Thyestes 117 f.—¢’ive£‘aav x|.6vo$‘
L. Dindorf, to avoid the tribrach composed of a single word coincid-
ing with the foot. But this rhythm, which is rare in Aesch. and Soph.
(except in the first foot), is admitted relatively often in the later
plays of Eur. (Descroix, Trim. iamb. I59, I62). There are at least
five other instances in the Bacch.: second foot, 18, 261, 1302; fourth,
731. 1147-]
663. ‘And what weighty message do you bring?’ lit. ‘And you come
contributing (or imposing) what seriousness of messageP_’ Cf. Hec. 130
0-rrov3a.i. A6-ywv, ‘earnest discussions’
664-7. 11o-rvu&6us: a word of unceitain significance, perhaps ‘wild
women’ 01' ‘holy women’. I10-rv|.<i.3cg' all Bcixxar ci.v1'l. rofi p.c|.wci.3es Kai.
Avaaéfies Hesych. [At Or. 318 the Erinyes are called 1ro1'v|.d.3es‘ Heal :
there the scholiast explains it as pavtonoroi, and connects it with the
story of the mad mares of Glaucus, which was attached to Potniae in
Boeotia. But is is difficult to separate -no-rw.d8es in Or. 318 from
1r6*rvl.cu., the title given to the Erinyes at Thebes and often in tragedy
(Sept. 887, Eum. 951, OC. 84); and the possessed women are perhaps
called 1ro1-vuiscs‘ here because their possession has conferred upon
them the powers of 1r6rvm.|..] at . . . égqeév-naav: ‘whose white
limbs flashed away spear-swift in their madness.’ For the metaphor
cf. IT. 1369 f. Kaila . . . 1}xov-n'Z,'c-ro. /\cw<6$‘ is the traditional epithet
for women’s flesh in Greek poetry; but its use here suggests the
bare feet of the bacchants (called ci.1re'3|.)to|. or ci.0d,u.Ba)lol. by Nonnus,
and nearly always barefooted on vases)—-—cf. 863, Cycl. 72 Bcixxazs‘
aim )levx6-rroaw, Ion 221 M-vxr._?: 1:-08¢’, ‘barefoot’. On the supernatural
swiftness of the maenads see 1090-3 n.; on the text of 667, 715-16 n.
669. A6-yov o1'e|J\cI:|1e6a2 ‘check my tongue’, metaphor from shortening
sail (cf. L.S.° a*rc'.\)\w iv. 2 and 01. 60'] Qpaozivy xozlx :§1roa1"é1\¢\;q R6-yep).
For the change of number cf. 616 f. Eur. seems to go farther in this

1 Cf. now G. Bj6rck, Das Alpha Impumm, 147.

 LINES 661-~80 I61
than other poets: he even writes p.0.p'rvp6p.eO9a. 8pd3aa (Her. 858),
wj-yp|.uly.c9a fioxoiioa. (IT. 349), Scwxdpecrfia. . . . xpc|.1"q9eZ'0a (Ion I250),
oil Sucaiws, 1'iv Qdvw, Havofinefia (T70. 904).
671 . 1-6 Bacshuov New : ‘your all too royal temper , a cautious euphemism
for ‘your irritable temper’: Qvpds Se p.e'ya.5' earl 8|.o1'pe¢€wv fiacn./\'rjwv
(Il. 2. 196).
672-8. 1-rév-ms, in any case, ‘whatever your story’. Smaioms, masc.,
governed by 9v,u.ofio9a.l.: the Herdsman is Slnaws as not being
responsible for what he describes. [The partial coincidence with
fr. 28']. I, refs 11-pci.y,u.a.cnv ydp otlxl. 9vp.oiJa9a|. xpeuiv, is not a reason
for rejecting the line, since Eur. often echoes his own earlier phrases;
the antithesis T055‘ 5LKc|.iol.s"""-"r6v rlrrofleivra T6113: iS a reason for re-
taining it. l
677--8. ‘The pasturing herds of cattle were just climbing towards the
hill country, at the hour when the sun . . . .’ The plural verb is
normal with neuter plural subjects which signify living agents,
e.g. Cycl. 206 f. Bltaarrjpara (lambs) . . . -rrpdg no.0-roi‘s' elm. some edd.
follow Musgrave in taking G1-refi-fin-.p|.§ov (a ciw. he-y.) as transitive and
first person singular, on the ground that the speaker must tell us
where he was himself when he saw the women; but ‘ipsa boum
mentio satis ostendit bubulcum esse qui loquitur’ (Elmsley), and all
the relevant evidence favours the sense ‘climb’, not ‘drive up’.
[013 275 f. e'§a.xpl§er' aidepa arrepois (scholion sis ‘rel. cixpd -rot? 0.i0t‘pO$
-:re"re06e): Eustath. p. I636. 4'] c'i.xpf§e|.v 1'6 ‘rd. cixpa. érrsrropclicafiac, 6 xal.
e'fa.xpl§ew E:lpr.1'rl817s qbrgalvi Aesch. C60. 932 drrwjxpzaev, ‘reached the
summit’ (metaph.): rlarepaxpczetv, ‘to climb over’ (trans. Xen. Eq.
Mag. 6. 5, intrans. Strabo 15. 2. Io), or ‘soar above’ (Eur. Supp.
988). Hesych. tl1re§'rfxp|.§ov' ']'IIBp|.§ov‘|‘ (1j‘xp|.§ov Heinsius) ClO6S not
help; nor do the meanings ‘behead’, ‘walk on tip-toe‘, attributed
to d.Kp|l§w by the lexicographers.] péaxwv is used in a wider sense
than Eng. ‘calves’: it is clear from 735-45 that the pdaxos include
5a;u:i.z\a|. and rafipoa, and they are called :<epo¢6po|. 66:5‘ in 691. Cf.
IT. 163, where the p-daxol. are milch-cows, El. 813, where the péaxos
is a bull, and the common poetic use of arcil/\0s‘ for ‘horse’. [The
position of the word has induced unconvincing attempts to construe
it With /\e'-nus‘ or even with 15-:re§1jxp:.§ov, or to emend it (fidoxwv or
noxficfiv Sandys). But the hyperbaton is no harsher than in 684,
where e’Ad-rqg belongs to ¢6B-qv.] Aéwas, not in the older sense
(Wilamowitz on Her. 121) of a naked cliff or rocky summit (which
would yield no grazing), but rather, as 751 and 1045 show, a collective
term for the broken country where forest, rock, and upland pasture
mix: cf. Andr. 295, where the herdsman Paris makes his home in
the ’I8a€ov Aéwas, and Rhes. 287
680. Buiaoug 1-pats : in historical times there were three official Hlaooa. of
‘maenads’ at Thebes, as may be inferred from an inscription (Kern,
4003.9 M
162 COMMENTARY
Inschr. Magnesia, 215 = 338 Parke—Wormell) which relates how on
instructions from Delphi the Magnesians fetched from Thebes three
maenads -yeve'-:75‘ Elvofis cirro Ka5p-qei'qs to establish three 9iaao|. at
Magnesia. This triple organization is attested also for Rhodes (IG.
xii. 1. 937), and was probably universal; as at Thebes it is reflected
in the story of the three mad princesses, its first leaders (cf. Theocr.
26. 2 rpeis 9|-cicrws e's 5po5' 'rpeE'5' E)/ayov aural eiofaat), so at Orchomenos
Dionysus maddens the three daughters of Minyas, at Argos the three
daughters of Proetus.
681-2. With Seairepos, as With ei-ra and Errerra, 56' iS often omitted, even
in prose (Denniston, Particles, 376): cf. Plato, Legg. 774 E ':ra'rpd$
pew rrpcfirov, 5ev're‘pav 1ra'.':rrrov, rpir-qv 5% 656/\ql@a'3v. [rpi-r1) 8' 'Iva'J xopofi
(L P) may be corrected either to -rpt-rov 8’ 'Ivcb xopofi, which was prob-
ably the original reading of L, or to 'rpi'r'q 8’ ‘Iva: Tpirov (Hermann).
The latter correction assumes xopoii to be an intrusive gloss; but the
repetition xopdiv . . . xopofi has plenty of parallels (cf. 647 n.).]
683. acbpaasv : the so-called ‘dative of relation’ (apparently an extension
of the locative use), in place of the normal accus. This dat. is com-
mon in Xenophon (e.g. Mem. 2. I. 31 -refs‘ ocfipaazv dfiiivarot) and
Hellenistic Greek, and appears occasionally in tragedy: Aesch.
Sept. 895 f. Szavraiav rle-yet; 86,u.o|.o-1 xai. I aulpaazv -n-crrr\a'yp.e'vovg:
Soph. OT. 25 (1r6r\z5-) glafiivovoa xcir\v§|.v: Eur. El; 513 olv pe/lalyxtpov
qrdktp. In view of these parallels the text need not be doubted here.
See Kfihner-Gerth, i, pp. 317, 44o.—With what follows contrast
Chaeremon’s lusciously elaborate picture of girls sleeping in the
moonlight, fr. 14 (Oxford Book of Gk. V. 455): the austerity of Eur.’s
description is significant of his attitude to his subject.
686-8. 6:; oi: <|r['|g: 221 H. The Herdsman was not present at that con-
versation, but as Aristarchus says of Homer, 6 7';'5e:. 6 ':roI.'q'ri75' T0670 1-4'3
Irpoacfirrcp ':rcp|.c'9'I]-Kev (schol. BT on Il. 16. 841). Oqpav depends on
<;l>1js: we might expect 9'r]pc'B0al. with 45; ml ¢7j$‘ parenthetic, but Eur.
has to avoid an awkward accumulation of participles. For other
and stranger cases of. ‘attraction’ to a :59 clause see Jebb on Trach.
1238. Am-oi] : on the ‘intoxicating’ character of flute-music see 126-
9 n. 1’|p'r| pupévas = sis‘ eipqpiav rrrwcraoaiaas‘ (222) [but Wecklein’s
'!]1p1)p.wp.&‘ln7v (with Klinptv) improves the balance of the sentence and
may well be right]
689-90. ¢i:)\6l\u§ev : see 24 n. or-rafleiaa: ‘standing up’ (not ‘standing’,
)
GUTCUUG .

692--4. Balxcpov . . . 61-rvov, only here: ‘somnus qui est in ipso flore, i.e.
altus sopor' (Hermann), or less probably ‘somnus qui vires refic-it’
(Elmsley) like Lat. alma quies. For the latter (active) sense of
Qallepcis I can find no parallel, unless aallcpwreipcp -:rve1ip.a'r& iS right at
Aesch. Sept. 707 and means ‘with a wholesomer wind’. Bafip’
lfiaiv cfiuoapiae, ‘a strange sight foi its ordered calm’: the members
 LINES cso-711 163
of the Gtaaos are en rapport and move as one, like a flock of birds
(748). ellxoapias‘, gen. of cause. The word and the ideal recur in later
Dionysiac cult: e.g. the Rules of the Iobacchi require ezlcrrcidezav Kai.
e1lK0crp.iav(l. 16, cf. l. 64). véas 1-ralxanai 11-apflévou. -re : in an enumera-
tion it is against normal usage to attach a connective to the last item
only (for exceptions see Denniston, Particles, 501). But here -napeévor
are not a third category co-ordinate with the other two: the sense
is rather ‘young and old—and unmarried girls among them’ (Bruhn).
695-8. Women tied up their hair under a ,u.t1-pa. to sleep (Hec. 923 ff.).
avea-|-eilxav-ro and xa1-etdaaav-|-o describe different actions. The former
seems to refer not to ‘tucking up’ the fawnskin under the girdle for
freedom of movement (Paley)—-for on vases it falls little below the
waist—but to securing it on the shoulder (Sandys): cf. Accius,
Bacch. fr. 14 ‘tunc silvestrum exuvias laevo pictas lateri accommo-
dant’. The purpose of the snake-girdle, on the other hand, was
ritual rather than practical: cf. 101-4 n., and the ritual term flcixxos
or pew; d.-n-cl xarafiufiaews (in the Great Bacchic Inscription of New
York, cf. Cumont, A.].A. 1933, pp. 256 ff.). Juxpvirotv yévuv may
mean that the snakes licked the maenads’ cheeks, as at 768, or
merely that they ‘protruded their tongues as if licking their own
jaws’ (Paley, comparing Hes. Theog. 826 and Scut. 235 where snakes
are said Atxpdgfeiv in this sense). Nonnus seems to have taken it
in the former way: he appears to be imitating this passage rather
than 768 when he describes the snake that coiled itself round
Cadmus’ head xal. 'yr\a'i0aa rrriptf r\ix,u.a§ev tlrrrfvqv III). On the
other hand, the cheek-licking has more point at 768, and it may
be argued that the poet would not spoil his effect there by anticipat-
ing it here.
699-702. Maenads playing with the young of wild creatures appear in
vase-paintings (e.g. Phintias amphora, Beazley, A.R.V. p. 22. 2,
Pfuhl, 381) ; but they do not suckle them, as they do here (and
in Nonnus, 14. 361 f., 45. 304 f.), save in a frieze at the Villa Item in
Pompeii, to which Prof. Merkelbach has called my attention. The
trait is hardly an invention of the poet’s, for the act seems to have a
ritual meaning: the fawn or wolf-cub is an incarnation of the young
god, and in suckling it the human mother becomes a foster-mother
of Dion. (Atovu'a0v -n6-rjvq, Hom. Il. 6. 132, Soph. OC. 680). é8l80aav,
‘offered’.
702-3. erri. 8’ iiflev-ro: tmesis. On the pillafi see 108 n.; and on the ritual
significance of ivy and oak, 81 n., 109-10 n.
704-11. Dion. is a miraculous wine-maker (H. Hymn. 7. 35), and his
power is transmitted to those possessed by him when they wield
hiS magic rod. Since he iS rrciavjs‘ I57/pas glnicrews miptos‘ (Plut. IS. 6!
Os. 35), his rod can also, like Moses’, draw water from the rock, and
its power extends likewise to the two other liquids which Nature
I64 COMMENTARY
gives to man--milk and honey. [There was a spring at Cyparissiae
which was called forth by Dion., Biipaqi m\-rjgam-I és 1-1‘;v -yfiv (Paus.
4. 36. 7); and at several places there was an annual miracle by which
Dion. was believed to transmute water into wine or to produce wine
ex nihilo (Teos, Diod. 3. 66; Elis and Andros, Paus. 62 26: cf. J.
Vurtheim in C.Q. xiv [I920], 92 ff.). Of honey he was the first dis-
coverer (Ov. Fasti 3. 736 ff.); milk he can produce from wood
(Ant. Lib. 10). The tradition of Dion. as a miraculous milk-maker
perhaps survives in the modern custom by which nursing mothers
visit a cave on Pangaeum (where Dion. had his oracle, Hdt. 7. 111)
in order to obtain an abundant flow of milk by touching a certain
stone (P. Perdrizet, Cultes et mythes du Pangée, 38, n. 1). For ‘the
powers ascribed to the maenads cf. Plato, Ion 534 A at flcixxal.
cipziovral. in rciiv rr0'ra,u.c'<3v ,u.e‘AL Kai. 'yci.}\a xa'rex6,u.eva|.," §p.¢pove's' 38
ofiaat 0:5’: Aeschines Socraticus fr. 11 Dittmar at Béxxai e..¢.s.i..
Evaeoa yeivwvrat, cider oi dlhhot e'x 'rc_'e)_v qipedrwv 0:338‘ l')'3wp siivavrac.
1§5pe1ieo9a:., eirceivat pelt xai 'y¢i.4\a dpiiovrat: Hor. Odes 2. I9. 9l'I.,
Nonnus 45. 306 ff., &c. Similar miracles seem to have figured in
Eur.’s Hypsipyle (see on 142-3) and in Soph.’s Athamas (fr. 5). See
further U_sener, ‘Milch und Honig’, Rh. Mus. N.F. lvii (1902), 177 ff.;
C. Bonner, ‘Dionysiac Magic’, Trans. Amer. Philol. Ass. xli (1911),
175 ff.; and for the like miracles in a modern orgiastic cult, Brunel,
Aissdozia, 119 f.]
710. éopoész not ‘swarms’ (an absurd metaphor) but ‘springing jets’:
the word in this sense is connected not with Efiopat but (as Elmsley
was the-first modern to suggest) with i’-qna: cf. Heapds (ridqpc).
Similarly the New Comedy poet Epinicus calls honey éandv p.er\io'0"1)s‘
ykvxfiv, ‘the bees’ sweet sending’ (fr. 1, Kock 3. 330). [Emendations
have been proposed, but the text is confirmed by the echo in
Philostratus, vit. soph. I. I9 oi Baxxeioo Qtipaoa. (€|c3r.36acrr.) 1'6 ,1-ta.
Kai. ‘rolls eiopozlg foil ‘yd/\ax'r05'.]
712. 1-6v, relative. Such forms, freely used by Aesch. and Soph. both
in lyrics and (for metrical convenience) in dialogue, are in Eur.
almost confined to the lyrics (Kiihner-Gerth, i, p. 587 f.). The only
other assured examples I know in Euripidean dialogue are Andr.
810 and El. 279: he probably felt the usage to be too -remote from
living speech.
71 5-1 6. ‘To match re P orts in conclave concernin 8 their stran 8 euncannY
actions.’ [The text of 715 seems t-o me sound: A6-ywv Epiv 3r.36var.
is a typically Euripidean variation for A6-you; 3:.36v'r€s‘ e'p|.'§ew (cf.
618-21 n.). But the phrasing of 716 and 667 is suspiciously similar,
and may originally have been identical: for Chr. Pat. (2212 f.) has fixw
qbpcioai. 00:. Kai. 11-6101. rrohrlcl. §éva, I 0'15‘ rcawci. rrcivra davpcirwv r’ £11-dfta,
Whioh suggests that the a11tl‘1OI_' found Havpdrwv 1" eirrcigta in line
667. If it stood there originally, we may suppose that (a) the line
 LINES 704-25 165
was quoted in the margin at 715, to define the contents of the xotvoi.
A6-yet, or perhaps deliberately introduced there for that purpose;
then (b) at a later date davpcirwv -r’ e’-rréfia was altered in 667 to
0avp.dE-rwv -re rcpeiooova, to avoid recurrence of an identical line within
the limits of a single speech.]
717. ‘One who had tramped the town and had the knack of words’
(Verrall). -rpifimv, ‘rubbed’, i.e. ‘experienced’ (cf. Lat. callidus),
takes a gen. on the analogy of Zpwetpos. It is one of the colloquial
words introduced into tragedy by Eur. The poet has to explain
why the herdsmen did not after all fall to prayer but instead (as
tradition doubtless required) attacked the maenads. So he repre-
sents. them as acting on the advice of an irreverent ciyopafos ciwjp
with an eye to the main chance (721 xciptv dfvarrt 6¢6,ae6a.), like the
pd-raid; Tl-S‘ at IT. 275. It is worth noticing that this is a type which
Eur. elsewhere portrays with little sympathy: cf. especially Or.
902 iI., where the town-bred demagogue ‘with no doors to his tongue’
is contrasted unfavourably with the honest countryman ‘who seldom
went near town or market-place’.
719. 6el\e're 6-r|pacui:|.|.e6a, ‘shall we hunt P’: cf. Goodwin, M. and T.,
§ 287.
721. To ‘oblige’ some one is always xtiplv Béaflat, not Betvat, since the
agent’s interest is involved (he expects the favour to be returned):
to ‘confer a favour’ gratuitously is xéptv Sofivat. Hence the accepted
correction 6a5pe6’- for Hcopev here.
728--41. allrrofis, first person, instead of the cumbrous was ad-I-06;: this is
a fairly common usage even in classical prose, and is regular in
Hellenistic Greek (Kiihner-Gerth, i, pp. 571 ff.). The same tendency
to make the third person reflexive serve for all persons is observable
in other languages (Vilackernagel, Vorl. iib. Syntax, ii. 94). -rfiv
1'e1'a'y|,u'sv1]v iépavz ‘at the appointed time (of day).’ We might expect
the dat., but in such phrases efipa, like Katpds, seems to be used in
the accus. even where duration is not involved: cf. Aesch. Eum.
I09 Efivov, cfipav otlsevds xo:.v1)v Hecfiv, Hdt. 2. 2. 2 'r'i7v rfapqv (‘at the due
time’) érraytveietv 093:. at)/as, Arist. Alh. Pol. 30. 6 rdv pa) iovra sis rd
Bovhevrrfpeov 'r1’]v ciipav 'r1)v_ 1-rpopp-qfieicrav. The two latter passages
dispose of Verrall’s idea (in his note on Eum. 109) that the words
must mean ‘in the appointed ritual’. So also (iwplav ‘at the wrong
time’, Ar. Ach. 23.
725. '|ai<xov: ‘Lord of Cries’ (if ancient and modern scholarship is right
in connecting the name with the verb iaxei'v)I a local Eleusinian
and Athenian title of Dion., here put rather‘ inappropriately into
the mouths of Theban worshippers. [Originally Iacchus may have
been, as many scholars think, an independent local Saipwv, the
presiding genius of the great Eleusinian procession, who lived for
the rest of the year in the 'Iarcxci.’0v at Athens. But his eventual
I66 COMMENTARY
identification with Dion. in Athenian cult is shown in the ritual
shout raised by the people at the Lenaea, Eepehrft’ '1axxe 1'n\ov'r056'ra
(schol. Ar. Frogs 482). The oldest extant authority for the identifica-
tion is Sophocles, Ant. 1146 ff. and fr. 959 P. Nfiaav 1'iv 6 Bozixepws‘
"Iarcxos . . . ve’,uer..]
726--7. ‘And the whole mountain and its beasts were god-possessed as
they were, and with their motion all things moved.’ These strange
and beautiful words startled ancient critics: —.-rev 8% ovveBci.\cxev'
6pos is quoted in the de sublimitate as an example of imaginative
boldness verging on extravagance, together with a line from Aesch.’s
Lycurgus trilogy, dvfiovata 81) 863,ua.- Bakxetiel 0'-re"y'q, which the author
finds still more -.-mp<i8o§ov. Hence Paley is surely wrong in supposing
that avvefloixxeve means merely ‘re-echoed’. The same thought that
inanimate nature shares in the Dionysiac ecstasy seems to be "implied
in IT. I242 ff. rciv Barcxeriovcrav Atovzicrcp Hapvdatov xopvgécivt Cf. also
Ion. 1078 ff. and Soph. Ant. 1146, where the stars are represented as
Dionysiac dancers; and for the behaviour of the beasts, Pindar
fr. 6I. I8 Bowra (70 b Snell) 6 Se’ (sc. Zl|.6vvo'o5') x1'7¢\ei"ra:. xopevotioatcn
rca[l 91)]pu'3v ciyéllats.
729. dis is logically superfluous, but emphasizes the fact that the
seizure of Agaue never got" beyond the stage of intention.
730. [éxpfirrropev (L P) can perhaps stand, referring to the whole group
of herdsmen (cf. 722). For the singular object cf. 744 éagbdrlzlovro . . .
Sépas. I do not know why Hermann says ‘si activo usus esset,
aoristum, nisi fallor, posuisset’.]
731. For the tribrach composed of a single word coinciding with the
fourth foot cf. 1147. I suspect that in both places the exceptional
rhythm is deliberately used for emotional effect. According to
Descroix, it occurs in only seven other tragic trimeters, of which one
at least is corrupt and another spurious.
782. av6pc'-‘w r6’:v5' 611-0: in tragic senarii true prepositions rarely follow
the noun they govern unless they come (1) at the end of a line or
(2) in the middle of the governed phrase (e.g. Tro. 954 vafig e’-rr’ Ap-
-yelwv). The exceptions of which this is one, are listed and dis-
cussed by Denniston on El. 574. Cf. 1061.
734---4-7. On the significance of the 0-.-rapa-y,a6s see Introd. pp. xvi ff.
The rending of the cattle may have appeared also in the Lucurgus
of Naevius, though fr. 19 ‘sine ferro pecua manibus ut ad mortem
meant’ was otherwise interpreted by Ribbeck (Réfmische Trageidie, 59).
737-8. -rfiv pév: not Agaue, but ‘one of the madwomen’ : the picture is
generalized, and the victims are named in order of increasing
importance-—-rrdpts (a young heifer), Sapéhat (fully mature heifers),
Tafipoti cf. schol. Theocr. I. 75 at 1-rdpries ezlrellécr-repat 1-div Sapdhewv.
The humblest victim would hardly be assigned to the leader.
Zxouaav . . . Sixa: can only, I think, mean ‘holding apart’; but the
 LINES 125-47 167
sense required is surely ‘wrenching asunder’. I would read, with
Reiske, Ehxovoav . . . Stxa. Cf. Page, Lit. Pap. i, 10. 59 (from Eur.
Anltope) cillxois ye ravpeioccn. 5:.aq5opovp.e’v'q. [Not eiv xepofv d.xp.ai's'
(Nauck, &c.): one does not hold a cow in one’s hands like a tea-cup.
And not, I think, év xepofv 3iK'_r] (Elmsley, &c.) : the cow had committed
no crime, and even if the phrase meant no more than Exovoav 15110-
xetpiov it would still be, as Dalmeyda observes, rather too abstract
an expression for a passage so gruesomely pictorial.]
748-5. ‘Bulls that till then were arrogant, with anger mounting in
their horns, stumbled to earth dragged by the multitudinous hands
of girls.’ is népag Oupoépevor, the source of Virgil’s ‘irasci in cornua’
(Georg. 3. 232, Aen. 12. 104). Editors read into this simple phrase a
reference to the beast glaring sidelong at his own horns (es xépag
-.-rape,uB)\e’-nwv, Hel. 1558) or staring at his adversary along the line
of his horns. But the thought is rather that he concentrates his
rage in his horns, as is clear from Ovid Met. 8. 882 ‘armenti modo dux
vires in cornua sumo’. Cf. the archaic Eng. ‘horn-wood’ for ‘fighting
mad." p.Upl(.‘I.lJ'lZ the ‘multitudinous’ hands suggest the terrible
collective insanity of a mob (cf. 1109 pvptav xépa, and the grim
anonymous threat implied in -.-roll/\al at xeipes Hec. 1151) ; the effect
is enhanced by the two resolutions, giving a swift, perhaps slightly
hysterical rhythm.
74-6-7. 8|.ecI>opo6v'ro2 best taken as passive (subject rafipot, e’v5v'r¢i.
‘retained accus.’). The change of subject then comes with the
change of tense and topic at 748. aapnog év6u-ra: probably not
the hide, but ‘the garment of flesh’ (crapxcis genitive of material),
like III e'v3v'r¢i veBpi3cov, H67. I269 crapxdg rrepaflci/laza, Empedocles
fr. 126 aapxdlv xi-réivt. g-.va.|.a.: consecutive infinitive, ‘faster than
you could have closed’: this is the normal construction after a
comparative and 1}’ (Goodwin, M. and T., § 764), cf. e.g. Hec. 1107
rcpei0oov' "T7 qiépetv xami, and infra, I285 rrpdofiev if cre yvwpioat. [P has
mi, whence many edd. read ml gvvdiba.-.g with the Renaissance
corrector p. __But this receives only dubious support from Hipp.
I186 dcicroov ij he‘-you. (Mi-yer. V P) 1'r.5'.] |3am7\eiou;: to palliate the
homely familiarity of ‘before you could wink’, the Herdsman
prudently inserts a deferential epithet (Denniston). [flaoolmofs
Nauck, this being the usual form in tragic dialogue, as it is in Attic
prose; cf., however, Ba. 60, Med. 960, Hel. 70, 144, 1526, LA. 863
(which are overlooked in L.S.°)]
748-64. This raid on the Theban villages is probably, like much else
in the Herdsman’s narrative, traditional rather than invented by
Eur. A fragment of Naevius’ Lucurgus (see next note) suggests that

I Callimachus applied the phrase metaphorically to an angry poet,

fl’ 203. 52 Pfeiffer ciotscls 65' xepag 're61ip.w"rat.
I68 COMMENTARY ‘
something of the kind figured in Naevius’ (probable) model, the
Lycurgeia of Aeschylus. Moreover, the description corresponds to
the known behaviour of persons in abnormal states in many primi-
tive societies (A. van Gennep, Les Rites de passage, 161 f., cf. 755-8
nn., and my Greeks and the Irrational, 275). And although such
actions belong to a stage of social organization which fifth-century
Greece had long outgrown, legend or ritual may well have pre-
served the memory of them; while in Macedonia Eur. may have
encountered the actuality. An attenuated echo is perhaps to be
recognized even to-day in the behaviour of the Viza mummers:
‘in general’, says-Dawkins, ‘anything lying about may be seized
as a pledge to be redeemed, and the Koritzia (girls) especially carry
off babies (cf. 754) with this object’ (].H.S. xxvi [1906], 197).
74-8-50. 1710-1-' 3pv|.6e9 ap6e'i0'a|. 6p6|.up, ‘like birds upborne by their own
speed’. Naevius too compared the maenads to birds (Luc. fr. 7).
~n'e$|'.wv G1-ro-raven;-, ‘across the understretch of plain’, accus. of space
traversed (cf. 306-9 n.). Winnington-Ingram calls attention to
the effective contrast between the maenads of the mountain,
‘enemies of organised human society’, and the lowlands, ‘where men
have laboured to subordinate nature, - to grow corn and live in
ordered settlements’. Naevius’ maenads trampled the farmers’
crops: ‘quoque incedunt omnis arvas opterunt’ (Luc. fr. 3). Erythrae
is praised by the gourmet-poet Archestratus (apud Athen. 112 B) for
the excellence of its bread. ixfiakltouai: so Hipp. Nat. Puer. 22 -rdv
xaprrdv c'xBa'r\/letv, ‘to produce fruit’. [Brunck’s Qqfiaiots is probable:
the accus. sing. (P) may have been introduced by assimilation, and
L’s gen. pl. (for which I can find no good parallel) in an attempt to
correct this.]
751-2. ‘Yards 1" ’Epu6pa9 6', governed by c’-nea-treoofiaat (Cf. Her. 34).
These villages are situated among the northern foot-hills of the
Cithaeron massif, where it runs down to the Asopus valley, and so
are correctly described as ‘standing in the hill-country (Aén-as, cf.
677-8 n.) of Cithaeron, in its lower reaches (ve’p6ev)’. The herdsmen
would pass them in their flight towards Thebes. (‘So-re = (.60-irep.
754. rénva should not be emended : the baby-stealing maenads reappear
in Nonnus (45. 294 ff.), and cf. the behaviour of the Viza mummers
cited above. They appear also on vases. The baby who sits astride
a maenad’s shoulders on a Bologna krater (Pfuhl, Malerei, Abb. 581)
might be her own; but the maenad on a British Museum pyxis by
the Meidias painter, E 775 (Beazley, A.R.V., p. 833. 14; Curtius,
Pentheus, fig. 15), who carries a child brutally slung by the leg over
her shoulder, has surely stolen him. Perhaps she is going to eat him,
as the daughters of Minyas in their madness ate the child Hippasos.
The pyxis is closely contemporary with our play.
755-7. For the perfect sense of balance exhibited by persons in ecstatic
 LINES 748-58 169
states cf. Nathaniel Pearce’s account of ecstatic dancers in Abys-
sinia: ‘I have seen them in these fits dance with a bruly, or bottle of
maize, upon their heads without spilling the liquor, or letting the
bottle fall, although they have put themselves into the most extra-
vagant postures.’ If the text is sound, the ‘bronze and iron’ are not
weapons—-the maenads’ only weapon is the thyrsus, 762---but domes-
tic utensils (Wilamowitz, comparing Thuc. 3. 68. 3). In the Thucydides
passage, however, the meaning is made obvious by the preceding
word Em.-aha ; here it is far from obvious, and it is at any rate a little
odd that pots and pans should be specially named among the things
which did not fall off the maenads’ shoulders. I incline to agree
with those who think that a line or more is lost after 756, and that
the sentence beginning with 611600 ended at -rre'80v. The Herdsman
may perhaps have continued ‘Nothing resisted their assault, not
bolted doors, not bronze, not iron’. cirrdoa (‘all the things they
carried’) will then include the children—which would naturally be
carried on the maenads’ shoulders, and are so carried in Nonnus
and on the B.M. pyxis—-but will also include household goods
(implied in -miv-ra Ste-$epov): what chiefly astonishes the Herdsman
is that the latter did not fall off.‘ [This lacuna and the one at 652 may
well be due, as C. Robert suggested (Hermes, xiii [I878], 137), to the
same cause, viz. an accidental injury to a leaf of the archetype, if
we assume that like P and L the archetype had two columns on
each page of about 35 lines each (an assumption which agrees pretty
well with Wilamowitz’s calculation for the archetype of P, in the
Troades, Analecta Euripidea, 51): the interval between the lacunae
will then be 3 columns (104 lines).= Some postulate another lacuna
after 754; but the defectiveness of the antithesis, 'r]p1'ra§ov piv rexva,
drrdaa 3' e'~rr' 0'l7.:.or.s Efieaav otlx Errm-‘rev, may be due merely to the
speed and compression of the narrative.] _
757--8. Ia-mblichus, de myst. 3. 4, of religious ecstatics, 1-r0.\)\oi. -yap Kai.
rrvpcis 1rpoo'q$epo,u.e'vov oil xaiovrat, ollx dnropivov -roii -rrvpdg a:.’rrc'6v 31.6.
-r1‘;v Geiav e‘1ri1rvOl.u.P. The same claim is made in modern times: e.g.
painless fire-walking is practised today in Thrace by orgiastic
dancers at the feast of Saint Constantine (jeanmaire, Dionysos,
185, quoting C. A. Romaios, Cultes populaires de la Thrace, trad.

1 A different solution of the puzzle has been offered by the late John
Jackson, who suggests (Marginalia Scaenica, 17) that oz’: xaihcds, oz}
ai’8~qpog is the remains of a line which originally stood after 761, and
that when it was misplaced the rest of the line was deleted and is péltav
-nc’8ov introduced from 1065 to patch up the metre. The words would of
course make excellent sense after 761, but I find the hypothesis too
complicated to be very convincing.
2 See now P. G. Mason, C.R. lxii (1948), 105 ff.
 170 COMMENTARY
franc. 1949, 17 ff.); cf. also R. Benedict, Patterns of Culture, 176,
T. K. Oesterreich, Possession, 264, 270 (Eng. trans.), Brunel, Aissaofia,
109, 158, and the feats attributed to Indian fire-walkers and to
certain European ‘mediums’. In our passage the fire could be super-
natural in origin, like the lambent flames that played about Achilles’
head in Homer ‘(Il. 18. 205 ff.); but the context rather suggests that
it is taken from the domestic hearths of the villagers.
758-60. oi st: the villagers. qaepépevout ‘being plundered’. 16
ea.-av Oéapa: ‘that dreadful sight’ (which remains in my memory).
Cf. IT. 320 06 51) -rd Sctvdv 1'rapaKe'r\eva,u.’ -hxo|.icrap.ev,- and the many
similar passages collected and discussed by ]ebb on Soph. Tr. 476
(appendix). [Perhaps 54.474; Em-. (Vitelli), to avoid second J-m>.]
761-4. For the widespread belief that the possessed are invulnerable
cf. Oesterreich, Possession, 353, Czaplicka, Aboriginal Siberia, I76.
Persons in abnormal mental states are often in fact insensitive to
pain (Binswanger, Die Hysteric, 7 56, cf. Iamb. de myst. 3. 4). That
people were really afraid of maenads seems to be implied in the
story of the fourth-century Macedonian king who used women
dressed as maenads to frighten an invading army (Polyaenus, Strat.
4. 1, schol. Persius 1. 99). Cf. Aesch. Sept. 498 Baxxqt rrpcls ti./\K'F;v
-Bura; cilg, cpdfiov B/\e’~rre.»v. But Alexandrine art and literature, not
content with the indwelling magic of the simple thyrsus, usually
provide their maenads with a Bvpad/lo-yxog, a thyrsus with an iron
spearhead (v. Papen, Der Thyrsos, 44 f.). [1-as pa (P) may represent
either -rot‘; ,ue'v or -rag ,u.e‘v. The latter gives an illogical but natural
antithesis between the women as targets for missiles and the same
women as assailantsfi]
765-8 . The Herdsman is allowed to round off his narrative by describing
what he cannot well have seen. This is not unusual, and does not
authorize us to regard him as a liar. To do that is to apply the
standards of the modern detective story to a wholly different art
form. Vi\|l(lV1'OZ the tragedians sometimes omit the syllabic aug-
ment (never or virtually never the temporal) in (a) lyrics (cf. 94, 100),
(b) less often, narrative speeches, nearly always formal ‘messenger’
speeches, and nearly-always at the beginning of a line. Usage (a)
comes from the tradition of choral lyric; usage (b) is most naturally
explained as an epicism.= It is interesting that the only certain in-

I I am now inclined to prefer it, since atpdaaeiv, ‘to make bloody’,

calls for an expressed object.
1 I think this remains true despite L. Bergson, Eranos, li (1954),
121 ff., who argues that the only motive is metrical convenience.
Although past tenses occur predominantly in messengers’ speeches,
I should nevertheless on his view expect a wider distribution of the
usage.
 LINES 757-80 I71
stances of (b) in Eur. occur in the Bacchae, which contains four (767,
1066, 1084, 1134): he perhaps felt the suggestion of remoteness from
common speech to be appropriate to these tales of the miraculous
but not to more realistic narratives. Cf. Kiihner-Blass, ii. 18 f.,
and Page on Medea 1141. uI|.|.tI.Z not their own blood, as 761 shows,
but that of the mangled cattle. orayova B’ in 1-rap'r|i5wv: probably
used by proleptic attraction instead of rdv év -n-ap-qtot a-rayéva (cf.
49 n.): the presence of xpods‘ makes it slightly awkward to take at
'rrap17i3wv as dependent on ifecpaifipvvov. The sense seems to be that
while the maenads washed their hands (vlteafilat is used especially
of hand-washing) the snakes were licking off (e’§e¢>a.t8pvvov, imperfect)
the blood from their faces. [The only suspicious word in these lines
is ac.-.49, which has little apparent point. Wilamowitz conjectured
xprfvag £45’ dyvas, but Bruhn’s and Marchant’s xprjvas Err’, all-r65‘ has
more chances of being right: the unusual position of E-Ir.-. (for which
cf. 732) would easily lead to corruption.]
769-74. The Herdsman ends, after the manner of messengers, by draw-
ing the moral—which is that we should accept with reverent grati-
tude the god’s normal gift of wine, lest we experience his stranger
powers. This agrees with Teiresias’ attitude (274-83). The last
two lines, at which some critics have been needlessly shocked,
reflect the persistent belief in wine as a magical source of vitality:
according to Peripatetic theory wine contains 1rrvei?,u.a, the stuff of
life, [Arist.] Probl. 953’°25 ff.; or as Ovid more simply puts it, ‘Venus
in vinis, ignis in igne fuit’ (Ars. Am. 1. 244). Cf. also the passages
quoted on 402-16.
775-7. élteuflépous, predicative (cf. 650) : ‘to make my speech free’. The
Chorus-leader is by now, like the Herdsman (670), afraid of the King’s
temper, which has reached bursting-point; but she adventures her
plea nevertheless. Such choral comments frequently mark the end
of an important fifioist it is fantastic to attribute this one to a name-
less citizen, as Norwood and Verrall do.
778-9. chore rrfip meme-a. ‘blazes up like fire’ (which is the type of rd
3liG,u.axov, Eur. fr. 429, Ar. Lys. 1014 f.). [e’qS<i1r-re-rat (P) may perhaps
have the same sense: Theocritus uses it of a girl’s cheek kindling
(14. 23, with schol. e’<;5.\e'ye1-o). It has also been explained as ‘touches
me to the quick’ (Paley) or ‘is reaching us’ (Sandys); but we expect
a verb which develops the simile.] \|:6yos as "EAAr|vag, ‘a discredit
in the eyes of the Greeks’, like IT. 525 J» nine; elg ‘E/\/\-qvag, Thuc.
7. 56. 2 xa/lclv agiriatv e’; -rolls 'Er\r\'r,~vag To dycbviapa gbaveiofiat. Pentheus
is full of racial pride (483).
780. The Electran Gate guarded the southern entrance to Thebes,
where the road from Plataea and Cithaeron came in (Paus. 9. 8. 7),
so is naturally chosen by Pentheus as the rallying-point for his
forces.
I72 COMMENTARY
781--6. This is, as Murray says, the typical ‘Ercles’ vein’ of the tragic
tyrant: cf. Thoas, IT. 1422 ff. Pentheus is unteachable: the palace
miracle showed that bolts and bars availed nothing against Dion.,
yet he responded by locking the gates (653); the Herdsman’s report
has shown that weapons are equally unavailing, yet he calls out
his army. am-n8r|4>6pous, i.e. hoplites (heavy infantry); 1-rélt-rag
600; 1-rahkouau, peltasts (light infantry)._ 00 yap ems in-A. = ml
yap (civexrci e'cr-rt)1'ci.3e, one llrrepficihilet. (rd pérpov), ‘for this is indeed
past bearing’. A colloquial ellipse (iambographi, Aristoph., Plato)
used several times by Eur. (Supp. 570, IT. 1005, fr. 73), but otherwise
foreign to tragedy: Denniston, Particles, 31. 1-rpbg yuvamfiiv: cf.
Creon’s bitterness at being worsted by a woman, Ant. 484 f., 525,
678 ii.
Scene 3 (c), the tempting qf Pentheus. This is the crucial scene of
the play. It begins with the psychological situation apparently
unchanged, save that Pentheus is ‘angrier than before. The patient
god still recommends rjovxia (790, cf. 647); the man, blind with rage,
threatens now not merely to arrest the bacchanals (231) but to
massacre them (796). Yet by the end of the scene Pentheus is
‘entering the net’ (848). How is the change brought about? Not,
I think, merely by the Stranger’s persuasive tongue: I agree with
Murray that from 811 onwards Pentheus appears to lose control over
his own mind, though he fights against this (see on 810-12, 821-38).
We should not try to rationalize this by following a superficial
modern analogy and calling it ‘hypnotism’. There is in fact no
evidence that antiquity was acquainted with any hypnotic technique.
[The incident described by Clearchus, apud Procl. in Remp. 2. 122. 22,
has recently been called a ‘séance d’hypnotisme’, but I see no
reason to. suppose that the subject's sleep was other than natural.
Apul. Apol. 42 and the Paris Magical Papyrus (Pap. Gr. Mag.
1. iv. 850 ff.) seem‘ to refer not to hypnotism but to the artificial
induction of ‘mediumistic’ trance.] What happens is rather the
beginning of a psychic invasion, the entry of the god into his victim,
who was also in the old belief his vehicle. Eur. is, however, too
careful a psychologist to present an abrupt unmotived change of
personality-—a bare act of God like the conversion of the Eumenides
in Aeschylus. In the maddening of Pentheus, as in the maddening
of Heracles (cf. Vililamowitz, Herakles=, p. 414), the poet shows us
the supernatural attacking the victim’s personality at its weakest
point—working upon and through nature, not against it. The god
wins because he has an ally in the enemy’s camp: the persecutor is
betrayed by what he would persecute-the Dionysiac longing in
himself. From the first that longing has been skilfully excited by
the Stranger (475); the barriers of self-control have been weakened
 LINES 781--97 173
by what happened in the stable; Pentheus’ rage at the Herdsman’s
narrative shows the breaking-point to be near-it is his last desperate
self-assertion. The Stranger’s -question, at 811 releases the flood.
Cf. Zielinski, Neue jahrbitcher, 1902, 649.
787. [1r€io"_|} (from rrciaxw) was once suggested by Tyrrell, and has been
proposed more recently by Cosattini (Riv. di Fil. xxxix [191 1], 252).
It looks neat as a retort to 686, yet can hardly be right, since
it really destroys the force of the pév . . . Se’ antithesis. The author
of the Chr. Pat. read -rretfi-7; (2277).]
791, efiiuv apov, ‘the hills of joy’, hills that heard the cry elloi. Cf. the
mountain in Messene which was called Efia, e1lol2'.li0vv'oou 1rpcii"r0v
e’v-rafifla eZw_6v-ros, Paus. 4. 31. 4; ‘and mount Euas near Sparta,
Plb. 2. 65. [xtvofivrt P, but the dat. with dvéxopat can hardly stand,
here or at Andr. 980. Verrall’s notion that it refers to Dion. (either
transposing 791 to follow 789 or imagining the sentence to be inter-
rupted by Pentheus) certainly will not do: elliwv shows that mveifv has
its usual implication of ‘meddling’. The choice lies between mvofiv-ra
and xwefv rt: xtvoiiv rt is too vague. Cf. Hel. I045 f. ollx civ (0')
dvcioxotro . . . ,u.e‘/\r\0vra . . . otiyyovov Karaxreveiv, which supports
rctv0i3vra..]
792-3. ‘No preaching! You have broken gaol: then see you keep your
freedom-or would you have me renew your punishment?’ On the
construction cf. 343-4 n.; for criircrn -r68e, Soph. El. 1256 f., where
Electra says pdllis yap Eoxov vfiv ehefifiepov ardna and Orestes replies
§|iIu.¢r),u.|. Kai.)/iii‘ rovyapofiv aq5l_;ov r636, ‘guard your freedom’ (rather
than ‘remember it’, as some take 04507; 1-68¢ here). - ave...-pet... Bixqv,
lit. ‘cause justice to turn back (and seize you again)’ [Wecklein’s
xepas is needless and improbable]. The rather marked sigmatism
of these lines helps, I think, to suggest the King’s rage: cf. Med.
476 (with Page’s note), Hipp. 958 f., Ion 386, all expressive of anger.
rd oiypa rd Eilptrrisou, about which the comic poets teased him, is
most often, as we should expect, purely accidental (O; ]. Todd,
C.Q. xxxvi [I942], 34 ff.) ; but this by no means excludesits occa-
sional deliberate or instinctive use for emotional effect.
795. ‘Kick against the goad, mortality striving against deity.’ Geo
is loosely govemed by rrpds mivrpa Aaxrlgoipt (= Itaxoiprjv) 2 so fr. 604
rrpds Kdvrpa ,u.1) Acixrtge rois xparoilo-i 0-ov. For the proverb Cf. also fr.
iamb. adesp. I3 Diehl irrrrog dvqw rrpds: xevrpa pf] /\axfl[e‘rw and
Pindar, Pyth. 2. 94, Aesch. PV. 323, Ag. 1624, Ter. Pharm. 776
‘inscitiast, advorsum stimulum calces’. The author of Acts uses it
(9. 5 and 26. 14) exactly as Eur. does, as a waming to the aeopdxosi
he may in fact have borrowed it from the present passage (cf. 45 n.,
443-8 n., and F. Smend, Angelos, i [I925], 41).
796-7. ‘Sacrifice? Yes, of women’s blood as they deserve; generously
I shall unleash it in Cithaeron’s glens.’ (L.S. s.v. Bfihvs surprisingly
174 COMMENTARY
mistranslates gbdvov 6-ijAuv as ‘murder by women’.) £601-rep c’i§tai,
sc. eicriv an-ofiavetv ai yvvaixes. [But I think we should read either
ciftos (Wilamowitz, SC. e‘crri.v 6 Zltdvuaos) or, if this is thought too
harsh, e.g....» (Camper): the point must be that the female victims
suit the womanish and woman-worshipped god.] For 4>0vov 1-rolkuv
rapafias, cf. Aesch. CI10. 330 f. ydos ci,a¢u\a<;6'I)s' rapaxdeis: rapcidaew is
‘to set in harassing motion’ (Tucker).
798--9. ‘To turn your shields of beaten bronze (i.e. take to flight)
before the wands of bacchanal women.’ The dat. is analogous to
that used with éxarfivat, :5-:1-oxwpetv, &c., in the sense of making way
for a person. [Nauck’s év-rpén-etv, ‘put to shame’, is not an improve-
ment: this sense of e’v-rpe’-m.» appears only in late prose. Bcixxas
(Wecklein) would be a better correction if any were needed.-—<;6ev-
Eetafle P, perhaps rightly. Eur. uses this form of the future for
metrical convenience (e.g. 659), but also, if the MSS. are to be trusted,
without metrical necessity at Med. 604 (where both Murray and
Page keep ¢ev§o6,aai) and according to M A B V at I-Iipp. 1093. Ar.
similarly appears to use it with and without metrical necessity;
Aesch. and Soph. not at all.]
800-1. 6-rrépqa, predicative: ‘I am at grips with this Stranger, and find
no way with him.’ ouprrenltéypefla, metaph. from wrestling: cf.
Men. Epitrep. 60 (I9) nerpiqa ‘ye avy.1re‘rr.\e'yy.a|. Iiriropt, Aeschines 2. I 53
avyarerrhe-yy.ar. 3' iv rfi -n-ohireiq. . . . civflpairrqa -yd-qr: Kai. rrovrgpél. 061':
flaaxwv oiire Spov, i.e. in no circumstances: rrdaxwv refers to 788; and
although the Stranger has not yet done anything, P. continues with
the formal antithesis mi-'-re 5p¢I3v (instead of ob’-re eihetiflepos‘ div). On
the influence of the Greek passion for antithesis see Wilamowitz
on Her. 1106. Here, however, the audience may detect in the word
Sptilv an unconscious admission that the initiative is passing to the
Stranger (Winnington-Ingram).
802. 6: 1-av, ‘Sir’. This expression (of uncertain derivation) is a polite
and respectful form of address ('rrpci0'p17y.a 'rt.y.17rl.K17§ Aéfews Hesych.),
not a condescending one as Bruhn asserts. It is used in speaking
to parents (Ar. Nab. 1432, Vesp. 1161) or social superiors (servant to
Iolaus, I-Ieraclid. 688; Plato to Dionysius, Pl. Ep. 3. 319 E), as well
as between equals who are not intimates. Frequently it calls
attention to an admonition or a proposal as here (cf. Heraclid. 688,
Cycl. 536, Soph. Phil. 1387, Ar. Eq. 1036). With 21 occurrences in
Ar., none in Aesch., 3 in Soph. (1 satyric), 4 in Eur. (1 satyric), it
looks like an Athenian colloquialism.‘
808. Soulkeiais, for Sonnets, like Lat. servitia for servi. Cf. Thuc. 5. 23. 3
-Fjv 1) 8ow\ei’a e’n-avta-r1'j‘-rat, and for the plural abstract Plato, Laws,
682 E rdv cull/\e‘§avra rag rdre ¢v'yci.g (= rotlg <pv'ya'.3as'). That P. calls

1 Cf. now G. Bjorck, Das Alpha Impurum, 275-7.

 LINES 796-814 175
his subjects ‘slaves’ is significant of his character : he talks like Lycus
in the Heracles, who calls the Chorus Sofiiloi rfis énfig -rupavvibog (Her.
251).
804. I take this to be a genuine offer. Pentheus’ earlier Jflpts has been
punished by his humiliation in the stable: if he will make terms
now, man and god are quits. But he thinks it is a trick.
808. ‘Certainly I made a pact—-that much is true—(but I made it)
with the god.’ If Ea-rt is retained, it must be so translated. But I
rather doubt, despite Plato’s use of Ea-rt rafira, whether roilrd -y’
Ea-rt could be used for roilrd -y’ éa-nv cb\1;6e’g: and if it could, we should
expect an adversative particle in front of -rt; 61:43. I agree with the
general view of modern edd. that we should accept Musgrave’s
Iadt, punctuating (with Elmsley) Kai. p.-hv §vve9e’,wqv rob‘-rd ‘y’, iadi, -£47.
6:413: ‘Certainly I made that compact (viz. flaxxefiaetv dei), never
doubt it, with the god.’ The emphatic word is not 1-4'3 Bea’) but
rofiro. [Tyrwhitt’s Es rt, ‘for a certain purpose’, has little point.
P originally had Kai. 71.1}, whence Hermann read eel 711‘; §uve6e',u.-qv,
roilrd y’ iart ref) 9&5, ‘Even if I made no pact, that (viz. flaKxeJe:.v)
belongs of right to the god’. This is possible; but ml p.-iiv looks
genuine, in view of the frequency of Kai. pnjv . . . -ye in assent, often
as here with repetition of one of the previous speaker's words: cf.
Soph. OT. 345, 836, Eur. Alc. 713, &c., and Denniston, Particles,
353 ff. The copyist who misread £'a6i as am doubtless had in mind
the common use in late Greek of r0fir' em for ‘i.e.’.]
810--12. Pentheus has broken off negotiations and turned to leave the
stage when the Stranger recalls him with 6.. This can hardly, like
Eng. ‘Ah’! signify resignation. It can be a gasp of astonishment
(cf. 586, 596) or a groan of pain (Rhes. 799); but often it expresses
urgent protest, ‘Stop!’: cf. Her. 1051 6 6, 5|.ci p.’ 64¢?-re, Or. 1598 d El,
,u.173a;.:.c'='Js' Spaoys rci.3e, Hel. 445 II’ 711) rrpoaeillei xeipa, Soph. Phil.
1300 6, ,wq8a;.i¢13s. This seems to be its force here (Tyrrell, cf. Verrall,
Bacchants, 106). ‘Stop! Would you like to see them, huddled there
on the mountain-side P’ ‘Yes! I would give uncounted gold to see
that.’ It is the answer, if not of a maniac, at least of a man whose
reactions are ceasing to be normal: the question has touched a
hidden spring in Pentheus’ mind, and his self-mastery vanishes.
813. Perhaps better punctuated, with Musgrave, ri 8’; eig Epw-ra
-rovbe 1re’1'rrwKa$' aéyav; The Stranger feigns a shocked surprise
(Winnington-Ingram).
814. P. momentarily pulls himself together: ‘I should be sorry to see
them drunk.’ As this is in itself no answer to the Stranger’s question,
we should probably read p.e'v for vw: P. would have continued with
a Sé clause—‘Of course I should be sorry to see them drunk, but see
them I must’-—if the Stranger had not divined his thought and
supplied the Se’ clause himself. For the név clause left solitary as a
176 COMMENTARY
result of interruption cf. Her. 555. [Thisis much better than writing
814 as a question (Hermann), which obscures and enfeebles the sense.
Aurrpibs should not be altered: it is confirmed by 5 00:. 1'H.Kp(i. in the
next line. If we punctuate 813 in Musgrave’s way the difliculty is
somewhat diminished, but not removed.]
816. [An epexegetic ye (cf. 796) is commonly used in tragedy with
participial clauses which supplement the main statement (Denniston,
Particles, 138), and 8:’ has been emended to ye here, as also at Heraclid.
794. But be’ is perhaps defensible if we give it an adversative sense,
as introducing a conditio sine qua non: 06¢’ Z06i' aiy-fj 8’, :5-n-’ e’.\0i-rat;
x06-:jp.ev0s~, ‘Certainly I want to see them, but privily, crouched in
the shadow of the firs.’ For- the modal dative thus added cf. I A.
I456 f. tixwv 7.1.’ firrep y-fig 'EA)ui.5o5' Sta‘:/\ecrev.——36.\¢y 3', ciycvvribg Hrpiwg
-r‘ 015:: dfiiws. That P. abandons this condition a moment later (818)
is entirely in keeping with his state of mind.]
820. -rofi xpovou at 001 <|>0ov¢'.‘a: ‘I grudge you the delay (the intervening
time).’ For this sense of xpovog cf. Dem. fals. leg. I63 0113' erro|.17crav
(eiverroi-qaav Dobree) xpdvov o:l3e'va. [P has Se‘ 0' 015, which cannot be
defended as an elision or a crasis for aor. 0:3. Elmsley proposed 8:’ y’
0:5, Dobree 8’ ob’ 001., Paley yap 015. If the negative is retained,
Pentheus is saying merely ‘I can spare you the time’ (like Hec. 238
-r06 xpdvov yap 0:5 q560v¢5) ; the words may be explained as ‘a hasty
attempt to deny the impatience the first half of the line betrays’
(Winnington-Ingram). But it is perhaps likeliest on the whole that
0:5 was introduced by a copyist who misunderstood 1-06 xp6v0u.]
821-38. Pentheus’ masculine pride (cf. 785 f.) is outraged by the
proposal that he should dress up as a woman. Torn between dignity
and lust, he accepts (824) and goes back on his acceptance (828).
‘Then you. have changed your mind and don’t want to see the
maenads ?’ (829). He hesitates, plays for time by asking questions,
finally refuses (836). -‘Then you will make bloodshed’ (837). ‘You
are right: I must reconnoitre them first’ (838). Yet a few minutes
before ‘he had fully intended to make bloodshed (796, 809). Now the
lust to kill has vanished: it was only the substitute for a deeper,
unacknowledged lust to pry into the women’s doings, and it fades
when he is able to rationalize the latter as a ‘military reconnaissance’.
Nowhere is Eur.’s knowledge of the human heart more subtly
shown. [Failure to understand Pentheus’ psychology has led
Wecklein and others to propose unnecessary changes in the text.
On the Stranger’s motive, and the possible ritual significance of the
change of dress, see 854-5 n.]
821-2. Bucrcrivoug 1-rénkoug : ‘a dress of eastern linen’. Though the -n-e’wJ\0;
is properly a woollen garment fastened with a pin, the tragedians
use 1re‘1rAoL as a general term for any kind of dress (Studniczka,
Beitr. z. Gesch. d. altgriech. Tracht, 133 ff.). Here, as at Aesch. Che.
 LINES 814-33 177
30, it must be a long (833) linen xircdv: that fldaaos meant in the
fifth century a kind of linen seems fairly certain from Hdt.’s state-
ment (2. 86. 6) that it was the material of Egyptian mummy-
wrappings. At the "date of the 'Bacchae the long linen yr.-r05v had
gone out of fashion among Athenian males (Thuc. 1. 6. 3); the
monuments of this period show it worn only by women and ‘as a
ceremonial dress by priests, musicians, or charioteers. Dresses of
B6000; were probably never worn save by women (Aesch. Sept.
1039, Theocr. 2. 73) and orientals (Anchises, Soph. fr. 373; Persian
female mourners, Aesch. Pers. 125 ; male initiate in the mysteries of
Isis, Apul. Met. 11. 24). Hence Pentheus’s question. is Yuvainas
i§ avspa». 1-em; ‘am I to stop being a man and rank with women P’
ro\¢'i.'v is (1) to pay taxes (1-e'A-q), then (2) to be classified for taxation,
then (3) to be classified (generally): cf. Soph. OT. 222 sis as-.00.
113:0.
824. ‘Well said again! What a clever fellow you have been all along
(miAai)’! ab refers to 818, -mi.\0a perhaps to 655. [ab 1-68" 05; is
Wecklein’s convincing correction for atlrd Kai. 0.61-6 is the wrong
pronoun, and the confusion of Kai and 055- is very common owing to
the similarity of the shorthand symbols used to represent them in
MSS.]
826. [The break between 6 and 06, the second and third syllables of
a tribrach, would not have been allowed in older tragic practice.
Hence 4,14 Elmsley for 6 0:5 pt‘, assuming that <i,u.e’ was read as
<1‘ pic and 0:5 inserted to make up the foot. But cf. IT. 728 m£pei[0w-
4:1 8’ ¢’|rrl and Soph. Phil. 1247 3iKatIov, 6 y’ é’|.\aBes, both with a sense
pause after the first syllable of the tribrach, as here. Late tragedy
relaxed somewhat the earlier strictness in these matters (192 n.,
475 I1-)-l
831-3. atop:-|v . . . ravadv, i.e. a wig (ebevémq) or front of false hair (1'rpo-
xdpaov). It will not do to render ‘I will loosen your hair into long curls’
(ravadv pred.): for (a) e’-nl 04?» Kpari would then have little point;
(b) P.’s head must be close cropped if his jibe at 455 is to be effective.
-rd 5:0-rcpov oxfipa 1'00 xdcpou, ‘the next feature of my costume.’
-rt-A0. rrosfipclst cf. Et_ym.'Magn. p. I91. 5 M")/011-rat Baaaépat xircfives
005' e‘q56p0vv ai Qpqixzat flcixxat . . . fiaav 3% rr0:.Kir\0t Kai. 1ro31§petg. Aiaxlihog
6'11 ’H3wv0Eg' darts xtrcfavas flacrcrcipag re /ludiag Exec rrofiijpctg (fr. 59);
Sext. Emp. Pyrrh. Hyp. 3. 204 063% ci.v9oflaq5fi Kai. rro31jp1; Tl.$‘ dppnv
ivraiiaa (dv) ci.p.q!aie‘aa|.ro iadfira. |.|.i1'pa2 usually a band or ‘snood’
passing round the head and across the temples. It was worn by
women (Etym. Magn. ,u.irpa' Aeiyerat d -yuvauceios r-fig Kepal-fig ci.vci-
8¢a,u.0s, cf. Ar. Thesm. 257, 941, Eur. Hec. 923), and also apparently
by both sexes as part of the Dionysiac ritual dress. [Dion. himself is
xpv0'0,u.i1'p17$ (Soph. OT. 209); a votaress speaks of her p.t-rp08é-r00
K6,u.'r]5‘ (Anth. Pal. 6. 165. 6); and both the god and his worshippers
4003 .9 N

I
178 COMMENTARY
sometimes wear the ,u,i'rpa in vase-paintings from the middle of the
fifth century onwards. This ritual use seems to be of eastern origin:
Alcman 1. 67 speaks of pi-rpa /1v5ia (P as a Dionysiac ornament,
Bowra, Greek Lyric Poetry, 46). We may perhaps interpret it as a
sign of dedication to the god’s service (C. Picard, ‘Dionysos Mitre-
phoros’, Mélanges Glotz, ii. 709 ff.).]
836. [In the anecdote referred to in note on 314-18 Plato is made to
quote this line, followed in Suidas’ version of the story (s.v. Apt'0-mr-
rros) by another-tippqv rreqbvxciag Kai. yévovs‘ e‘§ tippevos. The words
app-qv ireqbvkcils appear also in Sextus Empiricus’ version (Pyrrh.
Hyp. 3. 204). The additional line has a Euripidean ring (cf. fr. 15
£'80q.u. 8’ azlrcilv €xy0y’.&'p0ev’ dpaévwv), and applies with special force
to Pentheus, whose father was not born of woman but sprung from
the dragon’s teeth. Possibly, as Boeckh thought, it should be in-
serted here: if P. at this point breaks off the discussion and turns as
if to go, the breach of stichomythia would be in accordance with
Eur.’s practice elsewhere (842 n., 1269 n.). Schoene placed the line
after 852, but it is more natural in Pentheus’ mouth than in the
Stranger’s. It is hardly an anecdotist’s invention, since the story
tums on capping quotations. But it may, I suppose, have been
taken from another play.]
837. ‘But you will cause bloodshed if you join battle with the wor-
shipping women.’ Despite Housman (apud Tyrrell) and Campbell
(Proc. Camb. Philol. Soc. 1954, 13), I find nothing wrong with this
in point of sense (see above, 821-38 n.) ; but u.Ip.c|. Ofiaeis is rather
questionable Greek. [I know no clear and exact parallel. Ion 1260
rois‘ ti.rroKreivao‘i ore rrpoarpdrratov Raina flrjoetg is, I think, different,
meaning ‘You will make your blood a source of pollution to your
slayers’. At Ion 1225, Ev 1-’ eivax-rdpois <,66v0v -rifletaav, the verb may
retain its local sense of ‘putting’; at Or. 1641, Bava’-rovs E9-qxav may
mean ‘the gods ordained deaths’; while I A. 1417 f. text. dvbpébv
-rt9ei.‘00 Kai. qbdvovs has been explained as a variation on the common
phrase dytbva -riflévat. There are, however, other phrases in which
-rtdévai c. accus. undoubtedly means to ‘make’ or ‘cause’, e.g.
6pv;Ia'y3dv €91]Kev OJ. 9. 235; orcioiv e'917Kav Her. 590; Kpavy-r‘7v €917Kas‘ Or.
1510. aip.ara')o77 Kirchhoff (cf. 1135); aina 3623061.; Wecklein (cf. Soph.
Aj‘. 376); aI,u.a riaeis‘ W. A. Moore; aip.‘ ciqb1jcret5‘ Colman, Cf. Heraclid.
821-2 ; ti./\A‘ ezlp,a9'i)s cl (‘ibis’) c'rvp.Ba/\r.3v fldxxats pdxuv ; Housman. The
last, though ingenious, can hardly be right, since dpfltfis (sc. Eileqfas) is
no answer to it. If any correction is needed, I should be content to
propose alga 91707;, ‘you will lay upon yourself blood-guiltiness’:
Cf. Soph. OC. 542 Eflov gbdvov, also Eur. Supp. 950 Kar‘ dhrlrfhmv
gbdvovs‘ ri.'9e09e, 01*. 833 narpoxrdvov aipa xeipl Oéafiai, Aesch. Eum.
226 rrdvov ..A..'... (1-rAé0v codd.) -r6900, ‘lay more trouble on yourself’;
and for the sense of 027.0, Eur. Supp. 148 alga . . . qbeziywv, Or. 514
 LINES 831-44 179
afn’ éxwv. The change is very easy, as the later spelling would be
Bvjcm and the next word begins with 0.1]
839. xaxois Bqpfiv Rand, to ask for trouble by inflicting it, ‘to seek
by wrath wrath’s bitter recompense’ (Murray). But the words are
ambiguous: Pentheus can take them as meaning ‘to hunt down one
social evil (maenadism) at the cost of another (blood-guiltiness)’-—
cf. mixer; 5606:“ mm-ei, Soph. fr. 77 P., Aesch. fr. 349.
84-1. The strong break in the middle of the line seems to give weight
to it and thus enhance its sinister effect. Cf. 922, 975, and Jebb on
Soph. Aj. 855, also Denniston, C .Q. xxx (1936), 79.
84-2. An illogical but natural blend of wrfiv xpefaaov T05 'r¢i.g fidxxag
iyyefifiv e',u.o|f and vrfiv ci.'ya'rr'q1'dv r.5o'-re (‘provided that’) 'rd.5~ Boixxas‘
pr’) éyye)\&‘v époi. With this line P. breaks ofl’ the discussion; with
the next he turns towards the door: hence the asyndeton and the
breach of stichomythia. [To avoid the latter, Hermann gave 843
to the Stranger and 844 to Pentheus. But it is P., not the Stranger,
who has to take the decision; and 844, an expression of confident
indifference, must be spoken by the Stranger. For breachof sticho-
mythia where the speaker changes the subject or makes a gesture
cf. infra 1269, Her. 1404, Soph. Aj. 541.]
84-3. é)\06v-r’, nom. dual. If the text is sound, the wavering construc-
tion refiects P.’s wavering state of mind. He begins as if he meant
to continue ‘We will concert our arrangements together’; but he
remembers his dignity and says instead ‘I shall decide as may
seem best’. The transition is felt to be possible because the ‘I’ is
part of the ‘we’. Cf. the combination of sing. ptcp. and plur. verb
in Aesch. Eum. I41 dviarw xci.-:ro)\c|.x1'{aa.a' tiervov I i5a'>p.c9a and Soph.
Phil. 645 xwprfiymsv, §v5o9cv Aaficbv I 5-rov as xpcfa. . . . Exes. [But e')l9u‘iv
'y' is technically an easy correction (I" being frequently mistaken
for T, and O confused with Q) and may be right.Z]
844-. ‘As you please: whatever you decide, I am at hand and ready.’
zgam seems to be a formula of acquiescence rather than permission:
I Mr. Alan Kerpoints out to me that the transmitted text can also
be interpreted as afpafi‘ -fiaas. Since Eévm. is used of pouring liquids or
shedding tears, this is perhaps not impossible Greek for ‘you will shed
blood’ (Eur. often has afpa-ra in this sense); but like afpa 91f0e:.s' it
seems to lack any close parallel.
2 Jackson (flfarg. Scam. 59), improving on Kirchhoff’s proposal of a
lacuna after 842, has now suggested that Euripides wrote something
like
At. e’/\9civ-r’ e's ofxovs (ofa xp-1} 01-e:.)lo5,u-£90.).
He. (riniaxege afirds) Ev Soxfi fl0UA€IjO'0,|.l.G.l-.
This, though bold, has the attraction of simultaneously restoring
stichomythia and normal syntax.
180 COMMENTARY
cf. Hel. 442, where it must have this sense, and Lat. ‘licet’ (Plaut.
Miles 536). -r6 -y’ épév, my course of action, my response to the
situation. The words can be taken as an offer of collaboration, but
they carry a veiled threat.
84-5-6. P. pretends to himself that his decision is postponed. But the-
Stranger knows that virtually it is already taken. a-reixoip’ Ev,
sc. is ofxovs: ‘I think I will go in.’ He leaves the stage at 846.
84-7--8. is Békov : the ,86Aos (from B¢£AAw) was a casting-net for fish. For
the metaphor cf. Rhes. 730 £'5- ,86Aov 1'|.$"i=’pX£1'ar., Eur. Alexandros fr.
43. 43 Snell (= Page, Greek Lit. Pop. 9. 37) els Bciliov -y&p div »n-e’ao¢,_
and Hdt. 1. 62. 4. Béuxas: the simple accus. of the goal of motion
is often extended from places to groups of persons as occupying
places. Cf. 1354 Bapfidpoug ¢i¢£go;m., Aesch. PV. 723 Apa§6vwv
a"rpo.-rov fifas, Eur. Her. 409, El. 917, 1281. So here Bdxxas represents
‘Cithaeron’, as 05 shows. [The conjecture Béxxais (taken with
Sdicm Sixqv) is thus needless. With Balvw Eur. even uses this accus.
of a single person, Hipp. I371 686m p’ 686m Baivet, Andr. 287 Efiav
8% Hpm.,ul6av: cf. Ar. Nub. 30 -ri xpéos €,8a pt‘; (a quotation from, or
parody of, tragedy).—-figs; KT/\. cannot as it stands be the opening
line of the Stranger’s speech, since he must turn to the Chorus before
he speaks of P. in the third person. Murray’s suggestion, 175.1; -. . .
Sofia“; (addressed sotto voce to P.’s back), would obviate the necessity
of transposition. But the direct transition from 848 'yuva.i.’x€s‘ . . . to
849 Azdvvae . . . is a little abrupt. The same objection arises if 847
is deleted as an explanatory amplification added by someone on the
model of Her. 740 -Hides Xpdvcp pév 01$ Six-17v 8o.':cre'cs' 9a.va':v.]
84-9. cbv ipyov, an Attic colloqualism, frequent in Ar. and Eur., either
(a) with dependent infinitive, ‘it is yours to . . .’ (so already Aesch. PV.
635) ; or (b) as a complete sentence, followed by a prayer or command,
‘action rests with you’. oi’: yap cl -npécru, the same irony as in 500.
850---3. ikadapav Aéaccw: a madness of inconstancy, ‘a dizzy fantasy’,
rather than (Paley, Wilamowitz) ‘a light attack of madness’. So
Phocylides fr. 9 speaks of people who appear oa.6¢poves' but are
really e’Aa¢p6voot, and Philemon fr. 171 Kock calls the female sex
c')\a.qSp6v, ‘inconstant’; cf. also Hesych. e’/\a<;$p£a- pwpia. [06 pfi
U¢l\1']crn: this is the accepted reading, though P has Belhjaei. But the
old rule which limited 013 pvj with the future indic. to prohibitions
cannot be sustained (see Ellendt, Lex. Sophocleum s.v. 06 7, Jebb on
OC. 177, and Goodwin, M. and T., Appendix II). And it is hardly
logical to ‘correct’ the future here while letting it stand, as modern
edd. do, at Soph. El. 1052, Phil. 611, OC. 177, Eur. Phoen. 1590,
Ar. Ram. 5o8—all passages dating, like this one, from the last two
decades of the fifth century.] Egu ékufivuv, an image from the
race-course, more elaborately developed by Aesch., Cho. 1022, where
Orestes, feeling himself lose control of his mind, says ¢3¢-m-ep gap
 LINES 84-4-61 181
:'.'1-r11-01.; 1jv:.ocrrpo¢o'3 3p6,u.ov I éfw-r€pw' q$c'povo'|. yap vrxuipevov | glvpefves
Bziaapmrot: Cf. also PV. 883.
854---5. The Stranger’s insistence on dressing up P. as a woman has to
be motived, since the King was quite willing to go e’p<;$a.w.'6s (818).
But the motive assigned conflicts ‘with the Stranger’s promise at
841, and we do not learn that the King was in fact recognized and
mocked by the citizens. We may guess that the disguise was a
traditional feature of the story which Eur. had to accept and
account for (Murray)." [In origin it is probably a reflection of ritual
(Bather, ].H.S. xiv (1894), 249 ff.). Putting on the dress of the
opposite sex is thought in many societies to be a strong magic,
and is practised with a variety of magical purposes (Frazer, Golden
Bough, Iv. ii. 253 ff.; A. E. Crawley, Dress, Drink and Drums,
138 ff.). Its occurrence in Dionysiac ritual is attested by Lucian,
who says that the philosopher Demetrius p.dv0$' 'r¢Iav <i'AAwv yuvamefa
mix évesficraq-0 liv -rofs‘ Azovvolfozs (Cal. I6); by Philostratus, Im. I. 2
crv-yxwpei.‘ 6 xrfipos . . . civ8pi. 9-fjr\uv eivofivar. cr-ro/\1jv; and by Aristides,
41. 9 Keil, ofi -roll; é.'v3pa.5' 917r\zive:.v pfilthov 1’) "rd; yvvaixag sis‘ dvfipéiv
Téglv xa.9r.0"r¢i.va.1. Awvvuwmév. The specific ritual reason for the dis-
guising of Pentheus is perhaps that the victim of the womanish
god (453-9 n.) must wear the god’s livery (as the calf sacrificed to
Dion. on Tenedos must wear the Dionysiac buskin, Aelian, Nat.
Anim. 12. The victim, like the priest, is often invested with the
dress of the god, because (in Crawley’s words) the sacred vestment
is ‘a material link between his person and the supernatural’. This
would explain why Pentheus suffers a change of personality when
he puts on the holy dress, and why with the tearing off of the pi’-rpa
at 1115 his madness seems to vanish..]
856. in, ‘after’ (see L.S. s.v. 11. 2). [The former dwemal are mentioned
as a contrast to the coming -yehws: hence Wecklein’s transposition
of this line to follow immediately on 854.]
859--61. We expect the Stranger to say ‘He shall learn what Dion. is’
(cf. 39 f.). Hence Elmsley and Hermann took 8; -wéqaunw as equivalent
t0 ris‘ 1re‘q5vxev 01' olog 1'réq5vxev (like S0pl'1. Aj. I259 paddav 55' cf qhiacv,
OT. 1068 p.1j'n'o're yvoiqs 69 el). But the following words then come in
awkwardly, as an explanation of 6s. [I incline to read dis 'rrc'¢w<cv,
an easy change proposed long ago by Dobree (cf. W. Jaeger, Hermcs,
lxiv [I929], 33).] dvapcirrrolot must be taken with both superlatives.‘
For its unusual position (which has led to unconvincing attempts at
emendation) Elmsley compared fr. 317 mi ydp 1§8ov1f, | yuvaaxi 6’ (so
Elmsley for 1") e'X3pciv Xpfipa 1rpeo',8151'17s' dvvjp, where yvvatxf must be

I I cannot agree with Maguire and others that there is an intelligible

antithesis between év 1-éhei, ‘in his capacity as a god’, and dvflpai-noun,
in his relation to men’.
182 COMMENTARY
supplied with 1§3ov'rj. Cf. also Soph. El. 929 1}-8:1-s (sc. 711;-rpl) 065%
p.'r)1'pi. Svaxepwis, and other passages quoted by Wilamowitz on Her.
237.1 év 1-ékesz meaning doubtful. (i) Hermann, &c., translate ‘in
the end’. But (a) this rendering receives only doubtful support from
Soph. 0T. I98 Tér\€l -ycip, cf -n. v|}§ dmfifi, l 'roi'5'r' 6'11’ dpap Epxerat (where
Hermann’s own conjecture -re/\eEv is easy and probable). The normal
Greek for ‘in the end’ is 1'e'r\os' or sis 're'r\os‘, though it is true that év
re/levrd is so used by Pindar, OZ. 7. 26, Pyth. 1. 35. (b) It is not sense
to say that Dion. ‘is by nature (1re§ql>vxev)a god in the end’: what he
is by nature he is from the beginning. But to take év -r€'Acl. with
-yvoflae-rm. (as Hermann did) puts a quite impossible strain on the
word-order. (ii) ‘Omnino’ (Elmsley), ‘in fulness God’ (Murray)-—
i.e. not a mere saipwv or demigod. This likewise lacks any close
parallel, though we may compare the adj. c’v-relhjs, ‘complete’,
‘perfect’, and Plato, Epin. 985 A Bedv . . . -rdv -re’/\O§ Exovra rfis Befas
p.0ipc|.§, ‘a god who has full divine status’. (iii) Closely with s..»a~...m,
‘most terrible in the performance of his office’ (Portus): cf. Aesch.
»
Ag. I202 pcivrtg 71.’ Find/\/\wv -rq"3§’ e'1're'o'-rqaev 1'6‘/\£1., &C. But DiOI1ySL1S'
normal office was not Sewdv, and we should expect -rélta to have the
article. (iv) ‘A god with a god’s authority’ (Brodeau): cf. of év 1-éhei,
‘the authorities’. Perhaps likeliest, since 'rc'1\0s' is regularly used of
divine authority: Hes. Op. et Di. 669 c'v -mi‘; -yelp -réhos éa-riv dptfis
ci.'ya9d3v 1-c xaxélv -re: Semon. Amorg. I. I 1'e'r\o§' pév Zeal; Ex“ flaplix-rvwos
| -rrciv-rwv 60’ Eon: Eur. 0?‘. I545 -re'r\os Exec 5c|.e',u.wv Bpo-rots, -ré'r\os 51-rq.
3e'r\7; and fl‘. dub. IIIO Zeus c'v Heofm ,u.civ-rag ¢il,lIev3e'o1'a-ros l Kai. 1-e'r\os
m}~rds Exct. [Of the many emendations the simplest and best is
év-rdhig (H. Hirzel). e'v -réker. deéiv, ‘in the company of heaven’ (Reiske,
Headlam), is tempting but does not suit -n-édnncev very well ; we expect
-r}p:.'6;1-ryrae or the like.‘ I should be reluctant to delete 861 with Hirzel.
Though P. is to learn only the terrible aspect of D., not the gentle,
both are mentioned in order to set the theme for the song which
follows. The man by his action has transformed the god’s blessing
into a curse.]

Stasimon 3 (862—911)
The Chorus express in passionate song the feelings evoked in

I Campbell objected (C .Q. xlix [I956], 60) that such ci.1"r¢i |co:.voi3 con-
structions are not found where the two clauses concerned are anti-
tl'18tiC3.lly 0pp0S€(i, ELS are Eczvdrarog and rjrreolwafog. But Cf. H67.
328-9 mi juev he‘)/' rjpds ofs‘ wcwlipywaaz r\ciyor.g, ] Eyrii 3% Spciaw 0' civ-ri.
-réfw A6-ywv xamfis, where Vllilamowitz was surely right in taking med}:
with both verbs.
1 év deofs 9669 (D. S. Robertson, Proc. Camb. Philol. Soc. 1945) avoids
this objection, but has little transcriptional probability.
 STASIMON 3 I83
them by the new turn of events. Hope has been restored, and their
first thought (862-76) is that they may one day know again the
freedom and ecstasy of the wavvvxfs. Their next, and equally
natural, thought is that the tables are about to be turned on the
aggressor: that will be lca/\dv and therefore ¢fr\ov_(ref1'aiI‘l, 877-81 =-
897-9o1).' The antistrophe, like the antistrophes of stasimon 1,
‘universalizes’ the situation, bringing it under the general law that
‘God is not mocked’ (882—9o) and drawing a highly generalized moral
—not that man must worship the personal god Dionysus, but that
he must respect ‘the rules’ and ‘the unknown daemonic’ (890—6).
To those who do so, the epode promises in words of liturgical
gravity that inward happiness (efifiamovia) which depends not on
material prosperity (6’)\flos-) but on the daily indwelling presence of
a good daemon.
The song, one of the loveliest in Euripides, is entirely congruous
with the Chorus’s other utterances and with the dramatic situa-
tion. The ‘disharmony’ which some modern critics find between
the refrain, with its exaltation of revenge, and the quietism of the
epode is rooted in the dual nature of Dion. as destroyer and libera-
tor, master of the lightning and spirit of peace. The keynote of
the whole is given in the words which immediately precede it—‘a
god most dangerous to man, yet most gentle to him’. There is no
difficulty here. But if we go on to ask how far the poet himself
sympathized, or expected his audience to sympathize, with the
sentiments of the Chorus, we are on difficult and disputed ground.
See below, on 877-81, 890-2, 910-11.
Metre. The dominant rhythm is throughout glyconic (see metrical
note on stasimon 1); but there are a number of variations. Besides
the standard forms 2 2 -v 0 — >2 (—) (‘second glyconic’) and
2 >2 2 >2 — 0 0 — (‘third glyconic’ or ‘choriambic dimeter’), occasional
use is made of abbreviated forms: 863 = 883, headless pherecratean
or ‘reizianum’ ; 869 = 889, 879, headless third glyconic; 873 = 893
(a third glyconic still further curtailed P). Extended fonns also
appear: 902, 904, 906, hypercatalectic glyconic or ‘hipponacteum’ ;
876 = 896, ‘enoplion’. Resolved syllables in the base, 864 = 884,
&c.; in the choriambus, 865; resolved ending, 910. 875 = 895 is an
iambic dimeter (glyconic systems often have interspersed iambics,
cf. stasimon 1); 903 and 905 apparently trochaic dimeters. On text
and metre of 877, 887, 905, see separate notes below. In several places
the line-division is uncertain and disputed.
The rhythms of the epode, as Wilamowitz pointed out, seem to
reflect traditional cult hymns: note especially the concluding lines,
3 pher.+glyc. +pher., the same arrangement as in the ‘rhythmic
refrain’ which runs through the cult hymn in the Heracles (359~63,
&c.), cf. also Aesch. Supp. 639-42, Ag. 381-4.
I84 COMMENTARY
Scheme :
Strophe
mk-1&2» LI’: glyc.“
_. -.....v.__;\__;-- -.
reiz.
kl\J\-J ———- '—\J'\-1-’
glyc.3
865 = 885 _.-... \__;_\._;g_;g_;_._ -.._..
glyc.“
uue: e glyc.‘
sa vwee see glyc.“
g \J\J~ we glyc.‘
. egg _'~.1u: glyc.3
870 == 890 ~ *—u~..z-=‘ u glyc.*
—\.)\) k-If glyc.=
1A' M2 .
glyc.!
i \..r\.z* use glyc.“
‘ Maecenas atavis
uuu uuu —-uu- glyc.?‘
375 = 395 u— \./— u-- uuu 2 iamb.
u --u -—-\.z\.1— ——- enoplion '

Refrain
uuuu --u\.1-- ———- g%yc.: (corrupt ?)
\J\J\J -—-\J\J"— \J‘-'-
8 Y‘?-
I? “""\./ —"\J\-)1
glyc.3
880 = 900 —_—— T» —»uv—~ glyc.?
\.J\J\-J‘ —\)\J— -—-
pher.‘

Epode
_ = u u u —— hipp.
\../\J\.J -—M) \.)\J\-I \J\-1&1
2 tr.
uu u hipp.
9°5 vuu \.zu— uuu uuv 2 tr.
—— _—\.:u=: v h1pp.
--u --uu— O- glyc.‘
—u --uu- — pher.’
u-- -uu-— — pher.“
u- —\..-u-- — pher.’
910 uuu -i.:u— uuu glyc.’
,-.\_;;;~~ , pher.‘

862-5. ‘Will the time come when barefoot I tread the night-long
dances, in ecstasy flinging back my head in the clean dewy air?’
A question mark should be introduced after ,6¢’1r-rovim or after 872
xvvciivt dpa must be interrogative; since the inferential dpa. seems
never to be placed first in tragedy (Denniston, Particles, 48). We
 LINES s62-72 185
need not give it the force of dp’ mi: the Chorus hope, but do not
know, that the new turn of events will lead to the removal of the
ban On Bacchism. navvuxiots xopoisi Cf. 485-6 n., and Plut. de
curios. 3, 517 A Baxxcfa Kai. xopofig Kai. rravvvx|.'3as'. On Aeulcbv 11650 see
664-7 n. ; on Sépav used where we say ‘head’, 241 n. (the throwing
back of the head exposes the throat to the air). aiflépu suggests
the pure air of the mountain peaks (cf. 150, 1073, Alc. ‘594, Med. 830,
A. B. Cook, Zeus, i. 101, Wilamowitz, Glaube d. Hellerzen, i. 138).—-
The back-flung or wildly tossing head is a constant trait of bac-
chanals of either sex both in vase-paintings (Lawler, op. cit. 101,
reports 28 examples) and in literature: cf. 150, 185, 241, 930, Ar.
Lys. I312 -ral. 5% Ktipal. ac¢'ov6' drrcp Baxxdv, Pind. fr. 61. 10, Dionysius,
de avibus I. 23, p. II2 Lehrs, (al i'v'y'y€s') avvcxdig T01); -rpaxrfliovs
Kwofimv, Jag of refiv dvspcfiv dvafiextipevor. Kai. €17}\v3pt¢iJv BaKxc1ie|.v eirrl.
rfig 1-cl:-rfjg -r-ifs ‘Peas eidadaatv, Ovid, Met. 3. 725 ‘ululavit Agave |
collaque iactavit movitque per aera crinem’, Catull. 63. 23, Tac.
Arm. 11. 31, &c. This characteristic carriage of the head is also
associated with ecstatic states in modern times (I have quoted
some examples in The Greeks and the Irrational, 273f.) [Musgrave’s
alflép’ ég, to obtain syllabic correspondence, is unnecessary: for a
resolved choriambus in glyconics answering to an unresolved cf.
EL 435 = 445. 458 = 470. 81¢-l
866--70. ‘Like a fawn at play in the green joy of a meadow when it has
escaped the frightening hunt, clear of the ring of watchers, leaping
the woven nets.’ ‘Green joy’, a colour-word applied to an abstract
noun, is bold for a Greek poet, though not so bold as Marvell’s
‘Annihilating all that’s made To a green thought in a green shade’.
xii. help. fi8. has perhaps the effect of a compound, ‘green-meadow-
joy’ (cf. Wilam. on Her. 468). For the function of the watchers cf.
the instruction to hunters, [Xen.] Cyn. 6. 12, avvm-rdvm. Ta. d.',0Kvs Kai.
rci 5L'K1'va' as-rci 3% 1'0i3-ro 1-(iv {adv cipxvwpciv efvat 1'iv qSvRaKfi. . . . [DL Maas
would keep P’s Hrjpap’, here and at 1171. It is a late-Euripidean
word, otherwise rare. ¢>oBepciv here may be due to preceding 61-;
while at 1171 ‘flwjpav is a corruption originating in one branch of the
transmission of Plut. Crass. 33’ (cf. Lindskog’s app. crit.).]
871-2. ‘And the shouting huntsman braces the speed of his hounds.’
This introduces a new stage of the story, with the huntsman’s
reactions on finding that the fawn has jumped clear; what follows
describes her final escape, and brings us back to the moment when
she ¢’;.ma¢'Z_§er Aefpaxos 1§8ovai‘g (‘ring form’, -rj8o,uéva. echoing 1§8ova£‘s).
[The narrative structure would be a little clearer if we read avv-refuel.
(Bruhn) and began the next line 746360;: 8’ (Matthiae). 3p6;.t-qpa P,
but Spéaqpa seems to be the correct spelling, standing to é'8pa;.wv
3.5 weianpa to E"-rreo-0v: see Page On Med. I130, where Spagujpaaw is
now confirmed by P. Oxy. 2337.]
186 COMMENTARY
873-6. ‘With tenseness of effort, with gusts of swift racing, she gallops
the water-meadow, rejoicing in the places empty of men and in the
green life that springs under the shadowy hair of the forest.’ The
Hymn to Demeter had compared girls running eagerly on an errand
to ‘deer or calves galloping a meadow in the spring season’ (174 f.);
Anacreon had likened a maid’s shyness to the timidity of a baby
fawn astray in the forest (fr. 51, cf. Hor. Odes 1. 23) ; Bacchylides had
likened a young girl making for the country on a holiday to a vefipcig
dwevdrjs (I2 [13]. 87); and the Chorus of Euripides’ Electra had
described themselves in a moment of joy as ‘leaping sky-high in
gaiety, like a fawn’ (860). But though he is elaborating a traditional
image, the poet has here enriched it with new tones: there is a hint
of something very rare in Greek poetry, the romantic vision of
nature not sub specie humanitatis but as a world apart from man,
having a secret life of its own. This new feeling emerges elsewhere
in the Bacchae (cf. esp. 726-7, 1084--5), and it is reasonable to associate
it with the old poet’s escape from the dusty thought-laden air of
Athens to the untouched solitudes of northern Greece..
[The metaphorical use of déhhais need not be doubted, in view
Of Hel. I498 ciorpwv fin’ dc’/\)tar.o-iv, the adjs. de'r\r\ci1-rog, ci.e'1\.A03pcip0g-
applied to racehorses, and Homer’s comparison of charging warriors
to an cié/Uta, Il. 11. 297, 13. 795. The story is slightly telescoped for
brevity. I suppose pdxflms to describe the painful effort of the
fawn’s initial dash for freedom, ullKU8pO”p.0L5‘ 6.éAAa:.g the subsequent
spurts which pass from painfulness to pleasure as she outpaces the
hunt. Hermann ’s widely accepted suggestion ci.e/“cig (nom.) provides
746300;; with an epithet at the cost of eliminating this bridge between
the pdxdoe. and the 175ov1§. anaapoxopoto for oK:.ap0K6p.0v is the
neatest way of restoring correspondence with 896. This epic gen.,
which occurs about a dozen times in Euripidean lyrics (thrice in
Aesch., once in Soph., fr. 142), was exposed to corruption by its
rarity; it has been rightly restored also at Rkes. 909. Alternatively,
we may insert év (Aldine) or 1511’ (Wilamowitz); but to my mind
either preposition injures the poetry.]
877-81. ‘What is wisdom?’ The Chorus do not stay for an answer,
but seek one indirectly by asking a second and easier question.
‘Or what god-given right is more honourable in the sight of men than
to keep the hand of mastery over the head of a foe? “Honour is
precious”: that is always true.’ I apprehend that they reason thus.
To punish an enemy is by general consent a Kaldv yépas, a privilege
to which one is honourably entitled; but men and gods are rightly
jealous of their honour (511 xalldv <;'>£/\ov): therefore we must approve
the wisdom of Dion. in entrapping Pentheus. So by quoting two
traditional maxims they argue themselves, not without a hint of
uneasiness (for qui s’excuse, s’accuse), into the position which we
 LINES 873-81 187
shall find them attempting to sustain, against their natural feelings,
in the latter part of the play. It is certainly not the poet’s own
position, as his revenge-plays sufficiently prove. A significantly
different view of -rd croqbov and 1-6 Kculdv is offered by the Messenger,
1150-2. For év Bpofois, ‘in the judgement of men’, ‘before the
tribunal of humanity’, cf. Hipp. 1320 ob 8’ Ev -r’ éxeivqi Ktiv énol
qbaivy Kaxcig, Soph. OT. 67'] eiv . . . T0303’ i.'o-05' (‘just in their sight’)
with ]ebb ad loc. That we should do good to our friends, harm to
our enemies, was an opinion accepted practically without question
down to Eur.’s time, even by such as Solon (13. 5): see Adam on
Plato, Rep. 331 E, Page on Med. 809-10. So Alcmene says in the
Heraclid. (881) rrap’ 17p.fv ,u.€v ydp 0|} ooq5c’>v T686, | eixdpollvg Rafidvra ju.-r’7
cirroreioaodaa 3:lK17v, and the Old Servant in the 10$; (I046) drav Se’
wodepioug Spica-at KaK¢i)g | deny 1-ts, 01336.9 e'p.-.rro8o’iv Kefrat vdpos (and so
Ion himself, 1328, 1334). Karéxetv seems to be merely a stronger
Exav (suggesting the firmness of the control), as in <;Sv.\amiv Kare‘-
xovcra. (Tro. 194). 8 11 Kama. ¢i)\ov was an old proverb (Plato, Lysis
216 C). Long ago at the marriage feast of Cadmus the Muses had
sung drra Kalclv, ¢£'.\0v duff‘ rd 8' 0|} Kafldv ori rpiflov eiorzv (Theogn. I5 fi'.,
probably from Hesiod). To those who remembered that tradition
(which seems to be recalled also at Plzoen. 814, cf. 822) there would be
a peculiar irony in this new application of the saying——to justify the
murder of Cadmus’ grandson (cf. Kranz, Stasimon, 235). -rd Ka./\6v was
in f9.Ct an ambiguous and elusive notion (deohcrdaiver. Kai Stadlfcrat
finds, Plato, l.c.). The proverb was explained in antiquity as
applicable ‘to those who pursue their own advantage’ (schol. Plato,
l.c. = Apostolius 16. 87) ; and it is evidently in this egoistic sense
that the Chorus use it here.
[Divergent interpretations. (1) Several scholars understand -rt
1-6 aoqéév ; in a contemptuous sense (cf. 203, 395)-‘what is cleverness
in comparison with revenge?’ But I can see little point in this
question; and such an interpretation is ruled out if I am right in
regarding 1150-2 as an unconscious answer to the Chorus’s ques-
tioning. (2) On the assumption that an exaltation of revenge is
inappropriate here, it has been suggested that xa-réxeiv means
‘to withhold’, to have the whip hand and not use it. But (a) this is
inconsistent with 991 ff.; (b) while Karéxetv xetpa. might by itself
mean ‘restrain the hand’, Kareixetv xeipa Kpeiocrw zirreip K0pvqS6.‘g rcfiv
Exdpwv can hardly mean anything but ‘keep your hand superior’—
the opposite of being fiwoxelpiog (cf. Soph. El. 1090 {Q3-qs pol. mec-
rrepdev | xepl 11/lolirqi 1'6 rdfiv eixdptiiv dcrov | vfiv firrdxerp vafeas). (3)
W. E. Blake (Mnemosyne, 1933, 361 ff.) would put a question mark
after Bporofs and write if xcE‘p' . . . Karéxezv; as 3 third question:
‘What is wisdom? or what is the more beautiful gift of the gods
to men (i.e. more beautiful than wisdom)? is it keeping a strong
188 COMMENTARY
hand above your enemy’s head (as Pentheus imagines)? (No: for)
“What is (really) beautiful is permanently precious” (and Pentheus’
triumph is not permanent).’ This is ingenious. But it reads too
much into the last line, particularly into dei, and it glaringly
contradicts 991 ff.-I agree with Blake on one point: the Greek for
‘What right is more honourable than . . . P’ is not -rt -yépas rd Kaahtov
17 . . . ,' but 11' yépag KdMLOP rj . . . ; (Cf. e.g. 07'. 832 ‘rig eheog ;.tef§wv KG.1'd.
ydv | 17' . . . 6e‘cr6cu.; Pind. fr. 80 -ri Kcilultov . 17' . . . defeat ;). The solu-
tion, however, is not, I think, to alter 1}’ but to delete the article
before Kdaiuov. As Paley saw, this improves the metre as well as the
Greek. From being a metrical oddity, seemingly a second glyconic
with proceleusmatic base (W vv), the line then becomes a first
glyconic with the first syllable of the choriambus resolved, -~ 0 U -
w - — — (or an ordinary iambic dimeter like 875, if we adopt the epic
and lyric prosody it-ci)\.\i.'ov).]
882-7. For the traditional thought that divine justice comes late but
surely cf. Hom. Il. 4. 160 f., Solon 13. 25 ff., Eur. Ion 1615, frs. 223,
800, Soph. OC. 1536, &c.; for 883, Pindar, Nem. 10. 54 Kai. pa» deciiv
marov -ye'v0s. 1-0|); dyvwpoauvuv -rlpdavras, ‘them that Worship
the Ruthless Will’ (Murray). The a’.-yv<.5,a<.w is the man who is
morally insensitive and without pity—the opposite of the amy-
yvoipwv who can put himself in another’s place because he 6v-qrc}.
qipovef (Cf. Soph. Tr. 473 dvrjrrjv, qipovoiioav 61:17-rd. KofiK dyvrfipova).
The Chorus are thinking of Pentheus ; the audience may think also
of such ‘realists’ as Cleon (cf. Thuc. 3. 40. 1), Callicles, Thrasymachus.
See 399-401 n., and Murray, Eur. and his Age, 194 fi’. abv paivopévq.
86§q.: for the preposition, where we might expect a simple dat., cf.
Aesch. Supp. I86 1'e61qyp.e'v0s' aipjj fzlv rip-yfi, Soph. OT. I7 adv y-rjpq.
Bapets. [-n. (883) is inserted metri gratia. I see no reason to alter
afi'§ov-:ras' (Cf. 209 afifeodat defies): rd. dediv virtually = deozig. Nor
need we doubt the correspondence of the ‘impure’ glyconic ending
36.54 (887) to the ‘pure’ ending -50vai’s' (867): cf. Hipp. 741 = 751,
El. 144 = 162, 700 = 714 (Denniston, Metrical Appendix, p. 215),
Soph. Phil. 1128 = 1151.]
888-90. ‘They have crafty ways to cover the unhastening stride of time
as they track the man without religion.’ It seems easier to suppose
with Murray that |<pu'rr-refioum. is equivalent here to Kpti1"l"TOUO’L--Cf.
the transitive use of Bqpedew = 6-qpéiv, of Xopezietv (21), &c.—than
to make 1r6Sa an accus. of temporal extension as most commentators
do. Time is the long-distance runner (fioluxcis, Plato, Anth. Pal.
9. 51) who always overtakes in the end. The notion of the deliber-
ately stealthy approach of the gods to their victims is again tradi-
tional, though suggested here by the foregoing scene: cf. esp. Aesch.
Pers. I07 ff. and Eur. fr. 979 -rj AIK17 . . . of-ya Kai Bpa3eE -n'03l | orefxovoa
,u.o'.p|,l1et -rotlvs Ka.Kozis‘, drav 1157(7). Eur. had given time feet in the
 LINES 877-96 I89
Alexandros (fr. 42 Kai. Xpcivov wpofifiatve W069), and was, rather sur-
prisingly, ridiculed for it in the Frags (97 ff.) where it is called ‘risky’.
It is true that the Greek imagination personified time less vividly
than the medieval; still, Aeschylus had made him cross a threshold
(Cho. 965), Simonides had given him teeth (fr. 176), and Sophocles
made him beget children (OC. 618).
890-2. 1'c'Iw vépmv : the -.-rcirpwe. wapafioxai of 201. As in the earlier passage,
we may suspect a contemporary reference. In Eur.’s time the
validity of such traditional rules was chailenged by men who set
‘nature’ (¢z5o:.s) in their place as a criterion of conduct: it was ‘a
period which made the reason of the individual judge of all things
human and divine’ (Nilsson, Mélanges Fr. Cumont, 365). Those who
regard Eur. as a purely destructive thinker overlook the many
passages where the ultimate validity of vdpos and the danger of
intellectual arrogance are dwelt upon by Choruses or by sympathetic
characters, e.g. Hecuba 799 cih/\' of Heoi. o9e'vou0r. xcl: Kefvwv Kparriiv I
.Nci,u.os' (Hecuba) ; 216 ff. ti./\.r\' 17 qbpdv-no-cg 1'06 Beofi ,u.ei.’§0v crdevew I
Zjryrei’, -rd yafipov 3' ev qbpeoiv KeK1"qp.e'vor. I 8oKofi,u.ev efval. sacpdvwv
croqbclrrepot (Theseus); Her. 757 ff., 778 ff. vdpov -rrape'p.evos‘, dvopiq.
Xdptv 51.301); I Edpaucrev 6.\|Bov Kehawov cippa; IA. I089 fl’. Cf. Stier,
‘Nomos Basileus’, Philologus, lxxxiii (1928), 251.
893-4-. Cf. fr. trag. adesp. 350 0zi8ei5' Kd,u.a1'0s efioefiefv deolis. 8 1|. 1101'
ap.. 1-6 Saipémov defines 1-68¢. The indeterminate formulation is an
expression of religious humility in face of the unknowable: cf. Aesch.
Ag. I60 Zezig, dong nor’ eoriv, Dem. Meid. I26 -rd rfis data; dnsrj-:10-r’
e'o"riv, -rd oepvdv Kai. rd 8a:.,u.6v|.ov, Eur. I9I 5 11 1-06 §17jv qb|l.\'repov
ems, perhaps T7’. 885 f. do-rig -11-01-’ ef mi, 3vo1'6~rrao1-05' ei8éva:., I Znis,
ei.‘*r' dva'.yK'q qbzioeog ei.'-re vofis Bporcfiv (‘a law behind nature or a moral
insight in man’ P). Her. 1263 and Or. 418 are different in tone, sceptical
and bitter. .
89 5-6 . These words admit of several grammatical constructions. Sandys,
taking the first re as coupling -rd v6,u.r,u.ov 1req5uK6s 1-e with 1'6 3ar.,u.civ¢ov,
and the second as coupling <;'n.ioer. -n'e<;‘>vKd$' with vo,u.tp.ov der’, translated
‘It costs but little to hold that that has (sovereign) power, whate’er
it be that is more than mortal, and in the long ages is upheld by
law and grounded in nature’. So also Mr. Lucas. But the Chorus
can scarcely take thus for granted the identity of two things
which Eur.’s contemporaries habitually contrasted, 1-6 v6,u.|.p.0v and
1-6 ¢e....,1 nor would they naturally equate either of these with 1-6
Satpévwv. It seems more likely that they assert the identity of -rd

1 Cf. F. Heinimann, Nomos und Physis (1945), 166 f., who, while
apparently accepting Sandys view of the construction, rightly speaks
of ‘the consciously paradoxical union of two predicates which are else-
where sharply opposed’ ; and M. Gigante, Dionfso xviii (1955), 128 f. ~
 190 COMMENTARY
vd,u.tp.0v and 1-6 ea... (cf. Bruhn, Einl. 23, where the construction
is, I think, rightly explained though the implications of the pas-
sage are misunderstood). Translate ‘And to consider what has been
accepted through long ages (to be) an eternal truth and grounded
in nature’. ciei has more force on this view: it is antithetic to the
phrase év xpdvty p.aKpq'3, instead of being a rather weak addition to
it. If this is right, the Chorus anticipate in principle Plato ’s solution
of the vdp.O5‘—¢IJ‘0t5‘ antinomy, viz. that. when the two terms are
properly understood vcip.os' is seen to be founded upon ace.-.9 (Laws
890 D 8e? . . . vcipxy aura’) flo-qdijoaa. Kai. ‘re'xv77, 05$ e’o"r0v qitioez, ij qiticrews
013;; 1'I'r'rov). Similarly the late-fifth-century writer known as Anony-
mus Iamblichi argues rov -re vdnov Kai. To Sixaaov e’p.Baa|.)\e|.ier.v 'r0£'S
civdpcorrots Kai. olidapxfi peraorfivat dv aura‘; qiiiaer. yap iaxupd. ev5e3e'o'6ar.
rafira (Diels, V073. ii7, p. 402. 28 ff.).-I
902-11. I am indebted to Prof. Fraenkel for light on the thought-
structure of these deceptively simple lines. They have the form of
a ‘Priamel’, i.e. a series of detached statements illustrating either
by analogy or by contrast a rule of wisdom in which the passage
culminates; the reader is left to make the connexion (cf. Dornseiff,
Pindars Stil, 97 ff.). Here the connexion seems to be: ‘There is the
happiness of peril escaped, the happiness of hardship overcome,
the pride of victory in the race for material success (6)980: mt
Sfivapis); there is besides (En) the pleasure of hope, which may or
may not be fulfilled: but it is the happiness of the here and no-w
that I call truly blessed.’ All other aJs...,.o».-:'.. rests on the fading
memory of yesterday's achievement or the insecure prospect of
to-morrow’s; what the Chorus long for is the immediate e|J8at;iov£a
of present experience which Dion. -gives in his rravvlixtoi. xopoi, as
they have told us in 72 ff?
902-5. The language has a liturgical ring, vaguely recalling such
religious formulas as Eqbvyov KaK0'v, efipov dpecvov (Sabazius mysteries,
Dem. de cor. 259). [Cf. G. Thomson, ].H.S. lv (1935), 21 ff., and

I At Ion 643 vdpog and gbdaig are represented as working in unison,

but both terms have a more restricted sense than in our passage:
vdp.Os‘ is Apollo's rule, 9560:; the inborn disposition of an individual.
1 Since the above was written several critics have pointed out that
lines 902-5 recall the theme of escape which was the subject of 866-76 ;
Eqivye (903) and ,u.6x9wv (904) repeat ql>|.i'y37 (868) and pdxdots (873). But in
866-76 the fawn symbolised the Chorus themselves. Hence the joy of
escape cannot be placed on a level with the proverbially insecure satis-
factions of 621,805-, 8tivu.,u.r.$ and e’A-mfg; rather we must say with Diller
(Abh. Maine, 1955, 464 n. 3) that it is the happiness of the here and
now; the closing makarismos reaffirms the opening one, but in a more
generalized form.
 LINES 895-91-1 191
M. Tierney, ibid. lvii (1937), 11 ff. I cannot agree with Tierney that
the pdxaol. of the present passage ‘are evidently the same as the
rrcivot, wopefat, nae... of the Phaedo’. The latter refer to post-mortem
experiences of the soul, which are nowhere alluded to in the Bacchae.']
905--6. For é-répa 2-repog iirepov cf. Plato,Gorg. 448 C (quoting or parodying
a pupil of Gorgias) perarlapflavovoiv ci'.\Aot eum <i'AAws. [Most edd.
follow Elmsley in reading E-repa on metrical grounds. But Z1-epa ‘in
divers respects’ seems to have less meaning in this sentence than
e"re‘pq. ‘by various methods’. And the long ‘anceps’ of é-répg is metric-
ally possible.]
907-9. év <’5)\|3e.9: we might expect is 6.\Bov, but the point is that all hope
is, while it lasts, a kind of happiness, and some hopes ‘remain happy
to the end’, i.e. reach fulfilment. énéfl-qoav (gnomic aorist), ‘with-
draw’, vanish. But the text is open to serious doubt. [In my first
edition I defended d-rréfiqaav ‘withdraw’ as the opposite of 1'I)t6ev
.-'.\...'g ‘my hope has arrived’ (Her. 771), -.-rpoafillflev e’)\-rris ‘my expecta-
tion has come true’ (Or. 859, cf. IA. 785), éllrris 'rrpo0"rjer. (Aesch. Ag.
817), and as analogous to 1're‘9$evyev éA-.-ris (Heraclid. 452), ghpofisat. é.\-nifies
(Ion 866). But the real difficulty, as ]ackson pointed out (Marg.
Scaen. 237), is that dwofitaivav is regularly used in the contrary sense,
Of things ‘coming true’, e.g. Thuc. 4. 39. 3 Kairrep p.avw53175' oficra 17
I511-cio'xecn5' drréfl-q, Arist. Div. Somn. 463"I0 11-0¢\¢\d. 1-63v evurrviwv ozix
drroflaiver. He proposed, perhaps rightly, to give the word this sense
here, and read oivdh-,8ws' for év 629841.]
910-11. -re. ma-r’ fipap, adverbial, ‘day by day’ (cf. Ion 124). On the so-
called hedonism of the Bacchae see 424-6 n. Those who are inclined
to attribute it to the influence of old age or of Macedonia or of the
poet’s flight from the war may be reminded that some twenty years
earlier his Hecuba ended her reflections on the vanity of wealth and
power (Hec. 620 ff.) with an even humbler thought-—KeEvos' d)kBw$-
1'a'r0s, drip Kar' 1Ip.ap ruyxciver pxqdev KaKdv. Cf. also Soph. fr. 536
Q5517 1"I.§ ci.v9pa‘:-rrcov -rd Ka'r' 'iIp.ap 5-zrws I fistara wopativwv, Bacchyl. fr. II
Snell, and the passages of Eur. quoted on 424-6.
Scene 4 (912-76)
Re-enter the Stranger from the castle, followed at 917 by Pentheus
dressed as a maenad, wearing wig, pifpa, and long linen xi-rofiv, and
carrying a thyrsus. Both antagonists are now transformed into
something other than human (cf. F. Wassermann, N. jahrb. v [I929],

i For religion as a ‘haven’ cf. the words of the priest in Apuleius,

‘maximis actus procellis ad portum Quietis et aram Misericordiae
tandem, Luci, venisti’ (Metam. 11. 15), and other passages quoted by
Campbell Bonner, ‘Desired Haven’, Harv. Theol. Rev. xxxiv (1941),
56 ff.
192 COMMENTARY
280). The Stranger reveals himself as more than man: he no longer
tempts, but commands; his tones are those which Athena uses in
the Ajax (71 ff.) when she summons the mad hero to be mocked.
And what follows him on to the stage is less than man: it is a
giggling, leering creature, more helpless than a child, nastier than
an idiot, yet a creature filled with the Dionysiac sense of power
(945—6 n.) and capable of perceiving the god in his true shape
(920—2 n.), because the god has entered into his victim. The scene
between these two is as gruesome as anything in literature, and its
gruesomeness is enhanced by a bizarre and terrible humour. The
situation of scene 2 is now reversed: the stage business with Pen-
theus’ costume (925-44) is the counterpart of the stage business
with the Stranger’s costume at 493-7; for the outrage then done to
his person the Stranger now takes a fantastic revenge on the pre-
text of playing the valet (deparreriew 932).! Such a situation could
easily be exploited as pure farce: cf. the very funny scene in the
Thesmophoriazusae (213—68) where Mnesilochus is dressed up as a
woman. But here the effect of the farcical by-play is to intensify
the underlying horror which peeps out in lines like 922 and 934.
As Hermann said, the groundlings will laugh and are meant to
laugh; but for the sensitive spectator amusement is transmuted
into pity and terror.
912-14-. aé -rev . . .: ‘the abrupt acc. calls the person’s attention in a
rough and harsh way’ (_]ebb" on Soph. Ant. 441, Creon to Antigone
cre 815, aé -n‘;v . . .). So Hermes to Prometheus, P V. 944 aé 1-6v . . . -rdv
rrvpos‘ KAe‘1-r-r17v Pie‘-yw: Athena to Ajax, /1]‘. 71 051-05‘, oe "row . . . K0./\£iJZ
Aegisthus to Electra, Soph. El. -I445 aé -rot, aé xpivw, vai. ae’, 1"r’7v . . .
[Tyrrell wished to strike-,out 913, urging that it adds nothing to
the sense, spoils the symmetry (by giving the Stranger 6 lines to
Pentheus’ 5), and may have been inserted by some one who objected
to leaving oe‘ without governing verb (for which cf. Ant. 441, Hel.
546, Ar. Av. 274). But when a speaker on the stage addresses an
invisible person off, the name is commonly supplied in this manner:
so Athena continues in the Ajax (73) Aiavra c,6wva"3' oreixe Swpdrwv
rrciposi Cf. also Phil. I261 00 3’, J: Hoiavros 11-ai, €I5t.\oKr1j1'17v Aéyw, I
ifeiifle, Eur. Heracliri. 642 (I: 721')"-rep e'0'H.\0iJ 'rral.8d$‘, Ar\Kp.1jv-rjv he-yw,
|
ifekfle. In the last passage, and at Aesch. Ag. 1035, the formula serves
to introduce a new character to the audience; it is needed no less here
to make clear the identity of the queer figure about to emerge.—F0r
cr1'r¢|i50v1'a 6.c'rr0i|8ao"r0. Cf. IT. 20I orre1i3e|. 3’ cio-rroridao-r’ I ea-ri. croi. Baipwv.
P’s o~rre‘v8ov'ra is, pace Verrall, an example of a very common minus-
cule confusion: cf. 129 where both MSS. have év d‘0'p.cI.cr1. for eddopaot.

1 On such reversals of situation in other late Euripidean plays (Ion,

Phoen., IA.) see Diller, Abh. Mainz 1955, 470 f.
 LINES 912-22 193
01-rév8ov1-a do-nodoaoa-a ‘would produce almost the effect of a bad pun’
(Cyril Ba1ley,\CR. xxv [I911], 144).]
015-16. yuvaucos |.|aw6.80g I36.xx1'|s: not mere pleonasm, but a Climax
of cumulative scorn: Pentheus is dressed as a woman, as a mad-
woman, as a Dionysiac woman. -re: Corresponsive.
917 is spoken as Pentheus enters. Sé, ‘well’ (Denniston, Particles,
172). Buya-répmv . . . |.|.|.@.2 this ‘indefinite’ use of eis‘ with partitive
gen. seems to occur chiefly (1) where something is predicated of
one member of a group which by its nature can be true only of one,
e.g. Rlzes. 393 -rrai.’ . . . Mouocfiv pad; (so also Hom. Il. 14. 275, Pind.
Nem. 4. 65, Eur. Ion 2, Hel. 6); or (2) where, as here, a definite
individual is classified as a member of a group, e.g. Soph. El. 1342
eis Tciiv e’v Fltdov 7J.dv9av' e‘v3ci8' div civrjp. [Elmsley and Tyrrell de-
fended P’s popc/Jfj (Cf. Alc; I050 via ycip, 0'15‘ iodfirt Kai. Kdonqi 'rrpe‘1rei).
But it seems more likely that there has been a false assimilation
than that Eur. wantonly juxtaposed two datives which look as if
they agreed but do not.]
918-19. Kai |.lr'|v2 see 957-60 n. 91‘|I3u.§ Kfli. 1'rc'>Mo'|.|.’ i51'r1'6.o"r0|.|.0v, like
Her. 15 AP-yefa reixn Kai. Kvxhwwiav -n-6.\w, Kai linking two expres-
sions which are virtually in apposition (Denniston, Particles, 291).
From these lines some have leapt to the obvious inference that P.
is merely drunk (Clem. Alex. Protrept. 12, p. 84. 2 Stahlin, Paed. 2.
2, p. 170. 22, Verrall 108, Grube, Drama of Eur. 415). They are mis-
taken: see next note. But ‘if the result resembles that of intoxica-
tion, is that strange when the power at work is that of the god of
wine?’ (Bailey, CR. xxv. 144). It is perhaps worth adding that
‘seeing double’ is in. fact a not uncommon symptom in hysterical
cases (Binswanger, Die Hysteric, 626). Cf. also Smyrn. 12. 411
p.ar.v0,u.e'vqu S’ 1'jr.K-ro, Kai. is'3paKe 8|.-m\cia 1-rciv-ra, of Laocoon.
920-2. ‘I think you walk before me as a bull; I think your head is
horned now. Were you perhaps (1'ro1'€) an animal all the time?
For certainly (ofiv) now you are changed to bull.’ The dragging
rhythm of the last line, due to the strong pause at the end of the
third foot, suggests the King’s slow bewildered utterance (cf. jebb
on Soph. Phil. 1369). Apparently he still sees the Stranger at his
side in his wonted shape, but sees also another figure, the Stranger’s
exact double save for its horns, which becks him onward. This
second figure is explained by his companion in the words 6 Beds:
damp-rei. The vision is no drunken fancy, but a sinister epiphany
of the god in his bestial incarnation, comparable with the visions
of medieval satanists who saw their Master with the horns of a goat.
The Chorus understand what it means, and recall it later (1159).
Now at last-viiv Se’ in allusion to 502--P.’s eyes are unsealed to ‘see
what he should see’, because now the bull-nature, the Dionysiac
nature, has broken loose in his own breast. [1-afipos . . . rjyeiodaa. may
4003.9 o '
194 COMMENTARY
be intended to recall the associations of the god’s cult title Ka9-
1;-yqiuiv, if Cumont is right in suggesting that the title goes back
to the ancient conception of Dion. as the bull who leads the herd
(A.].A. 1933, p. 238 n. 6).]
925-6. ‘Well, how do I look? Have I not the very carriage of Ino or
my mother Agaue?’ Sfi-ro., going on to the next point (Denniston,
Particles, 269). ye, not equivalent to ‘utpote’, but simply epexe-
getic, as often (Denniston, ibid. I38 f., C.R. xliii [I929], 59). [If ye
had causal force here we should expect p.1}1"pdg y’ ép-iis oficms‘. And
P.’s presumable family resemblance to his mother is not the point:
he is pluming himself on his clever acting.]
927-9. ofix, sc. éa-r-qiwfis, which is easily supplied from égéamxe.-—The
regularity of the distichomythia is broken here and at 934. Eur.
allows such breaches of symmetry especially towards the beginning
of a stichomythic passage (cf. Denniston on El. 651-2), perhaps in
order to soften the transition from natural dialogue to the artificial
stichomythic form. They seem to occur chiefly at places where the
actor may be expected to pause and make a gesture (A. Gross, Die
Stichomythie, 35): e.g. Or. 257 is evidently preceded by a pause in
which Orestes cowers away from the vision of the Erinyes. So here
927 may be followed by a pause in which the Stranger critically
inspects his victim’s costume, and 934 by another in which he
rearranges the offending lock. Sometimes the pause is one of hesita-
tion (I268—7o n.); sometimes it precedes a change of topic (842 n.).
[m6¢6p,uwa, the original reading of P, is probably due to the scribe’s
eye catching p.€6(|5pp.L0'C|. at the end of 931: the repetition of the
nautical metaphor would be flat.]
930-3. Cf. 862-5 n. Since 925 P. has evidently kept his head flung far
back in an exaggerated imitation of the typical maenad attitude:
hence Spflou Képa.
934. ‘There! You must play the dresser, since to you I am made over
now.’ There is a sinister unconscious irony in P.’s choice of words:
to the audience fivcueeipeoflo. will suggest that the King is now in
some sense ‘dedicated’.
935-6. ‘And your girdle is slack, and the pleats of your dress hang
crooked below the ankle’ (or ‘at the ankle’ if with Blass we alter
tiwrd to ém'). It was a ritual requirement that the linen xi-rtbv of the
p.1.i0"r‘I]S‘ should be girt in such a manner as to hang in pleats: Pollux
1. 54 a-rohises 515 ‘slaw cuf e’§c1r:f'r175es find 5e0p.ofi yevdpievaz xa.-rci -rd. -ré\-:7
1-oi; xl.'rf.TJO'l.v éwm-ruxai. The loosening of P.’s girdle has disarranged
these pleats.
938. -révflévfie, ‘on this side’. As he speaks, he looks over his shoulder
at the back of his left leg, a posture which involves bending the left
knee and raising the left heel: 1rap&_févov'ru has thus pictorial pre-
cision, -révwv being the tendon at the back of the foot which stands
 LINES 920-56 " 195
out when the heel is raised. Med. 1166 Tévow’ Es dpfldv dp.p.a.o'L
o'Ko1rovp.€v1} describes the same typically feminine posture assumed
for the same purpose.
940. [The tribrach in the second foot is broken in the wrong place
(cf. 475 n.): hence Porson wished to write rmpcihoyov, an adverb
which the MSS. present at Or. 391. But prep. and noun cohere so
closely that the break is not felt: cf. I A. 1164 éwi 1'pL|cri, Theodectes
fr. 8. 5 (T.G.F. p. 804) Sui ¢6|flov.] -
943-4». év 8e§tQ. : there was, apparently, no rule about this. Vase-paint-
ings show the thyrsus carried in either hand, and so do literary
descriptions (right hand, Nonnus 14. 243; left, Callixenus apud Ath.
I98 F). Eipo. sag“; 11-o8i: the thyrsus is to be lifted and brought
down (cf. I88 Bfipaqi Kpo-réiv -yfiv) in time with the right foot. If it was
used like a walking-stick, this would be an unnatural movement,
‘calculated to excite the pity or the amusement of the spectators’
(Sandys). But we do not know the movements employed in Diony.
siac dancing or the part which the thyrsus played in them. |.t¢Bé-
u1-quu; <|>pev6‘w: ‘the mind you had is gone.’ P. will take the words as
meaning ‘you have changed your mind’, with reference to his refusal
to carry the thyrsus at 835-6. But they also hint that he is out of his
mind (ciqiea-raivaa or €,§€O'TdI-‘(LL rfipcvcfiv). 948 ofas as Sci.‘ has the same
ironic ambiguity.
945-6. Like the old men in» Scene I, P. feels himself filled with magical
strength; but with him this consciousness takes the form of megalo-
maniac delusions, like those of the mad Heracles (Her. 943 H.) and
those which are in fact experienced by the insane. The god has
entered into him, but émi Kaxcfi. The Stranger humours and soothes
him, and at 953 he obediently accepts the Stranger’s suggestion.
[The phrase afifijlatv e’Ac£-rm; which a scholiast on the Phoenissae
quotes as occurring in the Bacchae most probably derives from an
inaccurate memory of this passage, blending a.1i1'a.i’cn flcixxcug with
élai-raiazv in 954.] ‘
951-2. pr‘; 06 ye, a friendly form of remonstrance, familiar and often
affectionate in tone (Iebb on OC. 1441); here it is tinged with
mockery. Cf. Athena’s mocking words to the mad Ajax, pa} 8171-a
Tdv 3tia'r'r;vov 1:536‘ ‘y’ aixioy 11I).—Pausanias 9. 3. 9 mentions a
vup.95c'6v Evrpov .KoBcu.pwvi5wv. B1112 Sl11'iI1CS Of Pan and the Nymphs
were to be found everywhere in pastoral and forest country: cf.
Nilsson, Greek Popular Religion, 17 f.
954. [Murray’s suggestion e’.\c£-rcu.s 8’ cipdv e’-yxpv’-/iw is designed to better
the rhythm. But lines in which the caesura follows an elision at
the end of the third foot are very common: Descroix has counted
173 instances in Eur.]
955-6. ‘You shall find such hiding as a spy should find who would keep
secret watch on maenads.’ 1'iv . . . xpetiw has the same ambiguity
196 COMMENTARY
as 948 ofas as Sci‘ and 964 0:35‘ éxp-F;v. For the threatening effect of the
threefold repetition cf. I A. 1182, Clytemnestra to Agamemnon aé . . .
5¢E6,u.c3a. 3c'§tv fiv ac 3c'§a.09a.:. xpeufw.
957-60. uni |.|.1-'|v (used here, and at 918, like ‘I say’ in colloquial English)
calls attention to a new and delicious idea suggested by Kcrrciaxorrovi
‘Think of it! I fancy they are in the bushes now, like mating birds,
hugged close in the grip of love.’ ‘Just so,’ replies the Stranger drily :
‘that explains your mission of vigilance.’ Cf. 222-3 n. fiv 06 pi]
7\11¢6fis népos: presumably spoken ‘aside’.
961--2. P. now courts the publicity which he shunned at 840. n61-Cw,
sc. 1'a'3v Qqfiaiwv, implied in @'qBai0.s' xfiovds. [The transposition in
the text (zip? Q61-tfiv P) is, I think, necessary: it produces a line with
a normal type of caesura (cf. 954 n.) in place of one which is not
merely caesuraless but falls into three distinct dipodies, a rhythm
for which I can find no true parallel anywhere in Eur.--Nauck’s
-rrdkews for xfiovds is specious. But aéaos carries with it the notion
‘public’, so that Sui p.éo'17§ xflovds implies ‘by the public high road’
in contrast with the 680$. Ep1'],u.0l. of 841.]
963-5. 1-rékeug 1-fic8’ Gnepxépvets : ‘you bear the burden for this State -—-
which to P. means ‘you toil on its behalf’, but to the audience ‘you
suffer for its offences’. Perhaps a hint that P. is like the ¢app.a.K6S' or
scapegoat who carried the sins of the people and is put to death
after being ritually mocked and pelted (cf. 1096-8 n.). pévog . . .
|.|.6v0S 2 for the emphatic repetition at the end of the line and sentence
of the word which stands first cf. Hipp. 327 mix’, t5 -réhmva, col.
1&8’, ci -n-efiay, Kaxci, Alc. 722, Rhes. 579. [éxpfiv should not be
altered to aé xpviz the imperfect implies that what is coming to P.
has been owed him for some time. On the form see 26 n. nopnb;
5' iI|.|.|. (ibo), like SOpl'1. OC. 70 sip’ civ Tl-S‘ . . . 'rr0pm-65‘ . . . p.ci¢\o:.,' Murray
suppresses the Se’ to avoid the awkwardness of the particle re-
curring three times in a line and a half with a different force each
time. For am-1'|pios Wecklein wrote Bcwpias on the ground that
ow-njpwg is not an equivocation but a plain lie. But it is true that
P. gets there in safety. His return, says the Stranger, will be in other
hands. A similar phrase is used at Rhes. 229, ycvofi aw-njptos civépt
wrop.-1185,‘ ti.)/c,u.u5v.]
966-70. The Stranger makes ambiguous promises which Pentheus,
excited beyond control by the prospect of his triumphant return,
continually interrupts (cf. 188-9 n., and the similar use of tiv-n.\aB-rj
at the climax of the scene between Tecmessa and Ajax, Soph. Aj.
591 ff.). <|>€p6|.|.ev0S‘ 1‘"'|§as: ‘You shall ride home. . . ." Pentheus,
picturing himself in a chariot or litter at the head of a train of

I Claudian’s ‘laeti manibus portabere vulgi’ (in Rufinum ii. 333)

makes bitter use of the same ambiguity.
 LINES 955-76 I97
captives, protests coyly: ‘You propose to pamper me.’ (£i.,8pd'I'1)S‘
is the quality of an effeminate or over-fastidious person : so Agamem-
non meets his wife’s flatteries with aw‘; yvvauccis‘ e’v 1'pd'rror.g é,u.é | ifipvve,
Ag. 918. For the litter as a mark of luxury cf. Athen. 12. 533F
'rpvq$£p:.35' Btoiivra 1'repcq$e‘pca30.z eirri. xlivqg.) Stranger: ‘In YOUI‘ mother’s
embrace.’ P.: ‘You are determined actually (xai) to spoil me.’
(rpvqifiv iS used Of £1 petted Child, e.g. I012 I375 f. e'v ciyxo:/\a.l.g | p.'r)'rp65'
"rpv9‘>1'f0'G.l.. Presumably P. takes the Stranger’s words to mean, not
that his mother will carry him, but that she will share his litter.)
Stranger: ‘To spoil you, yes——in my fashion’ (1-ouiofie = such as
I have just promised, -rpvqfiat’ which will not be in fact ~rpv<,-bepaf).
P. : ‘I go to claim my due.’ It is his last word, unconsciously signi-
ficant, and the audience shudders. éfiimv pév seems to mean
‘what is at any rate deserved’, the antithetic idea being left un-
expressed, as at 1078 and often (Denniston, Particles, 38o f.).
971--2 are addressed to P.’s retreating back (P. could hardly take
Bewé mifir; to refer to the sufferings he will inflict on the maenads, as
Sandys supposes). obpuvég cr1"I]pi:,0v2 ‘towering to heaven’, an epic
phrase—-Il. 4. 443 ('Epi5') ofipavrgi 6'0-|'1fpr.§e mipq, Cf. I207 x:'Jp.'
ofipaw; 0-r17pt'§ov. The prophecy is literally fulfilled when P. mounts
the €'¢\ci.1"qS olipcivtov Kltisov (I064) Wl'1lCl'1 6'5‘ cipadv ai9e‘p' e'0"r17pi§c1'0 (I073).
973-6. Before leaving the stage the Stranger issues his orders to the
women far away on Cithaeron, and the audience knows that they
will hear and obey. The Bém; of the plot is now complete, the Adm;
about to begin. Mr. D. W. Lucas has called my attention to the
significance of the description of Pentheus here" as -rev veuvicw. He
is in fact hardly more than a boy, as we may infer from 1185-7;
and that is the one plea which a Greek audience would accept in
extenuation of his conduct. The Greeks were very susceptible to
the pathos inherent in the rashness of inexperienced youth: cf. e.g.
Odyssey 7. 294 aiei ycip "re vedrrepot dqbpa.3e'ovmv, Eur. Supp. 580 yvuia-17
0|} 1-ra'.oxcnv' vfiv 5' E-r’ sf veavias, IA. 489 ciqbpwv ve‘og 1" 1], fr. trag.
adesp. 538 ‘rd v6'0v ci."n'a.v 61,517/\dv eicrfl. Kai. Qpami, and Aristotle’s Cl1211'3.C-
terization of young men at Rhet. 2. 12, especially 1389'°7 -rd Ci.3l.K1ip.G.1'C|.
a'.5r.xoi'im.v eig fifipiv Kai. oil xaxovpyiav. I tllink MI. Lucas is right
in seeing here a first preparation for the shift of sympathy which the
next two scenes will bring about. u.‘i' 6' épéa-nopoi: short for fiacfs
"re (Hi cip.6cr-xropoi, like Xen. Cyr. 3. 3. 20 (.5 Kfipe Kai oi ti/Iloc Hépoat.
[dyiwa péyuv: for the tribrach in the third foot followed (without
an elision) by a sense pause cf. Cycl. 577, Hel. 1241, Or. 1076. Accord-
ing to Denniston (C.Q. xxx, 79) this rhythm is peculiar to Eur.]
mi-1-6 aqpuvei: ‘the event will show’, a Euripidean adaptation of the
colloquial proverb atircl Beige; (the answer given by the man who
was asked if the water were deep, Plato, Theaet. zoo E with schol.
ad loc.). So Phoen. 623 ad-rd Oqpavef. [Sometimes -rd Ep-yov is added:
198 COMMENTARY
Amir. 265 T6 3’ Epyov 0.1316 aqpavei rcixa, S0ph. fl‘. 388 P., A1‘. Lys. 375.
Sometimes again,‘in colloquial Greek, Beige; by itself has this force:
Ar. Vesp. 994, Ran. 1261, Plato, Phlb. 20 C.]

Stasimon 4 (977-1032)
A song of vengeance, consisting like stasimon 3 of one pair of
strophic stanzas, with refrain, plus an epode. In accordance with
an established convention, it covers an interval of many hours--
the time required for Pentheus’ journey to Cithaeron, all the events
described in the next scene, and the Messenger’s return to Thebes.
Developing the thought suggested by the Stranger’s last words,
the Chorus in -the strophe summon the demons of madness to enter
into the women on Cithaeron, as they have already entered into
Pentheus ; then they describe in clairvoyant vision what shall hap-
pen, or is even now happening, somewhere in the mountains. ‘What
conscious and unconscious prediction has given us as future, what the
Messenger’s speech will give us as past, the Chorus lets us see in im-
mediate visionary contemplation’ (Wassermann). Eur. had used the
same device, though less powerfully, at Med. 976 ff. and Hipp. 769 ff. ;
in the latter play it actually takes the place of a messenger’s speech.
The antistrophe, like those of stasima 1 and 3, passes from the par-
ticular case of Pentheus to draw a generalized moral. The song
culminates in a prayer to Dion. to reveal himself, not this time, as at
553, in his human shape, but in his monstrous form as a destroyer.
Metre. With the approach of the climax of the action, the metre
of maximum excitement, the dochmiac, is introduced. The basic
form of p.6"rp0v, at least in the type of dochmii here employed,
is v——v—. Other forms are derived from this (a) by resolving
one or more of the long syllables, (b) by substituting an ‘irrational’
long for one or both of the short syllables. The extreme forms
thus obtainable are exemplified in 986 = 1006, where the first
,u.é"rp0v consists of 5 longs, the second of 8 shorts. [The second
pa’-rpov of 998 is exceptional in that a substituted irrational long
is itself resolved, giving vv-—\-1-. On this and on 983 = 1003,
see separate notes. Syllabic correspondence between a-rp. and civ-r.
is not invariably maintained: see scheme below. Synapheia is
broken by a sfyllaba aneeps after 987, and correspondingly after 1007.]
The dochmii are varied, as often, by the introduction of occasional
iambic cola (including apparent cretics, - - v -, and bacchiacs,
v - - —); once also by an iambelegus (iambic-1-dactylic phrase).
Scheme : Strophe
v~_-v-----vvu-2- zdochm.
v-»v—v-‘"15’-—~_»-‘ 2dochm.
v——vvv Idochm.
 STASIMON 4- 199
980=1000 v--»-»—-»- ~_»--v-- zdochm.
——'-w- v—-v— zdochm.
-—-—v- gv_vvvu— 2dochm.
2 W v - -0 - iambic tripody (cor-
rupt?)
v——v- -»———-ac-— zdochm.
985 = 1005 v-»v-~.»—- 1 dochm.
———-—— uuuuuuuu 2dOChI'n,
uuu—¥- uuuuuvu gdochm,
- -v~— - —-v— 2 iamb. (cretics)
v—-0- w--uvv zdochm.
99o=1o1o v—-u— v-—v- zdochm.

' Refrain
u— u- uvu u— u- u-- 3i3,Inb,
v - --1 - - v - - 3 iamb. (bacchii).
99521915 uuuuuuuu uuu-u— 2d()(jhI'n,
v—-0- 1 dochm.

Epode
C v-v -vv vv iambelegus
C C C C- - v- 1 dochm. +2 iamb.
1020 c t c- - 2 dochm.
C -—v- —wvvu-»- zdochm.
uuu uuu‘u— u-— ziamb,
v--—-1- 1 dochm.

977-8. A6000; mivesz Lyssa, like Hecate, hunts with a pack of hell-
hounds-of. H61. 898, where she icvvo.-ye'r+:E' TéKV(DV 5|.a.ry,u.6v. An AttiC
fifth-century vase-painting (Pfuhl, fig. 515) shows her in the act of
transforming Actaeon’s hounds into such hell-hounds. In Aeschylus’
Edvrpzaz she appeared in person (as she does in the Heracles), ‘inspir-
ing the maenads’, fr. 169. [She is a figure akin to the Erinyes, who
are, like her, daughters of Night (Her. 822, 834, Aesch. Eum. 321);
they, too, cause madness; and they are imagined as a pack of hounds
(Aesch. Che. 1054, Eum. 246, &c.). Virgil’s line, ‘Eumenidum veluti
demens videt agmina Pentheus’ (Am. 4. 469), implies either that in
some version of the story the Erinyes took the place of Lyssa or that
Virgil interpreted the /.l1io'cm.r. mfveg here as being the Erinyes. Cf.
also Lucan 1. 574 ff. ‘Thebanam qualis Agaven I impulit . . . Eumenis’,
and the Pompeian wall-painting, Pfuhl fig. 641.] Oiudov . . . Exouaiz
hold their congregation, ‘are joined in worship’, like 952 Exei avpf-yjuovra.
981. }\u0ad18r|: Lyssa has already entered into P. (851). [With the
manuscript word-order the attributive adj. /\u0'a'0§317 does not come
200 COMMENTARY
between article and noun as it should; and the line does not corre-
spond metrically to 1001 which, if we accept the highly probable
correction Ttivixarov, is a dochmiac dimeter. The transposition in
the text solves both difficulties.]
982-4. ‘First of all (?) his mother will catch sight of him as he spies from
some sheer rock or (P) pinnacle.’ The assertion of Elmsley, Sandys,
and L.S., that cn<6)\o-rrog here means ‘tree’, is not only unsupported
by authority but is hardly consistent with the evident root meaning
of the word, which is always applied to things having sharp points-—
stakes for fencing or impaling (the only sense of 0.-<6Ao:,b elsewhere
in classical poetry), thorns, pointed surgical instruments, the pointed
tip of a fishing-hook or of a date-palm (OX6/\01r€g <15 'rrI>v 450.-.v£»<wv
ciaquai Zonaras). Conceivably it was applied also to the pointed tip
of a fir-tree (date-palms do not grow on Greek mountains), or to
a rock-pinnacle (what climbers call a ‘needle’); but it is surprising
that the ancient lexicographers, most of whom deal with the word,
should have preserved no notice of such a specific use if it occurred
in a work as famous as the Bacchae. Doubt about crK61\o1ro5' is
enhanced by doubt about the metre. [983 could be read as a synco-
pated iambic dimeter, - - v -» v | - — u —. But if 1003 is sound, 983
must be taken as an iambic tripody — v v v - v - with - v v = v -,
an unusual though not unexampled irregularity of correspondence
(Denniston, ‘Lyric Iambics’, Greek Poetry and Life, 142). Many
metricians deny that iambic tripodies can occur at all (cf., however,
Denniston, ibid. 129 ff., who is inclined to admit them in rare
instances‘): hence both lines are often emended to make dochmii.
ij coco‘/\o1r05' might be a corruption Of efioxowos (Nauck) or ti. cmoards‘
(Headlam, ].Ph. xxi [I893], 88). But we rather expect here some
vision, not necessarily exact, of the tree in which P. sat. Cf. Theo-
critus’ echo of this passage, 26. 10 Hev6e£-g 8’ 0’./\|.Bti."rw wé-rpag cI1rO
-rrd.v-r’ rideaipcz, I oxfvov es cipxaiav KCI.1’(!.81.i$, ei-m.Xa'>p|.0v Epvos. If the true
rhythm of 1003 is - — - — I -» - U —, something like -F; »</\wv6g may have
stood here: cf. 1068 where the tree is called .~<Ac6v’ 6pewv.-For the
rather pointless -rrpd3-ra in 982 we should certainly write 1-rpué-ra
(Dindorf): cf. Ovid, Met. 3. 711 ff. ‘prima videt . . . Penthea . . .
mater’.]
985-6. ‘Who is'he that is come to the mountain, is come to the moun-
tain, tracking the Cadmean mountain-dancers?’ For ég Bpos is Gpos
cf. 116, 165: it seems to be a ritual repetition. [The transposition

1 In addition to the instances quoted by Denniston, the MSS. offer

apparent iambic tripodies among dochmiacs at Hipp. 593, Hec. 1083,
Phoen. 114 and 183 (the two last emended in O.C.T.). A. M. Dale, The
Lyric Illetres of Greek Drama, 113 f., treats some of these, and also the
present line, as variant forms of dochmius.
 LINES 981-96 201
adopted by Murray produces syllabic correspondence with 1005-6.
This is not, however, necessary; and if Ka8,a. qualifies 6pe:.8p6;1wv
(fem.), Kafipeifiv seems to be required (Maas, cf. 1160). I should be
content t0 read ‘ris 55: Kafipciwv I ,uao"r1‘;p dptfipcipwv (Kirchhoff for
Ciptosptipwv), ‘What man of the Cadmeans is this who comes . . .
tracking the mountain-dancers?’ The collocation of 6pt8po’,uwv and
6pos is deliberate: the spy has penetrated to the fastnesses of the
secret cult. The form 6pt8p6,aos, which appears in a Pindar papyrus
(fr. 41. 6 Bowra = 52 g. 6 Snell) and in the MSS. of Nonnus (5. 229,
25. 194), is confirmed by the analogy of cipiyovos Tim. Pers. 88 and
éplflaxxos Opp. C. 1. 24. With either reading dp(£)|.§pdp.wv certainly
depends on ,ua.01'1jp, not (as Wilamowitz and Lucas) on -ris: cf.
Cornutus, ND. 30 dpe1'¢ot-rot fltixxoa]
987-90. 1-is ipa Kr/\. ; ‘what creature engendered him ?’ For the conven-
tional suggestion that inhuman conduct implies inhuman origin cf. Il.
I6. 34 'y)lavi-<1’; 515 are rixre Bdhaoaa, I 1ré"rpcu. -r’ -rj/\Efla-rot, c'i'r|. 10:. vdos‘ ioriv
cimjv-ris: Catull. 64. 154 ‘quaenam te genuit sola sub rupe leaena?’
and similarly Theocritus 3. 15 of Eros, Bepfis dads" -5 fie Ace.-Iva; I pegs»
£6-if/\a2_§ev. But the Chorus see farther than they know : what they put
into Agaue’s mouth as a metaphoricalfaccm de parler will in the true
action be experienced by her as paranoiac delusion (1141). A1-
Buaofiv : Hesiod situates the Gorgons in the far West (Theog. 274 f.),
and the scholiast on Pindar, Pyth. 10. 72, tells us that some unnamed
authorities placed them érrl 'r0'5v wcpci-rwv -r-fig /1r.B|51]s'. SO tOO Hdt.
makes Perseus return with the Gorgon’s head £1-< ALBJ-4; (2. 91. 6).
[Hermann’s transposition of 68: neatly puts the metre right in both
989 and 990: its insertion in 989 will be due to a reader who wished
to make the construction clear by arranging the words in their
prose order.]
991-6. ‘Let ]ustice visible walk, let Justice sworded walk, stabbing
home to the throat the godless, the lawless, the conscienceless one,
earthborn of‘ Echion’s breed.’ Cf. Aesch. Che. 639 ff. -rd 8’ 6.’-yxt
-rrz\ev,u6vwv ffqios I 5ca.v1'cu.'a.v cifivarevmis orirfi I 5:.ai. Alircas. Justice the
swordbearer is seen on several of the South Italian vases which
depict the punishments of the Underworld (Harrison, Themis, 520
ff.).—On Pentheus as -y-q-yev-ris see 537-41 n. ¢cwep6s: used here
only as feminine, cf. such adjs. in -p05‘ as flépfiapos, fipepos, Aéflpos.
[Other adjs. exceptionally treated by Eur. as of two terminations,
metri gratia, are 81'j.\os (filed. 1197), péheog (Hel. 335, 810.), -noflcwés
(Hel. 623), Sircacog (Heraclid. 901, IT. 1202), oirccfog (Heraclid. 634).
Some of these feminines in -05 may be old forms which disappeared
from common speech through the influence of analogy but survived
in poetic diction because of their metrical convenience (Wackernagel,
Vorl. ill). Syntax, ii. 49 rev Ei6e0v fivopov c'i8u<0v2 almost
exactly the same rhetorical effect was used in prose by Gorgias, Pal.
202 COMMENTARY
36 ciideov ci.'3u<ov <i.'vo,u.ov Epyov. Cf. Aesch. C/Z0. 55 dlpaxov d.8ci,ua."r0v
cio-rd/\ep.ov, Soph. Ant. 876 ci.'K)l0.v1'os', ¢i.'z,6tAOS‘, civu;.:.e'vcuo5'.
997-1010. This passage is the hardest in the play, and full of textual
uncertainties. Before discussing it in detail it may be useful to give
a translation of the whole as itappears in the Oxford text , indicating
by a query those places where I am inclined to doubt Murray’s
reading. ‘Whosoever with conscienceless purpose and unlawful rage
against thy worship, god of bacchanals,‘ and against thy mother’s
worship sets forth with crazy craft and false daring, thinking to
master by force that which cannot be mastered-—for him death
is a discipline (P) of his purposes, accepting no excuses (P) in things
that are of the gods; and to act as befits mortality is a life secure
from grief. I do not grudge the wise their wisdom; I rejoice to
pursue it (P). Yet the other things are great and, manifest. O
that life might flow (P) towards beauty, that day-long and through
the night men might be pure and reverent, and casting away all
customs that stray beyond the rule of justice, might respect the gods.’
997-1001 . With Murray’s punctuation this is a generic relative clause,
the construction being 9a'.va.1-05' Eqlav 0'w¢p6va. yvwpiiv (tiacefvqu) 55‘ . . .
0"re'/\)te*ra.r.. Most edd. put a stop after Bio and attach the relative
clause to what precedes it (cf. El. 156 and the examples cited by
Denniston ad loc., p. 216) : 6; is then Pentheus. The choice depends on
what we read in 1002. 1-repi . . . ofis is best taken with d8. -yvoipa
-.-mp. 1-’ 6p-yr; (equivalent to <i8u<ei‘ Kai. 1|-apavo,ae£): if the words went
with a-réllhe-rat we should expect e’-mi’ (which Dobree conjectured).
|.|.G.'rp6§2 Semele. On her place in Dionysiac cult, and the reason for
it, see 6-12 n. Cf. Pkoen. 17551. Z'e,uéz\a.s' I fiiaaov iepdv dpeatv due-
xdpevoat Pind. fr. 63. 20 oixvci 1'6 Eepéllav 6'/Iucriirxrvxa. xopoii Theocr.
26. 5 f. Bu)p.¢iJS' I 1'(iJS' 1-psi’; 'r{£ zaps’/\q., rd); e'vve‘a. ref) Alzoviiacpi and the
Fasti Myconenses (SIG3 1024, circa 200 B.C.), which prescribe an
annual offering to her. [For the short syllable missing after rrepi,
(ac) seems to be the right supplement in view of [J.0.1'pdS -re 06;,
and in 1001 Wilamowitz’s Tcivixarov for 1-avavum-rev is much the
neatest correction.—In the second dochmius of 998 we should, I
think, recognize the rare form vv — — u -- (Wilamowitz, Gr. V. 405)
rather than emend or scan 6,0-ym as a disyllable (consonantalizing
the ;). The same question arises in several other places: Hipp.
821 and 868 dfliwa-og Biol; (<iBi'o1-as some MSS., but the form is foreign
t0 classical Greek); Her. 878 paviaiatv /115000.; (pavuiaiv /\15o'o'0.:.g
Dobree and Hermann); Soph. Aj. 358 ci./Iiav 6; e’-.-réflas (ti/\:.ov Her-
mann). I doubt whether all these are corrupt; and I should hesitate
to explain them away by consonantalizing the e, since apart from
the word K0.p5ia. (mipla. P) thrice in Aesch. I know no certain instance
of this synizesis in tragedy (possible cases have been collected by
Radermacher, Sitzb. Akad. Wien, clxx [1913], Abh. 9 and Pkilologus,
 LINES 991--1004 203
lxxxiv [1929], 257 ff.). On the other hand, apparent dochmii begin-
ning ~_~— occur e.g. at Soph. OC. 117 1-is dip’ fiv; -rroii vaiei. ; and hesita-
tion about admitting the form should be ended by the new fragments
of Sophocles’ Inaclms (Page, Greek Lit. Pap. i, No. 6) which present
a whole series Of such ClOChmii—-27 ff. pavia -rci.5e KMie:.v' I mi 7/cip ofiv,
Z66, Rd)/wv I xaxds cf rriarcws K1-/\. (Cf. R. Pfeiffer, Sitzb. Bayer. Akfli,
Phil.-hist. Abt., 1938, Heft 2, p. 41 f.).]
1002-4-. Text and sense uncertain. In Murray’s text yvmpfiv is gen. pl.,
0m<|>p6va. nom. sing. fem. The existence of a common noun awqipdvq
(Dor. aw<;Sp6ve.) was elaborately argued by Housman, C.R. ii, 242 ff.
(cf. also Wilamowitz, Pindaros, 246 n. 2): it stands to owqbpomivq as
3v0<i>p0'v17 to Svoqipoo-rim), ziqiwpdvrg to ciqbpoaziv-q, e|i¢>p6v'q (specialized in
the sense ‘night’) to edqbpoaifvq. Ewqbpdv-q is found as a proper name
(‘Prudence’)=in inscriptions and papyri, also Men. Epitr., Terence,
Emmchus, Aphthonius, Progymn. p. 32. 13 Spengel, &c. Meineke
wished to introduce owqbpdvv; at Aesch. Pers. 829, Housman at
Ag. 181, Eur. Hipp. 1034, Tro. 1056; but its status as a tragic word
remains doubtful. [I think, however, that Murray’s view of the
general sense is probably right: cf. Aristarchus tragicus fr. 3
(T.G.F. p. 728) 05 Bcivarre, aw<;l>po'vr.0;.ta. -rciiv ciyvwpdvwv ‘admonishment
of the ruthless’ (Hense’s collation establishes this as the true
reading); Choricius, p. 388. 16 Foerster-Richtsteig, Bavci-rev 8% _aet’{wv
mix Eon 0wq$povw,uds. In view Of these parallels, which have hitherto
escaped notice, I distrust emendations which eliminate Bdvaros,
such as W. H. Thompson’s 'yva5;1a. aui<;Spwv, ii Eivarois‘ (Heath) cirrpo-
q6cio'r.o"'ro$- is rd. Heciiv Eqiv and Pohlenz’s yvwndv owgbpdva. K:i,u.a.'ros
cirrpoglvciataros rrepi. rd. Qecfiv Erfrv (t0 quote only the best). But Murray’s
text will hardly do as it stands. (a) awqbpéva. cannot bear the sense
‘castigatrix’: the natural meaning of -yvw,a&.‘v Owqipdva Hciva.-rag would
be ‘sobriety of judgement spells death’. (b) d-.-rpoqhziaw-res is not
found elsewhere in the sense ‘indeprecabilis’ : it is always used of un-
questioning obedience (cf. the synonyms in Pollux i. 43, /\e'ye 8% rrepi.
1-06 7.1.1’) Bpa.31ivov-rog €1'0:.,u.og, rrpdxezpog, rrpdfivpog, Eioxvos, raxiis, dflig,
ezirovog, Evepyog, cirrpoqidotoros, and the numerous other passages
collected by Headlam, ]. Phil. xxi, 95 ff.); and in the present context
its natural reference would be to that unquestioning obedience to
religious v6_u05' on which the Chorus repeatedly insist (387 fi'., 428 ff.,
890 ff., &c.). To these objections may be added (c) the metrical
doubtfulness of the iambic tripody in 1003 (see on 982-4), and (J) the
inappropriateness of -re in 1004 (Murray’s text seems to demand an
adversative). I suggest as the minimum alteration which will meet
all four difiiculties
7/vwp.6.v o'wq$p6v(w;1)a. Bdvarrog" ci.rrpo¢a.cn'-
arws (3') e's 1-cl. Bciév @451)
Bpo-rciwg 1" Exetv d.'r\v-rros Bios.
204 COMMENTARY
‘for him death is a corrective of his purposes; but to accept without
question in things that are of the gods, as befits mortality, is griefless
life.’ For yvwpfiv awciadvtopa Cf. Thuc. 3. 65. 3 awqlrpovcarai 5v-reg -rijg
yvaiwjsz for the plural, Soph. A 52. The position of Egbv, which
at first sight may seem wrong, is accounted for by the addition of
BpO'r€liw$' (explanatory of ci.1rp0q6a.0'i01'w5')I Exetv is attached to the
second adverb instead of the first. 983 = 1003 may now be scanned
as iambic dimeters - - - - U—U— (reading e.g. 1"; K/\wv6s in 983).
The second pé-rpov of 1002 has the form U U U U U U U —, which like
the form beginning U U — (998) is unusual but not unexampled (cf.
Aesch. Supp. 350, Sept. 892, 893, Eur. flied. 1259, Wilamowitz,
Gr. V. 405). Those who find this rhythm unlikely may consider
reading yvwpdv ciqlapdvo. Buiva.-.r0s" d.-rrpoq‘>a.0'iI01'cu5 3‘ . . . With a St0[J
after fiig. (for dcfapdva Cf. Alc. 728 eiiriipova); or 'yvw;.ufiv o'w4“>pdvw,u.c|.
9£i.vc|.'rO$‘ cirrpciriwaros I 6'9 -rd Beriiv €:;bu' I Bporeiws 5‘ . . ., ‘death With-
out warning is a corrective of his judgements on things divine’.
The latter reading restores normal dochmiacs throughout, and as
Headlam pointed out <irrp6qSa-ros is more than once glossed ti.1'rp0—
q§cia:.a1'05‘. On the other hand, the word appears only in Alexandrine
poets, and Pentheus’ death was hardly ‘without warning’.1]
1005---7. 6'r|p¢\'i0uau., SC. -rd crocfidv. 6'), vdelv . . . Biovi accus. and infln.
of prayer (Goodwin, J14. and T., § 785). But text and sense are highly
disputable. [Three questions are involved: (a) should we write
qbfldvcp (Aldine and many older edd.) or Z;S6ov<33P (b) if the latter,
should we write 517p€|.iov0a. -rd8’ E-repa. (Heath, &c.) or as Murray
0-qpev'0u0a.' 1-cl. 3' E1-spa? (c) what can we make of the corrupt Words
-rdiv cici P A clue to the answer to (a) and (b) may, I think, be found
in 395 f., where similar language is used in a similar context of thought
(divine judgement on impiety). Since there 1'6 aoq$6v is clearly
equated with 1'0 I11‘; aw,-rs qfipovefv, it is natural to suppose that it is
here contrasted with Bpo-reiws Exew. If so, the Chorus, whose constant
teaching is Hm;-re. qbpovetv, cannot say here that they rejoice to pursue
-rd ooqbdv. This points t0 the reading 1'0 aoqbov 06 ¢>90vcIi' xaipw
Bqpeliouoa 1-d5‘ Zrepa. . . . ‘The WiSe can have their WisdOm: my joy
is in pursuing these ‘other aims. . . .’ But we expect something
stronger than 015 9'>9ov<I:, especially in view of the asyndeton, and
Headlam may have been right in proposing 0|} §17)&<I3 Phil. xxvi
[1899], 235), on which 0:5 qbfiovai might be a mistaken gloss: cf. schol.
H66. 235 -rd §17.\0i3v 5150 317/I01‘, 1'0 gfifiovefv Kai. 1'0 p.a|ca.pi§er.v. The sense
required here is 1-6 aoqbdv 0:5 Iraxaplljw. (Tyrrell’s version of -rd croqbdv
06 ¢‘>96vc,u Xaipw 51}'pe1iovo0., ‘I care nOt tO pursue rationalism in such

' On‘ the manifold difficulties of lines 1002-10 see now A. Y. Camp-
bell, C.Q. xlix (1956), 61 ff., who wished to solve them, more sue, by
re-writing the entire passage.
 LINES 1002-23 205
a manner as to offend the gods’, cannot be got from the Greek: 015
gbflévqi could only = d4'>66vws.)—In 1007 I find Murray’s 0'5, vciew (as
also his earlier conjecture ci.e‘v'rwv) more ingenious than convincing:
the metaphor is violent and so far as I know unparalleled, and the
construction improbable in the absence of an introductory voc.
(Aesch. Sepi. 253 9601 1r01\I-rcu, 7.1.17 pa 50uz\sias rvxeifv, Eur. Supp. I ff.
Al17,u.17-rep, . . . ct§3a.r.,u.ovei.'v ,u.e, Ar. A6/2. 247 ff. (B Lluivvoe, . . . e‘p.c' . . .
dye.-ycfv, &c.). The most widely accepted correction is ¢>a.ve’p’ d.'yov-r’
dei, and that some part of (i.“}/GLV may have stood here is suggested
by fr. 672 6 5‘ sis‘ 1'0 crriigbpov 6‘-rr‘ ripe-r-rjv -r’ dywv Epws I §17/\w1'05' <:i.v9pu':-
-rroww. But the hiatus after dei is suspicious, and with ;.reya'.Ae. ¢c|.vepci.
we expect a causal participle 6v-ro.. I would read in preference
qbavepd. 1-’ 6v-r’ (Musgrave) ci.'('y)er. (8’) €‘1ri. rd. xa./‘id. Bfow ‘ My joy is in
pursuing these other aims, being high and plainly set (for they lead
man’s life towards the good), day-long and through the night to be
pure and reverent. . . .’ l
1008-10. With Murray’s text these infinitives must be either consecu-
tive or epexegetic of -rd. xahof. [With the reading proposed in the last
note they are epexegetic of -rc£8e, as Sialifiv is of -rafi-re in 424-6.]
fipup, ‘by day’, like Hes. Op. elf Di. I76 0135c’ 11-01" finap I 1ra.v'00v1'a.:.
xa,w:£-rov. as wbm-u, ‘on through the night’, like Hom. Ocl. 4. 595
eig éviav-rdv . . . fi,u.evos.—For the ideal here expressed cf. fr. 256,
from the contemporary Archelaos, paxdptos darts voiiv Exam rapfi Heciv,
and Andr. 785 ff.
1017-19. The sense of the epode is clear, though metrical uncertainties
render the text doubtful in some details. For the work of destruction
the god is invoked (4>&vr|6a, cf. Soph. Ant. 1149, Aesch. Pers. 666 &c.)
under his dangerous bestial shapes (Introd., p. xviii). So in H.
Hymn. 7. 44 he manifests himself to his captors as a lion ; so when he
appeared to the unbelieving daughters of Minyas, éyéve-ro -rafipos Kai.
Aéwv Kai. 1rc£p8a.)u.s (Ant. Lib. 10) ; so in Nonnus (40. 40 ff.) his oppo-
nent sees him successively as leopard, lion, snake, &c. [Headlam’s
Spcfxwv -rrvpifqb/\e’-ywv 6’ makes 1019 a dochmiac dimeter. As it stands,
the line is dochmius (scanning 1rvpi.'r;‘>r\e"ycuv) +iambic dimeter,‘ which
seems metrically defensible: cf. 1022.]
1020-3. YeP\i5v1'|. -npoadmw : ‘now at last the meaning of that enigmatic
smile with which the “gentle beast” surrendered to his captors
(439) is made clear’ (Winnington-Ingram). Bavéanpov is best taken
with Bpdxov. [In view of 1017-19 and of 436-9 Tyrrell’s 617p
Bvjpaypé-rqi is attractive: the quarry shall hunt the hunter. Bqpaypé
1-179 is found at ./lnlh. Pal. 6. I84, 917p0.'ypev1-1js' nowhere (ciypeu-rwjg
Soph. OC. 1091).—In 1021 Murray’s suggested transposition 1rp0Crt.iI1rqJ

I Or bacchius plus paeon (1rupi'r;lu\¢'ywv) plus dochmius (Dale, Lyric

Metres, 105): cf. 1014, 1021.
206 COMMENTARY
ye.\¢‘5v-n gets rid of the questionable (545—6 n.) prosody -ye.\wv-rt rrp-.
-—In the next line P’s 1're0'dv'r0. is grammatically indefensible (for
Tyrrell’s ‘parallels’ are not parallel); and P’s £1-rl 60.vCi.O’L,U.Ol-' im-
possible metrically, while émf is also the wrong preposition—we
expect either .5».-re (cf. Ion 1270 find p.17'rpuui.v 1-reaeiv) or possibly ég.
-—Murray’s colometry seems satisfactory: we need not rewrite the
passage to make dochmiacs throughout as Tyrrell and Headlam do.]

Scene 5 (1024-1152)
Pentheus’ death is announced by his personal attendant (1046),
who had accompanied him to Cithaeron. The narrative is preceded
by a short passage of dialogue with the Chorus, which throws into
sharp relief the contrast between the narrator’s and the Chorus’s
reaction to the event. It is natural that the Chorus should feel only
joy that the Lord has delivered his people out of the hand of the
spoiler; at the same time the Messenger’s reproof at 1039-40 prepares
the ground for the change in the audience’s sympathy which the
final scene will procure. The narrative itself is distinguished from
other Euripidean essays in the description of physical horror, such
as the Messenger-speech in the Medea, by the skill with which the
supernatural atmosphere is suggested, especially in the wonderful
lines 1084 ff. The episodes of the tree-climbing and the pelting, to
a modern taste slightly grotesque, are doubtless traditional, and
may be in origin a reflection of ritual (see 1058-75 n. , 1096-8 n.).
1024---6. div‘ 'Em\as.., ‘in the sight of all Greece’, like Andr. 449 ci8i’i<ws
czirvxefr’ .1.» ‘E.\/\c£8a. In 1026 Murray adopts Wilamowitz’s -idea
(Hermes, xxvi [I891], 199) that “O01; was the dragon’s proper name.
[I see no reason toiembrace this rather odd and quite unsupported
hypothesis, which Wilamowitz seems to have abandoned later.
Nor need we try as some do to emend 6¢eos. Critics have overlooked
Hes. Tl't60g. 322 dqfiiog, xparepoio Spcixov-ros, ibid. 825 5461.05‘, ‘oewoio
Spcixov-ros', and Aristotle, Hist. An. 602b25 Spa’-xovros 106 0'¢-ems‘.
Strictly speaking, though "poetry does not always observe the dis-
tinction, 6¢>is is the genus of which Spcinwv is a species (schol. Or.
479); and the two terms are conjoined as in 5pm.; . . . mixvos (infra,
I365), dpvcs . . . dllxvcfiv (IT. I089), 5pvr.3o5' . . . ci175oi3g (Soph. Aj. 629),
5pv=9os . . . 1rre'p3u<0s (Soph. fr. 323), 6-qpés . . . Aéovros (Her. 465), eves
0-i.c£A0¢0 (ll. 9. 208), B06: . . . 1’0.ilpO$' (Il. 2. 480), &c. Usually the
general name is put first, but not invariably: cf. Il. 17. 389 'ru.u‘po|.o
B065‘, H61. I9 mincvov . . . dpvzflos, Ar. Av. 515 aie'r0v- opvw (Lobeck,
Patholagia Graeci Sermonis, ii. 364).]
1027--8. ‘I am sad for you, slave though I am. e)u\ o,u.w$‘ may end
a sentence, like ‘but still’ in colloquial English: cf. El. 753 fixovoa
xéycé, -r-qA66ev p.e‘v, clM’ 5,u.wS, Hec. 843, I A. 904, Ar. Ach. 956. 1028
must have been added by someone who did not realize this and
 LINES 1020-45 207
failed to notice that he was not making sense (for rd. [rrfiv P] 3eo'1'ro'r0'5v
can hardly = -.1 3601-ro'rtTJv Kflkfi). He borrowed the line from the
Medea (54) where it does make sense, since the sentence continues
xaxciig ari-rvovra, xai. qfipcvcfiv civfieia-r're'rar.. [Such interpolations are late,
and should not be attributed to actors. Cf-. Or. 1023, where the same
idiom gave rise (a) to a similar interpolation which appears in all
MSS. but is unknown to the scholiasts, (b) to an unmetrical (and
therefore late) emendation quoted in a scholion.]
1031 . In questioning the Messenger the Chorus-leader used the ordinary
trimeter of spoken dialogue (1029); but on hearing of P.’s death she
becomes lyrical with joy (cf. the similar effect at Phaerz. 1335-41). Her
remaining utterances, 1034-5, 1037-8 (probably), 1041-2, are doch-
miac, and it is likely that 1031 should be restored as a dochmiac
dimeter by inserting all (Kirchhoff) or cbs (O. Hense) before qbaivy.
With mi, 9665 should be scanned monosyll., as at Her. 347, Or. 399.
[A lyric iambic trimeter, such as Hermann wished to make, is
possible but less probable. I see no reason to doubt ¢a{vy: cf. 42
qbavévra 9v-qroig 3a.i,u.ov0., a prophecy now fulfilled.]
1032-3. -rots épois . . . Becnorals, ‘one who was my master’ : the genera-
lizing plural has a slightly different force from the singular.
1034-. gem : nom. sing. fem., as the metre shows. c|Jdl,'ew is a ,uéAog pep-
Bapov, since efioi is the cry of the new foreign cult.
1036. ‘And do you count Thebes so poor in manhood (that you shall
go unpunished) P’ éwéwfipousz poor in men or poor in spirit or
both. That a complete couplet originally stood here seems fairly
certain; both symmetry and clarity demand it. Anyhow the Mes-
senger cannot burst into song with a lyric line (iambic dimeter).
1037-8. ltpd.1'0g . . . ape.-, ‘power over me’, like Soph.OT. 969 ~rcb;.rq'3 1:664)
‘longing for me’, OC. 332 017 rrpop.'q9£‘g. ‘forethought for you’. [1037
seems to be metrically faulty. Murray’s Suiyovos for the second
Atdvuaos is attractive (making a dochmiac dimeter), but the word
lacks authority; Aids ydvos (cf. 603) would be safer. Or we may
write with Hartung and Schroeder [6 zluivvaos] 6 Atdvvaos, 013 I 8-ij,8at,
dochmius+ P iambic aé-rpov ( - -~ - -).]
1039-4-0. This corresponds to civilized Greek sentiment. Cf. Od. 22.
412 mix dei?) xrapévoiotv é-.1’ ci.v3pci.o|.v e1i,1(e"rci.a.o'9ar., and the proverb
attributed to Pittacus (Stob. 3. 1. 172=-Diels, V0rs." 10 [73a]. 3)
cirrpaxyoiiirra pr‘; civcf5|.§e' <51-ri. ycip -ro|.i-rots vépeotg Qediv Kéfiryrat. But the
Chorus-leader has still no word of pity.
104-3-5. Bepéuwusz a word of uncertain signification, used in a local
sense half a dozen times in Eur. but not elsewhere in classical poetry
(at H. Hymn. 3. 157 Bepci-rm; = Bepcimuva). Hesychius gives two
meanings, ‘valleys’ and ‘farms’, either of which would be appropriate
here and at Her. 370 H-q)ua'.8es 19¢-pcirrvai. But a vaguer and wider
sense—-something like ‘settlement’, ‘dwellings’—-seems to be required
208 COMMENTARY
at Hec. 482, Tro. 1070, IA. 1499, and at Orph. Arg. 1208; and so
Wilamowitz understood it here. [At Tro. 211 I take it, with the
scholiast, to be the Laconian place-name (cf. Isocr. 10. 63, Paus.
3. 19. 9); but there is little point in making it a place-name here,
though Strabo (9. 2. 24) mentions a village called Therapnae (like
Eng. ‘Housesteads’ P) in the neighbourhood of Thebes. E. Kretsch-
mer, Glotta, xviii (1930), 73 f., connects the word with -répajivov,
17065, and explains tlepcirrwv, Qepdrratva (aepui-rrv'r)) as originally ‘house-
slave’.] Aé-no.9 . . . ei.1:|reI3lilJ\)\o|.l.ev2 ‘we began to strike into the hill-
country.’ Cf. 677-8 n. and H ipp. 1198 Epqaov xrlipov eZaefic£A)\o,u.ev.
104-9-50. ‘Keeping silent every movement of foot or tongue.’ ii-no
governs -y/M60017; (not, as Tyrrell, tmesis with 0qi|§ov'res'). For the
variation in the choice of preposition cf. 118.
1051-2. ‘There lay a glen, cliff-bound, refreshed with waters, close-
shadowing with pines.’ With six words the Messenger makes a
picture (observe the double tribrach which mirrors the swift move-
ment of the water). I apprehend that the ‘grassy glade’ where
Pentheus’ party first established themselves is not identical with
this Li‘)/Ros but is an open space in the forest traversed by the cilyxos,
which is a deep-cut ravine with steep tree-clad sides. Pentheus’
tree grows at the edge of the ravine, since it commands a view of
the bottom and the maenads subsequently pelt him from the opposite
escarpment (1097). On its northern face ‘the lower region of Cithaeron
consists partly of steep swelling banks, covered with green turf . . .
or with dense masses of pine forest; partly of rocky dells, fringed
with brushwood or stunted oaks’ (Mure, Tour in Greece, i. 264,
quoted by Sandys). [The anonymous line cited by the scholiast on
Hephaestion, 175‘ ('rj5'P) ti.‘-yxos 1iI,lu'xp17;.1.vov cipeal. 1'r€ptl5p0,u.ov, iS 1'10!
a variant version of 1051 but comes from a satyr-play: it is cited
as a typical satyric trimeter. The same scholion is reproduced in
a Byzantine treatise on metre, Arzecdota Chisiarza; but there the
satyric line has been confused with Ba. 1051 which a reader had
probably cited for comparison, so that it appears as fiv 8’ ciyxos
.;.,1.:.<..,....v 6340; Ouifipoxov. This has no bearing on the text of the
Ba.]
1054-5. ‘Some of them were restoring its crown of ivied locks to what
had been a wand of power.’ The act described is not the wreathing
of the stem with ivy—stem-wreathed thyrsi appear first in Hellen-
istic art and Roman poetry (v. Papen, Der Thyrsos, 28)—but the
crowning of the vcEp6-q§ with the terminal bunch of ivy leaves which
transforms it into a thyrsus (cf. 176 Hence Bfipaov §|cl\el\ol.1r61'u. =
a thyrsus which had ceased (to be a thyrsus). Cf. Hel. 1360 f. maaoii
re’ 0'rcqb9cE0'cr. x/\o‘a I vcipfi-rjxcrs sis icpolis, ‘the ivy-bunch set as a crown
on the consecrated rods’; and for |<|.crcrt1> xopfi-rrjv (which is here pro-
leptic), fr. 203 x0;.r¢Dv-ra. mood) arfirlov efiiou Beoii.
 LINES 1043-61 209
1056-7. ‘Others were singing bacchic antiphonies, gay as fillies released
from the patterned yoke.’ For the comparison cf. 166-9 and Or. 45
'rr1]3§ 5po7ua.i'0s', rrcfilos cilg oi.-rrd §v'y0i? (s.v.l.).
1058-75. I doubt if the perching of P. on the tree was invented by Eur.
‘to give Dionysus something to do’ (Wilamowitz, Textgesch. d. gr.
Bukoliker, 214). It looks more like a traditional element of the story
for which the poet has found a neat motive in Pentheus’ psychology.
In origin it may well be .a reflex of primitive ritual : ‘the description
suggests that the human victim was tied or hung to a pine-tree
before being torn to pieces’ (Frazer, Golden Bough, IV. ii. 98 n. 5).
[Pausanias (2. 2. 6 f.) saw at Corinth two wooden statues, evidently
ancient, which were named respectively Adams and Bdkxetog and
had their faces smeared with red paint. They were said to have
been made from the tree on which Pentheus sat, in accordance with
a.Delphic oracle which ordered the Corinthians civevpév-res -rd 3£‘v3p0v
ei.-cefvo i.'0a. 'rc§ filer?) 0e‘Be|.v. This suggests that the tree is no less an
agent and embodiment of Dion. than the Stranger who vanishes
as soon as the tree comes into action (1076 f.).‘ Cf. 109-10 n.]
1058. ‘This is notwhat P. came to see--and he does not see it’
(Winnington-Ingram). We need not suppose him magically blinded.
1060. ‘My sight cannot reach these counterfeit maenads.’ P. had
spoken earlier of their -n-)\a0-raE‘a:. Baxxeiatot (218) and had suggested
that their maenadism was only a cover for immorality (224 f.).
[cioaocs for 600:. (P) seems certain: e’§u<v0i3p.a:. by itself could hardly
mean ‘see’, and 0'0'00¢v, besides being uneuphonious, lacks support
in tragic usage. If anything more were needed, I like ]. ]ackson’s
suggestion (C.Q. xxxv [1941], 49 = Marg. Scaen. 213), p.o.w.ci.5wv
6000;; vcicrwv, better than other guesses. But in view of P.’s earlier
language I see no reason to doubt véliwv. For vdfios applied meta-
phorically to persons cf. Plato, Rep. 536 A xwhois Te Kai véflorg xp(0-
pevoc . . . ¢r'/I015‘, Catull. 63. 27 ‘Attis . . . notha mulier’. pddwv
(defined as qbop-ru-<6v dpxrjoews eZ80s, schol. Ar. Eq. 697) is quite un-
suited to this or any other tragic context. For the repetition of
;.:a.Lv<i5wv Cf. 647 n.]
1061 . axe...» 8' E-rr’ :‘but on the banks (of the ravine)’. For the anastrophe
in the middle of a line cf. 732 n. [If this is the sense--and the subse-
quent course of events suggests that it is (see 1051-2 n.)--we should
probably accentuate dxflav (cf. L.S. s.v. 5x6-4). For d.;1.Bd.9 (énfids P)
és é)Ld-r-qv cf. Il. 14. 287 els éhd-r-qv .1.-apes, in a passage of which there

1 We may perhaps compare another Dionysiac aetiology, the tale of

Erigone, daughter of Icarius, who hanged herself on a tree and thus
gave rise to an epidemic of similar suicides: this was told as the
o.i."nov of the Attic ‘swinging-festival’, the Aiora (L. Deubner, Attische
Feste, 187 f.).
4003 -9 P
210 COMMENTARY
are several apparent reminiscences in this speech (see I070 n. , I073 n.).
The alternative restoration 6x601» 8’ é-.-1-qufidg 1‘) ’)ui'r-qv (5x6ov = ‘hill’)
is farther from the MS. and fits less well with the topographical
indications. (Elmsley’s rule, ‘és apud tragicos nunquam in iambico
metro mediam pedis trisyllabi syllabam esse’, is arbitrary: U és
e’ I/\ci1-17v is no more objectionable than v év e5|Kria1'r,p (fr. I018) or —- é-.-r’
é|Au;;|.'a-rm; (IA. 541); and — és élpé seems to be right at Or. 394.)]
1063. 1-6 Bafipaz ‘that miracle’ (which so impressed me). Cf. 758-60 n.
[The article, being idiomatic, would easily be lost. ‘rt. is merely
a Renaissance reader’s conjecture.]
1064-5. yap: introductory, where English prefers an asyndeton.
ofipévtovz sky-high, ‘heaven-piercing’—a reminiscence of Hom. Od.
5. 239 eihci-r'q -r’ 1'iv ofipavopfixns. xurfiyev, fiyev, fiyevi the threefold
repetition, unique in tragic dialogue, suggests the slow descent of
the tree-top. For the compound verb echoed by the simple cf. Alc.
400 rirrcixovcov dxovcrov, Med. I252 xa.1'i5e'r’ 3361-6, I374, H66.
168, Or. 181 (all lyrical). Ar. has 11'pd11'a.1\ar. mEAat mi/hit, Eq. I155.
Professor Fraenkel compares Schiller’s description of the apotheo-
sis of Heracles in Das Ideal und das Leben:
Froh des neuen ungewohnten Schwebens
Fliesst er aufwarts, und des Erdenlebens
Schweres Traumbild sinkt und sinkt und sinkt.
1066-7. ‘And it was bent as a bow (is bent) or (as) a rounded wheel
drags its course when it is having its rim (P) marked out with peg and
line (?)’ (1'I'€pl.4>Op6.V, accus. -retained after passive verb). £60-re ‘as’
with finite verb is, like the dropped augment in KUK/\O51'0, an epicism,
and as such appropriate to a narrative passage: ‘it occurs also
Aesch. fr. 39 (narrative), Soph. Track. 112 (lyr.), 699 (narr.), fr.
474 P., Rhes. 972. Neither grammar nor the sense of the passage
as interpreted above requires us to alter Elma: (for é-')u<e:.v used of
a rotary movement cf. Cycl. 661 -rdpvcv’, Ehxc addressed to one of
the men twisting round the stake in the Cyclops’ eye). But since
1r6p|.q5opci elsewhere means not ‘rim’ or ‘circumference’ (-rrep¢qSépe¢a)
but ‘rotation’ (Plato, Laws 893 C, is hardly a secure instance to the
contrary), we should perhaps read apdpov (H. Stephanus)-—-‘drags
the rotation of its course’, i.e. ‘its rotating course’. The meaning of the
second comparison has, however, been much disputed, and the trans-
lation given above is not offered with any confidence, though it repre-
sents the only sense I can extract from the text as it stands. The basic
question is whether 1'6pW.Q is here (a) the ancient equivalent of a pair of
compasses (as it certainly is in Eur. fr. 382) or (b) some ancient type
of lathe (as it certainly is in Aesch. fr. 57. 3 and in Plato, Phlb. 51 C).
Accepting (a), my translation follows Sandys in assuming that
the reference is to marking out the rim of a solid cartwheel, such as
 LINES 1061-8 211
may still be seen in parts of southern Europe. A disk is cut from a
log, a hole is bored in its middle, and the disk is slipped over a peg
fixed in the ground. To the top of the peg is attached a string with
a piece of chalk at the other end. The string is held taut while the
disk is revolved, so that the rim of the future wheel is marked out on
it. [But if this is the comparison intended, it is a somewhat lame
one, as several critics have observed: the sole point of similarity is
the describing of an arc of a circle; we expect a more dynamic
image to illustrate (as the bow does) the tension of the bent tree.
Hence (b) the view that 1"6pvqJ here means a pole-lathe (as described
by E. S. Robertson, Hermathena, iii, 387) is now widely accepted:
see L. R. Palmer, Eranos, xliv (1946), 54 ff. ; Kitto, C.R. lx (1946), 66;
Campbell, C.Q. xlix (1956), 64 ff. In this primitive type of lathe ‘the
tension of the driving cord or strap is provided by a spring beam in
the form of a bough or young tree’ (Palmer). Robertson found
something of the kind in use in India, although there the spring
beam was ‘a stout pole of some elastic wood, fixed into the wall so as
to project at right angles’; and it is not impossible that similar
lathes were used in ancient Greece, though their use is not attested.
I should like to believe in this interpretation, but it will not fit the
text as it stands, since (i) -ypciqfiew is an unsuitable verb to describe
the operation of a lathe, (ii) the tree is compared, not to the spring of
a lathe, or even to the lathe as a whole,'but to the wheel in process
of manufacture.. Palmer has met the former objection neatly by
changing 'ypaq5dp.£vOS to -y.\a<;‘>6,uevos, ‘being chiselled’: -y.\.-;£<,-»5ew is a
by-form of -yA15<;S¢-iv (Hesych. 'y)ui¢c:.' -y.\1i<;$e|.), and is used by Homer
(Od. 4. 438, 5&0.)/)lcil/lava) and in the Hesiodic Scutum (431) in the related
sense of ‘scoop out’ or ‘scratch’. The second difficulty he would
remove by altering 1‘) to qfi (or, with Verrall, ff), thus reducing the
two similes to one and making the sense ‘It was bent like the
1-dfov whereby a rounded‘ wheel being chiselled on the lathe draws
the rotation of its motion (8p0'p.0v)'. This is less convincing. It elimi-
nates the simple and apt comparison to a bow; and even if we assume
that the spring of a lathe was called by carpenters the 'r_6§ov (of which
there is no evidence), this technological use of the word seems inappro-
priate in tragedy. Campbell’s more venturesome rewriting of the lines
is open to the same objections. It may be thought better to acquiesce
in view (a) despite its weaknesses.]
1068. £6; = 061-ms, another epicism: so ofa. . . . dis El. I51 ff. (lyr.), and

1 Kvpftii is simply ‘convex’, a purely ornamental epithet. Palmer

translates it ‘bulging’, i.e. ‘untrue’, in need of rounding on the lathe.
But Cf. Arist. Phys. 222b3 5 xzixhog (Exam) Ev -ref) a.I.'11-(Q) 1'6 xvprov Kai. 1'6
acoi"/\ov, M61507. 365331 xvprfis Kai. oqbaepoecfioiis, and Campbell’s dis-
cussion, loc. cit. '
212 - COMMENTARY
(probably) 655- . . . 65; Soph. OC. 1240 ff. (lyr.). Other tragic examples
of demonstrative dis, except in the fossilized phrases ciM’ 0'5; and 0:38’
65-, are open to question; but if 055' is taken as temporal here (Tyrrell)
the effect is intolerably flat. |<7\6‘wu.: ‘stem’.
1070. [Bruhn read dxwv with Hartman; but the line looks like a
reminiscence Of Il. I4. 289 Z119’ flu-r’ 6'§o¢crw wcwuxaopévog eiAa.'rZ-
I-'o|.cnv.]
1073. ‘Sheer to the sheer heaven it towered’: like the Homeric c’)lé-r-q
which 3|.’ 1jé'p0s a.Z9e‘p' ifxavcv (H. I4. 288). The doubled epithet iS
a frequent trick of style in Greek and especially in tragedy——even
in places where, as here, ‘the repeated adjective serves for collective
emphasis rather than for separate characterisation’ (]ebb on Soph.
Tr. 613). Cf. Soph. El. 742 c3p66s éfi dpfldiv 8i¢pwv (‘himself and his
car unspilt’), and the many examples collected by Denniston on
Eur. El. 337.
1076-7. 30-ov 7&9 051-rm Sfikog flv . . . ncai : ‘he was just becoming visible
(only-just not-yet visible) . . . when . . .’ Cf. Thuc. 6. 34. 9 50011 oiiww
-mipeww ‘they are all but here’. The moment described is that at
which the vibrations of the tree begin to subside, affording glimpses
of its ‘rider’.
107 8-90. [This impressive passage is worth comparing with the al-
most contemporary lines in which the aged Sophocles described the
supernatural summons to Oedipus, OC. 1621-9. The resemblances,
individually trifling, are collectively rather striking:
Ba. I078 dawvrj 1'!-S‘ H-JOC. I623 q53e"yp.a. . . . nvcis
I084 crrfyqae 5' aifilrjp K-r.\. --“OC. I623 fir pev ocwar-r)
I085 ofix Ev fixovoas B0-rjv »--JOC. I622 0133' E-r’ oipuipea Bmj
108'] Ecr-:"r;crav 6p9a.1f-'-OC. I624 6p9ias cr'r-ficrcu. (rpixag)
I088 055 3' e’-yva':pwa.v [ aa.¢-F)’ xe¢\cv0p.6v Baxxfov ---'06‘. I629 6 3' 165'
£".'r;:jcr9e'r' 6:: Heal? xalofipevog

Some of these are adequately accounted for by the similarity of

the situation; but not OC. 1624, which echoes the sound, not the
sense, of Ba. 1087 and suggests unconscious reminiscence. If we
accept the statement of the second Hypothesis that the OC. was first
performed posthumously, which there is no reason to doubt, and
ignore the bare possibility that a MS. of the OC. was sent to Eur. in
Macedonia, it follows that if either poet echoed the other Soph. was
the echoer. Soph., who died between ]'uly 406 and Feb. 405, may
well have been at work on the last scene of the OC. in the spring or
summer of 406, by which date we may suppose that copies of Eur.’s
posthumous plays were circulating at Athens, even if they were not
performed at the Great Dionysia of March 406.]
1078. (la; pév eimioaa, implying the unexpressed antithesis -rd 8’ ciA-179%; mix
Exw eiweivz cf. 970 n. [Reiske’s dlwvrjv (intern. accus. with &veB6-qaev)
 LINES 1068-85 213
is pedantic and needless. Pap. Oxy. 2223, which preserves 1o7o—1136
in an incomplete condition (Introd. p. lvii), has ¢'>wv1j.]
1081. [Pap. Oxy. has 1'(c)L,u.wpe'F'r' €p.o{ here. There seems little to
choose between the two readings.]
1082-3. ‘And as the voice spoke these words, a light of awful fire was
set betwixt heaven and earth. ea-rr|p|.§e (which the author of the
Chr. Pat. may have found in his copy of the Bacchae) implies a single
flash, perhaps of lightning, which is called -r6 Oepvdv -n-fip A169, Phoen.
1175; §o'1'1'jpL§£ (P), a continuous supernatural light (cf. El. 788,
Phoen. 1177, where we have Ktli. T469’ 6/4’ rjydpeve .-mi . . . followed by
an imperfect, expressing the simultaneity of two continuous actions).
The verb is perhaps best taken as intrans., since to supply 4'>wv-rj as
the subject would be inappropriate and to supply Al.6vUCfO5‘ would
make the Messenger assume more than he knows: cf. 972 and Plut.
Sulla 6. II q$)l6-yo. )la.,u.-rrpciv or-qpffar. (intrans.) -npdg -rdv ofip0.vo‘v.--—F0I'
Dion. as Master of the Lightning see 594-5 n. A supernatural light
may accompany the epiphany of any god (H. Hymn. 2. 189, 3. 444,
&c., cf. A. B. Cook, Zeus, ii, 114 ff.)1 ; but such manifestations seem
to have been especially associated with the cult of Dion. [Cf. the
cu}-répa-rov -.-1-fip which appeared at his sanctuary on Parnassus (schol.
Phoen. 227), and the p.e"ya oékag 1'rvp6$' which was sometimes seen at
his sanctuary in Crastonia in eastern Macedonia ([Aristot.] mir.
842318 ff.). Eur. seems to have described a similar miraculous light
in the Dionysiac ode in his Hypsipyle (fr. 31. 21 Hunt), where we have
the fragmentary words qS]oios' cicncorrov [<i]e’pt.—Pap. Oxy. has 0€p.v6v,
but Phoen. 1175, quoted above, tends to support P’s aepvofi (which
appears also in the Chr. Pat.).]
1084-5 describe wonderfully the hush of nature at the moment when
the pent-up forces of the supernatural break through: ‘The high
air went still (aiy-qae aor.), and the woody glade held its leaves in
stillness, and you could not have heard the cry of any beast.’ The
silence of the beasts here is the counterpart of their wild restlessness
when the god is being summoned (727). Stillness is the traditional
response of nature to a divine epiphany: cf. Ar. Av. 777 f. 11'-rޤe
3e‘ q$fi)lci -re -n-ouct')la. 9-qp:I>v, m.i,ua.1-ci -r’ Ecrfiecre vrivepos a.i'9p'q, and the
parody, Thesm. 42 ff. ; Limenius 8 ff. (Powell, Coll. Alex. 149) v]'q-
vc'p-Ovs 3' E0-xcv aififip d.e[)h\o'3v raxvwcrjeis [3p6],u.ovs' 1-c'r)t.; Mesomedes,
Hymn. 2. I ff. etiqiapeirw 1155' aiarjp KTA. . . . p.£‘AAcr. -ydp rrp6s‘ fipfig
Baivew <I5o£‘Bos. Prof. Fraenkel thinks that this type of description
originally applied to the effects of Apollo’s divine music (cf. Pind.

1 In Heraclides Ponticus’ account of the translation of Empedocles

a mysterious voice is heard, as here, and then the watcher sees q5¢3s-
ovpcivtov Kai. Aaprraiswv q$e"y'yog, dill/\o 86 0686:’ (fr. 83 W€hIli = DiOg.
L 8. 67).
214 COMMENTARY
Pyth. 1. 5 ff.), and was later transferred to the epiphany of Dionysus.
[efi/\eqios (P) may be defended by the analogy of Baflrfkeqros, but is
a (I17. /\e'y., whereas {Dupes (Chr. Pat.) is a word which Eur. is now
known to have used elsewhere (fr. 495. 34), and one which suits
g61§¢\.\a. and va'.n-172 Cf. Andr. 284 15/\6K0,u.0v vcirros and Hel. I303 fu\ciev-ra
vcf'n'|7. Moreover, Pap. Oxy. seems to have had :5’/\qu.os: there is a
hole in it at this point, but Mr. Roberts judges the hole to be too
small for efi/\ei,uos. For Bofiv the papyrus has the more specific
word Bpdpov, which is likely to be right: it is used of stags belling
(Alc. fr. 97) and horses neighing (Aesch. Sept. 476), and the adj.
épffipopos of lions (Pind. OZ. 11. 21); Bowiv would be a natural gloss.
Cf. I5I, where on §1_-rr.,Bp€,u.c|. L has the gloss e’1ru\e‘7/ea, rjxeit schol.
Phoen. I13 Bpe'y.wv' rjxciivi Zonaras Bpdpos‘ . . . 1-road. ¢wv1j.]
1087. 8l.'I‘|V€Yl<ClV x6pu.92 ‘gazed about them’, like Or. 1261 sdxptd vvv
Kdpas‘ 3ui¢ep' d,u.,u.ci'rwv. [But the papyrus has K]cipa., which is sup-
ported by Chr. Pat. 673 xai. 3:.1jve'yKa.v Ktipav (21.11. Ktipag, ,u.(ipa.s); the
Chr. Pat. regularly makes Kcipa feminine. K6p(15‘ looks like the result
of a scribe’s eye catching Ktipat at the end of 1089.]
1090-3. The supernatural swiftness of the maenads is repeatedly
stressed (165, 665, 748, Hel. 543). Cf. Pearce’s account of a possessed
dancer in Abyssinia who moved ‘with such swiftness that the fastest
runner could not come up with her’ (Life and Adventures of Nathaniel
Pearce . . . I810 to I819, i. 293). [This sentence as read in P is clearly
faulty. Exovam. cannot be construed with u'n<1f'r'q'ra. unless we alter
fiaaoveg to -fiaaova. But taken by itself it is meaningless: Tyrrell’s
rendering, ‘holding their course’, is not justified by fr. 779. 4 Exwv
3p6p.ov (where 8p6,u.0v makes all the difference), or by the non-tragic
use of Exwv with a present (not aor.) indic. to emphasize the con-
tinuous character of the action. Hartung’s 'rp¢:‘Xovo'a& makes sense
at the cost of some over-fullness of expression; but it is not safe to
infer from the adaptation in the Chr. Pat. that the author found
-rpéxovoar. in his text of Eur. The papyrus cuts the knot by omitting
both 1091 and 1092, which add nothing to the sense. I believe this
to be right. 1091 was suspected by Paley and rejected by Wecklein
and Dalmeyda. It may have been patched up from a note Exovaaa
made by a reader unfamiliar with the ‘accus. of respect’ (which died
out early), plus a recollection of 872 avv-|-cfv-,q spdpflgfl. 1092 (cf.
973-4) is an expansion of Kd.3;2ov K6pG.& introduced, as often, -.-1-pd;
aagfivjvstav -ru'Jv /\e'y0p.e'v¢uv (SCh0l: Soph. /Fl)‘. 841); see I82 Il.]
1 093. xeipéppou v6.1-rr|s : ‘the torrent-flowing glade’, i.e. the glade and the
deep watercourse which intersected it.
1096-8. The pelting of Pentheus, which to a modern reader may seem
below the dignity of tragedy, has not improbably a ritual origin
(Bather), just as the tale of the stoning of Damia and Auxesia was
invented to explain the Lithobolia at Trozen (Paus. 2. 32. 2). Cf.
 LINES 1084-1104 215
perhaps the stoning of the q$tip,u.aKOS at Athens (Harpocration s.v.).
[In view of this possibility, it is rash to reject 1098, as do most of the
recent continental critics, on the practical ground that fir-branches
would be ineffective missiles. Ballistics are one thing, ritual magic
another; and it may well be that the fir and (1103) oak branches,
like the thyrsi, were originally thought to be endowed with magical
virtue (cf . 109-10 n.). In any case the pelting is physically ineffective.
For the change of subject in 1098, which has been thought suspicious,
cf. 1124. The pap. has the line, and confirms Hermann’s -r’ for 8'.]
6.v'ri.1'rupYov2 perhaps ‘like a tower’ (cf. dv-n'n-ms), but more probably
‘towering opposite’, on the opposite escarpment of the ravine, where
missiles would not be obstructed by intervening trees; cf. the use of
civ-rwrvpyoiiv at Aesch. Eum. 688.
1100. oréxov 8601-qvov, ‘cruel targeting’ (Murray). 0-rdxov for -r’ 6x01-'
(P) is now confirmed by the papyrus ; it is accus. in apposition to the
sentence, and describes not the mark aimed at but the act of aiming.
[In my first edition I wrongly stated that for aim the pap. has ofix,
which would agree with the statement of ancient grammarians that
dv:5(-r)w was aspirated in Attic.]
1101-2. ‘For beyond the reach of their fanaticism the poor wretch sat,
trapped past escaping.’ Cf. Aesch. Ag. 1376 6:/:0; Kpefaaov éKm;81j-
,u.a.'r0s‘, of which the phrase here may be an unconscious echo. [The
pap. confirms the obvious corrections 'r/\1jp.wv and /\c/\1;,u,aévos. It
agrees with P in reading Ka.9'fj]cr'ro, but usage favours the article:
Cf. I058, Her. I013 £1336: 3' 6 -n\1j;.¢wv, 01'. I028 'r€0v'qx' 6 'n\., Soph.
El. 742 a':p9o|'39' 6 'r/\., I477 11-r=‘1r1'wX' 6 'r/\.]
1103. ouyxepuuvofiout, lit. ‘shattering by a thunderbolt’; ovv— has the
same force as in avv-refipévw-rat (633). The word is used elsewhere
of smashing a winecup (Cratinus fr. 187) and in the passive of a
person dazed by wine (Archilochus fr. 77), in both places with an
effect of comic exaggeration. Its use here seems intended to convey
the magical ease (cf. 194 n.) and swiftness of the act ; the maenads,
like their master (594), command the magic of the lightning. That
they nevertheless fail in their attempts to hit Pentheus and to lever
up the tree-roots is inconsistent, but explicable on dramatic grounds :
the horror of the climax is intensified by its repeated postponement.
[The proposed emendation 3pvivo:.g ovv'rpw.*voi3o'0.|. (or 0v'yKpa3ai‘vov0a:.)
K4680»; is not very convincing; and ovykcpavvofioaz (which the pap.
also had) looks much less like the chance product of a copyist’s
blunder than like an element of the special Dionysiac vocabulary
on which Eur. draws repeatedly in this play. One is reminded of
the claim made today by orgiastic Arab sectaries that they can rend
objects without contact ‘by the power radiating from their fingers’
(Brunel, Aissdofia, 183).]
1104-. dvea-rrépaaaov: conative. [After this line the pap. has
216 COMMENTARY
BGKXQI. 1'0. IIev9£ws'.[. . . .]1rl..1'cp[. This appears to be the remains
of a line omitted by P. But I cannot -restore it with any con-
fidence.‘]
1106-10. cbépe . . . 7\6.Bea9e : ¢e'pe, like 6.’-ye, 38¢‘ and cine‘, has degenerated
into an interjection, and is therefore used even in addressing‘ a
number of persons: cf. Ar. Ach. 541 ff. qiépe . . . Kflafiflaé, &c. 1-r-r6p-
Bou: ‘the stem’. -rev &p[36-r-qv Ofipa: Agaue sees Pentheus as a
‘climbing beast’, but the next words show that she sees him also as
a human spy. What later becomes a fixed delusion (1141) begins as
a fleeting fancy, perhaps no more than a metaphor. That is good
psychology. The rationalism which would delete ,m78’--Kpv¢a.'ovg
(Paley, Merkelbach) seems to me imprudent. |.|.upia.v xépa:
cf. 743-5 n.
1111--1 3. ‘For rhetorical effect, the name of Pentheus is reserved to the
end of the sentence, and the pause, at so early a point as the end of
the first foot of the line, is admirably adapted to express the sudden
fall’ (Sandys). I see no sufficient ground for deleting 1113 with Nauck
and others. [xl1|.l.CI.l.pl.<|>'I‘|§I this word is not found in classical
Greek, though Dr. Maas quotes from Eustath. the gloss -rd 3% xapai.
€K1reo'6v );u4u.o.r.p:.qSe’$ Xe‘)/ertzz (I279. 45). Xapacarrrvjs (P) is ugly with
m’-n--m.: cf., however, Tro. 506 ff., where Xapacrrcrfi is followed in the
next line by maofiaa. The pap. lacks the end of the line. yép P
and Chr. Pat. 1432 (explaining the oiptfiyjlara); but the pap. has
8’ tip’, which seems preferable : the Messenger knows Pentheus’ state
of mind only by inference from his behaviour.]
1114-. iepéi. = Eépeui: Agaue becomes a ‘priestess’ because Pentheus is
to be the victim of a ritual awapaypés. [iepeia P, aepeta pap. But
everywhere else in tragedy (I T. 34, 1399, Or. 261, Soph. fr. 456) the
metre requires the penult. to be short, and we should almost certainly
adopt the spelling Eepéa, which is found in fifth-century inscriptions
(Meisterhans, Gramm. d. Att. Insehrfi, 40) and is transmitted in the
Soph. passage. So probably here also. Herodian 2. 454 says that
this word had 5 in Attic.]
1116. yvupicracraz the removal of the ,a£+pa—which was, as the vase-
paintings show, a mere headband—-would not in itself much assist
recognition. Did it hold the wig (831-3 n.) in place, so that the latter
would drop off when it was removed?
1117-21. Pentheus dies sane (cf. Nonnus 46. 189 'r6're pév A51.-e Adana.) and
repentant : along with the ritual ;1{1-pa he has discarded the madness

I A. Y. Campbell's (6.9)l£‘0v) 1r:.(cr)'rr.6(p.a.1'c:.) does 1'lOt quite fit the

traces: ‘after Hevfiews a A or 0. is probable; before the -m, either 0' or e’
(Roberts). The line may well have been interpolated 1rp6$ O'G.¢1jv€I.G.v "rrfiv
Aeyopévwv, as Merkelbach has argued (Rh.Mus. xcvii [I954], 374 f.);
cf. 182 n., 1090-3 n.
 LINES 1104-27 217
which he acquired when he put it on. His repentance must be taken
as sincere, and is fatal to the view which sees in him a blameless
victim of religious fanaticism. 1'rcI.p'r|i50§ \.|;u6mv, the‘ traditional
gesture of supplication. Cf. the parallel scene in the Heracles, 987 ff.
‘E76: . . . ei|.|.i2 ‘It is I.’ ‘rats ipais . . -. -rra'i8a. 06v: the antithesis
is deliberate-the offence of an individual cannot justify the viola-
tion of the blood-tie. For the causal dative cf. Andr. 157 O"ru'yO5,u.a.l.
8’ ¢iv8p1 qSa.p,uc£:<owi aofg. [In place of cre‘9ev the pap. had something
beginning with 0, probably 6 (069) (C. H.fRoberts). Cf. Rkes. 90,
where some MSS. have aéfiev, others 1'6 a6v.]
1122-3. These are traditional (and genuine) symptoms of abnormal
mental states: Hp. 1110717. S061‘. 7 ciqlmpdg six 1-017 or-r67u.a.'rog e'xpe‘c|. . . . xai.
-r6. 6,u.,u.a.-ra. 5cacr'rpé'<f>0v-rat, of epileptics; Hp. 6006. 476 6,u7ua.cn. wept-
B/\én-ovaa.-., of states of Exa-rams; Aetkiapis fr. 3 Kinkel; Eur. Med.
1173 ff. with Page’s note; Her. 932-4; IT. 308.
1124-. én: regular in such phrases, because the god is conceived as the
source of the mental state: cf. Xen. Symp. 1. 10 e'.~< Bafiv -rou Kare-
x6pcvo|.. Errelfie, SC. Pentheus.
1125-7. ‘Seizing his left arm below the elbow (lit. “by the forearm”) and
setting her foot hard against the doomed man’s ribs, she wrenched
the shoulder out.’ Iiflkévqs, gen. of the part grasped (Ki'1hner—-
Gerth, i. 348). xefp ‘arm’, or rather, ‘arm plus hand’, is an occasional
use from Homer downwards (L.S. s.v. I. 2, Wilamowitz on Ion 1337).
—This moment is often represented in ancient works of art (cf. L.
Curtius, Pentheus, 13 ff. ; H. Philippart, Iconograpkie des B. 58 ff.).
[cb/\évaig P, w/\ev[a]g.crg pap. (i.e. 03/\év'a.-.0’, a rather artificial device
for providing a caesura which was also suggested by Elmsley).
This inverts the common usage of xcip and obhévaq, making the former
mean ‘arm’ and the latter ‘hand’. We might expect Aafiofiaa. 8’
ciu\e‘v-qv cipiarepciv xepf (Minervini) or rather Xepoiv (Dunlop, C.R.
li [1937], 57). But I am not satisfied that P’s text is wrong. tbilévq
‘hand’ occurs not only at IT. 966 (where Platnauer pronounces it
‘impossible’) but at Her. 1381 (where it has never been doubted).
Wilamowitz calls it ‘a specifically Euripidean ea-rdxp-qatg’. A prob-
able further instance occurs in an anonymous tragic fragment (Page,
Gk. Lit. Papyri i, no. 32. 7) épfis -révfi’ (I1/\e'v'qs' X€p6$‘ Aafiefv, where I
think we must choose between. reading 0iJAe‘va:.5"(SCl1aCieW2l.ldt) and
excising Xepcis‘ as an intrusive gloss which has driven out e.g. rrcipa.
at the end of the line (u3.\év1; is regularly glossed by xeip). In the
present passage the inversion, as Rappold has pointed out, is not
motiveless: it serves to avoid having xepofv as a line-ending twice
within 4 lines.—The absence of caesura may be deliberate—a
dragging line for the dragging movement. It is in any case an
insufficient ground for drastic emendation, particularly in a play
which shows Aeschylean influence. Cf. Hec. 1159 and fr. 495. 6,
218 COMMENTARY
where the device of the elided long dative is applicable ; also El. 546,
Hel. 86, I/1. 630.--In 1126 the pap. has 1r/Xevpo.-.m.v, perhaps rightly.]
1128. A fresh sentence, as often, instead of a subordinate phrase
parallel to :51-rd o'9e‘vovs‘.—-—This is the last sinister manifestation of
the Dionysiac effortlessness (194 n.).
1131-3. ‘And every throat shouted together-—he screaming with what
breath was in him, but they were yelling triumph.’ The sentence
has the loose syntax of natural speech: 6 pév cr1'cvci.§wv is in partitive
apposition to -n-éioa Bo-if, like Aesch. PV. 200 ff. o"r¢i.o'r.g -r’ év ci.r\)l'rj)lo:.cnv
a')p09:ive"ro, | of piv 96'/Iovrcg . . . of 3% rofiprraiuv I 0'1-rc630v'reg, but in
the Se’ clause the expected participle is replaced for greater emphasis
by a finite verb (cf. 225, 1128). So Heraclid. 39 ff. 8vo£‘v yep6v'r0w as
a'rpa'r17'yei.’-rm. $07117, | 6'7/ti: p.e‘v . . . K0./\xo.{vwv . . ., | 1'7 3' 0.6 . . . | o'q6§cr..
[The pap. confirms O’T€vCiC(UV, but does not help us to choose between
6'-rriyxavev 1rve'wv and é"r1.i-yxav' e',u.rrvc‘wv (Wecklein thought 600v im-
possible with the latter, but cf. Alc. 205, Hipp. 1246). For 67106 Bo-rj
the pap. offers he-[: this may mean merely that the scribe repeated
-)\os' -re -.-rfig from the end of the previous line.]
1133-6. ‘One carried an arm, another a foot still shod for hunting; his
ribs were stripped by rending nails, and every hand had blood on
it as they tossed his flesh for their sport.’ fxvos : properly foot-
print, then the foot which makes it: so fr. 530. 7 -rd Acudv Zxvos
6.vcipBv)\ot 1-ro86g, and Catullus 64. 162 ‘candida permulcens liquidis
vestigia lymphis’. nfiou = éKCi.O'TT]. 8tea4>aipi§e : lit. ‘made it
her hanball’. Eur. does not shrink fro1n the grotesque, which is, in
Koestler’s words, ‘the reflection of the tragic in the distorting mirror
of the trivial’. yupvofiv-ro : the augment is ordinarily omitted only at
the beginning of a line (cf. 765-8 n., 1066, 1084). [Other apparent
exceptions to this rule are (a) Andr. 1130, Ion 1205, Soph. Track. 767,
Phil. 371, Aesch. Pers. 313, of which the last may be spurious and
the rest are easily emended; (b) Alc. 839, Soph. OC. 1506, which
are doubly suspect as not being narrative. All thes emay well be
wrong; but in the present passage Porson’s yvpvofiat 8% | -rrkevpci
does not carry conviction, still less other attempts at emendation.
The pap. (which confirms the corrections in 1133 and 1136) has
whevpaf, but the end of 1134 is missing.]
1137. xmpisi ‘scattered’.
1141. The carrying of the head transfixed on the point of the thyrsus
is an additional touch of horror (cf. Il. 18. 176, Hdt. 9. 78 f.). This
may be an innovation of Eur. In the pictorial tradition both before
and after the date of the Bacchae it is carried by the hair. Farther
on, at 1277, Agaue seems to have the head in her arms.
1147. ‘The trium Ph 8 iver-in whose service she wins tears for trium Ph.’
The last three words are added by the Messenger in bitter comment.
Q» is the ‘dative of advantage’, like 66 Bpopliqu. [No explanation of
 LINES 1125-52 219
P’s 1) is quite satisfactory. (a) If fi is Agaue (Barnes), vm-q¢opei'
(a 6.’-rr. Aey.) has to mean ‘he gives as prize of victory’. Despite ffiv
85477 vuc-qqS6pqJ (Phoen. 781 and Aesch. Che. 148), I doubt this sense
for the verb: in this context it must surely have reference to the
carrying of Pentheus’ head, i.e. Agaue must be the subject. (Z1) If
7) is to refer to élypas (Musgrave &c.), we have to reduce xahhivtxov
to an adj. qualifying gvvepyoi-nyv (omitting comma at end of 1146).
But the three epithets of Dion. are surely parallel and independent,
representing respectively the chase, the kill, and the triumph. (c) To
make 7) refer to vixjg understood from xa..\)u'vucov (Tyrrell) is harsh
and unlikely; and (d) if taken as -an adv. (Marchant) it is hopelessly
weak and unidiomatic. Heath’s 1'7’ is also unidiomatic, spoiling the
balance of the sentence. There is more to be said for 1'} (Kirchhoff,
Madvig), introducing an ironical summing-up as at Tro. 383. But
45 is probably the right correction.]
1148-9. It is normal for a Messenger to leave the stage as soon as he
has delivered his message (and in the present case indispensable,
since all three actors will be needed in the next scene). The with-
drawal is not as a rule specially motived, as it is here; cf., however,
IT. 342, IA. 440.
1150-2. Like his predecessor (769 ff.) this Messenger draws a moral,
and in doing so he answers the Chorus’s question at 877, -rt "r6 o'o¢6v ,-
-E -rt‘ xcih/\tov . . . ; What is at once :cci)l)\to"rov and o'0q$u§-rcrrov, dictate
of honour and fruit of understanding, is 0w<;f>p0011v17 and 6I.io'6'B6u:1.
It is the same traditional moral which Sophocles’ Chorus drew from
the fate of Creon-rroAA¢_3 T6 qipovefv c153azp.ovia.s‘ | -rrpcfi-rov :5-rrcipxer xpr)
8% 1'6 y’ ég Hem}; I p-q8év tiaerrrcfv (Ant. 1348).--For mental qualities
as a Krfipa cf. Or. 702 f., IA. 334, Soph. Ant. 683 f., 1050. [But
ao¢<.5-m-rev Kr-ijp.a is perhaps a little odd, and I incline to prefer P’s
xpfipe-‘the wisest usage for those who use it’. The tragedians are
fond of figura etymologica, and abstracts are often called xpfipa,
e.g. Mimnermus fr. 8 ci.)l-r79si17 . . . rrciv-rmv xpfipta 3uccu.6-rarrov: Andoc.
2. I 5ew6-rcrrov ci-rrcivrwv xp'qp.ci'rwv fiyofipa: cf 'rt_'|3 new 30:ceE' 'ra.i3'ru. -rq3
8% ,u1§.]

Stasimon 5 (1153-64)
As the action hurries to its climax there is time only for a brief
song of triumph, a dozen lines without responsion. Similarly in the
Hipp. and the Ion the last stasimon, sung at a moment of extreme
crisis, is cut down to a single astrophic stanza; Aesch. at a like
moment had replaced the stasimon by a dozen anapaests (Ag.
1331 ff.). The opening words suggest a joyful accompanying dance
(6-rrdpx-qpa); but as the thoughts of the singers turn from Pentheus
to Agaue horror, if not pity, creeps in. The last lines prepare the
audience for what their eyes must now meet.
220 COMMENTARY
Metre. Similar to stasimon 4--dochmiacs interspersed with iambic
and other cola. Synaphea is not observed.
Scheme: '
vvv-—— --uv dochm.-}—iamb.
v-»v---—- -—-v- dochm.+iamb.
I155 -v -5- v v — -/ v iambelegus
—— -v-»- -»- glyc.“
——vv—v—— enoplion
vuv--- dochm.
——u— ---»- -»—v- 3iamb.
1160 ————— dochm.
——u— ----—\.J—- u—-uu
—vv—vv-1 dochm.
vvu-~J— ~J——-— zdochm.
vvv-v— dochm.

1153-5. The verbs are parallel in sense, construction, and rhythm:

‘Lift we our feet for the Lord Bacchus, Lift we our voice for the doom
fallen On Pentheus the dragon’s child.’ [Wilamowitz’s transposition
in 1155 gives an iambelegus like 1018 and 1179-80 in place of an
iambic trimeter with a highly improbable anapaest in the fourth
‘foot’. For the word-order cf. Heraclid. 446 in;-rép’ .’4)uq11jv1;v 1"ra'rp6S‘.
A copyist has introduced the normal prose order.‘]
1157--8. ‘And received the blessed wand of magic, which was death
unfailing (?).‘ vc'1p0'q|co. eiifiupoov, a fennel wand which has duly
become a thyrsus (by the addition of the ritual ivy-bunch): see
113 n., 1054-5 n. 1-no-rev "A|.8av2 probably corrupt. mm-0'9 signifies
‘worthy of trust or belief’; nowhere else does it mean ‘certain’, and
the Homeric phrase 0039 aim}; 6r\e9p05‘ hardly justifies attributing
that sense to it here. [I am fairly confident that the second word
is 74184,‘ which under the influence of the neighbouring accusatives
someone read as I4t50.v (cf. 475 n., and the similar confusions at
Hec. 1105, Her. 736). ma-rdv 1511.30. is, however, scarcely Greek for
‘assurance of death’: without an article the neut. sing. adj . cannot
do duty as a noun. The most conservative correction is wtcmv F4134
(Schroeder)3; but Wilamowitz’s 61r)u.o',u.6v 14156, ‘armature of death’,

1 The corruption is pre-Byzantine; for the new papyrus fragment

from Antinoe (see Introd. p. lix) has 1-reveéwg at the end of the line.
1 This is now pleasingly confirmed by the new papyrus, which has
mr...ova.t3a. (sic: not, apparently, 0.1.85 = I4t5a.v). The preceding word
seems to have been -mm-6v: Mr. Barns tells me that neither m.'a-nv nor
(probably) 611/\:.o',u.6v Will tit the traces.
3 Cf. Aesch. Eum. 670, where Murray’s mfo-ris for 'rrr.0"r6s would seem
to be right.
 LINES 1153-64 221
is also attractive. Fltfia is often nearly equivalent to an adj. ‘fatal’
(Headlam on Ag. I234): so 3ZK1-vov 1521:3011 Ag. III5, ffqbeatv H150
Or. 1398, F4184 K6o',u.ov Med. 980. Of the conjectures which eliminate
Hades altogether, Ingram’s Kwaoxat-rev is perhaps the most alluring
(Cf. I054 3:5,oo'ov . . . Ktaacib Kopnf-r~qv). But 857 K60'p.OIJ 6v1rep sis‘ I4t3ov
Aafldiv | dmacn. suggests the probability of a reference to Hades here.
Verrall’s interpretation of this passage, ‘he took the pillbox, death
in a drink’, is one of the curiosities of scholarship. It is enough to
say that v<£p6~q§ ‘pillbox’ is unknown to Greek poetry; that mm-6s
‘potable’ is equally unknown save for one passage where the context
excludes all ambiguity (Aesch. PV. 480); and that ‘he took the
bottle’, i.e. its contents, is an English, not a Greek, locution.]
1161-2. ‘A famous hymn of victory have you made—but the end is
lamentation, the end is tears.’ The reference is to 1145-7. xikewov,
pred. éfie-rrpc'1§o.-re ég, ‘fulfilled into’, i.e. ‘transformed in its making
to’: their victory is also their punishment. The metrical hiatus
between these two words indicates a pause (an English writer would
put a dash) before the reversal of meaning. The Ko..\.\Zw.Kog (fipvog)
owed its name to the refrain 'rrjve'r\/\o. xaAA.-fvu<e (Archilochus fr. 119,
cf. Pind. OZ. 9. 1 ff. and schol., Ar. Ach. 1227 and schol.). [e’§e-rrpéfia-ro
(P) can hardly be right in the absence of an expressed subject, nor
is the middle elsewhere found in this sense.—For 'y6vov (P) I prefer
Canter’s -yéov to Murray’s a-révov (a word which does not occur in
Eur.): Cf. 0?’. 677 E9 1-e 36Kpva. Kai. 'y60vs', IT. 860 3<iKpva. Kai. -y60:..
'y60s‘ is technical for a dirge (Schadewaldt, Monolog 1602).]
1 1 63-4. ‘A pretty conquest--to plunge red hands (lit. clothe a dripping
hand”) in the blood of one’s child.’ a-rétouaav, proleptic. [Reading
uncertain. P has e'v a.i.',ua.'rr. 0'1-cigovoav Xépa wcptflafiefv 1-€Kv0v, which
satisfies neither sense nor metre (we expect a concluding dochmius).
Wilamowitz’s conjecture, adopted in the text, does not convince
me: the natural sense of Xépa weptflaherv is not ‘to clothe the hand’
but ‘to embrace’, while xép’ a.i.',u.a.'rr. 0-r6.§ovo'o.v would naturally mean
‘a hand dripping with blood’ (afpart instrum. dat.). Wilamowitz’s
text might also be construed as meaning ‘to embrace the blood-
dripping arm of one’s child’ (cf. II25). But to recall this detail of
the 0'1'ra.pa.'y,u.6§ is inappropriate here, and tragic usage would require
the addition of Xepof or the like. If 1'r£pLBa.A€Zv is sound, ~réKvc_u seems
to be needed-—‘to embrace one’s child with blood-dripping hand’.
The ti-yofiv, however, should be the actual kill rather than the subse-
quent parade. The neatest correction is that once suggested by
Wecklein, eiv a.i.‘7u.a'rr. 0"r6.§ovcr0.v 1 Xeipa. ['rrcpt]]8a./\efv 're‘Kv0v ‘to lay red
hands on the life of one’s child’—an elaboration of the phrase found
at Med. I283, e'v 46540:; Xe‘,oa. Baflciv (rrpooflailciv L P) rre‘Kv0¢s:. In each
passage the simple verb was glossed (as often) by a compound;
in each, P substitutes the gloss for the original text. For afpa
222 COMMENTARY
‘life-blood’ and so ‘life’ cf. Soph. fr. 799. 3 ..:,... av-y-yevég Kreivas,
Aesch. Sept. 718 afi-rci3e.\<7‘>0v afpa 3pé'v,lm.a60.t.]

Exodos (1165—end)
This falls into five sections: (a) the mad scene, Agaue and Chorus,
1165-1215 (the first part of this is lyrical, reflecting the excite-
ment of Agaue’s entrance) ; (b) the return of Cadmus with Pentheus’
body, and the restoration of Agaue to sanity (ci.va.'yvc6p:.a'L5'), 1216-
1300; (c) the lamentations for Pentheus (1301-29, latter part lost);
(d) the deus ex machine (1330-67, beginning lost); (e) concluding
anapaests (1368—92, mutilated). The whole is evidently designed to
produce a revulsion of sympathy from the god who is so terribly
avenged to the human victims of his vengeance (Introd., pp. xliv-
xlvii, cf. nn. on 1184, 1197, 1249-50, 1296-8, 1302-29, 1348-9).
1165-7. The Chorus-leader interposes (&2\7\u) to break off the song and
introduce the new character to the audience. év s......p.s4..... 50001; :
in fifth-century poetry e'v already begins to encroach on the simple
dat. of accompanying circumstances, as on the simple instrumental
(157-9 n.). A person is said not only to be ‘in’ the clothes he wears
or ‘in’ a state of feeling, but to be ‘in’ anything which for the time
being characterizes him, whether external (Eur. Supp. 593 Kawds év
mm; Sept, &c.) or, as here, organic.

The lyric dialogue marks the climax of horror. It was accompanied

by a formal dance, with pas seul for Agaue, as we may infer from the
strophic structure and the distribution of parts between Agaue and
Chorus, which was evidently identical in strophe and antistrophe
though our MS. muddles it. The rhythms continue those of the
preceding stasimon. [In 1173-5 = 1189-91 text and colometry are
doubtful: see separate notes.]

Scheme :
vv\-1--—— u\-H-/——-- 2dochm.
\-M-1v—-1- dochm.
1170 = 1186 u v -I -I v v v v v v v '-I 2 iamb. (tribrachs)
uuu——— dOChII1.
v v- v ~ H~ 2 dochm.
u--1- v—v- 2iamb.
v -0- vu-~.»v—u iamb.-l—reizianum
1175 = 1191 —v-vu hypodochmius
v\-/u—\-»'- dochm.
u— - - 0— - - 2 iamb. (bacchii)
vvv—U— dochm.
U u .0 —uu---»u- iambelegus
 LINES 1163-79 223
1180 = 1196 -I v vuA 00 iambelegus
v - - -- u — - — 2 iamb. (bacchii)
v- - - v- - v 2 iamb. (bacchii)
vv\-/v\-H-»'~— dochm.
v-»v—-v- w--w- 2dochm.

1168. Ti p’ 6po06ve|.9, £5; ‘Oh why do you urge me P’ The words suggest
that despite their triumph~song the Chorus do not really welcome
the spectacle of Pentheus’ head: they would prefer not to look at
i_t, but the madwoman insists. [6poB:5vag, or épefitficrg (cf. 148), seems
the best correction. Other proposals produce inferior sense with
more change. For postponement of 65 cf. Hipp. 362.]
11 69-'71 . opéuv, disyll. Eimcu, ‘tendril’ of ivy (or vine) : the head with
its curling hair and beard (1185 ff.) takes the place of the ritual
bunch of ivy leaves on the tip of the thyrsus, and Agaue in her
delirium identifies the two. Cf. the story of Lycurgus, who in
Dionysiac madness believed his son to be a vine shoot and slashed
him down, [Apollod.] 3. 5. 1. Ofipav: best taken as ‘hunting’,
accus. in apposition to the sentence. [But Bijpap.’ has better
authority: see 866-70 n.] In the year 53 B.C. these lines were recited
‘amid general applause’ at the court of Parthia by an actor dressed
as Agaue who carried a real human head-the severed head of
Crassus, the Roman general (Plutarch, Crassus 33).
1173--5. Text mutilated, as antistr. shows; restoration is guesswork.
[P’s vw is more likely to represent fvw, a favourite word in Euripi-
dean lyrics, than the epic form Pltv or Afv, which does not appear in
tragedy: cf. Aesch. Ag. 717 Aéov-ros fvw (Aéov-re atvw codd.). Further
reconstruction depends on what view we take of the metrical
pattern. If we strike out Bfipa in 1190 (see below), we may perhaps
read here Epapyba -r61»-3' civev Bpcixwv, 4\e'ov-ros f|vr.v (6pe‘a1'ep0v), 055'
6pc'i.v -rrcipa. Denniston suggests (Pleov-roq‘>vfi) ve‘ov fvtv = ooq‘>¢T:5' 6.ve"rr'qA’
£":ri. Bijpa, enhoplion, cutting out 005665‘ in 1190.]
1177. [-rt Krficapcév ; P. If -rt is retained here we can get correspondence
by reading at 1193 (1-I 8’) é-rrcu.vo'3; or better (1'i 8’,-) e’-n-awdi. But
we expect bacchiacs as in 1181-2: a pherecratean seems rather un-
likely here (though cf. 1156 glyconic), an ionic dimeter impossible.
-rt’ may have been intruded to show the interrogative intention.]
1178. [Karaqbovefiet would make the responsion syllabically exact. But
cf. 1172 = 1188. I
1179. rrpfirrov ipov 1'0 Yépus = e',u.0i 'rrpc6'r77 -rofiro 1'6 -yépag 656917. [irpzirrov
is the right correction, not 11-poi-ra ; (= 1'rpo.'rr17 ;): (a) a variation
between str. and antistr. in the distribution of parts between Agaue
and Chorus would throw out the movements of the dance, and in
1195 pa.-répa. surely belongs to Agaue; (b) epic shortening in hiatus
seems improbable where the hiatus coincides with a change of
224 COMMENTARY
singer (cf., however, El. 1331) ; (c) 'rrpo'lrrov provides the motive for the
Chorus’s next question, 1-is 6.1/\a.;]
1180. [P gives |.16.|ca.Lp' A-yaéq to the Chorus : it is then an ironical com-
ment like KG.-AO‘§ dyojv (1163), and Agaue replies ‘That is what the
worshippers call me’. This is perhaps better: 1180 will repeat the
distribution, as it repeats the rhythm, of 1179. 1196 will be similarly
divided.] '
1181-3. Ch.: ‘Who else (struck him)?’ Ag.: ‘It was Cadmus . . .’
Ch. : ‘Cadmus?’ ‘Whose daughters laid hand on this creature
but after me, oh after me! Yes, we have had lucky hunting.’ -ri
l(6.8|1ou; puzzled, like Alc. 807 -rt’ §u'I|cnv; ‘Why do you say “live”?’
IA . 460 -rt 7rap9c‘vov ; ‘Why do I call her “maid” ?’—-It would seem that
as victor in a ritual competition Agaue enjoys some especial status
in the Gtaaosz she is the Eepéa qS6v0v (1114)-—hence, apparently, her
extraordinary exaltation (Bather, ].H.$. xiv, 255 f.). [Murray follows
Schone and Wilamowitz (Heraklesz, 399 n. 1) in supposing that two
trimeters delivered by the Chorus-leader, answering to 1200-1, have
dropped out at the end of the strophe. The necessity seems very
doubtful: pé-rexé vvv Goivas follows naturally on .0-wxvjg y’ 68’ diypa,
and 1200-1 may be regarded as making the transition to the iambic
scene rather than as part of the lyrical dialogue.']
1184. The invitation to a feast-presumably with Pentheus’ remains as
the principal dish-—is too much for the nerves of the Chorus: their
attitude of forced approval breaks down. [1'/\0lp.wv (P) would be
self-pity: -r/\&p.0v fits the situation better (cf. 1200 05 'rci/\a.:.va.).z---Vve
may find here a hint of a tradition in which ¢6p.0<,6a')/fa as well as
anapayaés was practised on Pentheus. Cf. Oppian, Cyn. 4. 304,
where P. is transformed into a bull, the maenads into panthers who
rend and eat the bull; also the daughters of Minyas who tore and ate
the child of one of them (Plut. Q. Gr. 38), and the cannibal feast
prescribed by the god himself in a fragment of a late Dionysiac epic
(Page, Literary Papyri i, no. 134).]
1185-7. ‘The bull is young: his cheek is just growing downy under his
crest of delicate hair.’ -yévuv . . . |-cc|.1't':|<op.ov Békkei, lit. ‘sprouts as to
his jaw (so that it is) hairy’. |<6pu6a: Kdpvs does not occur else-
where in this sense, but cf. 1.-opv86s, the crested lark; KOplI0O’€6'0(1L,
of crested birds and crested waves; Koptiirretv, to butt with the top
of the head.—With the idea of a sacramental feast, Agaue’s dream
has shifted a little: the head is a bull’s head now, though bearded
like a young man’s (cf. 1106-10 n.). As she speaks, she strokes it with
unconscious maternal affection. [L.S. still seems to take p.6ax05‘ to be

‘ If anything is lost, it was lost early: the new papyrus scrap, which
preserves parts of lines 1183-6, contains no more than is in P.
2 And is now confirmed by the new papyrus.
 LINES 1179-99 225
a lion’s whelp here, as did most scholars before Wilamowitz. But
although a boy or girl could be called a pdoxog (anglice ‘kid’), it does
not follow that a young lion could—particularly without Aéov-mg,
and in a play where p.60'x05‘ has been used more than once in its
literal sense. (At IT. .163, which L.S. quotes, p.6o'x05‘ is merely
‘young cow’.) The tradition that P. was transformed into, or
mistaken for, a bull appears elsewhere: Oppian (see 1184 n.); Val.
Flaccus 3. 266; schol. Persius 1. 100 ‘Pentheum . . . quem mater . . .
sub imagine vituli trucidavit’; Tzetzes, Chiliades, 6. 577 Séfas 8%
rafipog -rfi 71.17-rpi. Kai. 1-div BaKxr.3v 'rai.'5‘ ci.'/Utacs‘ (SC. 6 IIcv9c:ig).]
1188. ‘Yes, for its hair it looks like a beast of the wild.’ Cf. Soph. El.
664 rrpérm yap 055- -njpavvog. [P’s text here is a good example of the
Byzantine trick of filling out unrecognized dochmiacs to make
iambic trimeters.]
1189-91. Sense clear, but exact text doubtful. [‘Molestum est, rursus
inculcari illud 9-ijpa', said Hermann, with justice. He read 6'-rri. Bfipa
-r0fi8e. But I incline to Wilamowitz’s opinion that 6-fjpa (9-rjpa P)
is a gloss on -r6v8e. Its removal leaves a more convincing metrical
pattern,
6 Bci.KXr.og Kvva.'yc'-rag 004665‘ o0¢u'5§
civé-rrrfit’ c’-rri. -r6v3e pa:.v63as‘,

iambic trimeter +anapaestic-iambic dimeter or Kup-qvaiIK6v (cf.

Denniston, ‘Lyric Iambics’, 135 fl'.). If we retain 6-fipa, 1190 has the
unusual form -0 - 0 - 0 0 - 0 0 - 0, for which Denniston compares
Illed. 206, Phoen. 128.]
1192. Dionysus hunts the fawn or the wild goat (137 f.) at the -rprc-r-qp:'s.
He is also on occasion a hunter of men. [Despite Jeanmaire, Diony-
sos, 273, and others before him, I doubt if Eur. intends any reference
to the name Zagreus, which the ancients derived from §a-+6.ype:Js:
(Etym. M. s.v.). Zagreus, originally, it would seem, a Cretan
counterpart of Dionysus, was identified with him in Hellenistic
times (Callimachus fr. 171, &c.). But it is not certain that this
identification goes back to the fifth century (Eur. fr. 472 may imply
it, but does not necessarily do so): cf. Nilsson, Gesch. d. Griech. Rel.
i. 649 Anm. 3.]
1194. 1-axe at Ka8p.e‘i‘or . . .: Agaue would presumably have continued
to the effect énatvéaowat [.L€ (cf. 1202 fi'.), but the Chorus, curious to
test the extent of her delusion, interject the name of Pentheus.
1197. Ch.: ‘Strange spoil.’ Ag.: ‘And strangely taken.’ The Chorus,
who once warned us against rrepicrooi. <,6cIn'c5' (429), now find Agaue’s
deed rrepiocrdv, though their god has willed it. But Agaue accepts
the word as a compliment.
1198-9. |.l.€YtiLAG moi ¢o.vepc'1 : with unconscious irony Agaue echoes the
words in which the Chorus described the splendours of Dionysiac
4003 .0 Q
226 COMMENTARY
irrationalism (1006). Denniston suggests that the phrase may be
taken from ritual. nu-rerpyu.a|1'éva, nom. sing. fem. mid.
1200. vuvi ‘then’, inferential (= sin-rep ,u.e-yd./\a. Kai. gfiavepci. Kareipyaoai).
1203-7. 0-q pés, gen. of definition dependent on a’-ypav, but attracted into
the relative clause, like Th1.1C. 2. 45. I natoi. 8' cu? 600:. 'r¢'6v5c 1-rdpecrrc.
&y:<uJ\-q-ro'£g . . . 0"r0x60'|.lu.a|.v : ‘with thonged javelins’, missiles to whose
middle a thong (ciryxzi/\17) was attached, in a loop of which the thrower
inserted his fingers (nicely shown in P. Jacobsthal, Diskoi, pl. II). Cf.
Aesch. fr. 16 170./\"rci. K6-yKvJ\17-rd, ‘thongless and thonged javelins’. [But
the form ci.'yKv/\w'r0i.’9 (P and schol. Hec. 1156) is defensible on the
analogy of A0-yxwa-69, ‘provided with a spearhead’ (761), Kov-rw-rds ‘pro-
vided with a pole’, &c. Cf. 19 n. , and Ernst Fraenkel, Gr. Denomina-
tiva, I06 1I.] eeooalktiiwt @cocra.1\a'§v ycip efip-r7,u.a. 1'6 56pv, SCh0l.
Hipp. 221. ' Mr. Barrett compares Xen. Hell. 6. 1. 9 crxe56v 8% 1-.-dv-res
oi rafiry (SC. in Thessaly) ci.K0v'r|.o1-ai eicriv. Aeu|:o11'1'|xe0'|. Xelpiiw
&|<pa'£aw: ‘with our hands’ white blades’. Xetpdiv aK,u.a=.' are probably
hands, not fingers, as 17080 Ev ¢iK,u.a£, Soph. OT. 1034, are feet, not toes.
But the phrase suggests that the hands are sharp and deadly (cf.
Aesch. P675‘. I060 11611/\ov 8' Epctxe . . . Ci.K].Lfi Xepdiv). In /\evK01r-rfxeoi the
first part of the compound implies ‘feminine’, the second repeats the
meaning of the noun as in AevKo-rptxwv —.-1-)\oK<:ip.wv (112). Cf. Phoen.
I351 /Ievxoarrfxeis Kninovs xepoifv.
1207-8. ‘After that (mi-ra =. Kai. elf-ra), should huntsmen brag while they
needlessly procure the armourers’ engines?’ What Agaue complains
of is that huntsmen should both brag and hunt with weapons instead
of the naked hand. [To read K41-r’ 6.Kov'ri§er.v (Sandys) would enfeeble
the taunt.] For lion-killing without weapons see Paus. 6. 5. 5.
1209-10. no-rfi xelpii to be taken with both verbs, as its position shows.
xupig adv., as at 1137, strengthening 5t£~;60p170a.7.z.€v. [‘At 617p6s post
1'6v5e languet’ (Wilamowitz, Analecta, 67 n.1). Hence xwpis m8-rjpov -r’
Pierson ; xcupis -r’ defipos (;= deépos) Ruhnken (but even if the form
is defensible, cifivip, ‘point’, is the wrong word); Xwpis‘ re 80p£8os'
(‘sacrificial knife’) Wilamowitz, comparing El. 819, where Nauck
conjectured 8opi5’ civaprrdaas (but Alwpi5' qipmiaag [MSS.] is confirmed
by 836). These changes are unconvincing.Winnington-Ingram argues,
perhaps over-subtly, that the poet has postponed 6-qpds so that the
masc. pronoun may suggest Pentheus: ‘-r6v8e and 917,06; represent
the two discrepant parts of Agaue’s consciousness.’]
1213. Phoen. 489 'rr17K'ru'§v K/\:.,u.ci.K¢ov 'rrpoo'a,u.flcicre:.s, which confirms
the conjecture 1'r17K1'cDv here.]
1214. .|..y1c.¢s..= properly ‘fluted beam-ends’ (cf. L.S. s.v.). But the
plural must be used here, and at IT. 113 eicrw 1-piyhziqbwv, to describe
the entire horizontal band composed of triglyphs proper altemating
with metopes: it was to the metopes that flovxpdvta, &c., were
attached. The Tpiy/\vq$oi would form part of the castle facade, which
 LINES 1193-1224 =27
is still standing. Agaue proposes to follow the hunters’ usage of
nailing the head of the quarry to the housefront as a trophy. Cf.
Posidonius fr. 116 Jac. (F. Gr. H. ii A. 304), where we learn that the
Celts nail up on their houses the heads of their slain enemies (i.'J0'1r€p
oi e‘v Kvvqyiotg Kexeipwpévoi .2. 6-qpta. The heads of sacrificial victims
were sometimes similarly exhibited (Theophr. Char. 21 [7 _Iebb]).
Dedication of human skulls is attributed to the savage Taurians (IT.
74 f.), and to such legendary evil-doers as Antaeus, Evenus, Oeno-
maus, and the Thracian Diomede (Pind. Isth. 4. 59 f. and schol., schol.
BD Il. 9. 557, Pearson on Soph. fr. 473).‘ -
1216-19. fleveéms, defining gen. with fldpog. [Housman wished to take it
with 86,u.wv, putting comma after Bdpos as in the Aldine, to avoid the
slight awkwardness of drépovres Bcipos Hevdéws . . . 01'} crtfipa. . . . qbépw.
But Cadmus must make quite clear to the audience the identity of
the veiled remains, and the anaphoric Em-09¢ in 1217 should begin
a new clause.] poxflov, ptcp. Cadmus is an exhausted old man:
the Dionysiac power that he experienced in the first scene has left
him for ever. [Since the §171'17p.a1'a. are now past, we expect an aor.
ptcp. If poxdtfiv is right, it must imply poxdrfoas £17-:"r§;1ao':. Kai. ,u.0X6a'3v
é’-rt. But we should perhaps read ,u.6x9wv, gen. pl. noun (Wecklein).
The gen. of quality, equivalent to a qualitative adj., is rare in
Greek ; but cf. Aesch. PV. 900 Ma-radars rrdvwv ‘laborious wanderings’.]
-r68e, deictic: he points to the bier.
1220-1. -rréfiqa apparently here ‘spot’, piece of ground.‘ Bucreupéflg,
‘inscrutable’ (bad for finding). [A prose writer would have at-
tached the adj. to 06444, ‘hard to find’. But that is no reason for
writing Svoefipe-rev (Reiske) or 5vcrevpe"rw9 Hermann), or for rejecting
the line (Nauck). The transference is not bolder than many others to
be found in tragedy, and especially in the later work of Eur.]
1222. -rou depends on fixovoa, Buyu.-répmv on -r0A;z-:§,aa-ra.-—Observe the
syncopation to which stage time is subject. Since the news of
Pentheus’ death reached the city Cadmus has had time to revisit
Cithaeron, collect the remains, and return a second time to Thebes.
1224. Bmexiiw rrfipa, with Beficfis. [Baxxcfiv 1-re'pi. (P) is indefensible. Even
if it stood near enough to 1'j‘Kovcra. to be construed with it, 17Kovoa.
Bvyarépwv -r0Ay.17,u.a-ra 1-repi. BaKx¢TJv is mere nonsense.]

‘ For further evidence, and speculation about the original motive of

the practice, see Nilsson, Minoan-Mycenaean Religion‘, 232 ff.; Meuli
in Phyllobolia fiir Peter Von der Miihll, 233 ff.; Onians, Origins qf
European Thought, 96 ff.
* But Jackson (Marg. Scaen. 187, n. 1) may well have been right in
suggesting 1re’8ov, which would easily be corrupted by assimilation to
the ending of the preceding word. For the partitive genitive cf. Phoen.
38 65' rafirdv . . . 6501?.
228 COMMENTARY
1226. The normal order would be 16v 6116 Matv65wv K0.13av6v10. 11af3a..
But Cf. Supp. I036 16v Iuiv 90.v6v'r0. 110130. K0.5p.c[wv Sopi, and the many
examples quoted by’ H. Schone, Hermes, lx (1925), 158 ff.
1229. [The alteration of 8pvp.oE‘g to Spupoos appears arbitrary : for cind-i’
‘among’ With local da-t. Cf. "Phoen. I516 (dpvis) ¢i.,u.<f>i. K.\ci.30r.5' ¢i§op.e‘v0..]
1230-2. 1'i'|v 8’ . . . Ayauiqv: ‘but the other, Agaue’, like Hel. 1024 f.
fK£1'e1.ic1e I 11)v p.c'v 0' 65.001 110.1p£'3a. vo011'j0a.:. Kriarpiv. 6\|nv, ‘a sight’,
accus. in apposition to the sentence. [aim-'|v for ad-rfjs (P) is certain :
Cf. Heraclid. 929 f. E13pv05e'0. . . . dyovres . . . ci.'e.\11-rov 6|,biv, Of. 727 ff.
ciaopcli . . . IIv¢\ci3-qv . . . 175ci.'a.v 6|,lu.v. With 0.0-rijs‘ the sense could only
be ‘I see her face’ (cf. Soph. Phil. 1411 f. afi81)v 'r1)v ‘I:fpc|.K/\e'ov5' | tircofj
-re K/\15e|.v 1\e|.i00-cw -r’ 5|,lav) or ‘I see a vision of her’ (Cf. IT. 150 l56p.0.v
6l,lu.v 6vci‘pwv).]
1235-7. 15116.00; eI11.0vZ ‘I include them all.’ is |.|.ei.§ov' ijnui ‘I have
risen to higher things’ (different from sis‘ 16 p.eE§ov -iI.\6e, ‘has grown
greater’, fr. 1025, or éwi p.eE§0v Epxe-rat, ‘increases’, Hec. 380, Soph.
Phil. 259). Cf. Plato, Gorgias 484 C at éwi 16. peitw £46779 édaas -5'8-q
d>u\00od>eE'v, Menex. 234 A 611i. 16. ,u.ci'§w e'11woei's' 1pc.=‘11e09a.|.. She feels
herself to be like Pindar’s Cyrene, who 059’ 1'01-div 1ra]\tp.Bd,u.ov$‘
e'¢i.\-qoev 680155 . . . 6M6 . . . Kepci1'§ev 6.}/pious Bfipas (Pyt/Z. 9. 18).
1 240. [In tragedy the final use of C-05' iv or 611cuS' 61'.» is normally restricted
to clauses dependent on a main verb which expresses either a. com-
mand (cf. 356, 510) or an intention on the part of the speaker (]. F.
Dobson, C.R. xxiv [I910], 143 f.). Hence Hermann’s 6.Y|<pe|.|0.c|'6fi is
probably right (though not for the reason he gave). ¢’waKpep.a'.vvvp.¢
is, like d.v0.1'i91”.u., a oox propria for dedication: cf. fr. 369- 4 f. 1re'.\-rav
11,065‘ Hdcivas I 1r1ep:.Ki00|.v ci.-yKpe,u.ci00.s‘ 9cu\oip.or.5'.]
1241. [The notice about the occurrence of yavptdv in the Bacchae (fr. 2
at end of text, p. 57) affords no real ground for reading e’Kyavpu3v here.
The word may well have occurred in the lost portion of the play.]
1245. igerpyaapévmv, sc. 13p.<1‘.v, gen. abs. The repetition of this word is
not, I think, merely careless like the repetition of p.0.w6.5wv in 1060-2:
just as 03 1115'!-'90s‘ is a horrified rejection of ,u.aKcEp:.os—addressed rather
to himself than to Agaue—s0 dmivov égapy. is the old man’s response
to 1-0148’ €‘£€l.,Oy. [ Middendorf condemned the line on the ground that
it gives away the truth before Agaue is ready to receive it, and that
she ignores it in her answer. But qbdvos and its cognates can be used
also of killing animals: cf. 1178.] i
1246. xuiulrv, pred. |<0.10.I30.AoGc10.2 ‘having struck down’ (or perhaps,
‘having paid’): Cf. 01'. I603 0q56.'yr.a 11,06 3op65' KGTQBCIAOLS‘, Isocr. 2. 20
1005' icpcfa. 11oz\1\6. K0.10.B6.z\/\ov-ras, Hesych. K0.-r0.Bo¢\17' duo-fa.
1248. The normal prose order would be 11pu"J1a. 7.2.» arfiv. But cf. Soph.
Phil. 919 06100.1. K0.K0iJ pniv rrpcfrra. 1005’, E1161.-ra Be‘ . . . . The omission of
8c’ is common with eira. and 6115110., as with 8:61-epos (681).
1249-50. ivfiixus pév, 6701’ Eyuv : cf. 1346. This is the voice of humanity;
 LINES 1226-67 229
but we should remember that Sophocles, who did not design the
Ajax as an attack on Athena, put a like criticism into the mouth
of the Chorus-leader in that play, 951 6yav 8’ ~|.i11ep,Bpl.9e‘S‘ ye 1-6x90;
ijvvoav (SC. oi 9:01’). oixeios 71:16:52 Dion. has violated the family
loyalty which is Cadmus’ rule of life.
1251-2. Ev 1’ 6|.||.|0.0'|. c1|<u6pu1'r6v: Paley took 6v 6714200: as ‘in people’s
eyes’; but Murray’s ‘scowling in the eyes’ is supported by Or. 1319
0Kv9pw11o65' 6,u.p.<f.-rwv 6&0: K6p0.g. For the use of div Cf. Her. 932 Ev
0-rp0<;l>0.i'0tv 6p.p.ci'rwv €q59apy.e'v0$'.
1252-5. |.vq-rpos ei.\:u.c16eis 'rp61rol.s2 ‘resembling his mother’s ways’—-
‘compendiary comparison’, like Soph. OC. 337 f. éxetvw -rots e'vAZy|111-rqi
v6,u.o:.g I qlnfoiv K01-er.K0.0Be'v1e. 34.10. 1 best taken closely with 6piyv1§'.rr',
‘when he joined in hunting’ (Elmsley). 6,06 06v or 6,u.a 7.1.616, ‘along
with’, is not uncommon (Med. 1143, Ion 717, Plato, Criti. 110 A);
but 6,0,0 év would be less natural. [Quite possibly one word or the
other may be due to corruption. Murray suggested 6ypa for 6,04,
Jackson (Marg. Scaen. 67) 611616 for 61-’ év.] 61|pt'i)v, clearly noun, not
(as Cruickshank) ptcp. bpryvqrr’, optative, the normal usage in
indefinite relative clauses dependent on an antecedent optative
(Goodwin, M. and T. § 177).
1256-7. croficriv 2 this crasis of 00f or e',u.oi (poi) with 601-iv is attested by
the MSS. at Aesch. Clio. 122, Earn. 913, Soph. Aj. 1225, and is
accepted also at Phil. 812 (where MSS. have e’,aoZ '0-rt). [P, however,
has out -r’ éa-rw. ' This may mean that something is lost; but the
supplement printed by Musurus in the editio princeps is presumably
mere conjecture.]
1257'-8. “ris . . . av . . . xakéaetev; virtually = K0.8ei'r¢u 115'. This is a C0111-
mon idiom, e.g. Hel. 435 0617' 1f; civ 11u8wp6g 6K 56y.r.uv 71.6801; -rfiv
et‘:8ai|.:ova.: the word is carefully placed. Its unconscious irony be-
comes the more devastating if the hearer recalls all that the Chorus
sang concerning the Dionysiac efi8ai,u.ovta, 72 ff., 426, 910 f.
1262. ‘Fortunate I will not call you ; but in your dream you will escape
misfortune.’ 86§e-re, because clirvxia. is an objective condition
(‘good fortune’), not a state of mind (‘happiness’). For the thought
Cf. fr. 205 16 ,u.1i7 eifiévai ydp 178ov1)v Exec rwd. I vooofiv-10., Ke‘p30$' 5‘ eiv
Ka.Koi.’5‘ dyvwcnfa, and Soph. Aj. 552 ff. Tyrrell is strangely wrong in
saying that ooxi must be taken with 86Ee-re as otherwise ‘grammar
would demand mi ’ : 0:3 is normal with infin. after 8oK=-Ev, e.g. Andr. 77
301:6} ydp 06K civ 053:‘ 0’ Ev arptiaacw K0.Kc3s‘, Plato, Rep. 329 B 30Koi'i0w
. . . 06316 0.i.'-rtov a.i1r.6030.i, &C.
1264-7. Cadmus begins his treatment by getting Agaue to concentrate
on something in the external world. She does so (£806, like voila, calls
attention to the performance of the act requested, cf. Cycl. 211 f.).
He then suggests to her that its appearance has changed, and she
thereupon feels as if a mist were lifting from her eyes. So Heracles
230 COMMENTARY
says on recovering his sanity (Her. 1089) 8é8opy’ 61-rep 7.1.4: 8ei.‘, I 0.i9e‘p0.
1e Kai. yijv '16§a 9' ‘H8iov 1636. This may be founded on actual
observation: one of Binswanger’s subjects described his recovery
from an attack by saying that ‘a veil was removed from his eyes’
(Die Hysterie, 729). 8:et1-re-réo-repos: ‘more translucent’. So Etym.
M., which quotes this passage as evidence for the sense 8:.a.vy-:79.
And at Rhes. 43 Sictrrcrfi Se’ vacfiv wupaofg 0109,06 no other sense is
possible. [Homer applies the word to rivers, and its original meaning
was probably ‘sky-fallen’, i.e. ‘rainfed’; but Zenodotus maintained
that it meant Siavyfis in Homer (schol. Il. 17. 263). The latter ex-
planation was doubtless already current at Athens in Eur.’s day.]
1268-70. Cadmus next suggests that Agaue’s inward excitement is
fading. She tries to reject the suggestion (‘I don’t understand what
you mean’). Yet it works, and her next words admit it: ‘But my
head is somehow . . . clearing: something has changed in my mind.’
‘She speaks very slowly and simply: we shudder as we watch her
beginning a new life’ (Wilamowitz). The decisive moment is marked,
as at Alc. 1119, by a. breach of stichomythia: after 1269 we may
suppose a pause of hesitation, during which Cadmus waits in ex-
pectant silence. Cf. El. 965, which is similarly followed by a pause
while Electra gazes at the approaching figure, and IT. 811, where
Orestes pauses to think of a test.
1272. ‘Yes, for indeed I have forgotten what we said to each other just
now.’ Eur. knows that sudden alterations of personality are often
accompanied by amnesia (cf. Her. 1094 ff., Or. 215 f.), and brilliantly
exploits the dramatic possibilities of the situation. Agaue is like
a subject coming out of deep hypnosis, or a Siberian shaman when
he has finished shamanizing (Czaplicka, Aboriginal Siberia, 231, 240).
--On 05; . . . ye, a favourite combination with Eur., see Denniston,
Particles, 143.
127 3-84. Cadmus skilfully leads up to the avayvoipiarg, appealing to
older memories that have not been repressed. She remembers her
husband? Her son?.Then at 1277 he shoots the crucial question
at her. With averted eyes she answers ‘A lion’s-—or so they told me
in the hunt’. Gently but relentlessly he forces her from this last
refuge: ‘Come, you must look properly: it is only a moment’s
effort.’ Then she knows; but she will not or cannot speak the name
until he drags it from her _(cf. Phaedra’s inability to pronounce the
name of Hippolytus, Hipp. 351). The whole dialogue is magnificently
imagined. It is interesting that Goethe, who considered the Bacchae
‘Euripides’ finest play’ (Gesprache, ed. Biedermann, iv. 435), chose
lines 1244-98 to render into German verse as a specimen (Werke,
Weimar edition, vol. 41. ii, pp. 237 ff.).
1274. 6:9 8670001. must qualify ).i11a;:I'rc§: Cf. Med. 684 rraifg, 0'59 8e'yov0:.,
IIe‘8o11o$ euiaefiéa-ra.-rag where 6»; 86-yovat, despite its position, qualifies
 LINES 1264-88 231
c|i0efle‘01a1o9. The words sound like an acknowledgement that the
Sown Men, who grew from the dragon’s teeth, belong to legend, not
to the real world of human suffering in which this part of the action
moves. Cf. the non-committal language used elsewhere in Eur.
about miraculous births, Her. 826 qfwaoiv, Hel. 17 Eanv 86-yos 11;.
[Bruhn’s idea, that Agaue is teasing her father for asking questions
to which he knows the answer, involves a misconception of the whole
tone of the passage.]
1277. 81’-I-ra : ‘Well, then’—-indicating‘ that Cadmus has reached what he
was leading up to.
1280. :4: cf. 644 n. 1I>€p0|J.GI. differs from gbépw in that it implies a
reflex effect of the action upon the agent: Agaue carries the head
as her prize-and as her pollution (cf. fr. 1 at end of text, p. 57, £'8i.ov
i="8aBov ég xdpag 711500;). To alter to ¢épop.ev would destroy a significant
if untranslatable nuance; and, as Hermann said, ‘pluralis a tanto
animi motu, praesertim in interrogatione, alienus videtur’.
1281.. iiflpqaovi ‘look closely’. Cf. Suid. ci.9pei.’v' '16 ci1rt0Ko11e'i.’v Kai. 71.61‘
6-rrrrcioewg 6péi.v2 Soph. OC. 252 06 yap i'5oig 6v dflpofiv ‘For you will not
see him however closely you look’. [The alteration of arms to 456:; is
thus needless.]
1285. ‘Moumed (by me) long before you recognized him.’ Until now,
Cadmus has had to bear his sorrow alone. [In his translation Murray
adopted finaypévov, ‘blood-drenched’, which is at first sight more
vigorous ; but is it not in reality a mere affirmation of the obvious P]
oé, emphatic. We need not assume (with Descroix, Trimétre, 20) that
it remains short, contrary to usage, before yv-. -For the fifth foot
beginning with a long monosyllable see 246-7 n. I
1286. [Since Byzantine word-division has no authority, P’s 1786:; can
equally represent an original 17891:: or 1788’ ég. Without an accompany-
ing'vocative (as in 1308) the former is hardly possible. But -589’ és
should not be hastily rejected as ‘unmetrical’: the admission of this
type of ending is characteristic of Eur.’s later work (246-7 n.). In
earlier plays his phrase was xeipag cig £716; (Alc. 1020, Heraclid.
976)-]
1287. év 06 44.90: ‘at the wrong moment’, stronger and more vivid than
013K év Katpqi, ‘not at the right moment’. As Wackernagel points out
(Vorl. iib. Syntax, ii. 264), the expression was made natural by the
existence of the phrase 01} Kaipds‘ ((5011), Aesch. PV. 523, Soph. El. 22,
although in that phrase the 01), strictly speaking, negatives the
sentence, not as here the noun. Cf. 455 n., and Or. 579 év 01} K0865
piv dpvrjadnv fledav.
1288. 10 p.é88ov, accus. governed K010. ativcotv by Kap3fa 1r-r§5'r;p.' Exes =
Kap8ta 111730’. = qbofiofinar. This is common in tragedy where a transi-
tive verb, especially one denoting emotion, is replaced by a peri-
phrasis: 01‘. 860 1'6 p.e'880v oi-fe'1"qK6p:r;v 7/601$ (= éydwv), Aesch. Sept.
232 COMMENTARY
290 ,u.é'p:p.var. §r.u1rvpoi30i -rcipfiog (= rrotoiiot 7.1.: rapflcfv) 16v . . . 8c06v,
Supp. 566 3vp.6v 1r0i88ov-r’ (= eidaofioiivro) 6¢:v 6.17917, &C. So Ar. Nub.
1391 1-6.9 xap8£'as -rr-486v 6 1:. Aégfei, and so even in prose, Dem. 4. 45
-rc3v0’.0:. -rqii 566:. 1009 10:06-roug ci.1ro0168ou5', I9. 81. ‘
1291. See 337-40 n. Siélkaxov : ‘parted among them’, a grim euphemism
for ‘tore to pieces’.
1293. énep-rope: . . . |.I-086w : ‘he was trying to insult,having gone (there)’,
i.e. ‘he went there to insult’. Beév, monosyll. here and in 1297.
1296-8. Agaue recognizes with horror the agency of Dion., as Hippo-
lytus the agency of Aphrodite, Hipp. 1403 -rpcfs 6v-ms 1771.69 638:0’,
7'j031]7u.a:., K6-.-1-pig. But Dion. had the same justification as Aphrodite:
‘you denied his godhead’ (rjyciafle, impf.). To that Agaue makes no
response—she turns instead to ask for her son's body.
1300. ‘Is limb laid decently to limb?’ icailcfis shows that this must be
the sense, not (as Wecklein, &c.) ‘Did you find the body intact?’
She has not been told since her recovery that P. was the victim
of a 0-n0.,0ayp.6s ; but from the evidence in her hand, and her know-
ledge of the cult, she may well guess it.-—The answer to her question
is lost. It was probably in the negative: Apsines’ words (see note
at end of text) suggest that the compositio membrorum was per-
formed on the stage by Agaue herself. That the question was
answered seems to me certain. If the poet had intended that Cadmus
should keep silence while Agaue lifted the veil of the bier and saw
for herself, he would, I think, have indicated this in the text; and
in any case the abruptness of the transition to 1301 points clearly
to some textual disturbance. Its character and extent we do not
know. [Three lines would seem to be the minimum required for a
natural transition from 1300 to 1301. Carl Robert (Hermes, xxxiv [1899],
645 ff.), arguing that 1300 must lead up to the compositio membrorum,
held that the missing lamentation of Agaue over Pentheus’ body
(see 1329 n.) must have occurred at this point, and that 1301, which
he understood as an indignant rhetorical quest-ion, was the last line
of her 761701;. But 1301 seems to belong more naturally to an earlier
stage, at which Agaue is still trying to get the facts clear. Moreover,
1329 looks as if it were intended to motive some request; and what
would this be, if not a request to pay a last farewell to her son's
body (which in ordinary circumstances the murderess would not
be allowed to touch)? Wilamowitz attributed the disturbance in
the present passage not to an omission but to a displacement: he
thought that 1301 originally followed 1297, and supposed 1298-1300
to have stood originally somewhere in the ‘great lacuna’ after
1329. This is not impossible. But does not Cadmus’ apostrophe to
the dead man (1308 if.) come with greater effect after the bier
has been brought forward and its contents made known ?]
1302-29. The dramatic function of this speech is to move the sympathy
 LINES 1288-1312 233
of the audience not only for Cadmus himself but in some measure
also for Pentheus, by exhibiting, belatedly, the more attractive side
of the young man’s nature. It is true that even here P. is presented
as a man of violence; he was ‘a terror to the city’ (1310), and was
anxious for an opportunity to punish people (1322)--that fits per-
fectly with what we have seen of him in action. But at least he was
fond of his old grandfather.
1302. eye.-£0‘: ‘proved himself’ (not ‘became’): cf. 270-1 n.
1305-7. 601-|.s, as so often, = quippe qui, introducing the ground for
the statement that Cadmus is ruined. 5-rexvog dpaévuv rraifiuv, like
Andr. 714 6.'11a:3ag . . . -r€Kw.ov, Phoen. 324 dire-1180; doapétov 8evK<.'0v:
cf. 112 n.—Elsewhere (Phoen. 7) Eur. follows Hesiod (Theog. 978)
and Hdt. (5. 59) in giving Cadmus a son Polydorus, who was evi-
dently invented as a genealogical link between the oldest figures of
Theban saga and the later Labdacid kings. But here the complete
sweeping away of the guilty Cadmean house is assumed, so the
shadowy Polydorus is ignored. Cf. Wilamowitz, Glaube d. Hell.
i. 408; Robert, Oidipus, ii. 26. Epvog . . . K0.-r0a.v6vB’: a normal sense
construction (Kiihner-Gerth, i. 53 f.), cf. Od. 6. 157 8£v00'6v1'wv
1016113: 96.809 xopdv ciooexvcfioav, T10. 740 ti‘: rrcpwad. -rz,u.1;9ci5' 1e‘Kv0v,
Thuc. 4. I5. I "rd. 11581) Karafidvrag 65' 16 0-rpa-r611c50v Bov8erier.v, &C.
1308. Q3 8:’-‘ap.’ 6.véI3J\ec|>’: ‘by whom (instrum.) the house had recovered
sight’. The heir of a family is often thought of as its eye: Aesch.
Pers. I69 6p.p.a yap 5670.001» vo7_a'§w 360116-rou -napovcriav: Clio. 934,
Orestes is called 6¢,1>9a87u.6v 0£'Kwv: Eur. Andr. 406 cf; rrafg 68’ vjv 7.1.0:.
801.1169 6¢>00./\p.0s Biov. So in the Ion when the lost heir is found,
the house of Erechtheus orixéri vriK-ra 3e‘pKc-rat, 6.e8r.'ov 5' 6.vaB8e'11¢-:1
.\0,a-m-£00», ‘recovers sight in the rays of dawn’ (1467). 6»-r8eEv is
similarly used, Aesch. Cho. 808. In view of these parallels we must
abandon the traditional rendering ‘to whom the house looked up’;
6vaB/\é-mo never elsewhere means ‘look up to’ in the sense ‘respect’.
[6.vé‘B8c11ev (P) is usually and no doubt rightly altered to 6ve'B)\e¢~’
because in tragedy BA normally lengthens a preceding syllable in the
same word. This seems to be invariably the case with compounds
of B86-mo. ‘Exceptions are 6;.iqSfBA1;0-rpu. Eur. fr. 697, e‘BA00-r- fr. 429 and
six times in Soph., £78/\0.¢e fr. adesp. 455, 785,8/\00 Aesch. Supp. 761.]
Ouveixest 01680: ydp 0i.'Kwv 1raf8ég stow dfpaevcg (I T. 57).
1312. éhapfiaveg, sc. ct’ Tl-S‘ :3Bp£§0¢: the reference is to ‘the actual results
of a former experience’ (Paley). [It is hardly safe to reject P’s
68670.80:/ev. Although 80¢-qv 8aBci'v commonly means ‘to exact justice’,
it is used of suffering justice not only by Hdt. (1. 115. 3) but in a
fourth-century Attic inscription, Dittenb. Syll.3 i. 165. 37 Mavira . . .
-rrijv 5iK17v 8aB6v'r0s Ev xcipéiv v6,u.¢p ‘M. having been lynched’. Cf.
-r1)v dff-qv 8aBcE'v ‘to get one’s deserts’, Hdt. 7. 39. 2; and 1--1'71» Six-qv
Exetv, infra 1327, Xen. Anab. 2. 5. 41, &c.]
234 COMMENTARY
1313-15. é|<|3e|3J\1'|ao|.w.: : fut. perf. ‘I shall be an exile’-—more pathetic
than e’KB)\1;6-1ia0p.ai. -rb G1q|3o.iuv yévos: Cadmus made the surviving
L"rrap-roi citizens of his new town (Pherecydes fr. 22 jacoby), and
from them the Theban nobility traced their descent (Phoen. 942,
Aesch. Sept. 474, Paus. 8. 11. 8).—For Cadmus as a type of the
insecurity of mortal 68,80; cf. Pind. Pyth. 3. 86 if. That he already
foresees his banishment may strike the modem reader as odd.
Murray finds in it ‘probably another mark of the unrevised state of
the play’. But in the Greek way of thinking a pollution so abom-
inable could hardly be expiated save by the expulsion of the whole
guilty family. And some reference to the likelihood of this may have
disappeared in the lacuna after 1300.
1317. aptopfiqn, fut. pass. in meaning, though middle in form.
1319 recalls 254, where Pentheus addresses Cadmus as épxfis Iu-17-rpdg
:1a1ep.
1326. 'r"|Yeic6u 915005 = vo7.u.§e'1-as 950155‘, ‘let him believe in gods’. Cf.
Supp. 731 f. viiv 117113‘ ci.'e81r'r0v 17p.e‘pav Z3000‘ 6'7/ti: I Qeolis vop.i§w, fr. 913
1-is 1-68c 8£600r.uv 0601» ofixi. voef ,- Cadmus’ faith has a new accent here:
what once seemed to him possible matter for a it-0.80v ¢efi80; (334)
has proved its reality by laying his whole world in ruins.
1327--8. 009 . . . 1103; 11111565 2 not 000, since 110?; 1rcu.36s' is treated as a
single expression =- ‘grandson’. So 015716; . . . rrafg -110186;, Andr. 584.
Cf. Wilamowitz on Her. 468 -:re8t'a. 16716 -y'i7‘s.—-These lines with their
double puiv and Bé reveal the wavering sympathies of the Chorus,
torn between gratified revenge and human pity.
1329. There is a gap here of at least 50 lines, perhaps caused by the
accidental loss of a leaf or a half-leaf (2 columns) from one of P’s
ancestors. The injury does not go far back, since the full text was
known not only to Apsines (3rd cent. A.D.) but, as Porson was the
first to perceive, to the author of the Christus Patiens, which is now
assigned to the twelfth century (Introd., p. lv f.). From'Apsines’
description of Agaue’s ,6'F7'0ts', the account of Dion.’s speech at the
end of the first 6.40.0.9, and the adaptations in the Chr. Pat., now
supplemented by a couple of mutilated papyrus fragments, we can
form a general picture of the contents of the lacuna [for the evi-
dence, see Murray’s note at the end of the text, and my appendix].
Agaue, flung in a moment from ecstasy to despair (1329, Chr. Pat.
1011), and conscious of being a polluted creature (schol. Ar. Plut. 907),
begs permission to lay out the body for burial-‘a scanty consolation
to the dead’, Chr. Pat. 1449-—and to bid it a last farewell. Cadmus
consents, warning her of its condition (pap. fr. 2a 3, cf. Chr. Pat.
1471). Over the body she ‘accuses herself and moves the audience
to pity , embracing each limb in turn and lamenting over it (Aps., cf.
Chr. Pat. 1257, 1311 ff., 1466 ff.). Dion. now appears above the
castle, on the 3co8oycE’0v, and first addresses all present (Hyp. I),
 LINES 1313-39 235
speaking of the Theban people who denied his divine origin and
rejected his gift (Chr. Pat. 1360-2, 1665 f.) and of the outrages for
which Pentheus has paid with his life (ibid. 1663 f., 300). He then
predicts the future of the survivors, each in turn (Hyp. I). The
Cadmeans will one day be expelled from their city (Chr. Pat. 1668-9,
where Bapfiépots may replace 1r08£,u.£‘or.5', cf. Hdt. 5. 61. 1): they have
themselves to blame for it (Chr. Pat. 1715). Agaue and her sisters
must at once leave Thebes for ever, ‘for it is against religion that
murderers should remain’ (ibid. 1674 ff., cf. pap. fr. 2b 6). Finally
the god turns to Cadmus (Chr. Pat. 1690), the description of whose
fate survives apparently almost complete.--Such prophecies are
common form on the Euripidean stage: of Eur.’s extant tragedies
all except Alc., Tro., and IA. end with a forecast, usually in the
shape either of an utterance by a god or of a reported oracle, which
links the stage action with the future as the narrative prologue
links it with the past (cf. Grube, Drama of Eur. 77 ff.).
1330-9. [This bizarre prediction has puzzled mythologists no less than
it startles the common reader. The story bears traces of having
been put together at a relatively late date out of heterogeneous older
elements. None of these (apart from the marriage to Harmonia)
appears in extant literature before the fifth century ; but it is possible
to make some guess at their original character. (1) The transforma-
tion into snakes may well be rooted in early Theban belief. If
Harmonia was once, as seems likely, the house-goddess and divine
consort of the early kings who built the Mycenaean palace on the
Cadmeia, the snake-shape was proper to her from the beginning (cf.
Nilsson, Minoan-Mycenaean Religion‘, 310 fi‘.). And it was natural
that Cadmus, like Erechtheus and other heroes, should be imagined
as living on in his house in the shape of an 0i’.-coupes 6411; (Gruppe,
Gr. Myth. i. 86). This fits ill, however, with the banishment-and
with the rest of the story. Was Cadmus already a snake when he
drove the ox-wagon (cf. 1358)? and is he still one in Elysium? (2) The
exile of Cadmus and Harmonia (1354) may reflect the overthrow of
the Mycenaean kingship (Cf. Hdt. 5. 61 e‘¢fam.01e'a1'a:. Kafipefos 1511‘ Hp-
yeiwv Kai. -rpdrrov-raw. 65' 100$ ‘E7/xe8e‘as) and the decline of the cults
associated with it; the local goddess is supplanted by Aphrodite and
becomes in mythology the daughter of her supplanter (Hes. Theog.
933 ff., cf. Wilamowitz, Pindaros, 38). (3) Cadmus is to become the
chief of a barbarian horde, presumably identical with the ’EyxeAei‘s
of Hdt. 5. 61 and 9. 43. Hecataeus (fr. 73 jacoby) located these
’E-yye/\ci‘s in northern Epirus; later writers put them farther north,
in Albania or Montenegro, and so, it would seem, did Euripides--for
the ox-wagon of 1333 must have been brought into the story to
account for the name of the town B0006-q, mod. Budua, on the
coast of Montenegro, which Cadmus was said to have founded (Et.
236 COMMENTARY
Magn. B00961)" 11681.5‘ 'I88upf505" ei.‘p171a:. 6-rt Kdfinog 6'1-ri. Boéiiv ljeriyovg
€K @1;BrI:v 'r0.x6‘r.ug eig ’I88vp|.K0rlg arapa-yev6Iu.ev0g é'K1-toe 1-168w). And
there is evidence in later times of an actual cult of Cadmus and
Harmonia on these coasts, where their tomb or ‘stones’ or Ecpév was
shown in various places (Eratosthenes ap. Steph. Byz. s.v. Avppd‘-xtov,
Ap. Rhod. 4. 516, Dion. Perieg. 390 ff., ps.-Scylax 24). How this came
about is unknown. It has been suggested that Greek colonists on
the Dalmatian coast, finding traces of earlier Phoenician settlements,
attributed them to Cadmus ‘the Phoenician’ ; but we have at present
no good evidence of the existence of Phoenician settlements there
(Beaumont, ].H.S. lvi [1936], 163 f.). Wilamowitz thought that a local
snake-god was identified by the Greeks with Cadmus (Pindaros 37,
cf. Beaumont, l.c. 196). (4) Cadmus is to lead his barbarians against
Hellas (1356, 1359), but when they sack Delphi disaster will overtake
them. This is presented as a 0604501-0v (1355) or Xp1)0'p.6g A.-.6; (1333).
And we know that in fact such an oracle was current at the time
of the Persian Wars: according to Hdt. (9. 42 f.), Mardonius applied
it to the Persians but its true application was to ‘the Illyrians and
the host of the Encheleis’; while Pherecydes (fr. 41 e jacoby) seems
to have connected it with the expedition of the Phlegyes against
Thebes, which he placed before the time of Cadmus. The primary
element here is evidently a warning put out by Delphi for its own
protection (Latte in P.-—W. s.v. Kadmos). Of an actual Illyrian
invasion we know nothing. (5) Finally, Cadmus and Harmonia are
to be translated bodily to Elysium--a privilege which Cadmus,
like Menelaus and Peleus, owes to his wife’s family connexions
(1338 0% 8’ Fipns . . . ,660%-mi). This is the only part of the prophecy
which Pindar knows (or, as a good Theban, chooses to mention),
OZ. 2. 78. It must originally have been alternative, not additional,
to the snake story.]
1332.. "Apeos, SC. Qvya-re'pa orlaav. Eaxesi ‘took (not ‘had’) to wife.’
‘Appovlav: the proper name in apposition to the antecedent is
attracted into the relative clause, as often: cf. Hec. 771 0700; 6v8p’
65 cipxer. 117055 1708070.-:7_01wp xdovdg, Kuhner—Gerth, ii. 419.
1338. [1-e |560e1-at: for the vowel remaining short before initial 7500- (as
Porson’s law here requires) cf. Aesch. Eum. 232 1'6 756007.10», Soph.
OT. 72 -r~:iv8% ,6v0aip.-qv. Dr. Paul Maas suggests writing %’pv0- in all
three places (Gatt. Nachr. 1934, i. 1. 58); but %p6o7u.a|. is otherwise
unknown to tragedy, and see 59 n.]
1339. 00v |<a6|.5pI.‘lcrel. Btov: ‘shall translate you living’,cf. Alc. 362 %’s dais
06v K0100-rijoat Btov ‘bring you back alive to the daylight’.
1 341-3. ‘If you had had the sense to be wise, when you would not, you
would IIOW be happy’ (edsatpoveirc impf.). [P‘S stlsatpovoir‘ 6v,
though defended by Wilamowitz and others, is probably an instance
of the frequent confusion between G and O. The combination of a
 LINES 1330-45 237
pa-st indic. in the protasis with optative plus div in the apodosis is
indeed not uncommon (Goodwin, M. and T. § 503). But (a) in this
combination the protasis almost always (except in Homer) expresses
an open condition, e.g. Soph. El. 797 f. ¢ro)\A¢3v cliv fixoas, c5 Eév’, 651.05-
rvxefv, | ci -niv8’ E-rrcwaas (‘if you have really stopped her’); whereas
the condition here is clearly unfulfilled. (b) The sense required by
the context is not, I think, ‘you could, or might, be happy’,‘ but
‘you would be happy’——as enjoying that especial efi8aq.ww'a which
Dionysus has in his gift (73, 902 ff.). The optative would fatally
weaken the rhetorical contrast.]
1344--51. All modern edd. except Murray and Lucas transfer 1344,
I346, I348 to Agaue, thus making her the interlocutor throughout
the stichomythia: ‘non enim aequum est, ut Cadmus, in quem nulla
impietatis suspicio cadit, culpam hoc modo agnoscat, veniamque
precetur’ (Elmsley). But the change does not really remove the
difficulty: for the condemnation implied in 1342, ofix -rjfiéhe-re (acu-
qfipovetv), must include Cadmus, the last person individually addressed ;
and he is presumably included also in the ‘you’ of I345, 1347, as he
certainly is in the ‘you’ of 1351. It is possible that the god has seen
through the equivocal motives of Cadmus’ earlier Conformism
(334 n.), and has said so in the missing part of his speech; but the
underlying implication is perhaps rather that when great natural
forces are outraged we can expect no nice adjustment of the
punishment to the magnitude of the individual offence (cf. Grube,
Drama of Eur. 419). At any rate, Cadmus is condemned with the
rest of his house. And it is entirely in character that the old
man whose rule of life is the solidarity of the family should accept
the consequences of that solidarity and make himself the spokes-
man of the family group instead of pleading his individual case.
His reaction to the god’s award is the same as his reaction to
the murder of Pentheus (I249 f.): he finds it just—but merciless
(I346)-
134-5. fi5qu.ev, 555-re, fi5co'a.v and flo-p.e'v, flu-rs, fiaav are both g0Od AttiC ;
fifiequev, g§'8ei.-re are probably, fifieiaav certainly, Hellenistic (Ki'1hner—-
Blass, ii. 65, 242). [That ;fi8e-re, not ei.'5e're, is the true reading here
is confirmed by the fuller text of the Etym. M. published by Reitzen-
stein (from Oros mzpi 6p9oypa¢£'ug), which cites Menander for the
form fifiqiev and the present passage for the form ;rj5e'rc. Cf. also

I A. O. Hulton, C.Q. lii (1958), 141, claims that the optative is oc-
casionally used with present reference even in Attic Greek, and cites
this passage as an example. But even if his claim is justified, objection
(a) remains: neither Isocr. 12. I49 nor Xen. Mam. 3. 5. 8 is a safe
parallel, since in both places MSS. are divided between optative and
indicative, as they are also at Dem. 18. 206.
238 COMMENTARY
Bekker’s ‘Antiatticist’ (quoted in the apparatus criticus) and Chr.
Pat. 2560 5:/1' e'p.ci.9op.cv, 51" expfiv ofuc eZ561'e5'.]
134-8--9. Cadmus pleads with Dion., as the old servant in the Hippolytus
with Aphrodite, Hipp. I20 cro<;'>w-re'povs' ‘yap xp-F; Bponfiv efvcu Beofis.
And both plead in vain: for such gods as these the human ‘ought’
has no meaning. We need not conclude that the poet denies their
title to worship: to do so is to confuse the Greek with the Christian
conception of deity. ‘Because Dion. as god represents a universal
law, the operation of this law is not to be measured with the measure
of human good and evil’ (Wassermann, cf. Introd., pp. xliv f.). This
may be the underlying sense of 1349, which has been stigmatized by
Bruhn, Robert, and others as a weak evasion-—and is one, so long
as we think of gods as personal agents having moral responsibility
for their acts. Other Euripidean dei fall back in the same manner
upon ‘Destiny’ or ‘the Father’s will’, Hipp. 133i ff., Andr. 1269, El.
1247 f., 1301, Hel. 1660 f., 1669, to justify their own actions (or failure
to act) and the fate of the human characters. ‘The appeal to Zeus
is an appeal to ultimate mystery, to a world structure in which the
forces Dion. represents are an inescapable element. With that there
is no quarrelling, and Agaue recognizes that this word is final’
(Winnington-Ingram).
1350. 8€8on:1'tu. . . . cpuyait the so-called axfipa ITw3a.pu-cciv OI‘ Bow.'rrr.ov——
an inappropriate term which is used to cover several different types of
irregularity, some of them quite natural, others much less so and
very possibly due to textual corruption (cf. R. S. Haydon, A._] .P.
xi. 182 ff.). In the present instance we may say that qfivyaf is added
in explanatory apposition to the impersonal subject of 5e'3oK'rcu.Z
‘It is settled--exile.’ [Ki.'1hner—Gerth (i. 68 f.) calls qbv-yet’ an excla-
mation, denying that axfipa Hwfiapmév genuinely occurs in Attic
writers save with Ecm, fiv, yfyverat, used quasi-impersonally and
nearly always standing first in the clause (cf. the regular Ea-rw ofis,
{Z est des hommes qui . . .). But our sentence is not very different in
principle from this standard type. Bolder and more surprising
are Pkoen. 349 e'a:.-ycifi-q 0&5‘ Z0030: (M V) v|.i,u.<;'>a.s' (where 50050:, like
qlw-yai here, is singular in meaning); Aesch. Pers. 49 o'1'efi1'a.|. (M' and
SCl10l.) 3' fepoii Tprbhov 1rei\ci1'az. (where a1'ci3'ra|., like 3e‘3ox1'a.r. here, l'13.S
no available plural form) ; fr. trag. adesp. I91 fihfiev 8% Ami’, ‘there came
folk’, quoted by Herodian as a solecism. A different explanation
applies 110 examples like Hel. I358 ff. p.e"ya. "rot fitiva.-ran. . . . o'*ro)\|f3eg xwoofi
re . . . xhoa. . . . ;ici,u.Bov 1's . . . evomg x1'A., wherea collection Of subjects are
mentally unified (cf. Meisterhans, Gramm. d. art. Inschr. § 83); in this
type the verb need not come first (Plato, Symp. 188 B, Legg. 925 E ,&c.).]
1352. It is not clear whether the god vanishes at this point or is
simply ignored by the two human beings as they turn to each other
for comfort. See on 1377-8.
 LINES 134-5--68 239
1355-6. ‘And there is besides (E-n) for me the oracle, that I must
lead. . . .’ [The text is sound : 6e'a¢a-rov has the article because it refers
back to xpqapds (1333); the adaptation in the Chr. Pat. is dictated
by the difference of context and by the author's avoidance of
trisyllabic feet.]
1358. [Cf. Med. I343 Exfikhqg Exovcrav ciyptwrépav qbziaav. (a'xfip.') iS
technically the neater supplement (a copyist’s eye might jump
from CX to GX), and is supported by Ion 992 p.op¢-fis 0x'i)"p.' Exovaav
ciypias‘, but involves accepting Dobree’s ii-ypias for ii-yp£av.]
1360--2. Cadmus finds in his eventual translation to Elysium only a
culminating cruelty. That is psychologically right: the god’s mortal
victims have nothing left for comfort but their mortality--—-rd ycip
Qavefv I xamfiv ,u.e'-yw'rov qicippaxov vo,u.{§e'ra.r., Heraclid. 595-—and the
tired old man sees himself robbed even of that. |<u.'ra|.B6.'r1"|v2 L.S.
translates here ‘to which one descends’; but there is no difliculty
in giving the word either its normal sense, ‘downward-plunging’,
or the active sense ‘downward-carrying’ (as in Sosiphanes fr. 1,
T.G.F. p. 819). The Acheron was believed to run for part of its
course on the surface of the earth, for part through the underworld
(Plato, Phd. 112 E f.). That Lycophron took it so appears from the
phrase Hxepovaia -rpiflog I KG.TG.I.B(£1'l.$‘ (Alex. 90 f.), which he applies
not to the underworld but to Taenarum, where there was an
entrance to Hades; cf. also Ap. Rhod. 2. 353 sis .’4i'8ao i<a1-mfiti-rig
e'0~ri. xélevfios.
1365. ‘As the young swan shelters the old, grown hoary and helpless.’
The swan is a type of filial piety (El. 151 fi'.). |<r|c|>fiva.2 properly
a drone-bee, then any creature too weak or old to look after itself
(x'qql>1_iv . . . Aéyercu. Kai. ci.'v9pm1-rog ci pxqsév 3péiv svvcipevos‘, SL1id.).
11-ohéxpuv applies both to the white plumage of the mature swan
'(-rrokids 6pW.S‘ Her. 110) and to Cadmus’ white hair (cf. 258): the two
ideas are similarly combined at Her. 692, Ktixvos‘ dis -yépwv cior.3<i$‘
1ro)uéEv éx yevfiwv xe}\a31jo'm, while Ar. Vesp. 1064 makes the comparison
explicit, mincvov . . . 1roAr.a§'repac. 31) 0.53’ 6'1-ra.v9o|'Jar.v rpfxeg. [The
parallel with Her. 692 confirms the soundness of this reading, which
also improves the balance of the clause and makes clear the sense
of x1;¢>-fiva. rroiudxpws (P) would be a pointless ornamental epithet.
-rro/\¢6xpoa Heath, Nauck: but this is metrically clumsy, and cf.
Au-rapdxpwv, Theocr. 2. 102. There is nothing to be said for changing
mixvos (and/or apvl-S) to the accus.; the proposal was based on a
mistaken notion that 1-<1;¢>1jv must be adjectival here. For Spvu: . . .
Klilcvos Cf. Hel. I9 xlixvov . . . 5pvL90s', and I024—6 11.]
1366. yap: she clings to him because she feels herself suddenly alone
in the world.
1368. [One of the many places in Eur. where our MSS. offer -rra.-rpcjfios
with shortened penult. See Jebb on Soph. Phil. 724, Page on Med. 431.]
240 COMMENTARY
1369. £1-ri. Bua-ruxiqt : ‘in misery’. In such phrases e’-m’ introduces an atten-
dant condition (L.S. s.v., B.I. I. i): IT. 1490 éw’ efirvxfq, Soph. OC.
I554 f. xci-Jr’ c:i1rpa§t'q. [ p.c';.|.vg7aGc' you.
1371 . The sentence is incomplete and its meaning unknown (there is no
real parallel for the ellipse of ofxov postulated by editors before
Hermann). Aristaeus, originally a god of hunters and herdsmen
(Wilamowitz, Glaube der Hell. i. 248 ff.), in Virgil a shepherd bee-
keeper (Geo. 4. 317 ff.), was brought into the Theban Dionysiac
cycle as husband of Autonoe (Hes. Theog. 977) and father of Actaeon
(supra 1227); according to Pausanias (10. 17. 3), he left Thebes after
the latter’s death. Cadmus may have advised his daughter to join
A. in some foreign land, or to go for the moment to A.’s house in
Thebes where her sisters awaited her (cf. 1381-2). I cannot believe
with Bruhn that he sent her back to Cithaeron to collect Ino and
Autonoe; 1381-2 do not require us to assume this stupid and unkind
procedure, and 1383-5 seem to exclude it. The return of the sisters
from the mountain may have been announced by Dion. in the
missing part of his fifiats. [If Hermann was right in thinking that
1368-73 were originally symmetrical with 1374-80, only one line
is lost here. Others suppose a bigger lacuna, containing further
lamentations by Cadmus, traces of which Brambs thought he could
detect in the Christus Patiens (942, 944, 1078-11). The evidence is
insufficient for any decision.]
1372-92. These lines were attributed to an interpolator by Nauck,
Robert (Hermes, xxxiv [1899], 648), and at one time Wilamowitz
(Analecta Eur. 51, but cf. Her. i.‘ 211, n. 179). Certainly 1372-80
are weak and repetitive, and in the form in which the MS. trans-
mits them are full of metrical faults and oddities suggestive of the
doggerel ‘anapaests’ at the end of the IA., while 1388-92 occur as
a tail-piece to other Euripidean plays. On the other hand, (a) the
moving lines 1383-7 seem much too good for an ex hypothesi late and
ignorant interpolator; (b) passages of weak and repetitive pathos
occur elsewhere in Eur. (cf. e.g. the parallel scene in the Electra,
1308-41); (c) the metrical peculiarities of 1373-5 may be explained
by their threnodic character (see below), while the remaining
metrical defects yield very easily to treatment and seem sufficiently
accounted for by a copyist’s haste to finish; (d) if the interpolator’s
motive was to fill the gap after 1371, we should expect him to have
completed the unfinished sentence. I am inclined to accept the whole
passage as genuine.‘

‘ Professor Merkelbach has suggested to me that lines 1372-8 may

have been composed by some one as an alternative to the genuine end-
ing from line 1352 onwards, for some occasion when it was desired to
shorten the Exodos. In this shortened version 1377-8 would have been
 LINES 1369-80 241
1373. [In ‘strict’ as distinct from ‘melic’ or ‘threnodic’ anapaests Eur.
(unlike Aesch.) adheres pretty rigidly to the rule which requires
a caesura between the two metra of a full dimeter. Of the other
lines quoted as exceptions by Page on Med. 1099, fr. 114. 2 is not
one, being a ‘paroemiac’ (catalectic dimeter); fr. 897. 4 is easily
emended; IA. 592 is perhaps excused by a proper name; while
Hipp. 1374 occurs in a passage where there seems to be a transition
from strict to threnodic anapaests (Wilamowitz, ad loc.). The last
explanation possibly applies also to the present line: see next
note.]
1374-5. uixeiuvi ‘outrage’, ‘brutality’—a bitter word, and significant
of Agaue’s state of mind. [These anapaests are either threnodic or
corrupt: in strict anapaests a purely spondaic paroemiac is almost
unknown (P Aesch. Supp. 976), and two successive paroemiacs im-
possible. Assuming ycip to be, as often, intrusive, we could write,
e.g., (3cr.v<i5') Scwciig 'r1jv3' aimsfav, and perhaps insert (1-rci-rep) (Her-
mann) before eig. But in view of 1373 it is, I think, safest to let
the text stand. There is a partial parallel in the Ion, 859 ff., where
threnodic anapaests, t5 1/wxd, 1"r¢I;$' avyciam; I 1T(.IJ§ 8% one-n'as dvadaaivw
m-.\., are followed by strict ones (862-80) and then by more threno-
dics. For a paroemiac ending with a prepositive (etg) cf. Aesch. Pers.
935 -npdaqfifio-yydv 00:. v60":-ou '-rciv. If the present lines are threnodic
the Doric spelling 1-aivfi’ is justified, but not otherwise (cf. Jebb on
Ant. IIO ff., App.).]
1377-8. If the text is right, the god is heard here once more (possibly
as a voice ‘off’ P), still implacable, still complaining of his injured
honour. [Hermann and others write E-rraaxev (a technically easy
correction) and give the lines to Cadmus, urging (a) that Dion.
has said his say and should vanish at 1351 instead of remaining
a silent spectator for 27 lines, (b) that with this change we get
a symmetrical distribution between speakers (1368—73 = 1374-80).
1351 certainly sounds like the god’s last word (cf. Soph. Phil. 1449-
51); and the present lines are not out of character for Cadmus (cf.
1296-7). It may be urged on the other side that this is not (at least
to a modern taste) the right moment for Cadmus to insist on his
daughter’s guilt, and that there is no instance of a deus vanishing
before the end of the scene except in the Hippolytus, where Artemis’
withdrawal is specially motived (1437 ff.). But the balance of proba-
bility is, I think, in favour of Hermann.]
1380. 1-65:: sc. -rd xaipew. A similar bitter play on the literal meaning
of the word and its conventional use occurs Hec. 426 f.

the last lines of the play, and would have been spoken by Cadmus (see
below). This is a tenable hypothesis, but not in my view a neces-
sary one.
4003 .9 R
242 COMMENTARY
1381. 6 -nopnoiz not ‘guides’ (for she needs none) but ‘friends’ who
will see her off (wpowépm-iv). Hippolytus makes a like request to
his friends when he is going into exile (Hipp. 1099 wpowépi/ta-re
xeovdg). These -.-rap-.-mt’ must be Theban women, not the alien
Chorus. -
1384. (E|.t”i80|.) may have fallen out through the eye passing from
MIA to MIA. The optative is right, for ‘the clause with 61-mu is an
integral part of the wish’ (Paley), whereas civcixet-mt below refers
to something existent. Cf. Hipp. 732 ff.
1 386. ‘Where no dedicated thyrsus can remind’ (Winnington-Ingram).
Ofipcrou, gen. of definition. For such dedications cf. Anth. Pal. 6. 158
Hdpaa /lvaiqi, 165, 172; 13. 24. [I should prefer, with Wilamowitz,
p.-:78’ 66¢, ‘nor yet where’: this clause is not strictly parallel to the
other two.]
1387. péhouev, sc. Ktfiatptbv Kai. 6 Qzfpoog. She would forget the cipctfiaaia
and all that is associated with it.
1388-92. A modern producer would bring down the curtain on 1387,
but a Greek dramatist had to get his Chorus out of the orchestra.
Soph. and Eur. regularly end their tragedies with a brief anapaestic
clausula delivered by the Chorus as they march out (OT., Ion, Tro.
are the only exceptions, and even there the Chorus have the last
word). Commonly this tail-piece either motives the exit or draws
an obvious moral ; in I T. , Ph0en., Or., the Chorus break the dramatic
illusion with a prayer for victory, identical in all three plays. The
present lines are used also in Alc., Andra, Hel., and with a slight
variation in Med. They are in fact appropriate to any play having
a marked vrepm-re"rcLa (cf. SChOl. Andr. I284 'rcu'3'ra eifwficv 6 11-o:.17'r'1‘7s‘
lie‘-yetv Std. rd eiv 1-oi‘; 5ptip.a0|.v ex 1-r0.pa5ci§ov 0v,u.Bo.£'vov'ru.). Verrall
discovered in them a sly dig at improbable myths, while a more
recent writer (I. Mewaldt, Wien. Stud. liv [I936], 13) calls them Eur.’s
personal sign~manua1, the expression of his tragic resignation. But
a survey of all the clausulae in Soph. and Eur. suggests that this is
not the place to look for deep significance. Possibly, as Hermann
conjectured, the words were liable to be drowned by the clatter
of the departing spectators, and therefore mattered little. If so,
Aeschylus’ audience had better manners: the last words of the
Eumenides we-re written to be heard. "
 APPENDIX
Additionalfragments attributable to the Bacchae
I
I print below the papyrus fragments referred to in the Introduction,
p. lviii, as read by Mr. Roberts. The supplements, which are my own,
are for the most part offered only exempli gratia.

P. Ant. 24 fr. 2a (Verso)

[K0.] ] c 0 3 0. [
] p 0 0 e [
Hevfiéws :ca'r]17/\ogc[t]0;,:.éy[' 0.ip.ci<;bvp1'ci. re
péhr; rcop.i]§wv, 1091., x37[§eio:.g rrcivots‘.
5 ci 'r0.iJ'r’ ci11'ru]'.;rr.bg e'rc5|.§0.2([31j1'r.u Bpo'r<Iw'
Atcivvoov] ci Zerig €0'rw 6 [orreipas Qcciv.
]-_re|cat1't0'q'r[
. . . . . . 0. .
3 ]17Awg<'-0;,z§y[ pap., added between the lines by another hand: -rd. 8’
0.ip.ci¢vp'r0. Kai. nca'r17v)lom0p.e'va (al. Ka1"r7v)lam.0p.e'va.) Chr. Pat. I471.
4 p.é1\-q Chr. Pat. 1472. But Roberts now thinks ]gcwv likeliest and
suggests -rci.5' zi.'p9p' e3ve'y]rca'w.

fr. 2b (Recto)

[Au] )lo]r.09:.g.[
ofi 5' ¢bPle'vcu.0]g. Tciv 5p[0ci.3)l|.ov vercvv
Execs, I4ya1i]77, oafg €Bo1.iZl[e1" dvréxetv
pavfaig 6 Hev9e]Js' rot); 5' ci.[
5 'r17]v ye §v00e'B._s[t0.v
1!: efpyet v601'|.p.[ov B)lc'1'rcl.v 950105-
]~ - -[]¢[
6 Cf. Aesch. Pers. 261.

fr. 3a (Verso)

]¢'15[
]Q'lJ'1’l'. . [

]'PO'O|'.T|:

vlssls-[
244 A P PE N D I X
fr. 3b (Recta)

]°¢@l
] - Peel
]§Hl

The grounds for attributing fragments 2a and 2b to the Bacchae are

(i) the fact that they were found with fragments containing extant
lines of the Bacchae (P. Ant. 24 frs. 1a, Ib), and are written in the same
hand with similar materials; (ii) the high probability that 1])lw11< '{J'y.§?
in fr. 2a 3 represents the rare word (.-raw-)-q)\oi<iapéva (cf. Supp. 826),
and that if so this line is the source of Chr. Pat. 1471, which has long
been recognized as a borrowing from the Bacchae. Consideration (i)
applies also to frs. 3a and 3b; but they are too minute and too badly
blurred for anything to be said of them with confidence.
The relationship of frs. 1a and 1b shows that the codex had 37 lines
to a page: hence 29 lines (37 minus 8) must be missing between the end
of 2a and the beginning of 2b. The passage 1301-29 is clearly too long
to be inserted in this gap, if we allow for the necessary transitions.
Therefore 2a and 2b must either both precede 1301 or both follow 1329.
On the former assumption, 2a might be part of Cadmus’ reply to
Agaue’s question at 1300, while 2b 6 might be interpreted as a reference
on Agaue’s part to the probability of exile, leading up to Cadmus’
€'KB6BA'rjO0pl.a.l. in 1313. If this is right, we must also accept Robert’s
view that Agaue’s great speech and the compositio membrorum pre-
ceded 1301. For 2a almost certainly led up to the compositio; moreover,
the lacuna in which these fragments occurred was at least 50 lines long,
and if we place it before 1301 it is difficult to imagine its contents unless
it included Agaue’s big speech. But the balance of probability seems
to me to be against Robert’s view (see 1300 n.). I should therefore
prefer to situate Agaue’s speech, and with it the two fragments, in
the lacuna after 1329. 2a 3-4 will then form part of Cadmus’ reply
to the request introduced by 1329. 2a 5 and 6, if I have divined their
sense rightly, will be either a concluding couplet spoken by Cadmus
(cf. 1325-6) or a comment by the Chorus-leader. 2b will be Dionysus
announcing her banishment to Agaue.

II
The following beginnings of lines, on a detached fragment of papyrus,
were found with the Oxyrhynchus fragment (P. Oxy. 2223) containing
Ba. 1070-1136, and are in the same hand. Since no group of lines with
 APPENDIX =45
these beginnings seems to occur in any extant tragedy, they may come
from the lost portion of the Bacchae. ‘
GT7]
ope
6%
<>¢
III
Most of the lines in the Christus Patiens which can plausibly be
assigned to the lost portion of the Bacchae, and several which cannot,
were listed by Kirchhoff, Philol. viii (1853), 78 ii. Subsequent critics
seem to have relied on K/s investigation; they have rightly thinned
out his collection, but have added little to it. The quarry is perhaps
not quite exhausted. In addition to the lines printed by Murray at
the end of the play, the following may with some probability be
attributed to the Bacchae:
Chr. Pat. I011 Kai. 5v0-rci.)la:.vav rip» 'rrd.)\at (ptaxapfav)
This could follow immediately on Ba. 1329. The last word presum-
ably replaces some adjective unsuited to the Virgin Mary, such as
yavpovpévqv. 5v01'ci/\0.g is one of Eur.’s pet words.
Chr. Pat. I449 Bauiv 'rrap~q'y6pv7,u.a rois 1'e'6v17.|=cci0t.
This line, whose tragic origin is unmistakable, may well have been
spoken by Agaue with reference to the compositio membromm.
Chr. Pat. I360-2 ofiic eiirrpcwrefg E9611-ro (-rro)\)\of 11.01.) Adyovg,
gbevbriis -rexefv Bcfgovres Ex -rtvos Bp0'rr.T\v.
Kori:-< 1']'pxe0e'v (-oaiv codd.) ,u.or. 11186’ 1§Bpe.0U~ijvat pdvov
I suspect that -n-oA)lot pot. replaces Ka8p.e-for and that these lines are
adapted from Dion.’s fifiatg, which would naturally begin with a state-
ment of his wrongs. Cf. 26 ff. and 1297.
Chr. Pat. 300 (pcifiyg yap) eiipciiv 'r1i7v :ca"r' ci.§ia.v 'ri0:.v
Perhaps spoken by Dion. of Pentheus.
Chr. Pat. I756 Sci.‘ ycip 0e -r-i7v q'>ove80a.v €x)u.'rrcEv rrciilw
Perhaps spoken by Dion. to Agaue: the people will demand her
blood if she remains.
 INDEXES
I. ENGLISH
Accius xxxiii augment, syllabic, omitted 170 f.-
accusative of goal of motion 218
(implied) 62
of goal of motion (persons) 180 Boutes xxvi, 159
internal 64, 140 bull, Dionysus as xviii, xx, 79,
sense construction of 231 f. I93 f- c
and infinitive, of prayer 204 f. Pentheus as 224 f.
Achelous 142 f., 154 f.
Actaeon 98, 113 f. Cadmus, characterization of 90 f.,
Acts ofthe Apostles 68, 132, 173 113» 234» 237
adjectives, masc. form for fem. prophecy concerning 23 5 f.
146, 201 caves, sacred xxvii n. 1, 84
Aeschylus, Dionysiac plays of Chorus, characterization of 183,
xxix-xxxiii 206,234
influence on Bacchae xxxviif., entrance of 7o
180 f., 215 exit of 242
Agaue before Euripides xxxiv Christus Patiens lv f.
delusions of 223, 224 fragments preserved in 58 f.,
lamentation of 232 234 f., 245
restoration to sanity 229 f. Cithaeron 67, 159, 208
alliteration 138, 173, 201 f. Coleridge xxxviii
amnesia 2 30 colloquialisms 102, 103, 139, 152,
anachronism 65, 95, 111 165.172,174.18O.197
anacoluthon 179, 218 concord, irregular 233, 238
anapaests, threnodic 240 f. correspondence: see responsion
caesura in 241 Corybantes 83 f.
Aphrodite 123 Crassus 223
Apsines 59, 234 cult hymns 71 f., 183
Archelaus (King of Macedon) Curetes 83 f.
xxxix, 126, 147 Cybele 76, 84
archetype, dimensions of 169 Cyprus 123
Ares 109 f.
Aristaeus 240 , dancing madness xv, 87
Aristophanes of Byzantium 61 dative ‘of relation’ 162
article 17o, 188, 210, 215 with nouns 147
as relative 164 with verbs 68, 94, 143, 159, 173,
Athens, Dionysiac festivals at xxii I74
foreign gods at xxiii-x xv deity, indeterminate descriptions
attraction 162, 171, 226, 236 of 189
Atumanus, Simon liii Delphi xiv, 110, 236
248 INDEX
Demeter 104 f. ' quietism in 12o f.
Dionysiac religion xi-xx
at Athens xxi—xxv
cannibalism in 224
date of introduction into Greece
xx f.
democratic character of 127 f.
group consciousness in xx, 76
male worshippers in 83, 86 n. 2
sexual behaviour in 97, 138
women’s guise in 181
Dionysus, bestial shapes of xviii,
131, 193, 205
Cadmeius 107 f.
characterization of xliv f., 131,
I51 f-, I54
at Delphi 110
double birth of 78, 106 f.
effemination of 133 f.
human sacrifice to xix
identification with 82 f.
introduction-myths xxv—xxviii
last exit of 241
as mantic god 108 f.
panic caused by 109 f.
in tragedy xxviii-xxxiii
as tree-god 80 f., 209
dochmiacs 198
with initial anapaest 202 f.
with final anapaest 204
earthquake xxxii, 147-9
Echion 144
Electran Gate 171
epicism 170, 210, 211
epiphany, divine 213
Erythrae 168
Euripides, ‘escape-prayers’ in
1 22 f.
foreigners in 138
gods in 2 38
‘hedonism’ in 128, 191
orgiastic religion in xlii
paradox in 121
prophecies in 235
simple persons in 129 f.
Euripides, Bacchae, archaism of
xxxvi—xxxviii
modern interpretations of xl-"I
popularity in antiquity xxix
n. 1
transmission of text li-liii
where composed xxxix f.
fawnskin 81
fire-walking 169 f.
Galene xxxiv
genitive, exclamatory 102
in -0:0 I86
of quality 227
genus conjoined with species 206
glosses, possible intrusion of 104,
152, 162, 204, 214, 221
glyconics 118
Goethe 230
Gorgons 201
hair, dedication of 139
Harmonia 235 f.
heads, dedication of 227
Hera 84
in Aeschylus xxx
hiatus 80, 85, 205, 221
honey 164
hypnotism 172
Hypotheses 61
Hysiae 168
Iacchus 16 5 f.
iambic trimeter, exceptional
rhythms in 93, I37, 160, 166,
I77: I79: I932 I959 I96! I97:
217 f.: see also P0rson’s law
iambic tripody 200
interpolations 206 f., 214, 216 n. 1
possible or alleged 69, 92, 98, 100,
I01, 104, 108, 112, I44, I60,
164 f. 180 182, 192, 215,
l 216, 2,28, 2,410
 INDEX 249
ionics 72 Naevius xxxii f., 166-8
Isodaites xxiv, 128 nature, romantic feeling for 186
ivy 77, 208 Nile 124-6
Nysa 146
Johnson, Dr. xlvii
justice, personified 201 optative in apodosis to unreal
condition" 236 f.
K: for proper names see under C Orpheus 146

lacunae 71, 110, 158, 169, 207, Pacuvius xxxiii

232, 234 f., 240
possible or alleged 94 f., 103,
142, 178, 179, 224
Lamberty, Muck xv n. 1
Lenaea xxii
lightning xxxii, 62 f., 151, 213
lion, Dionysus as xviii
Lucurgus of Naevius xxxii f.,
166-8
Lycurgeia of Aeschylus xxxi-
xxxiii, 168
Lycurgus xx, xxv-xxvii, 154
Lydia xx, 65
Lyssa xxx f., 199
Macedonia xxii f., 103: see also
Archelaus
Euripides in xxxix f.
maenads, back-flung head of 185,
194
insensible to fire 169 f.
invulnerable 170
produce milk and honey 164
steal babies 168
suckle young animals 163
supernatural power of 215
swiftness of 214
on vases xxxv f.
manuscripts liii—lvi
milk 164
miracles l, 132, ‘163 f.: see also
earthquake, maenads
monologue 97
Muses 126
Musurus, Marcus liv
Paphos 124-6
papyri lvi-ix
additional fragments from 243-
5
Pentheus, ancestry of 144
characterization of xliii, 97 f.,
100, 114, 140, 141f., 157, 172,
174 f., 176, 217, 233
death of, in Aeschylus xxxi,
xxxv
on vases xxxiv f.
disguising of xxviii, xxxv, 181
maddening of 172 f., 192, 193
origin of myth xxvii f.
pelting of 214 f.
as scapegoat 196, 215
youthfulness of 197
personification 119 f.
Pieria 126
pine-tree 209
Polydorus 2 33
Porson’s law 101, 231, 236
prepositions, anastrophe of 166,
209
‘Priamel’ 190
Prodicus 104
prologues 61 f.
suggestio falsi in 69
prosody of final vowel before mute
and liquid 144 f., 206
before yv- 231
before 5- 71, 236
prosody of vowel before -5): 2 3 3
Protagoras 95
puns 116 f.
250 IN DEX
redundancy 95, 229 I tail-piece 242
refrains xxxviii 1
\1
.-I
tautology 66, 67, 69
rejuvenation 90, 116 Teiresias, characterization of 91
repeated words 80, 107, 157, I96. 116
200, 210, 212, 228 Thebes, topography of 63
resolved feet xxxviii Thrace xx f.
responsion, inexact 85, 122, 124, ; time, personification of 188 f.
129, 130, 143, 145, 185, 188, i syncopation of 227
200, 223 l Tmolus 70, 89, 135
Rhea 76, 83 f., 85 transpositions 88, 180
Rilke xlviii proposed 66, 86, 87, 89, 100,
‘ring form’ 18 5 7 103,232
j'Tfidhfiushfif.
‘schema Pindaricum’ 238
‘schema Sophocleum’ 7o
1
Sabazius xxiii—xxv, 76 f. , 37, 19o I trochaic tetrameter 154

vase-paintings xxii, xxv n. 2,

Schiller 210 xxxiii-xxxvi, 71, 79, 81 , 87.
Semele xxi, 63 f., 202 1 , 123, 126, 127, 128, 163, 168
in Aeschylus xxix f.
sense construction 231 f., 233
snake 79, 163
l Villa Item I63
vocative, hanging 143

Cadmus as 2 3 5 wine xi-xiii, 105 f., 127, 163 f.

snow 159 f. 171
Soma 78, 106 » word-order 67, 137, 161, 181 f. 3
Sophocles, OC. influenced by l 199 f., 204, 216, 220, 228 I
_ Bacchae 212 230 f.
stage presentation 61, 139, 14 s f., i
150 f., 192 youth as excuse for rashness 197
stichomythia, breach of 15 7f»
178.179.194.230 Zagreus 2 2 5
stoning, death by 1 15 Zeus 2 38

H.GREEK
E 175 a.i9-ajp I07, I85
ti}/xv/Iwrds 226 a.i].:.a. 178 f., 221 f.
¢i.'yvw;.|.o0|J'v1; I88 ci.t‘00e:.v 88
ci.'yX6v17 100 f. Hxrafovos 98
<i.£‘)u\0. I86 ci./\/\' dams 206
¢i.3pei.'v 231 ci.')lvr.ro5- I27
211317; 220 f. ci.'p.|.A/\a I45‘
 INDEX :51
0i.p.oX9Z 93 f. Souiieifat 174
dept c. dat. 228 3pci;.n7p|.a 1185
civa. I45
dvaBAe'1reLv 263 E4 I57
civayxcigetv I36 'E'yxe)iei.‘s 235
tivciirretv 92 Eiprilflj 127
<i.va0-re')O\e090.r. I63 ei; (es) 127, 134, 167, 171, 210
dvazpafvetv I43 eis‘ c. gen. 193
6.v-n)laB1i xxxviii, 93, 196 ei0B"F,I'0ar. I35 f.
tivrirrup-yos 215 e’x'r65', oi 61
¢i.rr0Bo.£'ver.v I91 ékappds 180
ci.1rp0qbu'.0t0'r05' 203 e‘¢\.Icetv 210
cipa. I84 f. 5713044 I50
(i.pt.8].L65‘ 96 ev 89, 111 f., 143, 182, 187, 191, 222,
<i.01-pairrjqbopos 62 229
a6'y¢i.§e09at I5I e’v5v0-rvxeiv I41
415267 15 5 "Evv00tg I50
afi'§e06a.r. 92 e'§0.px0s‘ 87
ab-rci 0r,Ip.aveE' I97 f. e'§e0'rt I79 f.
aiirolis first person 16 5 e’-inf 240
<i¢<=-PM I03 epyov, 06v I80
epiiopat 236
Bdpfiapos I 52 eonds I64
Baoiiletog I67 efiayrfs I60
B01117 I60 eiiaiwv I28
B6405 I80 efifiatpwv 75, 190, 229
B00961; 235 e1iKo0p.i0. I63
Bowcd/)0; 159 efi00,u.eEv 99
Bpci].u.o5' 74, 82 f. eiimipfievog I43
5P¢iH°§ 214 eiipiixopog 78
Bpvetv 80 Elioefleta I02 f.
B60005 I77 e6ql>p001iv'r7 II7
e<p¢i11"re090.l'. I71
-ycivos I02 expfiv 66 f., I96
-yelp, postponement of 133, 137
‘Ye 194 17365 85 f.
-ye’/I511 131, 205 fibere 237 f.
yoog 221 wjovxfa. I20 f., I54
yofiv I56
W511 65 9@l\<i:~=1.= 79, 84. I46
90./\ep6s‘ I62
3r.0.p19p.ei.'v 96 Beopaxefv 68
3r.36v0.t I54, I64 Qepoirrvat 207 f.
3r.er.1re1'1is 230 Grip 131, 216
8:.91ip0-4.1.805‘ I43 9'rjpa;.|.a I85, 223
2 52 EX

Btaaeiieiv 76, I20

vdpos 189 f.
9i0.0og xxvi, 70, I6I
oivwrrés, oivofullt 99
Qiipaos 82, I95,. 208,
6=}\o.\u-yrj 66
dpxqpeniew I08
i5e'a. I37
iepea. 216 €P‘iF' I14
op-ya; I14
i.'1'w II6
apyta. 67, I36 f.
ifxvos 218
dpetfiaoia. xiii f., 83
dptspdpog 201
xaaappoi 79
cipxcivry I53
.~<a.A6v 187, 219
doia. II9 f.
:cap11'i§e|.v I24 f.
ci0|.ofi09at cip.qbi "rt 82
xarci. I45 i.
06 xatpcii, e'v 231
rcaraficiil/iletv 95, 228
06 pnj I80
rca-rciyetv 77 f.
06 1mi}\17 I34
x0.'ra.yel\c'i.v I07
olifiev Aeyetv I38
x0.-rar.,8ci-r17; 239
ofifiev {tyres I02
110.1-aqbpoveiv I40
6<;b:.5' 206
xarexetv I87
6x90s 209
rceiiatvdg I55
xepag, es: I67
rrapci I29
Kmiriv 239 rrapoxereiiew I37 f.
Ki'ui3.0s 80
rra.-rpqlos 239
xcipug 224
rre‘1'rRot. I76
ocpvrr-reiiew I88
11'eptBci.}\;\e:.v 221
Kuprds 211 I1. I
1rep:.0065' I29, 225
rreptqbopci 210
/\a.BeEv Sire-17v 233
1re're09cu. II3
Raxrlzetv rrpos xevrp
1'rirr're:.v 87
Aé-no; 161, 208
1'r|.0'r65‘ 220 f.
1\evx65‘ I34, I60
rn\6:<0.po5' 8I
Atxpfiv I63
H660; I26 f.
1'roteE09c1t I 31 f.
p.et'i,'0v0. 228
rroiudxpws 239
new solitary 175 f., 197, 212 *-
p.e0os I96
-rr6}\ts 70
-.rrop.1r6s 242
p.e'r:.e‘v0.l. II4 f.
1-r6'rva. II9
pfllaé 80
1ro-rv:.ci.3e5- I60
pirpa I77 i.
rrpofiaxxrftos I26
pdaxos I61, 224 f.
1rpo9$1i'r175' 96 f.
vcipfi-17$ 82, 88, 220 i.
ea -av . . . I92
veaviag I97
0x0'}\oql: 200
vuc-qzfaopeiv 219
0060-riv 229
v690s' 209
 INDEX 1
aoqbla, 00<;b6v 92, 121, 186-8, 204 f., -rvxefiv I53
219 ‘
aoq5»'§¢v9M 94 fiwefiexpttetv 161
01ra.pG.'yp.d5‘ xvi-xix, xxv |
Swap-rot 231, 234 (7609 I52
01rre'v5e09a.|. I05 f. gdppaxa I12
0're‘p.p.a'ra I15 I gafihog I29 f.
‘7T““i“"“"‘ 81 cpepetv "rd. rraptivrtt HA
aT‘7p“€£“‘ 223 <i>e‘pe09u.:. 231
ovyxepavvpvv 215 gevgdaaat I74
ovpflaxxevetv I66 ¢pév€S_ I03 f_
adv I88 qbiiotg III f.
0uv9p0.v0i3v I55 f. I

Uwtfipow‘ 203 _ xap.ar.p|.<p'rjg 216

-re, postponement of 147 Xqpt-reg 126 f.
-re . . . 3e‘ I34 xalp 217
're‘.\et, ev I82 xflpe, I53
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