Professional Documents
Culture Documents
English is the first foreign language in our country, which is taught from
Elementary level to University level. English also becomes the most essential
language in the world. Almost all the people from many different countries
around the world use it to communicate. The area of English has always
world of work. The speaking skill is measured in terms of the ability to carry
out a conversation in the language1. This reality makes teachers and parents
think that speaking ability should be mastered by their students and their
children.
On the contrary, for most people, speaking is the most difficult part
when they learn a foreign language. There are many obstacles in mastering
English, they must change and expand identity as she or he learns the culture,
1
David Nunan, Language Teaching Methodology, New York, Prentice Hall: 1991. P.
39
1
social, and even political factors of English, that needed to speak appropriately
has focused on teach the English language rather than teach about the English
scenario to teach the target language in a vibrant, active and interesting manner.
In learning speaking skill, the students often find some problems. The
problem frequently found is that their native language causes them difficult to
use the foreign language. Other reason is because of motivation lack to practice
the second language in daily conversation. They are also too shy and afraid to
take part in the conversation3. Many factors can cause the problem of the
student’s speaking skills. They are the students’ interest, the material, and the
many research findings say that this technique is effective to use in teaching
speaking.
2
Arthur Hughes, Testing for Language Learners. Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press. 1991. P. 34
33
http://idb4.wikispaces.com/file/view/rc19-Teaching Speaking.html.
4
David Nunan, Op. Cit. P. 64
2
Storytelling is very important in teaching speaking because it gives
can briefly summarize a tale or story they heard from somebody beforehand, or
they may create their own stories to tell their classmates. Storytelling fosters
speaking in SMA N 1 Curup Utara which bring the main objective of the study
achievement. Before choose this place the researcher has taken an interview
with some students. When the researcher asked the technique that are used in
teaching speaking, Ayu said that “in teaching speaking, the teacher still use
teacher”6. Ratna also said that they felt bored in English speaking lesson
because the teacher only command them to perform the conversation7. Mrs.
5
http://iteslj.org/Articles/Kayi-Teaching Speaking.html.
6
Ayu Lestari, A Students of SMA N 1 Curup Utara. Interviewed on July 3rd 2010
7
Ratna Susana, A Students of SMA N 1 Curup Utara. Interviewed on July 3rd 2010
3
Syafinar said that the teacher in this school is lack techniques in teaching
speaking, it caused of the students did not enjoy in studying it8. Due to those
this study is second grade students of SMA N 1 Curup Utara. The researcher
chooses the second grade because second grade has study longer than first
grade whereas the third grade will follow the national examination.
Utara).
teaching technique?
teaching technique?
speaking achievement?
8
Syafinar, A Teacher of SMA N 1 Curup Utara. Interviewed on July 3rd 2010
4
C. The Objective of the Research
technique.
technique.
achievement.
achievement
speaking achievement
5
F. The Significance of the Research
speaking. It is also expected that teacher realizes that there are so many
2. For Students
order to make the students feel enjoy when learning about reading. It is
also expected that students can absorb the material that are given by the
3. For Researcher
new knowledge and technique that can be used in teaching speaking. And
1. Effect
6
Effect is a change produced by an action or a cause; a result or
2. Speaking Achievement
attitude, and for the students the result is formed as mark (achievement).
work, effort and soon”12. For the students it is formed by mark as the
that form, and skill for using when and for whom using that form
9
AS. Hornby, Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary of Current English, Oxford
University Press: 1995. P. 369
10
Jonathan Crowthers, Oxford Advanced Learners’ Dictionary, Oxford University
Press: 1985. P. 369
11
AS. Hornby, Op. Cit. P. 8
12
Purwodaminto, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. 1979. P. 10
7
naturally13. It means, in speaking people need dominating the language
form, which use and it can be clever in place of when and for whom that
people who can not speak English. Because in speaking English the
3. Storytelling
models of usage and speaking. In addition, when the teacher shares with
13
Sri Utari Subiyakto Nababan, Methodology Pengajaran Bahasa. Jakarta; Gramedia.
1993. P. 23
14
Petty, TW and Jensen, MJ, Developing Children Language. London; Allyn and
Bacon. P. 3
15
Hokison K and Tomskins G, Language Art Content and Teaching Strategies. Texas:
Merril Publihing Company. P. 143
16
http://www.crickcrackclub.com/CRICRACK/EDUCSPLF.HTM
8
Hayriye Kayi also said “that storytelling is one of activities that can
the ideal activity in which students could use their English creatively and
communication skill.
effect of the certain manipulates one independent variable which is done under
careful control18.
dependent variable and observes the effect of what on the dependents variable.
There are two classes in this research. Those are control class (independent
(treatment) using storytelling technique will being do after the pre-test and then
the post-test is given to the sample students to find out the progress of their
learning.
17
http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Klancar-SpeakingSkills.html.
18
Best John, Research in Education. New Jersey, Prentice Hall: P.57
9
a. Population
apply19.
students and teacher at this school before, the researcher found that
the second grade as the subject because second grade has study longer
than first grade whereas the third grade will follow the national
examination.
b. Sample
10
c. Homogeneity
homogeneity test in order to get the homogenous class. Gay and Peter
d. Instrument
storytelling, the researcher gives oral test to the students. Whereas the
researcher gives text about the story to the students and then the students
tell about the story using their words. Because the test is oral test, the
researcher divided the score into five criteria, which are the scores of
criteria, then is rated into five scale of rating scores, it is based on David
21
Ibid. P. 139
22
Ibid. P. 355
23
David P. Haris, Testing English as a Second Language, (New York: Mc. Graw Hill
Book Company, 1969), P. 84-85
11
After that, to get the mean, the scores from all criteria are sum
and divided into five. The pre-test had been given before the treatment
was given. Moreover, the post-test was given after he had given the
Pre-test Pre-test
No treatment
Treatment
( conventional
(storytelling)
Technique)
Post- Post-
test test
Score
Post
test-
Pretest
The instruments that are used in this research for collecting the data
a. Pre-test
12
academic years. And the test is given to the students in both groups before
the treatments are begun. The Pre-test is in oral test form. The test
consists of 10 questions. The scores are taken in five criteria, which are
conversation. Then, to get the mean, the scores from all criteria are sum
b. Treatment
1. The researcher begins the class by telling about the title of the
story.
2. The researcher asks about the title of the story in order to build up
6. The researcher discusses the text in group with the story and the
difficult words.
7. The researcher asks about the story and discusses the vocabulary
13
9. The researcher identifies and analyzes all aspect of the narrative
10. The researcher discusses the message or social value of the text
11. The researcher asks the students to read the text loudly.
15. The researcher asks the students to rehearse the story and tell it in
a small group.
16. The researcher encourages the students to rehears the story again
at home.
17. The researcher asks the students to tell the story individually in
front of class.
19. The researcher records the student’s voice and assesses their
performance.
14
2. The researcher asks the students to tell the story by using their word
about 10 minutes.
3. The researcher asks the students to tell the story individually in front
of class.
performance.
a. Post-test
after the treatment. The test is similar with the pre-test. However, the
post-test is given after the treatment had been done by teaching speaking
using storytelling. The scores are taken in five criteria, which are the
comprehension. Then, to get the mean, the scores from all criteria are sum
a. Validity of Test
test) those were used are valid or not. The researcher uses validity test
15
measure24. And the way to measure the validity of the test, the researcher
N∑XY
Where:
r : Instrument validity
b. Reliability of Test
can give constantly to the test or it will be reliable if the researcher uses
r = N ∑ XY –(∑X)( ∑Y)
24
Arthur Hughes, Op. Cit, P. 22
25
Sumarna Suparta, Analysis Validitas, Reliabilitas dan Interpretasi Hasil Test, Rosda,
Bandung: 2004. P. 6
16
Where:
r : Instrument validity
In order to get validity and reliability of the items of the test, the
researcher firstly tried out the test to the students from another class beyond the
experiments and the control class, then the items were analyze to know the
number of the items that can be used in Pre-test and Post-test. The researcher
also will analyze whether the students have the improvements in their speaking
comprehension after storytelling have been applied or in contrast. Then the data
from Pre-test and Post-test were analyzed by employing the t-test with the
formula:
t0 = M1 - M2
SE M1 – M2
Where:
26
Sudijono Anas, Pengantar Evaluasi Pndidikan, Rajawali Press. Jakarta: 1998. P. 219
17
SEM1-M2: Standard error differentiation between mean score of experiment group
L. Literature Review
A. Speaking
1. Definition of Speaking
27
As hornby, Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English. Oxford
university press, 1974. P. 2
28
JF Wallword, Language and People Heinemann Educational Book. London 1978,
P.70
29
Theodore Huebner, Audio Visual Technique in Teaching Foreign Language, New
York: Cambridge University Press, 1960. P. 5
18
through the use of verbal and non-verbal symbols, in a variety of
contexts”30.
who do not have ability to use other language, of course will be left
behind. It can see it from the reality of live. That is why many
companies look for the employs with the criteria of English and people
who would like to apply the job must be able to speak English.
2. Speaking Evaluation
30
A. L. Chaney and T. L. Burke, Teaching Oral Communication in Grades K-8,
Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1998. P. 13
31
Ar Adi Candra. Kamus Inggris-Indonesia Indonesia-nggris. Surabaya: Arikola.
1997. P. 289
19
criteria. According to Anas Sudijono, “evaluation is activities or process
to measure and then avulse how far the purpose has can performance” 32.
education process”33.
evaluate how far students ability in speaking then to know goodness and
requiring the simultaneous use of a number of disport rate. Either four or five
3. Speaking Achievement
attitude, and for the students the result is formed as mark (achievement).
32
Sudijono Anas, Pengantar Evaluasi Pendidikan. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada.
2006. P. 23
33
Hamalik Oemar, Pendidikan Guru Berdasarkan Pendekatan Kompetensi. Jakarta:
Bumi aksara
34
David P. Haris, Op. Cit. P. 84-85
20
AS. Hornby says achievement is “…something done successfully, with
work, effort and so on”36. For the students it is formed by mark as the
of that form, and skill for using when and for whom using that form
form, which use and it can be clever in place of when and for whom that
people who can not speak English. Because in speak English the listener
35
AS. Hornby, Op. Cit. P. 8
36
Purwodaminto, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. 1979. P. 10
37
Sri Utari Subiyakto Nababan, Methodology Pengajaran Bahasa. Jakarta; Gramedia.
1993. P. 23
21
We can learn it with knowing the characteristic of a successful
evenly distributed.
38
Ibid. P. 121
22
So, from the comprehend above speaking ability is potential to
5. Teaching speaking
teaching. Despite its importance, for many years teaching speaking has
dialogues.
than the teaching of any other language skill”39. For this reason many
teacher give up the attempt to teach it and concentrate on what they call
the written code and the discussion of its features, or the discussion of
skills, because only in that way students can express themselves and
learn how to follow the social and cultural rules appropriate in each
communicative circumstance.
39
Rivers M wilga, Teaching Foreign Language Skill. The university of Chicago Press.
P. 160
23
According to Nunan teaching speaking is :
- Use word and sentences stress, intonation patterns and the rhythm of the
second language
- Use the language quickly and confidently with few unnatural pauses,
B. Storytelling
1. Definition of storytelling
40
http://iteslj.org/Articles/Kayi-TeachingSpeaking.html. Op. Cit.
41
Petty, TW and Jensen, MJ, Developing Children Language. London; Allyn and
Bacon. P. 3
42
Hokison K and Tomskins G, Language Art Content and Teaching Strategies. Texas:
Merril Publishing Company. P. 143
24
children’s imagination, improve vocabulary and provide the children
with good models of usage and speaking. Stories also encourage a sense
addition, when the teacher shares with students, it builds the students
or they may create their own stories to tell their classmates. Storytelling
and setting a story has to have”43. Other opinion also said that “Oral
43
http://iteslj.org/Techniques/Klancar-SpeakingSkills.html. Op. Cit.
44
http://www.crickcrackclub.com/CRICRACK/EDUCSPLF.HTM. Op. Cit.
25
Tooze in Petty and Jensen has spelled out some generally
as follow:
and the way they are put together should be natural, appropriate to
e. Contains dialogue.
f. Use repetition.
45
Petty and Jensen, TW and Jensen, MJ. Op. Cit. P. 5
26
g. Use colorful language or ”catch phrases”46.
3. Storytelling technique
Petty and Jensen also said that teacher should formulate brief
a. Speak clearly
c. Still stand
g. Talk naturally
46
Hoskison K and Tomskkins . G, Op. Cit, P. 143-144
27
M. Review of the Related Finding
the third year SMP N 2 Padang Ulak Tanding)”. He found that indicate small
compared with conventional technique. The pre- test result showed that the
mean of the control class was 17,68, and the mean score of the experimental
class was 17,36. The t-count was found to be 0,033, smaller than the t-table
(0,003 < 2.00). Therefore, Ho was accepted and Hi was rejected. It means that
the both classes were of equal ability. As a result, they could be accepted as
samples for the experiment. The Post-test result showed that the mean score of
the control class was 18 and the mean sore of the experiment class was 21. The
t-count was found to be 4,91 bigger than the t-table. Therefore, Hi was accepted
and Ho was rejected. It means that, after treatment there was significant
Exa Satria (2008) in her research entitled “The Effect of Discussion and
28
research in SMA N 1 South Curup in Academic Year 2007-2008)”. She found
that indicate that using of discussion technique can develop student’s speaking
higher than control group (69,03 > 65,07). The using of speech technique was
better than conventional technique. The students can improve their pupil learn
and realize text contents that they submitted, the students can to say and easier
to make their pronunciation act. The mean score in experimental group was
70,07. It means that the score in experimental group higher than control group
It proved from the score in experimental group differs significantly from the
students in control group. The mean score in experimental group was 6,53. It
means that the score in experimental group higher than control group (6,53 >
From the result of the research which is found by the experts can
concluded that the problem of the research which the researcher investigated is
new. It had never yet been investigated, because of that the researcher interested
29
to hold the research about “The Effect of Storytelling toward the Student’s
Speaking Achievement”.
Reference
Arikola
Persada
Frankell, Jack. R. and Mormale Wallen. How Design and Evaluate Research in
Haris, David P. 1969. Testing English as a Second Language. New York: Mc.
30
http://idb4.wikispaces.com/file/view/rc19-Teaching Speaking.html. Posted on
2010
http://www.crickcrackclub.com/CRICRACK/EDUCSPLF.HTM. Posted on
University Press
Hall
31
Suparta, Sumarna. 2004. Analysis Validitas, Reliabilitas dan Interpretasi Hasil
Ur, Penny. 1991. A Course in Language Teaching Practice and Theory. New
Jakarta: Gramedia
London
of Chicago Press
32
THE EFFECT OF STORYTELLING TOWARD STUDENT’S
SPEAKING ACHIEVEMENT
(A Experimental Study on the Second Year of SMA N 1 Curup Utara in 2010-
2011 Academic Year)
PROPOSAL
Advisor Co Advisor
33
English Taddris Study Program Education (Tarbiyah)
Departement
34