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Binghamton University

e Open Repository @ Binghamton (e ORB)


9e Society for Ancient Greek Philosophy Newsle:er

10-1983

Participation in Plato's Dialogues: Phaedo,


Parmenides, Sophist, and Timaeus
Leo Sweeney S.J.
Loyola University Chicago

Follow this and additional works at: h:p://orb.binghamton.edu/sagp


Part of the Ancient History, Greek and Roman through Late Antiquity Commons, Ancient
Philosophy Commons, and the History of Philosophy Commons

Recommended Citation
Sweeney, Leo S.J., "Participation in Plato's Dialogues: Phaedo, Parmenides, Sophist, and Timaeus" (1983). e Society for Ancient Greek
Philosophy Newsleer. 123.
h:p://orb.binghamton.edu/sagp/123

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