WATER IS NOT H =0 But a mixture of 33 difíerent substances.
Eigiiteen o£
these are comijination.í of three isotopes of hydrogen and three oí osygen. The
three hydrogen isoiopes are ordinary hy-
tíons and displace one another Each such
Pí'
displacement is propagaren in a chain or
zipper fashion throughout the liquid. This has
consequenees \vhich affect the viscosity.
dielectric constan: and electrical conductivity
of water.
Wateres Properties
In . an ordinary unassociaied liquid such as
benzene the molecuies flow by siiding around
one another. In water the motion is rolling
rather than siiding.
.O O
Since the molecuies are connected by
hydrogen bonds, at least one bond must be
broken before any flow can occur. Froin the
fact that the molecuies are bonded together.
it -mighí be erpected theoreticaiiy that the
viscosity of water
IONS (c írctsí labeleá wür, plus nn.d minus signs'' in valer are kepc sparl
because they polnrize the v,-ater molecule; aronnfl them. Because lúe ox-vser.
atoro oí the water moiecule has more negath 7e
drogen (H 1 ), deuterium (H 2.) and tritimn (H 3 ), The three oxygen kotopes are
ordinary oxygen (O 16 ), oxygeii'17 and oxygen 18. The reinainiug suBstances
are variou; ions (plus or fnirtus signs).
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shouid be comparatively high. However, each It redtices the forcé of attraction be-tvveea-
hydrogen bond in water is shared on the a vera the oppositely charged ions in solutioht to not
se betrw'een two othsr molecuies. and one of náuch more than 1 per cent of the original
these \veakened bonds is easíly broken. The valué. The reason for water's strong
greater viscosity of ice is due to the fact thaí neutralizing acüon lies in the arrangement of
each hyarogen is bonded to only a single its moiecules. In an aggregation of water
oxvgen atorn from another molecule. and this molecuies a hydrogen atom does not share its
firmer bond must be broken before any electrón equally with the oxysen atom to '-
movement can occur. vhich it is attached: the electrón is closer to
The dielectric constant of a liquid is a the oxygen atom than to the hvdrogen. As a
rneasure of its capacity to neutralize the result the hvdrogen atoms are positively
attraction betwesn electrical charjes. For charged and the oxysen negatively charged.
exampk, when sodium chloride dis-solves in Now when a substance is dissolved,
water, the positively charged sodium and separaüng into ions. the oxygen atoros are
negatively charged chlorine ions are attracted to the positiva ions and the
separated. They are kept apart because water hydrosens to the negative ones. ConseqTifintiy
has a hígh dielectric constant—the highest of water molecuies surroundinE; a positi's'e
any common liauid.
ctsarge tnan tas nyúrog-n atoms. U 1= attraclec: ir. a pc>£:íiv<s ¡on ileft).
Because the hydrogsn atom; haré more poíitive charge' :har, íhe o:cygen atom.
lite'- are .ittracted to a nsgativg ion ; rigr.z .