Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PHENOMENA
Presented to :
Associate Professor Dr. Earmporn Thongkrajai
Dr. Nichapatr Phuttikkamin
Presented by :
TIARA 5850600298
Year 2016
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1. Background and significance of the problem.
a level of suffering that exceeds the capacity of adjustment of the affected community (world
causing widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses which exceed the ability
of the affected community/society to cope using its own resources. One of the natural disaster
coused by this geographical condition is vulcano disaster, natural disasters include strorms,
such as hurricanes and cyclones, floods, eartquakes, extreme heat and cold emergencies,
According to the data from World disaster report 2007 reported a 60 % increase in
disasters in the last decade (1997-2007) over the previous decade (1987-1996). Additionally, the
number of reported death grew from 600.000 to over 1.2 million. At the some time the number
of people affected from 230 million to 270 million, a 17 % increase( Kylman, Kouppart &
Mukheir,2007).
Based on the data from the United Nation’s Bureau of crisis prevention and recovery,
some 75 % of the world’s population live in areas that have been affected at least once by either
an earthqueke, a tropical cyclone, flooding or drought between 1980 and 2000 (IRIN,2007).
The data on active vulcanoes Around 62 % in the world are located around the margin
of the pacific ocean, the east pacific island, for example includes 45 % of the worlds active
vulcanoes while the central and south america segments countain only 17% of the vulcanoes,
about 14 % vulcanoes are located in the indonesia island swhile, of the remaining 24%, 3%
are located in the mid pacific ocean, 1 % in mid Indian ocean island, 13% on mid atlantic
ocean island, and the last 7 % scattered trought the mediteranean sea and central asia (
Therefore Natural disasters have been increasing over the last years, with the greatest
increase in the last decade (Birnbaum, 2002). And on average during 2000-2006 there is 116.3
countries were hit by disaster each years (Scheuren et al, 2008). As in 2006, Asia was most
affected by disasters by disasters both the number of deaths and the number of disasters in 2007
Indonesia is a country with more than thousands island which located in the ring of
fire. Moreover, indonesia located in three active faults , they are the Pacific, Indo-Australia
and Eurasian faults. The movement of these three faults impact to the natural disaster event in
Based on BNPB (National Agency for Disaster Management) the The number of
disaster in indonesia in 2012 (1.790 events), in 2013 (1.707 events), in 2014 (1.559) in 2015
(781 events) and on januari 2016 (174 events). Including flood, drought, whirlwind, flood,
landslide, and vulcano eruption. The data of natural disaster in lampung from 2011 until
2015 there were 243 events, including flood, drought, whirlwind, flood, landslide and
It is possible to divide the vulcanoes of the world into seven region as follow : (1)
Vulcanoes of the pacific ocean island ares and alaska continental rim, (2) vulcanoes of the
east pacific continental rim, (3) vulcanoes of alpine indonesia mountain belt, (4) vulcanous of
east african-arabian, (5) vulcanoes of the rift and mountain of eurasia, (6) vulcanoes of the
west indies and (7) vulcanoes of the ocena floor (Kirianov, 2001) Goverment of indonesia set
four levels of vulcano activities based on seismic activities, they are normal (level 1), Alert
(Level 2), standby (Level 3) and beware ( Level 4). Since on september 30th 2011 Mt. Anak
krakatau is be increased from level II ( Alert) to be level III ( Standby) but the earthquake
of Mt Krakatau to be decrease since December 2011 untill the status of anak derived from
level III tobe level II until now. The up and down level determination in Mt. Anak Krakatau
Since its appearance in 1929, Anak Krakatau Volcano has been growing fastly. The
elevation of Anak Krakatau Volcano from 1930 to 2005, within 75 years, has reached 315 m
high. The growth rate is approximated to be four meters per year in average. Based on
calculation, the volume of the body from the sea floor since 1927 until 1981 was 2.35 km3,
and then in 1983 was 2.87 km3 and then in 1990 it reached 3.25 km3. The latest volume
measurement in 2000, was 5.52 km3 and since 1992 up to 2001, within nine years, the
eruption of Anak Krakatau took place almost every day and the interval time were not
unexpected. the elevation of anak krakatau increase more than 100 m, and its area extent to
become 378,527 m2. If the increase in height and the increase in volume are consistent, it is
expected that in 2020, the volume of Anak Krakatau’s edifi ce will proceed the volume of
Rakata Volcano, Danan Volcano, and Perbuwatan Volcano (11.01 km3) shortly before
catastrophic eruption in 1883. the eruption of Krakatoa on 27 August 1883 has been in follow
by the tsunami that has destroyed 260 towns and villages as well as the about 36,000 people
death.
Anak krakatau located in The Sunda Strait region has been an important location even
so today, it serves as a gate for sailing activities and a passage way to cross from the island of
Sumatra to Java, Its status and its role has become even more important following the huge
development leap in the end of 20th century, with an improvement of the quality of access to
the surrounding area and the emergence of many economic activities such as industrial
Tarahan, etc), fishery (Padang Cermin, etc) and a military base (Teluk Ratai). The
geographical location of the area is very strategic as it stands as the gate of sailing from the
Indian Ocean and its close proximity to the center of government of the country (Jakarta) and
Most of the houshold rely on their living to the Mt. Anak Krakatau through
agriculture and tourism activities. many tourism interested to see the Mt. Anak Krakatau.
The number of people live in anak krakatau area are 195.271 people consist of 4 sub districts
are : panjang district 52.475 people, teluk betung utara 84.299 people, teluk betung barat
51.972 and gunung mas 6.525 (Dinas Kesehatan Kota Bandar Lampung, 2006). The distance
the city of bandar lampung with the anak krakatau mountain is 64.36 Km. Very potential
risk to incur the larva and tsunami if the anak krakatau euruption and many impact that
inflicted . The impact of disaster in health setting such us Illness, disability & death due to
destruction of living quarters Psychological trauma due to illness, death & disability of
Based on the large number the impact of disaster so the importance to nurse
preparednes for reduce the impact of disaster. Nurse as the centre of the front in a health
services have a responsibility and role of that is great in handling patients emergency daily or
disaster, training for the calamity tackling, observe services in terms of equipment and
resources, and do confirmation and make network support nursing (Ohara, 2007). Based on
the impact of disaster that the responsibility from goverment or other sector is very
Bandar Lampung area is the one of the high level of risk. And thr government set the
range of disaster prone area in differently for each vulcano. In example Mt. Krakatau set the
range area for each disaster area is 2 Km. In other case Mt. Merapi where located in between
yogyakarta and Central Java Province set the disaster prone rage in each of 4 Km.
The importance of determining the impact and the affected agents in natural disasters.
First, that information is useful for policy makers, as they can know the need for external
assistance and which may be more effective; second, specific segments of affected can be
identified, e.g. how low income household are affected, etc); and third, it may be also useful
for planning assistance for natural disasters and the potential consequences .(Lindell and
Prater, 2003).
startegies at all system management strategies at all system levels, is critical to the delivery of
effective responses to the short , medium, and long term needs of a disaster-stricken
population. Nurses with their technical skill and knowledge of epidemiology, physicology,
The nurses play a key role in disaster preparedness, but they must accomplish the
includes four stages: prevention (or mitigation ), preparedness, response, and recovery.
Nurses have unique skills for all aspects of disaster to include assessment, priority setting,
collaboration, and addressing of both preventive and acute care needs. Nurses must work
organizations and government. Nurses must be capable of shifting focus of care from one
patient to large numbers of patients. nurses also must understand their own competence and
be able to adapt their competencies for disaster context and situation. Nurses will have roles
hospital, community, retrieval, transport and deploymentto the scene as first responders
(Littleton, 2008)
Preparedness is The state of being ready to be used or to act for something that will
happen in the future (oxford dictionary, 2008) and George W Bush, 2003 said that
“preparedness is A series of activities conducted through organizing and taking the correct
Almost 70 % of the school nurses in a three country area of north-eastern ohio, united
states they needed additional education related to emergency responses in order to respon
Some previous disaster studies of found the all most of the nurses less disaster
preparedness, including leodoro, J 2015 his research showed 80% the nurses were not fully
prepared to respond disaster and only 20 % the nurses were adequately prepared, another
research from Khalaileh, 2011 his research showed 65% respondents described their current
disaster preparedness as weak and only 5 % felt preparedness was very good. Lisnawati Nur
Farida In 2010 her research showed that most of the participants were not implement their
role in disaster preparedness, since there was no institutional preparation facing disasters
event.Another studies from Agus Khoirul Anam in 2013, his research showed that the level
of preparedness of nurses is lack and there is relationship between knowledge and attitudes
The preparation based on the goverment is socializing to the disaster, and conduct the
picket of staff to the observe the Mt. Anak Krakatau activities. disaster prone area is
determined by government and be devided in three (3) level which is based on the risk
prone area with the highest level of risk is named in disaster prone level 3 and mostly the
government set the range of disaster prone area in differently for each od vulcano.
Indonesia goverment is aware to the gheographical situation of indonesia which
impact to the potential of vulcano disaster. National Agency for Disaster Management or
implement disaster management concept to reduce hazard coused of natural disaster. It was
established after big earhquake and tsunami hit banda aceh and impact to international matter
because of tsunami range. Learn from this study, the goverment of indonesia built BNBP and
formulated guidline for disaster management and merged into national development planning
stans for badan penanggulangan bencana daerah (in english : local agency for disaster
to the potential vulcano disaster. National agency for disaster management or called as Badan
The role of the nurse for disaster is Nurse as the centre of the front in a health services have a
responsibility and role of that is great in handling patients emergency daily or when the of
for the calamity tackling, observe services in terms of equipment and resources, and do
confirmation and make network support nursing, and nurses preparedness is very important
(Ohara, 2007)
The goals of disaster preparedness are knowing what to do when disaster occur,
knowing how to do it being well-equipped with the right tool to do effetively. Preparedness
minimize hazard adverse effect trough effective percautionary measures that ensure a timely.
This action has different recipient they area goverment, individuals,businesses and health.
This study related to theory social cognitive theory from bandura, this study utilizes
the social cognitive perspective that posits that a person’s behavior can be explained in terms
of individual and environmental factors rather than just being controlled by external stimuly
or inner forces. A study that used SCT in the context of disaster preparedness showed that
people’s motivation to prepare for disaster is a function of the cognitive and effective
reactions to a disaster.
During practicing and observing, the researcher interviewed 10 nurses working in the
hospital with the resulth that the hospital dont have guide line to prepared disaster
management. Seven Nurses said that they don’t know how to prepare and how to response
the disaster, and three nurses said that they know how to preparedness of disaster
management. The observation also found that lack of education in disaster preparedness.
Nurses need more education in all areas of disaster management, most importantly in their
roles during response to disasters. Nurses perceive themselves as not well-prepared but they
are willing to improve their skills in disaster preparedness if educational opportunities are
provided. Almost the nurses agreed training and knowladge about the management disaster
very important.