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Abstract —A tunnel may be for foot or vehicular road traffic, for Canal to existing Flood Flow canal to feed Mid Mannair
rail traffic, or for irrigation purposes. Some tunnels are aqueducts Reservoir with the components such as Lined Gravity canal, CM
to supply water for consumption or for hydroelectric stations or & CD works, lifts, pressure mains and lined tunnels with all
sewers. Utility tunnels are used for routing steam, chilled water, associate civil, Hydro Mechanical & Electro Mechanical works
and electrical power. The tunnel is relatively long and narrow; in
was entrusted to “MEIL-SEW-MAYTAS-BHEL
general the length is more than twice the diameter The Dr. B.R.
Ambedkar Pranahitha Chevella Sujala Sravanthi Lift Irrigation (CONSORTIUM)”,
scheme’s objective is to irrigate 16.40 Lakh Acres of command area
in the drought prone areas of Telangana region viz., Adilabad, II. Scope of Work
Karimnagar, Medak, Nalgonda, Nizambad, Warangal and Ranga
Reddy districts of Telangana state. The scheme envisages The package starts from Kakatiya Canal @D-83 in Ragampet
construction of barrage across Pranahitha River, a major tributary (V) to existing Flood Flow canal near Shanagar (V).
of Godavari River at Tummidihetti (V) in Koutla (M) of Adilabad a. Site investigation report(s).
district and 160 TMC of water from Pranahitha River is proposed b. Brief review of Geological and Geotechnical
to be diverted to Sripada Yellampally Project from where it is
investigation.
carried to command areas through lift irrigation schemes, gravity
canals, tunnels, Modernization of tanks and reservoirs for c. Approach by Adit tunnel 8 m dia D-Shaped and 1.609
irrigation total Ayacut of 16.40 Lakh Acres and providing drinking km in length with 1 in 12 slope
water facility to villages and also providing required water to d. Twin tunnel from the Kakatiya canal @D-83 in
industries. Ragampet (V) to surge pool at lakshmipuram (v) for
about 4.133 km with 10.0 m dia and 7.5 m dia.
Keywords— Tunnel, Investigation, Excavation, Drilling, Portals, e. Underground Surge pool 350 x 20 x 56 m D-shaped.
seepage control, Grouting, Measures f. Underground Pump house 205 x 25x64 Mts with a lift of
about 109.10 Mts
I. Introduction g. Delivery cistern
The Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Pranahitha Chevella Sujala Sravanthi h. The length of Gravity Canal is 4.060 Km from delivery
Lift Irrigation Scheme (Dr.BRAPCSSLIS) is being constructed cistern to Mothevagu reservoir.
having the 22 lifts. The project envisages irrigation of about i. Foreshore of Mothevagu reservoir to Flood Flow Canal
16,40,000 acres of uplands in the six districts and the total lift length of link canal is 1.900 Km
height from the river Pranahitha at RL+150.00m to Chevella
reservoir at RL+635.00m, i.e., 493M These are carried out by III. Site Investigation
multiple stages lifting and conveying through tunnels and
gravity canals. The total length of system is divided into two
parts, length of Gravity canal and length of the Tunnel. Length
of the Gravity canal is 849 km (approx.) and Length of the
Tunnel is 206 km (approx.). The total number of lifts is 22. The
total power required for this lift is 3375 MW; estimated time for
completion is 48 Months. The entire project is divided into
several packages to facilitate execution of the work
simultaneously. There are 28 packages under this project. In this
study, analysis is done on Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Pranahitha-
Chevella Sujala Sravanthi package 8. The work of “Pranahitha
Chevella Sujala Sravanthi lift irrigation scheme-link-II-package-
08” detailed investigation, designs and execution of lift
irrigation scheme for drawl and lifting of 114.24 TMC of water
from Ragampet
(v), near Kakatiya canal, Choppadandi (M), Karimnagar District
to Mothevagu Reservoir and carrying by a gravity
IV. Geological and Geotechnical Investigation soil classification, which facilitate to design of various
components of the tunnel, strata expected to encounter during
Design and construction of tunnels in rock require thought the excavation etc.
processes and procedures that are in many ways different from
other design and construction projects, because the principal D. Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES)
construction material is the rock mass itself rather than an
engineered material. Uncertainties persist in the properties of the VES is conducted along the alignment axis at 100m intervals.
rock materials and in the way the rock mass and the ground The interpreted data of the VES gives various sub-surface layer
water will behave. All these uncertainties must be overcome by thickness, its nature and depth to the massive rock.
sound –flexible design and redundancies and safeguards during
construction. The design of tunnels must involve selection or V.Tunnel Design
anticipation of method of construction. Geology plays a
dominant role in many major decisions made in designing and The layout of tunnels depend on the grade, clearance required,
construction of a t unn el. In tunnels, unlike other structures, the alignment etc. wherever possible, from the standpoint of general
ground acts not only for the loading mechanism, but as t h e alignment and cost, tunnel alignment should be straight to
primary supporting medium as w e l l . When the excavation is facilitate construction. Curved tunnels have been used on many
made, the strength of the ground keeps the excavated hole open railroad, water conveying tunnels, and highways, particularly in
until the supports are i n s t a l l e d . Even after supports are in mountainous areas. As per the geological report made available,
place, the ground pr ovi des a substantial percentage of the the entire stretch of tunnel from Km. 0.0 to Km. 4.133 passes
load-carrying capacity. Thus, for a tunnel, the rock or soil through grey and pink granites rock strata.
surrounding a tunnel is a construction material. Its engineering
characteristics are as important as those of the concrete or steel The total length of the tunnel is approximately 4133m due to
used into the aspects of the work. length of tunnel (4.133 Km), and the entry exit of the tunnel
cannot be approached without shafts or construction of Adit, it is
A. Seismicity necessary to establish a construction adit to provide two working
faces in each tunnel to complete the work in the schedule period.
According to GSHAP the state of Telangana falls in a region
with low 10 moderate seismic hazards. As per the 2002 Bureau A. Geometry of the Tunnel
of Indian Standards (BIS) map, this state also falls in zones II
and III. Historically, parts of this have experienced seismic Methods and sequence of excavation affect the loads and
activity in the M 5.0-6.0 range. The Godavari river valley, displacements, which must be resisted by initial and permanent
adjustment to the site is within the NW-SE trending faults. ground supports. The basic shape of an excavated opening must
These faults still show moderate seismicity occasionally. The be selected for practicality of construction. IS 4880 part II 1976,
Godavari graven area is in seismic zone II. In this zone an lays down general guidance in regard to shape of the various
earthquake of magnitude of 6 or intensity VIII may be expected. sections generally use in tunnels. However, the said IS code has
The earthquake of magnitude 5.3 was measured at left the choice of particular shape on designer’s judgment based
Bhadrachalam in 1969. on prevailing conditions at site. The first step in the design of a
As per IS-4880 (part-V), the tunnel lining is not designed foe tunnel is the determination of the cross section required for the
seismic force unless the tunnel crosses an active fault. In which trouble free operation.
case, some flexibility is provided at that section to all for some
movement in case of earthquake. However, at locations where These selections of the tunnel cross-section influenced by:
studies in indicate that seismic forces will be significant they o The clearances specified in view of the vehicles and
shall be catered for in the design. materials transported in the tunnel,
o Geological conditions,
B. Field Work o The method of driving the tunnel and the materials
strength of tunneling.
The site of package-8 is located in Karimnagar district of
Telangana state. Six boreholes were drilled in the alignment of D-SHAPED tunnels are best suited in ‘conventional drilling and
the proposed tunnel, varying depth of 100.0 m to 130.0 m. The blasting method of construction point of view in good rock
subsurface investigation is carried out by boreholes and electro- strata, as they have flater invert. In Pranahitha-Chevella lift
resistivity method (ERM) for suitability of the proposed site for irrigation scheme Package-8, tunnel is proposed with a 10.3m
the construction of tunnel. diameter D-Shaped Tunnel in right tube and 7.75m D-shaped
tunnel in left tube. The hydraulic loss due to the D-shape tunnel
C. Electric Restivity Method (ERM) is negligible in this case, compare with a circular tunnel of same
cross sectional area, hence we can use D-shaped tunnel as
Resistivity surveys have been conducted along the alignment of mentioned above without losing any advantage of circular
tunnel for 4.133 KM of the package-8, to assess the sub –surface tunnel.
B. Shotcrete and Rock Bolt Initial Precision Survey and setting out of the tunnel
alignment. Open excavation for portal or excavation for
As the tunnels generally passes through different types of rock shaft.
formations, it is necessary to work out alternative cross sections Arrangement for collection of surface water and its
if the tunnel depicting other acceptable types of support systems. drainage by gravity flow or pumping.
The shotcrete in combination with rockbolt and wire mesh Access roads to mucking areas.
provide a good and fast solution for both initial and permanent Erecting or winching and hauling equipment.
rock supports. Being ductile it can absorb considerable Establishments of field workshop, compressors and air
deformation before failure lines, pumps, water lines, ventilation fans and ducts,
lighting, concreting arrangements, supports erection
VI. Construction arrangements, etc.
The basic components of underground construction include the
following: D. Precision Survey
Excavation, by blasting or by mechanical means.
Initial ground support. The precision survey and setting out of the tunnel alignment
Final ground support. shall consist of transferring the obligatory points like portal
Other important components of construction include the points, shaft/adit location, etc., from topographical
following: maps/detailed design drawings to the actual site of construction.
Site preparation. This is done either by “Direct Setting Out” or by
Surveying. “Triangulation”. In the mountainous regions it is extremely rare
Portal preparation possibility that both the ends of the tunnel will be visible from
Ventilation of the underground works each other and hence “Triangulation has to be invariably
Drainage and water control adopted for setting out the alignment. The levels of the various
Hazard prevention portals along the tunnel are fixed accurately by means of Total
Controlling environment effects etc. Station or using “Reciprocal Leveling”.
The excavation and portal of the adit tunnel is established first. The underground excavation for tunnels shall be carried out in
Main tunnel excavation for left tube and right tube is carried out conformity with IS: 5878 Part II / Section-1 or other relevant
through the adit tunnel from both face in each tunnel reference mentioned as per the tender documents Tunneling soft
simultaneously by full face or heading and benching method strata shall conform to IS: 5878 part III other relevant references
depending upon the strata encountering and the machines using mentioned as per the tender documents. The actual operations
at site. The design team should specify or approve the proposed for underground excavations may vary with the type and size of
method of excavation. This tunnel is proposed to excavate using tunnel, method of excavation, type of geological formation
conventional drill and blast method encountered, equipment available, and the overall economics.
Following are the methods commonly adopted for excavation of
B. General Procedure of Underground Excavation tunnel.
Tunnels can be driven through almost any material in nature, but 1. Full and Partial Face Advance
the methods used and costs differ radically. Thus, the method Most tunnels are advanced using full-face excavation. The entire
used in tunneling in earth, soft sediments or crushed weathered tunnel face is drilled and blasted in one round. Blast holes are
rock depends chiefly on the bridge action period of the material usually drilled to a depth somewhat shorter than the dimension
above the roof of the tunnel and the position of water table, of the opening, and the blast “pulls” a round a little shorter than
whereas the method used for tunneling through hard, intact rock the length of the blast holes. The depth pulled by typical rounds
requiring little or no supports depends upon the strength and is 2 to 4 m in depth. Partial face blasting is sometimes more
condition of rock, because of great longitudinal extent of the practical or may be required by ground conditions or equipment
work, many different kinds of conditions are encountered, which limitations.
for maximum economy should be excavated and supported
differently. 2. Full Face Attack
In this method, the entire cross-section area of the tunnel to be
C. Preliminary Works excavated is attacked simultaneously. This method is generally
recommended for small size tunnels in good rock conditions
The preliminary works required commencing the excavation of a where major rock falls are not anticipated.
tunnel consists of the following:
4. Drift Method
In driving large tunnel or tunnel in very poor strata it may be
economical to drive a small tunnel called drift or a pilot tunnel
prior to excavating the full face. Depending upon the nature of
rock and other parameters, a drift may be excavated in the
center, side, bottom or top.
Trial Blast
J. Checking Misfires In these tunnels the rock bolts considered most appropriate are
reinforcing steel bars, typically 25 mm diameter, 12 tons proven
Immediately after the tunnel has been de-fumed and ventilated, capacity. For 25 mm passive bolts, holes of 32 mm to 38 mm are
the blasted face is checked carefully for any misfires. For this, required. The hole is filled from the bottom with cement
an experienced and competent Forman enters the tunnel, capsules and the bolt is inserted as per the designs. Care must be
removes the loose rock carefully from the face and makes sure taken to ensure that the hole is filled up to full depth. The bolts
that all cartridges have been fired. are threaded outside. When the grout is set, a washer plate is
placed against the rock and secured in position with a nut. When
K. Scaling The Loose Material shotcrete is used, the washer should be outside the main layer of
shotcrete.
After the checking of the misfire is over, the scaling operation
will be carried out by use of excavators with hydraulic hammer
SURFACE PREPARATION
Good adhesion to the ground with the initial layer and good
bond between successive layers are prerequisites of good
shotcrete. This can best be accomplished with a high-pressure
combination air-water jet applied with a long jet pipe nozzle
ROCK BOLTS held relatively close to the surface.
The process of Tunneling is always disrupted with the presence When dry-mix aggregate storage is on-site, protection from the
of Ground water table in its path and also the local seepage of elements is necessary. Stock piling by size groups should
water. This is taken care by the use of Shotcrete and drilling prevent sub size segregation. For best result, an aggregate
Ground water drainage holes dampness of 3% to 6% should be maintained. Less will absorb
too much mix water; more will result in too high water cement
IX. Shotcrete ratio.
Shotcrete today plays a vital role in most of the tunnel and shaft B. The Mix
construction in rock because of its versatility, adaptability and The mix design shall be as per the IS standards. The mixing of
economy. Desirable characteristics of shotcrete include its materials shall be done using a suitable capacity batching plant.
ability to be applied immediately to freshly excavated rock Inclusion of steel fibers will require little or no change from the
surfaces and to complex shapes such as shaft and tunnel plain shotcrete mix. The principle effect will be increased. Over
intersections, enlargements, crossovers and bifurcations and the all, the mix design should keep water cement ratio and the
ability to have applied thickness and mix formulation varied to cement factor as low as possible and the coarse aggregate
suit variations in ground behavior. fraction as large as practicable.
and provision of lining. It is necessary to backfill the space XII. Tunnel Lining
between the support system and the excavated surface, for
arresting the displacements and movement of the strata around The lining of the tunnel will be taken up when the excavation of
an excavated and supported system and the excavated surface. the tunnel, has been completed. Keeping in view that three faces
The back filling is done by means of placing tightly packed M20 are available for concreting it is proposed to use three
concrete behind the supports. conveniently designed shutters for lining of the tunnel to
complete the lining as per the Construction Schedule. In the
XI. Grouting sections, where excavations of benching of tunnel are
completed, shall be concreted with the help of specially
In order to ensure complete of concrete lining and the rock designed shutters for overt and sidewall. The shutters will be
behind it, contact grouting with cement grout will be done after 10.5 to 12.5 meter long, which will enable the concrete lining of
the lining concrete has matured for at least twenty-one days (21). whole overt section of 10 to 12 meter length in one go. These
shutters give an average lining progress of 150
Grouting in tunnels is of two types: meter/month/shutter.
REFERENCES
Code Books
o IS 4880:1972
o IS 5878:1971
The project has Twin D-shaped tunnels of diameter more than Part V Concrete lining
10.0m; in such case a pilot tunnel is excavated first followed by
slashing on both the sides of the pilot tunnel. Introduction to Tunnel Construction
By David Chapman, Nicole Metje, Alfred Stärk
A. Concrete Lining is provided depending upon the rock Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
class encountered during the excavation, in the By S.Ramamrutham.
following way: